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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN: 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 6.719 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 8, Issue - 6, JUNE - 2022 Publication Date: 30/06/2022
Available online on – WWW.IJIRMF.COM Page 179
Indian Students’ Attitude towards Guidance and Counseling
1 Shreyal Saxena , 2 Ishita Wadhwani
1Department of Psychology, The Bhopal School of Social Sciences, Bhopal, India
2Department of Psychology, The Bhopal School of Social Sciences, Bhopal, India
Email - 1shreyalsaxena1@gmail.com, 2ishitawadhwani28@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION:
Wikipedia lays out that counseling and guidance principles began with the philosophical teachings of Plato and
Aristotle in ancient Greece and Rome, But as we dig deeper into Ancient Indian literature, more specifically Bhagwad
Gita, we realize that besides teaching mankind, through Arjuna, the meaning of life & death and self-realization, Krishna
acted as an incomparable counselor for Arjuna, removing all his doubts and conflicts through his finest principles of
counseling for people of all lands, all ages and all times.
Thus, one can note that Indians were the first to advocate counseling and the concept did not develop in India
as a result of western influences. However, the western world was the first to recognize its importance and utilize it in
educational settings as a recognized professional service.
In 1915, Calcutta University started the first psychological laboratory in India where guidance was introduced
as a section of its department of applied psychology as an academic discipline in 1938 under the direction of Dr. G.S.
Bose
In 1941, Bombay University, Baltiboi Vocational Guidance Bureau was established.
In 1954, the Central Bureau of Educational and Vocational Guidance, now a part of the National Council of
Educational Research and Training, was set up by the Ministry of Education, Central Government of India which has
been rendering valuable service ever since it was established in the field of guidance [1]
Counseling is a process that deals with emotional, social, work, school, and physical health concerns people
may have at different stages in their lives, focusing on typical life stresses and more severe issues with which people
may struggle as individuals and as a part of families, groups and organization [2]
Guidance can be explained as assistance made available by competent counselors to an individual of any group
to help him/her direct the life course, develop a point of view, make decisions, and be better adjusted. Guidance is more
about assisting people to find their way rather than giving instructions or ready-made solutions [3]
The adolescent years are a transitional period. There are several ups and downs, stress, and strain during this
period. Throughout the developmental span of human life, adolescence and young adulthood are very crucial stages.
During this time, individuals can either be shaped and molded into an asset or, at the other extreme, rendered useless
and redundant, turning into a liability for the nation. There are various challenges they face at this stage, for which
guidance is needed.
As they grow and develop, they encounter several issues related to different aspects of life, including education,
family life, social life, future prospects, financial issues, and religious concerns.
According to the National Mental Health Survey, 2015-16, the prevalence of mental illness was nearly 7 percent
for those aged 13 - 17 years, and was nearly equal for both sexes. There were 2.6% cases of depressive episodes &
recurrent depressive disorders, 2.3% cases of agoraphobia, 1.7% of intellectual disabilities, 1.6% of phobic anxiety
Abstract: The aim of the study was to measure attitude of school students towards guidance and counseling and
to find if age and gender are significant determinant of attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help.
The study was conducted on 103 students (51 males and 52 females) . An adaptive version of Attitude Toward
Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale (ATSPPHS) was used which consists of 30 items. The study found
that students had a positive attitude towards seeking guidance and counseling services. Gender and age did not
play a significant role in attitude towards seeking guidance and counseling services
Key Words: Attitude ,Guidance and counseling, Bhagwad Gita, self confidence.
DOIs:10.2015/IJIRMF/202206029 --:-- Research Article
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN: 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 6.719 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 8, Issue - 6, JUNE - 2022 Publication Date: 30/06/2022
Available online on – WWW.IJIRMF.COM Page 180
disorders, and 1.3% of psychotic disorders. Researchers in Himachal Pradesh studied adolescents aged 15-24 and found
that they suffered from a wide range of mental health conditions such as anxiety (15.5%), depression (6.9%), tobacco
(7.6%), alcohol (7.2%), and suicidal ideation (5.5%), resulting in the need for urgent interventions (82). There is no
disputing the fact that it affects their growth, development, education, and social interaction day-to-day, but if left
unattended, it can lead to lifelong consequences.[4]
PROPER USE OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING SERVICE CAN HELP A STUDENT IN 3 WAYS
Adjustment Function:
In guidance and counseling, students are provided individualized aid to help them make the most appropriate
adjustments to their current situation in the educational setting, in their occupation, at home, and in their communities.
Orientational Function:
Students are guided towards long-term personal goals by orienting them in career planning, and educational
programming, since planning, is an important part of preparing for future education and career.
