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АДАПТИВНЫЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ ПОДВОЯ Rosa canina L., ПОЛУЧЕННОГО in vitro, В УСЛОВИЯХ ЮГА ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ
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Rosa canina L. (dog rose) is an important ornamental, edible and medicinal
plant. It has been used as a rootstock for ornamental roses, grown in
plantations for fruit harvesting and it is suitable for revegetation of
abandoned mine lands. The propagation of native genotypes that are well
adapted to local conditions can provide planting material for both
revegetation and plantation purpose. Micropropagation is the most suitable
method for a rapid vegatative propagation of selected wild genotypes, but an
increased presence of pathogens as well as higher contamination rate during
culture establishment were expected. An occurrence of a specific
Fe-chlorosis during in vitro propagation of roses is also possible.
Therefore, the optimal period and disinfection protocol for establishing
sterile in vitro culture of selected genotypes of dog rose was investigated,
as well as an effect of increasing the FeEDTA concentration in the MS medium
during multiplication phase. The obtained results showed that the optimal
time for taking initial explants corresponds to optimal time for taking
green cuttings in traditional vegetative propagation by softwood cuttings,
and the best results were achieved using shoots collected in the first week
of May, when the flowers were open. The iron chelate concentration in the
medium affected the mean number of shoots, and doubling of its concentration
resulted in a considerably higher number of shoots per explant.
Turkey is a country that makes a bridge between Asia and Europe is known Asia Minor or Euroasia. Having a mountainous topography causes existing of thousands microclimates that have different soil and climate characters. So this creates habitat for a great number of plant and animals. In Europe roughly there are 12.500 plant species. However Turkey has 11.000 plant species of which 3.920 plant species are endemic. 75 fruit species and 60 vegetable species are cultivated in Turkey. Among grape species, Vitis vinifera is the most widespread cultivated one. Although there are more than 1.000 varieties of grapes in Turkey, only 60 varieties of them are economically grown. It has been started to improvement of horticultural plants in Turkey for a long time ago. The improvement of fruit and grape is applying clonal selection method to the suitable ones for the aim of improvement among a great number of varieties. Vegetable improvement programmes mostly depend on the combination breeding that aims the increasing of quality, quantity, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors.
A protocol for in vitro propagation through axillary buds culture for a promising winter hardy form of Rosa canina used as a rootstock for ornamental roses was developed. Axillary meristems isolated in September-October were successfully established for regeneration of adventitious shoots in hormone-free modified liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 100 mg l-1 of glutathione and 3% (w/v) glucose in darkness for 2-3 days followed by subculture on induction MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg l-1 benzyladenine (BA) and 1.0 mg l-1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The highest multiplication rate (7.5 shoots per explant) was archieved on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l-1 BA. Rooting was induced on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l-1 IAA. The regenerated plants were acclimatized in containers with sterile sand followed by transferring into pots containing a peat with perlite, mold, sand and coconut substrate (1:1:0.5:0.5) and finally were planted in the field. The use of biotechnological techniques allowed obtaining uniformed clonal material of rootstocks for ornamental roses with the best parameters of inoculation zone, compared with the plants propagated by green cutting.
Current research was performed with the goal of investigating latest vegetative propagation method dogrose (Rosa canina), which mainly used as rootstock for hybrid tea scion varieties. A mixture of cocopeat and perlite was found effective for rooting stem cuttings having a size of 10 cm and with two leaves. Treatment of graft portion with 5000 ppm IBA in stentling method showed higher graft success (68.7%) and root number (2.09) with cv. Dolcevita. IBA treatment at the graft portion was more successful than control cuttings and was ready for transplant, i.e., 20 days earlier.
On the basis of the concepts of I.G. Serebryakov (founder of the science of plant life forms, ecological morphology) and an analysis of current data, the main directions of research and achievements of Russian botanists in studying life forms and the prospects for the development of biomorphology are shown. Plants are assessed as a distinctive group of living beings in the context of biological systems integrity. New approaches to habit characteristics, morphogenetic stages in relation to individual variations in ontogeny, and classifications of plant life forms are considered. The role of systemic and dynamic approaches in the description of plant life forms as modular organisms and the role of time as the fourth dimension and fundamental category in plant habit formation are discussed. Serebryakov’s assumption about the evolutionary system of biomorphs as a system of parallel series of life forms similar to homologous series of genetic variation is confirmed.
