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CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HISTORY
VOLUME: 03 ISSUE: 07 | JUL 2022 (ISSN: 2660-6836)
CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HISTORY
Journal homepage: https://cajssh.centralasianstudies.org
E-mail address: editor@centralasianstudies.org
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A Review of Factors Responsible for High Rate of Financial Corruption
in Public Universities in Nigeria
Niyi Jacob Ogunode
Ogunodejacob@gmail.com
Lawal Adijat Ohunene
adijatohunene@gmail.com
Olatunde-Aiyedun, Tope Gloria
tope.aiyedun@uniabuja.edu.ng
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract:
Financial corruption is a major challenge in the public universities
in Nigeria. This paper examined the reasons for high rate of
financial corruption in the Nigerian public universities. Qualitative
data and quantitative date were reviewed to buttress the opinions
of this paper. Secondary data were sorted from both print materials
and online publications, retrieved from Google Scholars,
ResearchGates, SSRN, Academia, among others. The paper
identified the following as the reasons for high financial corruption
in the public universities in Nigeria: corrupt school administrators,
lecturers and students; weak monitoring and evaluation system;
weak trade unions; political interference; weak educational
system; and poor accountability system. Also, the paper identified
the implication of financial corruption on the public universities in
Nigeria to include: reduction in the volume of funds, inadequate
facilities, shortage of staff, and poor quality of university
education, poor academic programme accreditation status, strike
actions, and bad international image. Based on the feeding of this
reviewed study, it was recommended that Government should
appoint corrupt free administrators to head the various universities
in Nigeria, and should assign awards as motivation to both the
teaching and non-teaching staff that fights all forms of corruption
in the system.
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received 27-May-22
Received in revised form 28-May-22
Accepted 26-Jun-22
Available online 25-Jul-2022
Key word: Financial
corruption, public universities,
Higher Education.
CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HISTORY (ISSN: 2660-6836) | Volume: 3 Issue: 7 | July-2022 31
E-mail address: editor@centralasianstudies.org
(ISSN: 2660-6836).. Hosting by Central Asian Studies. All rights reserved.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Corruption is a global problem affecting the development of higher education. Advance Countries in
recent time has developed means to curtain or reduce the rate of financial corruption in their respective
higher education especially in the university system while countries in developing world are still
struggling with how to combat financial corruption in their higher education system. For instance,
higher education in Nigeria is plagued with corruption. The universities education seem to be the most
affected in the entire educational system (. For example, Ogune, (2021) reported that the former vice
chancellor of Federal University, Gusau, Professor Magaji Garba was put in the custody of the
Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, (EFCC) for corruption allegation worth Two Hundred
and Sixty Million Naira (N260, 000,000).
Also, Duru (2019) reported that the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, (EFCC) on Tuesday
arraigned the former Vice-Chancellor of the Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Prof.
Emmanuel Kucha, at the Federal High Court for misappropriation of public funds. The ex- vice-
chancellor was arraigned before Justice Mobolaji Olajuwon on a four-count charge of conspiracy,
misappropriation of public funds, abuse of office and gratification.
Saharareporters, in (2017) submitted that the former Vice Chancellor of the Federal University of
Petroleum Resources (FUPRE) in Effurun, Delta State, Akaehomen Akii Ibhadode, was arrested
alongside other top management staff at the institution over a N300 million fraud scandal,
SaharaReporters quoted a senior lecturer at the institution that said corruption and fraud “run in the
DNA of the Vice Chancellor,” adding that since the fraud was uncovered, Mr. Ibhadode and other top
management staff have been “running from pillar to post.” According to a management staff of the
institution, the scandal involves the N300 million National Economic Empowerment and Development
Strategy (NEEDS) assessment fund granted to the institution. Rather than use the fund to finance
building projects, it was diverted by Mr. Ibhadode and other staff of the university. “The NEEDS
assessment fund was intended for the building of structures in the school, but this was not done,” the
source said. “Over N300 million was diverted by the VC and his gang. Instead of using the money for
the purpose it was meant for.