Developmental Function:
Counseling and guidance act as tools to help students achieve self-realization and develop their potential. They play an
important function of advancing social welfare as well as being an instrument for developing a nation[5]
An attitude can be defined as a tendency to respond positively or negatively towards a certain idea, person, object, or
situation [6]
Figure 1
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN: 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 6.719 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 8, Issue - 6, JUNE - 2022 Publication Date: 30/06/2022
Available online on – WWW.IJIRMF.COM Page 181
Figure 2
Attitudes of counselees towards guidance and counseling may indicate their willingness to accept, patronize, or
use counseling services. Counseling cannot create any positive change without students' acceptance, patronization, and
usage of the service. Counseling when appropriately adapted has the potential to moderate student issues, which are
seen largely as manifestations of misunderstood identities, confusion of self, and maladaptation of personality [7] .
Well-adjusted students provide a more suitable environment for learning and teaching. Nonetheless, school
counseling as a strategy for moderating students' behavior has a great deal to do with how students perceive it and the
reaction it invokes. Even though its importance for individual and national development has long since been recognized,
little research has been conducted on students' perceptions of and attitudes toward this special educational service.
Without an understanding of the prevailing attitudes and prejudices students have towards him and his programs,
a school counselor will fail to reap much from his endeavors, since success is critically dependent on the level of
awareness of the counselees. This perspective has greatly influenced the motivation to conduct this study.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW:
Anuja S. Panicker, M. Samskani (2019) conducted a research to explore the attitude of attitudes towards counselling
among medical students in India. During the study, it was discovered that 50% of the participants felt they needed
counselling for themselves and for their friends. 75% of the participants also felt they could relieve mild stress by
reaching out to counsellors for help. [8]
Awabiland Akosah, (2018) discovered a favourable attitude amongst university students in Ghana towards guidance
and counselling, although they also expressed discomfort about some aspects of counseling [9]
Mwangi and Otanga (2015) investigated the role of guidance and counseling as perceived by students. Study findings
revealed that students had a positive perception and appreciation of guidance and counseling services and that their
views and attitudes were influenced by information accessed regardless of their gender or year of study.[10]
Agi (2014) examined the effects of sex, class and school division on perception and attitude toward school counseling.
The sex of students was not significant in determining how they perceived counseling and how they viewed
counseling[11]
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN: 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 6.719 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 8, Issue - 6, JUNE - 2022 Publication Date: 30/06/2022
Available online on – WWW.IJIRMF.COM Page 182
Munira Arshad , Naruemon Da-I and Ssekamanya Siraje Abdallah (2012) conducted a study to find how age and gender
are related to attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help and found that university Indian students had a
positive attitude towards seeking counselling. There was no correlation found between age and attitude towards seeking
counselling services, however in terms of gender, female JNU students scored higher on the subscales of openness
towards seeking counselling help and confidence in mental health provider out of the total 4 subscales of the test used
[12]
In their study, Lynass, Pykhtina and Cooper (2012) explored young people's opinions of which aspects of school-based
counseling are useful and unhelpful. Their study concluded that that young people viewed counseling as a valuable
intervention and brought many positive interpersonal, emotional, and behavioral changes in them[13]
Ogoda (2010 )studied the attitudes of students toward guidance and counseling in public schools. He noted the
importance of school counseling and highlighted that lack of professionalism on the part of school counselors, lack of
a counseling office, lack of a time set for counseling, non availability of the school counselors are the factors that
hinder the success of counseling interventions.[14]
Eyo, Mary, Joshu, and Esuong (2010) studied the nature of secondary school students' attitudes toward guidance and
counseling services and found that female students displayed more positive attitudes than their male counterparts[15]
Ubana (2008) discovered negative attitudes towards guidance and counselling services among students of secondary
schools in Yakurr local government area of Cross River State. Students' gender and the geographic location of the school
did not significantly affect the attitudes students' had toward guidance and counseling services [16]
Sandhu, (2000) found that negative attitudes towards guidance and counseling have been explained in the literature as
due to the lack of value attached to guidance and counseling from students' own perspective and their ability to solve
their own problems or with peers [17]
Denga (1983), studied the attitude students' towards the counselor and found that 100 percent students showed need for
counseling and the readiness of the students to go to the counselor for counseling. (Onyejiaku 1991) found that the
attitude of males and females to some extent are favorable towards counseling services[18]
An academic study conducted by Musgrove (1973) found no significant differences in attitudes towards guidance and
counseling services among male and female high school students, but a positive/favourable overall attitude toward
guidance offices[19]
2.1 HPOTHESIS :
Three null hypotheses based on the purpose of the study were postulated and tested during the investigation.
Ho1: The attitude of secondary school students towards guidance and counselling services is not significantly positive.
Ho2: Students‟ attitude toward guidance and counselling services is not significantly influenced by sex (gender).
Ho3: Attitude of secondary school students toward guidance and counselling services is not significantly influenced by
the age of the students.
