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International Engineering Journal For Research & Development
Vol.6
Issue 6
AN ANALYSIS ON THE RISE ON TERRORIST ATTACKS IN INDIA AND ITS
IMPACT ON COMMUNAL HARMONY
1Dr.Sumanta Bhattacharya, 2Bhavneet Kaur Sachdev
Research Scholar at MAKAUT , Public–Foreign-Defence Policy Analyst1 , Political Science hons (Calcutta
University) Masters in Development studies2
sumanta.21394@gmail.com1, bhavneet829@gmail.com2
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ABSTRACT
Every country is trying to counter terrorism which is growing day by day and making the life of people
miserable. There have been many cases of terrorism attack in the past two decades on India’s political , financial
capital , religious places and tourist attack ,today terrorism spreads faster because of many factors : more
technology available to conduct acts of terror , Advance means of communication like print media , electronic
media , internet help them to promote their ideology quickly , targets of terrorism have become more
widespread , increase globalisation in the society , International recognition and support for terrorism. There has
been international collaboration to counter terrorism through the formation of Mutual legal Assistance Treaty in
criminal matters which would include investigation , prosecution and prevention of crimes , instruments of
crimes , execution of warrants , these agreements have been working in combating transnational organized
crimes , trans-border terrorism , other serious crimes. Most of the groups like BRICS , EU , G20 have
committed themselves to counter terrorism, along with that we need to strengthen our security forces and police
forces to count terrorism at the state level and advance our legal , political and public sector and use media as a
weapon to make people aware of the threats of terrorism
Keywords: Terrorism , trans-border terrorism , financial capital , police reforms , security forces
INTRODUCTION
Terrorism has emerged as a global phenomenon , Terrorism can be elucidate as a planned organised use of
violence as a method to gather political , religion or ideological control .Terrorism can be classified as terrorism
by external state actors and terrorism non-state actors , When an administration personally or accidentally gets
involved in terrorism against its own citizen it is introduce to as terrorism by state actors , terrorism against a
different nation is referred to as extraneous state actor terrorism , Terrorism in Kashmir is an example of
personal and indirect terrorism where terrorism in Kashmir is directly influenced by Pakistan and ISI impact
and the hinterland terrorism by Indian Mujahindin , ISI Pakistan are indirectly supporting them , some will be in
case of Bangladesh and Myanmar who have acted as extraneous state role in the North-East terrorism.
Supporting can be through various mean by providing fund assistance , technical assistance , schooling , base
assistance , training , arms and militant organization . Terrorism by Non-state actors would include , individuals
who have no link with the government and have no financial support , they pursue their agenda through indirect
connection such as the Naxalites , North-East Extremist and the LTTE. The use of non-state actors is essential
the appointment of a proxy component , these non-states actors receive indirectly support from ISI which
provides them funding from Pakistan , the 26/11 attacks is an example of such kind of terrorist attacks , these
groups motive is to form uncertainty in states like Jammu and Kashmir and also to destabilise the country this
is done by irregular terrorist attack which spread trepidation and dread , which can influence the capacity of
India to stalk economic facelift . The aim of the non-state actors is to , to bleed India , to damage Indian
economy through forgery currency and other resources , to provide weapons and incendiary to the various
groups in India , in order to promote collective hatred and communal riots in India , to support and spread
Islamic fundamental activities , to take advantage of anti-government groups . Terrorism in the Indian -
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Subcontinent can be categorised into principle groups : Hinterland terrorism , Jammu and Kashmir militancy ,
North-East insurgency and Left wing extremism . However today terrorism spreads faster because of many
factors : more technology available to conduct acts of terror , Advance means of communication like print
media , electronic media , internet help them to promote their ideology quickly , targets of terrorism have
become more widespread , increase globalisation in the society , International recognition and support for
terrorism , Non-tolerance in society due to intensifying population and lack of resources , and link between
terrorism and organized crimes to earn money , there are many ways in which these terrorism group earn money
, either through ISI sponsored terrorism , earning from drug trafficking , donation from Islamic countries and
other source of funding would include through the use of violence or gathering money from local people in the
area of insurgent .