Onyeji (2017) reported that the anti-graft EFCC prosecuted three top officials of the Federal University
of Agriculture, Abeokuta, FUNAAB, for their alleged roles in an N800 million scandal. The Vice
Chancellor, Olusola Oyewole, the Pro-Chancellor, Adeseye Ogunlewe, and the Bursar, Moses
Ilesanmi, were arraigned in November in 2016 on an 18-count charge of financial misappropriation at
High Court 6 in Abeokuta, Ogun State. The embattled vice chancellor was later reported to have
refunded N6.5 million to the anti-graft agency, out of the funds mismanaged. Also, the EFCC,
arraigned the former Vice Chancellor of the Federal University of Technology, Akure, FUTA, Gregory
Daramola, over allegations of fraud to the tune of N24 million. The vice chancellor was arraigned
alongside the school’s bursar, Ayodeji Oresegun, for offenses of misappropriation of public funds,
misuse of office, and obtaining money under false pretence among others. In 2016, the University of
Calabar suspended the bursar, Peter Agi, over allegations of fraud, forgery and threat to life. In a letter
of suspension signed by the Registrar, Moses Abang, the management of the institution alleged that the
bursar had been found guilty of impersonating the vice-chancellor on the e-payment platform of the
Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), among others as submitted by Onyeji (2017).
CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HISTORY (ISSN: 2660-6836) | Volume: 3 Issue: 7 | July-2022 32
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The case of the Obafemi Awolowo University according to Onyeji (2017) is unique as both the former
vice chancellor and his predecessor are being investigated for alleged fraud. The EFCC in
Februaryinvited a former Vice-Chancellor of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Bamitale Omole,
over allegations of fraud levelled against him by academic staff of the university. Also, Premium
Times on April 20, 2016, reported that the budget monitoring committee of the local chapter of the
Academic Staff Union of Universities, ASUU, accused the management of the university under Mr.
Omole of mismanaging N3.5 billion intervention fund released to the University for upgrade of
facilities. The Union had accused the management of the institution under Mr. Omole of expending the
sum on hostel renovation and construction of new lecture theatres without observing due process and
transparency. The funds were part of the N100 billion released by the Federal Government in 2013 to
universities in response to agitations by ASUU for upgrade of facilities at the tertiary institutions in
Nigeria.
In 2018, the Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project claimed that there were allegations of
corruption in several federal universities relating to the unfair allocation of grades; contract inflation;
truncation of staff’s salary on the payroll; employment of unqualified staff; certificate scandal;
examination malpractice; sexual harassment; and issuance of results for expelled students to graduate.
Ahmodu and Sofoluwe (2018) confirmed that University administrators have been accused of financial
scandals. From vice chancellors to bursars, various officials of major Nigerian universities have been
accused of corruption with some of them already being prosecuted.
Corruption as penetrated the Nigerian educational institutions. For instance, Ogunode and Stephen
(2021) complained of the higher rate of corruption in the administration of basic school administration.
Likewise, Ogunode and Olugbenge (2021) stated that corruption is a major problem facing the
secondary school education in Nigeria while Ogunode, Josiah & Ajape (2021) opined that the high rate
of corruption in the administration of universities in Nigeria is responsible for the major problem
facing the system. Ahmodu et al. (2018) also lamented that Nigerian universities have now become an
ivory tower in the throes of corruption scandals where things are no longer at ease, corruption
allegations mounted on top officials of the Nigerian Universities are fingered in financial offensiveness
and maladministration. Ahmodu, et al. (2018) stated that corruption have been a recurring decimal in
Nigerian Universities to socio-economic and political development of the country. Chinyere and
Chukwuma (2017) agreed that the administrator's level shades of corruption in the higher institutions
included misappropriation and misapplication of fund meant for capital projects, offering of admission
to undeserving students for a fee while deserving candidates are by-passed, amongst others. From the
above submission, it is important to examine factors responsible for high rate of financial corruption in
the public universities in Nigeria.