Biodiversity levels could be enhanced when regenerating a site by seed-derived seedlings. However, seed dormancy poses limitations for many species. As a result, nurseries either produce seedlings from species where dormancy is not an obstacle, or they propagate through cuttings with the risk of decreasing the genetic diversity within and among species at the regenerated sites. In the present study, breaking of seed dormancy was investigated in valuable Mediterranean species of Prunus avium, Prunus spinosa and Rosa canina Specifically, in order to break dormancy, seeds of those species were warm-, cold-stratified and chemically treated. Based on the results, maximum germination for P. avium was 12% when seeds were warm stratified for four weeks altered with eight weeks of cold stratification. For P. spinosa, maximum percent germination was 26% when seeds were warm stratified for two weeks and continuously altered for eight weeks of cold stratification. Finally, for R. canina maximum percent germination was 40% under four weeks of warm stratification altered with twenty weeks of cold stratification, when seeds were pretreated with H2SO4 for 15 min. A maximum of twelve weeks of cold stratification for P. avium, P. spinosa and 20 weeks for R. canina provided almost zero percent germination. The results indicated that all three species experienced intense dormancy levels suggesting that those species need to be treated properly prior to sowing. Nonetheless, additional experiments are needed to achieve greater germination percentage of highly valuable species in orderto encourage seed derived seedling production.
Thirty six genotypes of hip rose (Rosa sp.) collected from different areas of Kashmir valley and studied for nine polygenic characters. These revealed higher PCV than corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for plant height, fruit yield, fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, pulp content, pulp to seed ratio, TSS and number of seeds. High heritability accompanied by moderate to high genetic gain and GCV were observed for plant height and yield which could be improved by selection in early generations. Fruit diameter (74.2%), fruit length (80.4%), fruit weight (79.9%) exhibited high heritability coupled with moderate GCV and low genetic gain which needs selection over several successive generations following hybridization for their edification. Genotypic correlations were of higher magnitude to the corresponding phenotypic ones, thereby establishing strong inherent relationship among the characters studied. The phenotypic and genotypic associations of fruit diameter was significantly positive with fruit weight (r = 0.337, 0.418), fruit pulp weight (r = 0.429, 0.507), number of seeds per fruit (r = 0.259, 0.0.406) and plant height (r = 384, 0.417). However, fruit length were significantly linked with fruit weight, pulp weight and fruit flesh ratio. Overall path analysis indicated that highest positive direct effect was showed by average fruit weight (6.694) followed by fruit flesh ratio (3.103), number of seeds per fruit (1.201), plant height (0.993), and fruit length (0.426); however, fruit diameter (-0.327), pulp weight (-8.319) and TSS (-0.529) showed negative direct effects on total hips yield which should be considered simultaneously for amenability in rose hips yield in Rosa species.
Rosa (Rosaceae) is one of the most economically important genus of ornamental, aromatic and medicinal plants with about 200 species and 20,000 cultivars widely distributed all over the world. Roses are cultivated for ornamental purposes, perfumery industries and medical properties. They are used as garden plants, cut flowers or indoor plants. Most garden roses are hybrids grafted on to a hardy rootstocks. Rootstock can influence the scion in terms of growth and development in various aspects most important are adaption in pH values, drainage condition of the soil, climatic factors, disease resistance, plant longevity, compatibility, productivity and flower quality. Generally in Kosovo roses propagation by grafting with buds, during a year produced about 80-100 thousand seedlings. The goal of this research was to study level of computability for some Hybrid Tea Roses and Climbing, a same rootstock of Rosa canina. 'Laxa', which has a wide use in our country. In this study are included seven cultivars shrubs and climbing roses such as: Princess de Monaco, Summer Sunshine, Red Lady, Mister Lincoln, Maria Callas, Ena Harkness and Iceberg. Propagation of grafting was conducted in August, in the form T-budding, on a same rootstock of Rosa canina 'Laxa'. The experiment was conducted during 2009-2010, tested in a commercial farm in Prishtina, Kosovo. During the vegetation are measured these parameters: number and diameter of roots, length of flower stems, diameter of structural shoots, number of flowers, etc. There was found a significant level of compatibility between rootstock with all tested varieties. This confirms the ability of using this rootstock in large scale commercial rose production in Kosovo climatic and soil condition. Significant mutual effect were also founded between the rootstock and the commercial varieties according to the length and diameter of the flowering shoots, flower diameter and the dray matter of both rootstock and scion part.