3. METHODOLOGY :
SAMPLING
The sample for the study included 103 students . The questionnaire was sent to 400 students of two schools out
of which 103 students responded and were included for the study. Participants’ age ranged from 13 to 18 and above .
The majority (88.3 %) of the respondent’s ages ranged between 13- 18 years old. Only a small number (11.6%) of
the students were above 18 years old.
TOOL USED
Data was collected by the use of a questionnaire developed by MUTINDI PETRONILLA MUTINDA [20].
This attitude scale is an adaptation of the Fischer and Turners’ test of Attitudes Towards Seeking Psychological Help
(ATSPH, 1970). The scale has 30 items It consists of four parts.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN: 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 6.719 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 8, Issue - 6, JUNE - 2022 Publication Date: 30/06/2022
Available online on – WWW.IJIRMF.COM Page 183
The first section of the questionnaire (Part A) included the description of the purpose of the study, instruction
for completing the questionnaire, and request for demographic information, which is, age, sex, and class .
Part B of the instrument sought to find out the common personal and academic problems that students experience in
schools .
Part C of the questionnaire sought to understand how aware the students were of the guidance counseling
services offered in the schools, by asking them questions related to the location and timings of the counseling office, the
gender of the counselor, etc.
The last part of the questionnaire ( Part D) contained thirty closed questions as mentioned above. These
questions measure the attitudes of secondary school students towards seeking guidance and counseling.
The reliability coefficient of the adaptation scale which is used in this study was calculated as 0.8922 by the person who
adapted it, hence deeming this questionnaire as reliable.
To check the validity of the scale, a pilot study was carried out by the researcher (MUTINDI PETRONILLA
MUTINDA). The pilot study helped the researcher to identify items in the research instruments that might have been
ambiguous in eliciting the relevant information. These items were discarded or modified to improve the quality of
instruments and their validity
4. RESULTS :
GENDER
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
MALE
51
49.5 %
FEMALE
52
50.5 %
TOTAL
103
100 %
Table 1 shows the gender of the respondents
AGE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
BETWEEN 13-15
64
62.2 %
BETWEEN 16 to 18 ABOVE
39
37.8 %
TOTAL
103
100 %
Table 2 shows the age Distribution of the Respondents
CLASS
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
8
6
5.8
9
39
37.8
10
22
21.3
11
13
12.6
12
23
22.5
TOTAL
103
100 %
Table 3 shows the class of the Respondents
The attitude of the students was ascertained by determining the maximum and minimum values of the items.
The minimum value was 54 while the maximum was 116. The items were then assigned the values to determine those
with negative attitudes and those with positive attitudes,
54 – 89
Positive attitude
90 -116
Negative attitude
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN: 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 6.719 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 8, Issue - 6, JUNE - 2022 Publication Date: 30/06/2022
Available online on – WWW.IJIRMF.COM Page 184
5. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION :
Ho1: The attitude of school students towards guidance and counseling services will not be significantly positive
Table 4
Above table indicates that majority of the respondents 75.7 % (78) have a positive attitude towards seeking
guidance and counselling, while 25.3% (25) of the respondents have a negative attitude towards seeking guidance and
counselling. The mean attitude of students is 82.46 with a minimum value of 54 and a maximum value of 116, indicating
that students have overall positive attitude towards seeking guidance and counselling.
Ho2: Students’ attitude toward guidance and counseling services will not be significantly influenced by sex
(gender).
Table 5
Table 5.1
The above table shows. the chi-square (χ2= 0.261 ; df = 1; p value =0.609) is not significant at 0.05 level of
significance. The findings suggest that sex is not a significant determinant of the attitudes towards guiding and
counselling. Hence, the null hypothesis is accepted.
Ho3: Attitude of school students toward guidance and counselling services will not be significantly influenced by
the age of the students
Table 6
Attitude
Frequency
Percentage
POSITIVE
78
75.7
NEGATIVE
25
24.3
TOTAL
103
100
No. MALE (51)
No. FEMALE (52)
POSITIVE
38(70%)
40 (76%)
NEGATIVE
13 (25%)
12 (23%)
13-15 YEARS
16-18 & ABOVE
POSITIVE
48
30
NEGATIVE
16
9
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN: 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 6.719 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 8, Issue - 6, JUNE - 2022 Publication Date: 30/06/2022
Available online on – WWW.IJIRMF.COM Page 185
Table 6.1
The above table shows that the chi-square (χ2= 0.078 ; df = 1; p value = 0.781) is not significant at 0.05 level
of significance. The findings suggest that age is not a significant determinant of the attitudes of students towards
guidance and counselling. Hence null hypothesis is accepted.