2. Review of Previous Studies
2.1 Theoretical Framework
This paper is centered on system theory that originated in the 1940s in the work of the biologist
Ludwig von Bertalanffy who initially sought to find a new approach to the study of life or living
systems. More broadly, Von Bertalanffy envisioned general system theory as a way to address the
increasing complexity of the world's problems. Systems theory hold that an organization is a social
system made up of integrated parts. The theory was propounded by a biophysicist Ludwig Von
Bertalanffy in 1920. The system was seen as a series of interrelated and interdependent parts in such a
way that the interaction of any part of the system affects the whole system. That is, one part of the
CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HISTORY (ISSN: 2660-6836) | Volume: 3 Issue: 7 | July-2022 33
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system must interact and depend on the other parts around it to function effectively. The system
approach focuses attention on the whole and also on the complex interrelationships among its
constituent parts. The system theory emphasizes the relationship between parts and interaction with
each other. This theory views the organization as a unified whole and purposeful system composed of
interrelated parts (Stonner, Freeman, & Gilbert, 2009). The whole is greater than its component parts.
A change in any component of a part may affect the entire system functionally or adversely. Systems
are composed of key major elements such as input, process and output (Lucey, 2002). Egwunyenga
(2010) indicated that the input into educational systems could be categorized into three types namely:
money, supplies, curriculum, and facilities/equipment, personnel such as students, lecturers,
administration staff, management staff and non-academic staff. The inputs are subjected to various
processing activities such as teaching, lectures, assignments, seminars, workshops, researches,
publications, studies, discussion and counseling. As a result, they come out as outputs capable of
satisfying the systems aspirations and expectations. The outputs comprised of individuals who are rich
in positive values, more learned, well skilled, highly knowledgeable, well cultured, disciplined,
employable and productive. The system theory is relevant to education system because education
system (school) is a system and the concept of interaction and interdependence of parts with the
education system like all other social systems has identical properties with the other system.
This study is anchored on system theory. The schools are looked at in terms of social system as
complex interactive examined structurally and operationally. The theory is of immense help to this
project work as the principal reflects in the objectives, functions and the ultimate goal of the
educational system in which they operate. The principal as the administrator represents a crucial
component of the social system. This implies that the principal as the chief executive of the school
deals with people at all times and is bound to get along with them. For the principal to perform his
administrative role very well, he is expected to ensure that he exhibits the qualities required of him so
as to achieve.
2.2 Conceptual Framework
2.2.1 Concept of Public University
Public universities are universities owned by the government. Public universities are universities
established to provide post-secondary schools for Nigerian. Public universities are universities
established by act of parliament to serve the interest of the general public. Public universities deal with
the provision of teaching, research and communities services (Ogunode, Iyabode & Olatunde-Aiyedun,
2022). The objectives of the universities in Nigerian Higher education, including professional
education has the following aims: the acquisition, development and inculcation of the proper value
orientation for the survival of the individual and societies; the development of the intellectual
capacities of individuals to understand and appreciate environment; the acquisition of both physical
and intellectual skills which will enable individuals to develop into useful members of the community;
the acquisition of an overview of the local and external environments (Ekpo & Aiyedun, 2020).
The Nigerian Universities Commission (NUC) reported in 2020 that public universities in Nigeria are
grouped into federal and state owned universities. The federal universities are owned by the federal
government of Nigeria while the state universities are owned by the state government. The total
number of federal and state public universities is 45 and 50 across the country.
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The federal government of Nigeria established the National universities commission to oversee the
external administration and supervision of all universities in Nigeria. The administration of public
universities in Nigeria takes two dimensions: the external administration and internal administration.
The external administration is done through the federal ministries and other regulatory agencies in the
country. The external administration handle planning, policy formulation, programme accreditation,
supervision, funding and quality control of the universities (Ogunode, Eyiolorunse-Aiyedun &
Olatunde-Aiyedun, 2021). The internal administration headed by the school administrators and other
principal managers within the universities. The function of internal administration is to ensure
implementation of policies, coordinate, supervise and organize the human and materials resources of
the universities to accomplish the objectives of the universities.