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
For the purpose of this exploration , I have used a amalgamation of two of the archetypical social sciences
research tools application –as they are authentic and brilliant method to assemble statistics from multiple
appellant in an methodical and convenient way . Question were asked to the parents and their children , survey ,
interviews –consisting of several interrogation which were dispersed among representative of each contender
group .
OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH PAPER
The main areas of exploration in this paper incorporates
1.Terrrorism in India and its affect .
2. What are the kind of terrorism and groups existing in India .
3. A in depth study on terrorism attack in India over the years .
4. What has the government done to counter –terrorism.
5. Future of Terrorism in India
LITERATURE REVIEW
There have been many cases of terrorism attack in the past two decades on India’s political , financial capital ,
religious places and tourist attack places some of the attacks are as follows : Attack on Red Fort in 2000 , Attack
on Jammu and Kashmir Assembly in 2001, Attack on Indian Parliament in 2001 by Laahkar-e-Taiba and Jasih-
e-Mohammed, January 2002 attack on the American Cultural Centre , Kolkata , In May 2002 , the Janpur train
crash , Attack on the Akshardham temple in Gujarat , 2003 , Mumbai bombing , again in march 2003 Mumbai
train bombing , 68 people were killed in the Mumbai Bombing in 4 separate attacks , 70 people were killed in
Delhi in 2005 , by an attack two days before Diwali , 2005 we also had the Ram Janmabhoomi attack , Blast in
2006 killing 209 people by Lashkar-e-Taiba , Melegaon blast by the right wing which killed 37 people , ,
Samjhauta Express and Ajmer Sharif Blasts by right wing in 2007, In 2008 there was a blast carried out by
Indian Mujahideen killing 115 people in Jaipur m Delhi , Ahmedabad and Bangalore . In the 26/11 attack , the
attack by was LeT in Mumbai , 2008 which killed 171 people which also led to the change in the policies by the
government to counter Terrorism in India , German Bakery blast in Pune which killed 17 people , In 2011 ,26
people were killed in a serial of bomb attacks by Indian Mujahideen Mumbai , 2011 attack on Delhi High
Court by Indian Mujahideen(IM) which killed 12 people , Hyderabad Bomb attack in 2013 by IM which killed
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16 people , Bodh Gaya Blast in 2013 , Pathankot attack in 2016 which led to the death of 7 people , Attack on
CRPF Convoy in Pampore(Kashmir) in which 8 jawans were killed in June 2016 . 2017 Amarnath Yatra attack
in Anantnag and Jammu and Kashmir , 2018 the Sunjuwan attack and March 2018 , Sukma attack , 2019
Pulwama attack , in Jammu and Kashmir , March 2019 , the Jammu Bus stand grenade blast in the Jammu city ,
May 2019 , Gadchiroli Naxal bombing in Maharashtra Deccan plateau , June 2019 Kashmir attack , after the
abrogation of article 370 , there have been frequent attack on Kashmir , 22 civilians were killed in Jammu and
Kashmir after the removal of special status, 41,000 people local and security personnel were killed due to
terrorism in the region . There have been militant groups active across the country like the Lashkar-e-
Taiba(LeT) one of the biggest and most active terrorist organization in South Asia , and attack military and
civilians in India , it operates mainly from Pakistan and Pak Kashmir . Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) formed by
Maulana Masood Azhar in March 2000 , JeM and LeT have been part of the 2001 attack on Indian Parliament
.
