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SARS-CoV-2 & Covid-19: Key-Roles of the ‘Renin-Angiotensin’ System / Vitamin D Impacting Drug and Vaccine Developments
... Supplementation with tyrosine and phenylalanine (two aromatic amino acids) as well as with micronutrients (e.g., copper magnesium, zinc, manganese, vitamins PP, B6, and B9, etc.) can help in dopamine synthesis. Vitamin D, one of the known inhibitors of RAS is also important against cognitive dysfunction, neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders where it acts as a negative regulator of the RAS (by inhibiting the production of renin) [20][21][22][23]. At the level of the RAS, angiotensin-2 can bind to the AT1R and AT2R receptors with very different affinities. ...
... How may RAS dysfunction-related neurological (such as Alzheimer's disease) and cardiovascular damage be prevented or treated? The overactivation of the RAS is inhibited by a number of molecules, including quercetin, melatonin, thymoquinone, dexamethasone, sartans, ACE inhibitors, and vitamin D, which acts as a brake on the RAS and has positive effects, among others, on the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, cognitive dysfunctions, and cerebrovascular accidents [13][14][15][16][17]. ...
... Hence, RAS dysfunction induced by the viral (during natural SARS-CoV-2 infection) or the mRNA vaccine-induced S protein (during anti-COVID-19 "vaccination") can be treated with RAS inhibitors, such as vitamin D, thymoquinone, melatonin, quercetin, dexamethasone, etc. In the case of diabetic neuropathies, treatment with metformin (anti-diabetic for type 2 diabetes) should be of interest [18][19][20][21][22]. ...
... Thus, it seems to us that any anti-Covid-19 vaccination booster for these high-risk people is not desirable, the benefit/risk balance being extremely unfavorable. In the case of SARS-CoV-2 infection, early outpatient treatment (e.g., high vitamin D supplementation) of these people seems appropriate [20][21][22]. ...
COVID-19 vaccines were developed and approved rapidly in response to the urgency created by the pandemic. No specific regulations existed at the time they were marketed. The regulatory agencies therefore adapted them as a ma er of urgency. Now that the pandemic emergency has passed, it is time to consider the safety issues associated with this rapid approval. The mode of action of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines should classify them as gene therapy products (GTPs), but they have been excluded by regulatory agencies. Some of the tests they have undergone as vaccines have produced non-compliant results in terms of purity, quality and batch homogeneity. The wide and persistent biodistribution of mRNAs and their protein products, incompletely studied due to their classification as vaccines, raises safety issues. Post-marketing studies have shown that mRNA passes into breast milk and could have adverse effects on breast-fed babies. Long-term expression, integration into the genome, transmission to the germline, passage into sperm, embryo/fetal and perinatal toxicity, genotoxicity and tumorigenicity should be studied in light of the adverse events reported in pharmacovigilance databases. The potential horizontal transmission (i.e., shedding) should also have been assessed. In-depth vaccinovigilance should be carried out. We would expect these controls to be required for future mRNA vaccines developed outside the context of a pandemic.
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