2.2.2 Concept of Financial Corruption
Many people have defined corruption in different ways. For UNDP, corruption is the misappropriation
of office, public power or authority for personal privileged through bribery, misuse, scam, nepotism to
mention but a few. Ojiade (2000) defined corruption as any systematic vice perpetuated by individuals,
society or State in forms of favouritism, nepotism, tribalism, undue wealth, power, position among
other things at the detriment of public. UNDP also looks at corruption as the process to accommodate
corruption practiced in the private educational sector as such, the definition offered corruption as the
misappropriation of delegated power in order to get private privileges (UNDP Primer on Corruption
and Development, 2008). Heyheman (2004) argues that corruption in education includes the abuse of
authority for personal and material gains. Corruption has been seen as the failing attitude of people
towards certain expectations by society that connotes negativity and is evident in all aspects of society,
economic, social, religious and educational (Abara, Ogunode & Olatunde-Aiyedun, 2022).
Corruption involves bribes and other dishonest means for achieving particular disgraceful ends which
is an indication of an ailing society. Transparency International and Socio-Economic Rights and
Accountability Project -SERAP (2013) viewed corruption as the abuse of power by individuals to
whom is entrusted for personal gain. Every organization has individuals or persons entrusted with the
power to coordinate and direct the affairs of the organization. Some of these individuals misuse the
power bestowed on them by doing things contrary to that which is expected of them only to their own
advantage. The word corruption is a complex and beguile phenomenon. Corruption takes place not
only in the finance field, but in multifarious domains. There are many kinds of corruption in our social
environment such as administrative corruption, political corruption, and so on. “Corruption is the
misuse of public power (by elected politician or appointed civil servant) for private
gain.” (Corruptie.org). At the 2013 media launch of the Global Corruption Report on Education,
Transparency International SERAP stressed that, corrupt practices have been identified in Nigeria’s
education sector. The report revealed that corruption has a devastating impact on national
development, particularly in Africa, hindering progress towards the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) now SDGs, and jeopardizing socio-economic development. With particular reference to
Nigeria, it is disheartening to note that this cankerworm was noticed at all levels of education, where
massive embezzlement and misappropriation of funds running into millions of Dollar and Billions of
Naira are taking place (SERAP, 2013).
2.2.3 Factors Responsible for High Rate of Financial Corruption in Public Universities in Nigeria
In this paper the following would be considered as factors responsible for high rate of financial
corruption in the Nigerian public universities; corrupt school administrators, weak monitoring and
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evaluation system, weak trade unions, poor participation of university stakeholders’ Weak preventive
system and poor accountability system
1) Corrupt School Administrators
Financial corruption thrives in some Nigerian public universities because of corrupt school
administrators appointed to manager the institutions are corrupt and this path ways for corruption
practices in the system. One of the responsibilities of school manager is to ensure prudent deployment
of financial resources within and out the school for the implementation of the school programme. The
school is to ensure that financial resources are used for what they are meant for and not to be diverted
or looted by some other officers within the system. But when the school administrators are corrupted
financial corruption makes ways in the system. Olatunde-Aiyedun (2021) highlighted that the attitude
of leaders in some tertiary institutions as well as the supervisory agencies are corrupt. They do not lead
by example. They say one thing and do a different thing. They exploit and alienate both staff and
students’ personnel under them. Achebe (1983) acknowledges this fact and notes that “the trouble with
Nigeria is simply and squarely a failure of leadership”. Jamila Shuara in Tiamiyu (2012), there is a lot
of mismanagement of fund by educational boards and the moneys meant for higher education are
mismanaged as much as Nigerian higher education institutions have joined other public sector
institutions in having a sizeable number of uncompleted or abandoned projects. For example, the
prosecuted Universities are; Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta (FUNAAB), Federal
University of Technology Akure (FUTA), University of Calabar (UNICAL), Obafemi Awolowo
University Ile-Ife (OAU) and University of Ibadan. The Vice Chancellors and Bursars have been
accused of mismanaging funds which were part of the N100 billion released by the Federal
Government in 2013 to universities in response to agitations by the Academic Staff Union of
Universities (ASUU) for upgrade of facilities at the tertiary institutions in Nigeria (Telegraph
Newspaper, 2016).