FINDINGS
Hizabul Mujahideen is a Kashmir terrorist group ,it was founded in 1989 and is very active , we also have the
Student Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) it was formed because of communal riots and violence between the
Hindu and Muslim groups in 1980 and 1990 . However it was banned in India in 2001 when it was found that
the SIMI was involved in terrorist activities . Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami(HUJI) –it is a Pakistan , India and
Bangladesh based , an old Islamic organization , it was responsible for the 2006 Banaras Bombing and 2011
Delhi Bombing , It also operates in Afghanistan , it is backed by the Taliban groups .Indian Mujahidden(IM)- an
India based Islamic Terrorist group which has attacks civilian in India ,IM is responsibility for a number of Blast
taken place in the last decade in India . ISI , HUJI and LeT encouraged the formation of Indian Mujahideen
,which the aim to keep the Pakistan hidden in the terrorist activity happening in India and declare this terrorist
activity as a part of internal conflict happened because of ill treatment done with the Indian Muslim . The
organisation was planned in 2010 by the Indian Government and was declared a Terrorist organization , later on
UK , US and New Zealand also declared the Indian Mujahideen as an terrorist organization . Sleeper cells are
people who acts as a spy who are send to a targeted country or organization and they act when they are given
orders to do it .
ISIS and ISIL have been regarded as the biggest threat to the world . ISIS is regarded as the return of the
Golden age of Islamic rule , The caliphate state which was established by the ISIS , it has established itself in
parts of Syria , Iraq , Lebanon , Jordan , Israel , Middle East , Pakistan , Afghanistan , Turkey and other Muslim
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countries and have tried to get control over North Africa , parts of Europe and Indian subcontinent . ISIS in
India , In 2016 for ISIS activist were arrested from Haridwar , Later on the National Investigation Agency took
into custody 14 people who were presume to be Islamic State Sympathisers , Further arrests were made after
investigation in 6 cities in 12 location – Hyderabad , Mangalore , Mumbai , Lucknow , Tumkur and Bangalore .
It has been found that a the activities of the ISIS is conducted online radicalization , money transfer , training ,
to recruitment ,which is more dangerous than the ISI other techniques like training people across the border .
The ISIS online recruitment and radicalization of Indian Youth is considered as a crucial threat to the national
security and integrity of India .
The Hindu right wing organization have been involved in many terrorist activities including the Mecca Masjid
bombing in Hyderabad , Malegaon Blasts , Samjhauta Express bombing , Ajmer Sharf Dargah Blast , these
attacks are carried out by Abhinav Bharat group located in Pune , however very feel cases have taken place after
the 2007 incidence and the arrest .
Before the 26/1 attack terrorism in India was mainly fought by the Intelligence Bureau (IB) with the support of
state police and Central Armed Police Forces ,after the Mumbai , the government of India led the establishment
of new institutions such as NIA , NATGRID , MAC , The National Investigation Agency is was established to
deal with the terrorism and terror related crimes by the government of India without special permission from the
state which covers subjects such as bomb blast , hijacking of aircraft and ships , attack on nuclear installation , it
also incorporates human trafficking , drugs and organized crimes , it is a federal agency that does profession
investigation .NATGRID , The National Intelligence Grid , it connects the database of various departments and
ministries of the government of India , it is counter terrorism prevention that gather information from
government data base which incorporates tax and Finance house account, credit card transactions , migration
records , the data is then circulated to 11 central agencies which comprises of the Intelligence Bureau, Central
Bureau of Investigation , Central Board of Excise and Customs and Directorate general of central Excise
Intelligence , Financial Intelligence Unit , Enforcement Directorate , Narcotics Control Bureau , Research and
Analysis wing, Central Board of Direct Taxes ,and Directorate of Revenue Intelligence
MAC- Revamping of Multi-Agency Centre is a multi-agency centre to counter terrorism in India who works
involves providing on a daily basis information on terrorism related intelligence inputs , it was formed in Delhi
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and Subsidiary Multi-Agency Centres agencies (SMAC) was created in various states and union territories .