Common issues experienced by School Students
Issues related to
academics and
time
management
Frequency
Relationship
issues
Frequency
Personal
issues
Frequency
Recurrent
problems in
solving
assignments
Time management
problems
Unexplainable
fear of failure in
exams
Career problems
35
(34%)
83
(80.6%)
34
(33%)
34
(33%)
Domestic
problems
Poor
relationship with
authority
figures
Poor
relationship with
friends and
members of
same and
opposite sex
15
(14.6%)
8
(7.8%)
23
(22.3%)
Drug and
alcoholism
Excessive guilt
and worry
Lack of self
confidence
Frequent
nervousness
Frequent
depression
Spiritual or
religious
Nervous
breakdown
4
(3.8%)
50
(48.5%)
43
(41.7%)
32
(31.1%)
15
(14.6%)
7
(6.8%)
25
(24.3%)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN: 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 6.719 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 8, Issue - 6, JUNE - 2022 Publication Date: 30/06/2022
Available online on – WWW.IJIRMF.COM Page 186
Table 7 The top three most common issues faced by maximum respondents were issues related to time management
80.6 % followed by feelings of excessive guilt and worry 48% and lack of self confidence 41%.
6. CONCLUSION :
According to the findings, students have a favorable attitude towards seeking counseling. The findings suggest
that sex and age are not significant determinants of the attitudes of students towards guidance and counselling .The
present finding could be due to the impact of a number of changes on family, society, culture, economics, and politics.
In particular, India's education sector has flourished. Government and educational initiatives have been rampant, as have
mass media and modern communication technologies. In addition, there is growing recognition of the importance of
mental health especially during times of covid.
In 2001, the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), one of the largest education boards in
India made it mandatory to have a trained school counselor in all their schools and laid out that every student at
Secondary or Senior Secondary level must receive at least twenty sessions of psychological counseling in an academic
year. However the facilities were underutilized due to various stigmas attached to visiting a counselor
A long-overdue conversation about mental health was sparked by Sushant Singh Rajput's death.
LiveLoveLaugh, in a follow-up study to a previous one in 2018,’ How India Perceives Mental Health’ examined the
knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward mental health and reported a substantial jump from last year's 54% to 92% .
The surveyed respondents said they would support a person seeking treatment for mental illness in an attitudinal change
survey on mental health interventions.
The study also showed a dramatic shift in general perceptions of mental illness, with 65% believing they can
work and lead stable, healthy lives - more than double the previous year's 32%. Additionally, 68% believed people with
mental illness could form meaningful connections with friends, family, and companions, which is a positive
development in a country where misinformation abounds on this topic.[21]
Teenagers have been increasingly using social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter.
Studies show that 22% of teenagers logged onto their favorite social media site more than ten times a day, and
more than half of these adolescents logged on more than once a day[22]. Today internet and cell phones play a significant
role in their emotional and social development.
Instagram is incredibly popular among teens, making it a great platform to spread mental health awareness. A
campaign on Instagram called #HereForYou brings other stories of people struggling with mental health issues.
Tumblr is currently one of the most popular blogging sites worldwide–it’s users are mainly made up of teens to
draw attention to Mental Health Awareness Month, they started a campaign called ‘Post It Forward’ which is meant to
help users that are struggling and bring awareness to the true frequency of mental health issues–that they’re not rare and
many of us have a challenge with mental health at some point in our lives [23]. Several celebrities and influential social
media users are promoting body positivity and psychotherapy. In terms of removing stigma attached to counseling and
therapy, these factors have played a crucial role.
With everything changing, online guidance and counseling services for teens have turned into digital
alternatives, resulting in increased affordability and accessibility for them.
Lifology’ is a guidance App for Parents. It provides parents with ultra-personalized advice from experts to
prepare their children for the future.
In addition to emotional well-being, they address educational and career development issues. Lifology will help
parents make their children future ready by bringing global intelligence to their mobile phones.[24]
"Dost for Life" is a new app launched by CBSE for the psycho-social well-being of students in classes IX-XII.
The app shifts the existing practice of providing counseling through toll-free numbers to bringing counseling to students
and parents at home in a safe environment. Students can access guidance and therapy from counselors, receive tips on
mental health and wellbeing, and get guidance on courses after their graduation. To appeal to younger users, two sections
have been included: a rap song section and frequently asked questions.[25]
TeenTherapy provides kids, teens, and parents with certified therapists Parenting and family therapy are also a
focal point of their work, along with child development. The child or teenager may undergo online therapy under the
consent of the parents or in their presence and receive the much-needed mental and emotional support[26]
Destigmatisation, collaboration of professionals, communities, and government organizations, and increased
accessibility and accessibility are steadily contributing to the improvement of guidance and counseling services. The
guidance and counseling industry is improving, even though we still have a long way to go.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD
ISSN: 2455-0620 [ Impact Factor: 6.719 ]
Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value : 86.87
Volume - 8, Issue - 6, JUNE - 2022 Publication Date: 30/06/2022
Available online on – WWW.IJIRMF.COM Page 187
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