2) Weak Monitoring and Evaluation System
The weak monitoring and evaluation system designed and put in place to check and prevent financial
corruption within the public universities by the federal ministry of education, Auditor general office,
National universities commission and Tetfund are weak and not too effective to prevent the corruption
activities in the system. Financial corruption is very high in some public universities because of failure
of the external and internal monitoring system to check their corrupt practices in the system. Chinyere
et al. (2017), and Chuta (2004) submitted that the causes of corruption in the higher institutions
include: Failure of Leadership, Bureaucratic Factors, Undue Emphasis on Certificates, Non-Payment
of Staff Salaries Promptly, Environmental Factors, Moral Decadence, Materialism and Deviation from
Ethical Principles and Values.
3) Weak Trade Unions
The weakness of some trade unions groups in the public universities system is another reason why
financial corruption is thriving in some public universities. One of the major functions of the trade
unions is to ensure accountability in the system and ensure financial resources are properly used for the
implementation of the school programme. In Nigerian public universities, only few trade unions are
active in doing this. Labour unions in higher institutions are weak and ineffective in carrying out their
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responsibilities of ensuring accountability and transparency in the system. This weakness is what has
given room for the huge financial corruption in the system.
1) Poor Participation of University Stakeholders
The poor participation of university stakeholders in the financial affair of the universities is another
factor responsible for the high rate of corruption in some public universities. The university is a system
made up of different component and parts. The student union body, the parent association, professional
bodies, academic staff and non-academic staff are all in stakeholders in the universities. Majorities of
these stakeholders are not concerned with how the universities manages the school funds, how
contracts are awarded, who gets the contract and at what cost, what is the implementation period. The
poor participation of the university stakeholders in the financial affairs of the universities encourages
corruption in the system. Ogunode, Somadina, Yahaya and Olatunde-Aiyedun (2021) stated that the
inability of the higher institution communities to monitor and hold management accountable is
resource for the various mismanagement of institutions resources. Asiyai (2015) identified the causes
of corruption in universities to include poor management, moral decadence of the Nigerian society of
getting rich quick syndrome, lack of fear of God, and the desire to pass examination without working
hard for it
2) Weak Preventive System
The weak preventive system on corruption in the public universities is another factor responsible for
the high corruption activities in some public universities across the country. In Nigeria, anti-corruption
agencies are mostly structured to act after the act of corruption have been done rather than to be in a
preventive structure. It is better to prevent corruption activities than to arresting the corrupt officials.
Mechanism to prevent corruption activities are not too effective in majorities of the public universities
and that is why some of the public universities are experiencing the activities of corruption. Ola (2015)
argued that most anti-corruption policies and programmes in Nigeria are designed to act after the act of
corruption has taken place instead of been both preventive and prosecuting agencies.
3) Poor Accountability System
The accountability system in some public universities is open and ineffective. This poor accountability
scheme is allowing lots of financial corruption in the system. The university system in Nigeria is
designed with Bureaucracy that prevents effective and efficiency check and balances. Godwin (2017)
observed that the administrative procedures and practices in most Nigerian establishments (of which
the tertiary institutions are included) are cumbersome and dilating. The administrative operations move
very slowly. Bureaucracy is thus characterized by red tapism (passingthe buck), as a result files move
endlessly from one desk to another because every officer wants to avoid the responsibility of taking
critical decisions. Consequently, there is delay in taking administrative decisions which now make the
people perceive every administrative set-up negatively. The truth, therefore, is that it is the anxiety to
avoid delay that in most cases encourages the growth of dishonesty and other corrupt practices. It gives
room for palm greasing (Bhagwan and Bhushan, 2012) or what Sapru (2008) referred to as “speed
money”. Ahmodu, & Sofoluwe, (2018) outlines the causes of corruption to include: lack of
transparency and accountability, policies, programs and activities that are poorly conceived and
managed, failing institutions, poverty, income disparities, inadequate civil servants’ remuneration are
among the contributing factors.
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2.2.4 Implication of Financial Corruption in Public Universities
The implication of financial corruption on the public universities in Nigeria include reduction in the
volume of funds, inadequate facilities, shortage of staff, poor quality of university education, poor
academic programme accreditation status, strike actions and bad international image.
