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71
תתומתב הפילק תוישופיח לש תוברועמה
לארשיב עוטנה רעיב ןרוא יצע
4 לדנמ יבצ | 4 בוסטורפ סכלא | 1 ןורלא רואמ | 3 ,2 סאיטא םתר | 1 ןלוג רמוע
* 2 ץרוש-דוד תפקר
" , 1
– , 2
, , , 3
– , 4
rakefetd@agri.gov.il *
ריצקת
, ,
Scolytinae
.
Orthotomicus
.Tomicus destruens
-
Pityogenes calcaratus
,erosus
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
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,
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,
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s
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-
,
,
,
,
.
חתפמ תולימ
תדוכלמ יצע ,םילשורי ןרוא ,היטורב ןרוא
2022 ילוי | 22 ןויליג | רעי
72
Coleoptera: -
Curculionidae, Scolytinae
.
,
Lieutier et al., 2016
1,000 .
,
.
Orthotomicus erosus, Pityogenes
,
Tomicus destruens
-
calcaratus
15- .
-
Halperin ,
Dendroctonus
.and Holzschuh, 1984
,Lieutier et al., 2016; Seybold et al., 2016
,
Mendel et al.,
,1992
.
O. erosus
.Balachowsky, 1949
2004- Geertsema, 1979 1968-
.Seybold et al., 2016
.
,
Pinus halepensis
:
P. brutia
ssp.
brutia
." 3.5–2.5- .
P. pinaster
O. erosus
, ,
,
Carle, 1975; Mendel et al., 1985;
.Özkazanç et al., 1985; Ghaioule et al., 1998
36°C
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.Mendel and Halperin, 1982
,
,
.1
,
.(Carle, 1975; Seybold et al., 2016)
,
O. erosus
,
Mendel et al., ,
.1985; Mendel et al., 2016
,
P. calcaratus
O. erosus
-
,
.Mazur et al., 2020
,
, ,
.
P. canariensis
P. pinea
." 2.6–2.0
,
6–4 ,
P. calcaratus
.
," 3.5–1.0
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.Mendel et al., 2016
,
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.Faccoli, 2007 ,
,
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,
Branco et al., 2010; Lieutier
, , .et al., 2016
–
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.
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, .
.
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73
O. erosus
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-
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.Davi et al., 2020
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.Lieutier et al., 2016
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;
,
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,
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T.
O. erosus
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destruens
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.
.
,
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-
Ophiostoma
Kirisits, 2004; Dori-Bachash
.et al., 2015
.
1
;
Orthotomicus erosus
. .Mendel et al., 1985; Mendel, 2000
.1985
Mendel , .
Tomicus destruens
. ;
Pityogenes calcaratus
.
2022 ילוי | 22 ןויליג | רעי
74
, .
.
.
P. calcaratus
,
O. erosus
-
,
, .
P.
-
O. erosus
,
,
T. destruens
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.
Lieutier et
.al., 2016
"
,Raa et al., 1993 "
,
.
.Gaylord et al., 2010
,
.
, ,
.
, .Lieutier et al., 2016
30–10
T. destruens
,
P. calcaratus
-
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,
, .2 Mendel et al., 1985
Matsucoccus
"
josephi
.Mendel, 2000
P. calcaratus
"
.
,17-
2
2017
:
75
,
Ips typographus
. Gmelin, 1787
Klutsch et al.,
20- .2017
, .
Smith et al., 1986, El-Sayed et al., 2006; Borden et
.al., 2008; Seybold et al., 2018
,
.
.
.
; .
.
. ,
P. calcaratus
-
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,
200–100
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. ,
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3
.
, 140–90
.
:
8 .
Talstar®
Bifenthrin 7.9%, Luxembourg Industries, Tel 2%
Ipsowit ® .Aviv
,Standard, Witasek Co, Austria
,
P.
-
O. erosus
.(Mendel, 1988)
calcaratus
3
2022 ילוי | 22 ןויליג | רעי
76
. 2.5
5 ,2018
.2018
6
, , 120
.
- 2018
.
.
. 15%-
.
50 ,
.4
Synergy
.Semiochemicals LTD, British Columbia, Canada
12- 12
Ipsowit ® .2018
Standard, Witasek Co, Austria
. ,
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.'' '' ,
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.
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.
.
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.SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina
-
.
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,
.2.9%
:
4
,
, 2017–2016
2018
. 50
,
.
77
; /
50
,
.
.
P
.5 = 0.026
50
.5
.
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O. erosus
,
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.6
,
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.
6
P. calcaratus
-
O. erosus
2018
Ipsowit ®
Standard, Witasek Co
.
.
2022 ילוי | 22 ןויליג | רעי
78
,
P. calcaratus
.2017
, 2014
P. calcaratus
, 2015
. , ,
,
P. calcaratus
2016
,
T. destruens
2018 .
,
P. calcaratus
.1
.
,
.
, .
.
,
, .
,
.