MAC operates 24 hours , it is like a database in the form of National Memory Bank to counter-terrorism
Intelligence .There has been creation of new NSG hubs in Kolkata , Mumbai , Chennai and Hyderabad to fasten
and make effective crisis solutions , after the 26/11 attack the maritime security have gained much attention and
new measures have been taken to promote safety by guarding the Indian coastline ,the responsibility falls in the
hand of Indian Navy , coastal patrolling by locally hired fishing boats , issue ID cards for all the fishermen and
population of coastal villages registration of all fishing and non-fishing vessels .
There has been international collaboration to counter terrorism through the formation of Mutual legal Assistance
Treaty in criminal matters which would include investigation , prosecution and prevention of crimes ,
instruments of crimes , execution of warrants , these agreements have been working in combating transnational
organized crimes , trans-border terrorism , other serious crimes like concealment , fake currency plundering of
arms , drug trafficking etc . India is working with 34 countries on this treaty , we also have the Joint Working
Groups(JWGS) to counter terrorism and strengthen International cooperation and to discuss bilateral security
issues and exchange information to combat terrorism and transnational organized crimes.
WAY FORWARD
Indian government together with BRICS have planned to counter –terrorism . On the other side India and China
have joined hands to tackle the issue of counter terrorism .There have been anti-terrorist agencies formed and
there major work include intelligence gathering , training and operation , investigations and Prosecution. Power
of state police have to been strengthen in the prevention and containment of terrorism , unified control and
administration efficiency is fundamental to curb terrorism , however for a country like India which has a federal
structure will be prone to misuse .IB plays a very important role in coordinating with police of different states ,
for carrying out operations continuously in different states there is no unified command , there is a need for a
central agency to coordinate all actions across the country .We need to change our criminal Justice system
which has slowed down over the year . We need to create a political consensus in the country .we need to make
use of media in a positive way to counter terrorism and make our legal system strong and make new laws and
policies to tackle terrorism in India and educate the general public about the evils designs of the neighbouring
countries , majority and minority communities and work together for peace and harmony .
CONCLUSION
India has encountered many cases of terrorism over the years where 26/11 attack has changed the situation , we
have strengthen our security forces especially the maritime security , new agencies have been formed to tackle
the crisis. There are many active militant outfits existing in the country , most are ruled by Muslim leaders .
Hinterland Terrorism , Kashmir terrorism , North-east insurgency and Naxalite are the different groups of
terrorism existing in India which has led to the death of millions of people over the years , we have non state
active terrorism group and external state actors who play a dominate role in terrorism activities . They also
motivate communal violence in the country , these Islamic terrorist groups have the support of ISIS in Pakistan ,
and support operations of LeT ,JeM , Hizbu Mujahidden ,Indian Mujahideen in attacking and in bomb blast in
different parts of the country .India needs a strong technology and manpower to tackle terrorism and intelligence
.REFERENCE
1. India’s Annual Resolution on Counter Terror, Drishti IAS
2. Caesar Roy , Terrorism in India and Legislation for its prevention.
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3. Economic Development , poorly Managed Political conflict and Terrorism in India.
4. R Muneeswaran and M.Babu , Impact of Terrorism on Indian Capital Market : An Empirical study .
5. Combating Terrorism , IDSA .
6. Terrorism as an obstacle in Democracy of India .
7. Caesar Roy ,2011 November , Terrorism in India and Legislation for its prevention , Quest-The Journal
of UGC -HRDC Nainital 5(2): 206
8. Rosand E , Chowdhury N , Ipe J, Countering Terrorism in South Asia : Strengthening Multilateral
Engagement , Center for Global Counter terrorism Cooperation , International peace Institute .
9. Puroshotham P.W , Prasad Veera M. , 2009 ,June , Addressing Frontier -Terrorism -India needs global
counter Terrorism Strategy , The Indian Journal of Political Science , Vol 70 , No 2 , PP-553-568 .
10. Aarish Ullah Khan , 2005 , September , The Terrorist Threat and the Policy Response in Pakistan ,
SIPRI Policy Paper , Stockholm International Peace Research Institute .