1) Reduction in the volume of Funds
The inadequate funding most public universities in Nigeria are experiencing can be linked to the high
rate of financial corruption in the system. When funds allocated for the university administration and
management are looted and mismanaged, the implication is that there will be no more funds to actually
run the university system effectively. Ogunode, Josiah and Ajape (2021), and Ogunode (2020) stated
that one of the function of university education is to ensure effective allocation and use of funds for the
administration of the university. The high rate of corruption in the university system is reducing the
quantities and volume of funds released to implement the universities programme. Ogunode, Akinjobi
and Olatunde-Aiyedun, (2022); Ogunode, Akinjobi, and Musa (2022); and Dare (2008) quoted in
Ogbondah (2010) further noted that despite of the inadequacy of allocations to the public university
system, any fund made available often go down the drain through the corrupt practices of those
entrusted with the implementation of university programmes because of inadequate monitoring of
university income and expenditure, such is the grim state of affairs, thus the future will need a
paradigm shift. Ogunode (2021), and Acho and Abuh (2016) agreed that the little funds released are
mismanaged in the system. This action of corruption is responsible for the meager resources for
administrative functions.
2) Inadequate Facilities
The shortage of infrastructural facilities in most public universities in Nigeria can be traced to financial
corruption where funds released foe capital project expansion, renovation and construction of new
once are diverted and looted by some school administrators. Ogunode and Johnson (2021) stated that
corruption in schools has affected the development of facilities development in Nigeria. For example,
the Budget and Monitoring Committee of the Academic Staff Union of Universities, Obafemi
Awolowo University branch accused the management of the institution according Ololube, (2016) of
expending 3.5 billion Naira meant for hostel renovation and construction of new lecture theaters in
breach of due process and transparency. The funds were part of the 100 billion Naira unrestricted
funds of the federal government in 2013 for all universities in Nigeria. The fund was in response to the
long drawn out cry and agitation of ASUU against the government. The implementation and
monitoring committee of the federal government spelt out guidelines for accessing the intervention
funds by Nigerian public universities, but the management of Obafemi Awolowo University failed to
abide by the guidelines (The Budget and Monitoring Committee, 2016). Ololube, (2016) and
Chikowore in Mapolisa, Ncube, Tshabalala and Khosa (2014), argued that the number of cases of
embezzlement and mismanagement of funds by higher education leaderships in Nigerian are quite
frightening. The implication of that actions will definitely leads to shortage of infrastructure facility.
Ebehikhalu & Dawam (2016) stated that the abysmal state teaching and learning infrastructure in
Nigerian Universities is a consequence of the financial imbroglio in the nation‟s ivory tower, due to
government refusal to accord the university its pride of place in terms of funding, and the high level of
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corruption in the management of universities‟ resources. Nigerian universities have been grossly
underfunded and the consequence of this has manifested in the deficiency of teaching and learning
infrastructural facilities development in the universities. Many of the stakeholders in the university
system in Nigeria are also responsible for the rot in the university system. ASUU has struggled to force
the government to properly fund the universities, but these funds are poorly managed, embezzled and
stolen. This high level of corruption is a practice common among the universities‟ administrators. The
corrupt practices are similar to what obtains in the civil service and in the political world. The
symptoms of these corrupt practices are manifested in the dilapidated, very substandard and poorly
delivered buildings and other infrastructure. Majority of the universities‟ administrators have seen
their positions as opportunity to amass wealth, caring more on how to enhance their financial
wherewithal than protecting the integrity of the university system. Ogunode, Ahmed, Gregory and
Abubakar (2020); Ogunode (2020); Ogunode and Ahaotu (2020) and Ebehikhalu, et al. (2016) stated
that inadequate infrastructural facilities in many public universities in Nigeria have been linked to the
high rate of corruption in the system. Money provided for infrastructural facilities are diverted and
looted, leaving the universities to suffer a shortage of facilities.