, ,
. ,
P. calcaratusT. destruensP. calcaratusT. destruens
2018
7.5 ± 1.3 40150
05.3 ± 1.3 4015 1
07.3 ± 0.7 4014 1
2017
10.7 ± 1.9 34 118 ± 3.1 40
21 15 ± 0.7 217.3 ± 2.9 40
07.5 ± 0.4 210 ± 0 106 1
2016
10 ± 1.2 8018.9 ± 2.6 80
14.3 ± 3.1 6013.0 ± 1.3 810 1
20 ± 2.8 26.2 ± 0.4 419.0 ± 5.0 24.5 ± 0.6 3
2015
0018.3 ± 3.3 40
0013.3 ± 1.8 60
0013.0 ± 2.4 40
2014
11.3 ± 1.1 4020.8 ± 1.9 40
9.5 ± 0.3 3010.3 ± 0.1 30
007.0 ± 5.60
1
T. destruens
-
P. calcaratus
1.3- ,4.5 ,7.5 , , ." 100-
± . ,
.
79
,
.
.3
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,4
Mendel et al., 1985; Mendel
O. erosus
- , .et al., 1992; Lieutier et al., 2016
.
,
. ,
,
,
T. destruens
-
P. calcaratus
, ,
O. erosus
.
Mendel et al., 1985;
O. erosus
,Ghaioule et al., 1998; Faccoli et al., 2005
P. calcaratus
T.
- .4
destruens
,
.–
T. destruens
-
P. calcaratus
2015- 2014 .
.1
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P. calcaratus
.2022 ,'
,
,
.
P. calcaratus
O. erosus
.
.
,2016
T. destruens
.
, ,
, .
O. erosus
.
,
P.
–
. –
T. destruens
-
calcaratus
50%- ,
,
.Hochman et al., 2018 56%-
,
.
.Lieutier et al., 2016
, ;
Zhou et al.,
Dendroctonus
,
.2019
P.
"
ponderosa
D.
.2015–2012
,2015
brevicomis
.Fettig et al., 2019
D. ponderosae
P. contorta
(lodgepole pine)
.Meddens et al., 2012
,
Bentz et al.,
.2010
.
.
.
P. calcaratus
-
O. erosus
,
,
.
.
, .
,
2022 ילוי | 22 ןויליג | רעי
80
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.2022 ,'
.
,
. ,10-03-4387-18
–
:
, ,
,
,
" .
"
.
.2022 .' , , , , ,
, .-
.70–60 ,22
,4–128 , . .1978 .
.28–20
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.
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destruens
on Mediterranean and continental pine species.
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destruens
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Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems
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185–193.
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2022 ילוי | 22 ןויליג | רעי
VII
■ Bark beetle-related pine mortality in Israeli
planted forests and the eect of trap trees
Omer Golan 1, Rotem Attias 2' 3, Maor Elron1, Alexie
Protasov 4, Zvi Mendel 4, Rakefet David-Schwartz2*
The association of extensive mortality of pine trees
and bark beetle (Scolytinae) attack is a common
phenomenon in the Northern Hemisphere. Bark
beetle outbreaks frequently occur in the planted
pine forests in Israel and involve three species
Orthotomicus erosus, Pityogenes calcaratus
and
Tomicus destruens
. These bark beetle species
undergo periods of low population density when
they breed on trees stressed by drought or
thinning, and on broken trees or those uprooted by
wind or thinning slash. It has been suggested that
high populations of these scolytids often kill trees.
Assessing whether successful colonization of
standing pine trees by these species is the result
of direct beetle attack or a symptom of poor tree
physiology is a challenge and makes it dicult to
determine the required management strategy.
The role of bark beetles in tree death in a wide
study area was assessed by two experimental
systems: (1) a study of the potential eect of
drought in a layout of extensive trap trees in stands
1 Forest Management, KKL-JNF, Israel
2 Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research
Organization, The Volcani Center
3 Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in
Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of
Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Rehovot
4 Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research
Organization, The Volcani Center
of
Pinus halepensis
and
P. brutia
; (2) examining
bark beetles colonization in killed pine trees in two
planted stands of
P. brutia
. In the rst experimental
system, trap-trees (baited with lures attractive to
both
O. erosus
and
P. calcaratus
and treated with
Bifenthrin) signicantly reduced the number of
dead trees in the trap-tree treated stands compared
with similar untreated ones.
O. erosus
was the
dominant species in these plots and tree mortality
occurred in the second half of the summer (August
and September). The second experimental system
indicated mainly the association of
P. calcaratus
and
T. destruens
with the killed trees. However,
in that system, the colonization was apparently
mainly during autumn to early winter (October and
November) and we were unable to determine the
direct role of the beetles in the tree mortality. The
results provided evidence that these pine bark
beetles, which are usually considered secondary,
are responsible for the tree death,
O. erosus
in
particular. Both
P. calcaratus
and
T. destruens
are
relatively more active during the low temperature
periods, typical of the autumn in Israel. We suggest
that the consequence of water scarcity and high
temperatures due to climate change during the
autumn make the pine trees more prone to beetle
attack during their typical activity period.