3) Shortage of Staff
The inadequate staff in the public universities can also be linked to corruption. Dawood (2012) opines
that the senior staffs such as the Head Teachers, Principals, Rectors, Provost and Vice-chancellors who
are in charge of their institutions’ funds do transferring these funds to their personal bank account for
their personal use. They are also involved in placing ghost workers on salaries and over invoicing of
given contracts. Ogunode & Onyekachi, (2021) opined that another effect of corruption in the
university administration is shortage of academic staff. Because of the corruption practices in the
recruitment processes in the Nigerian public universities, this result to the employment of unqualified
staff resulting to shortage of professional teachers in the system. The problems of ghost workers in
many public universities have also led to the shortage of staff in the system. Ogunode & Adamu
(2021) opined corruption is another factor responsible for shortage of academic staff in the Nigerian
public higher institutions. The forms of corruption practices that responsible for shortage of academic
staff in the higher institutions include; funds diversion, ghost workers and recruitment fraud. Funds
released for the employment of academic staff are been looted by some administrators and principals
officers of the institutions. Some school administrators are using fake names to collect salaries for
people that are supposed to be employed in the system.
4) Poor Quality of University Education
Corruption in the university system in Nigeria is also linked to contributing to poor quality of the
university education (Ogunode, et al. 2021; Ogunode, Ndubuisi, & Jegede, 2022; Olowonefa,
Ogunode, & Ohibime, 2022). Godwin (2017) stated that corruption is capable of sapping the
development potentials of not only the institutions but the entire nation. Specifically, corruption in the
education sector has the potential of eclipsing any meaningful educational policies and programmes.
Again, it stunts pertinent variables necessary for educational development, including multiplier effects,
by rendering impotent the very structures, institutions and human resources that are designed to
facilitate growth (Olamoyegun, Olatunde-Aiyedun & Ogunode, 2022). Institutionalized educational
corruption increases administrative costs, losses in the revenue of these institutions, results in goal
displacement as the institutions’ goals are replaced with the personal benefits of some persons. Mobegi
(2015), stated that any country where mismanagement of funds is experienced, its quality of education
is bound to decline. Study by Ikechukwu (2014) revealed that corruption had an enormity of negative
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effects on the output of the system on productivity and acceptance of degrees awarded by the
institutions in the labour market. Also, Ololube, (2016) discovered that poor quality of higher
education in Nigeria are as a result of inadequate funding, misappropriation and mismanagement of
education funds while Godwin (2017) concluded that educational corruption in tertiary institutions in
Nigeria affected standard of education.
5) Poor Academic Programme Accreditation Status
The poor academic programme accreditation status of some public universities in Nigeria can be
linked to financial corruption in the system (Ogunode & Adah 2022). When funds meant for the
purchase of human and materials resources that are supposed to be in place for programme like
accreditation are looted and mismanaged, it would definitely affects accreditation programme of the
universities. Facilities funds are diverted and instructional resources are not in place (Ogunode, &
Abubakar, 2020; Ogunode, Jegede, Adah, Audu & Ajape, 2021). There are lots of mismanagement of
fund by educational boards and the moneys meant for higher education are mismanaged because
Nigerian higher education institutions have joined other public sector institutions in having sizeable
number of uncompleted or abandoned projects. The examples put forward are that university leaders
spend millions of Naira to erect super gates when their libraries are still at foundation stages. They
expend millions to purchase exotic vehicles for university officers even though they lack basic
classrooms furnishings; spend hundreds of millions in wall-fencing when student’s accommodations
are inadequate. Governments are interested in expending money on creation of new universities,
instead of consolidating and expanding access to existing ones; they are keen to award new contracts
rather than complete the abandoned projects or standardize existing facilities (ASUU, 2016). Ogunode,
Okwelogu and Olatunde-Aiyedun (2021) deduced that when the authority mismanaged the money
meant for the smooth running of the university, failed to purchase the security gadgets and not put
housing accommodation for staff in place, insecurity sets in. This is a major problem with many
Nigerian universities. Even for fear of being kidnapped, many university staff leaves far away from the
university campuses since there are no accommodation for them within the university.
6) Strike Actions
Strike actions in the public universities are traced to failure of government or school authority to
honour or implement the agreement reached and signed by both parties as a result of lack of funds.
Presently, ASUU and other union bodies in the Nigerian universities are on strike because the
government claimed there is no money to implement the 2009 agreement. Ololube, (2016) observed
that strike actions are the only music that unions play and the government listens. The inadequacy in
government funding has been a bone of contention in almost all the conflicts between the federal
government and staff unions. This situation has been like this for decades and has caused disruptions
in the academic calendar of institutions of higher education. In essence, Ogunode, Ugochukwu, &
Jegede (2022); Ogunode, Akin-Ibidiran & Ibidiran (2022); and Gambo, & Fasanmi, (2019) concluded
that universities are facing the problem of funding not only because of the hard times the economy of
the nation is undergoing but because the available funds are actually not judiciously utilized by the
management of universities. One of the Federal universities in south west Nigeria was shut down for
over two months in 2016 and the members of staff in the university alleged the management of
mismanagement of funds which was meant to pay backlog of certain allowances. Ogunode, et al.
(2022) and Ogunode (2020) submitted that the major factor responsible for strike actions in Nigeria
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higher institutions is the problem of limited funds available for the management of higher institutions
in the country.
7) Bad International Image
Another implication of corruption on the public universities in Nigeria is that it gives the universities
bad image. Ogunode, Olatunde-Aiyedun and Mcbrown (2022) stated that the mismanagement of funds
meant for Nigerian institutions of higher learning has led to low patronage of Nigerian public
universities by international students. The study of Asiyai (2015) on corruption in public universities
showed that the effect of corruption are poor image of Nigeria at the international scene, production of
poor graduates, lack of good moral values, poor infrastructural development, poor academic standards
and poor modernization of university facilities. Corruption affects education access, quality, inclusion
and learning outcomes with devastating consequences, not only for national economic growth but also
for the life chances of children, their families and communities.
8) Increase in Administrative Cost
Corruption in the university administration increases administrative cost. Dawood (2012) noted that
the cost of corruption to the Nigerian educational system represents about 15½% of its GDP.
Experiences of other countries reveal that corruption increases the cost of education, materials and
training of staff. Similarly, Ogunode, Adegboyega and Olatunde-Aiyedun (2022) remarked that
corruption direct resources from the designed projects to white elephant projects are heavily over
invoiced; it increases the costs of running the schools, distort public expenditures and defers private-
public partnership investments. It also erodes the consistency for grants and funding. In Nigeria
institutions of learning, corruption has undermined the normal functioning of their social, economic
and academic systems. Godwin (2017) lamented that institutionalized educational corruption increases
administrative costs, losses in the revenue of these institutions, results in goal displacement as the
institutions’ goals are replaced with the personal benefits of some persons.
3. Methodology
The objective was to discuss the reasons for high rate of financial corruption in the Nigerian public
universities. This paper used secondary data. Content Analysis method was adopted for the paper. The
method was employed in the selection and analysis of papers, journal and abstracts. The sit visited for
both print and online resources included CEON, Elsevier, Hindawi, JSTOR, IEEE, Learn Techlib
SAGE, Nebraska and Springer amongst others. This study employed content analysis method by
selecting the relevant content of the literatures related to this paper and to build a sound structure
background for the paper which would center on theoretical and conceptual exploration.
4. Conclusion and Recommendations
To address the problem of corruption in Nigeria universities, the following have been recommended:
1. Government should appoint corrupt free administrators to head the various universities in the
country. The government should assign awards as motivation to both the teaching and non-
teaching staff who fights all forms of corruption in the system.
2. School administrators should engage the services of Counsellors in the universities to organize
seminars/symposia and workshops to enlighten the university community on good moral and
ethical standards that help to prevent academic corruption especially based on examination ethics
once in a semester, using orientation programmes.
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3. The school administrators should prepare and read riot act to all the teaching and non-teaching
staff in the universities.
4. Technologies should be deployed to carry out financial transaction in all the universities in the
country.
5. Every financial dealing that amount to millions must be disclosed to the stakeholders in the
universities.
6. The ASSU and SUG should establish financial monitoring and evaluation committee in the
universities to help check corruption.
7. The anti-corruption agencies in the Country should establish their presence in all the universities
silently to monitoring financial dealing of the institutions.
8. The government ensures regular auditing of all the universities quarterly.
9. Salaries of academic teaching and non- teaching staff should be improved so as to eliminate the
temptation of receiving bribery from students, parents and other stakeholders.
10. Government should stop interfering in the recruitment of teaching staff as this ought to be done
based on merit and not based on god fatherism or political influence. This will help to employ
qualified lecturers into the university system and reduce lackadaisical attitude.
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