Roses (Rosa spp.) are one of the most important flower crops in the world and have an economic value in ornamental, pharmaceutical and cosmetic trade. Significant progress has been made in biotechnology of roses due to its many potential and practical applications in commercial production and in breeding of roses. Rapid multiplication and production of disease-free plants in vitro have played a vital role in propagation of commercial rose cultivars. Genetic transformation is emerged as an alternative promising tool in rose breeding since it eliminates the difficulties associated with sexual hybridization such as lengthy breeding cycles, sterility, polyploidy and high level of heterozygosity. Biotechnology also allows chimeral segregation and can overcome some of the sterility problems through embryo rescue. In vitro seed germination protocols are ways to shorten breeding cycles and could be used to germinate the seeds that are not possible to germinate by other means. In this present review, the progress in regeneration, in vitro propagation, chimeral segregation, callus and protoplast culture, embryo rescue, in vitro germination, and genetic transformation of roses were discussed and the impact of biotechnology on rose breeding was evaluated.
We investigated the genetic differentiation of Rosa canina at regional and continental scales to delineate provenance regions for seed collection. Using RAPD technique, we examined
eight populations in Brandenburg (Germany) and 13 samples from Bavaria and Hungary. AMOVA and
\upphi\upphi-statistics revealed a significant differentiation (
\upphiRT\upphi_{\rm RT} = 0.23, P < 0.0001) between accessions from Brandenburg and the two other regions. The interpopulation differentiation in Brandenburg
was low (
\upphiPT\upphi_{\rm PT} = 0.13). We found the greatest interpopulation distance between Hungary and Brandenburg (Hoher Fläming,
\upphiPT\upphi_{\rm PT} = 0.47) and the lowest between Dahmeland and Hoher Fläming (both Brandenburg,
\upphiPT\upphi_{\rm PT} = 0.01). UPGMA dendrogram and PCA showed a clear disjunction between Brandenburg and other regions. Due to the outcrossing
mating and seed dispersal system, the genetic variation within R. canina populations is moderately high (87% for Brandenburg, 76% for Bavaria and Hungary). The significant genetic differentiation
at the continental scale suggests lower gene flow with increasing geographical distance and underlines the usefulness of regional
provenances for planting.
Цель исследования – оценить возможности получения семян подвоев для некоторых плодовых и декоративных культур в условиях лесостепи Западной Сибири. Рассматриваются возможности получения семенного материала Sorbus sibirica, Malus baccata и Rosa majalis в местах естественного произрастания, а также сбора плодов Pyrus ussuriensis с деревьев, которые сформировались при отрастании побегов подвоя после гибели сортовой привойной части. Показатели потенциальной и реальной семенной продуктивности, а также коэффициента продуктивности имеют большое значение для оценки адаптивного потенциала видов-интродуцентов. У представителей местной флоры коэффициенты семенной продуктивности используются для определения влияния гидротермических условий конкретных периодов вегетации на плодоношение. За период изучения 2017–2019 гг. коэффициент продуктивности Rosa majalis варьировал от 67,03 до 79,11. Максимальное значение коэффициента продуктивности вида-интродуцента Pyrus ussuriensis – 54,20, что может быть связано с ранним цветением и отсутствием достаточного числа опылителей в прохладную погоду. Выделены показатели, важные для прогнозирования количества саженцев подвоев, – масса плода и число выполненных семян в нем. Из 1 кг собранных плодов Pyrus ussuriensis можно выделить около 90 шт. выполненных семян, Sorbus sibirica – около 6 500 шт., Malus baccata – около 9 000 шт. Эти данные должны быть скорректированы в зависимости от полевой и лабораторной всхожести объектов (при различных методах преодоления покоя). Для изученных представителей подсемейства Maloideae характерны типы покоя В2 или В3, обусловленные физиологическим механизмом торможения, для преодоления требуется длительная холодная стратификация или обработка гормонами. У Rosa majalis тип покоя комбинированный (А2–В3) с сильным тормозящим действием околоплодника.
This article presents the results of a multi-year study of winter hardiness of roses in the continental climate of the forest-steppe in West Siberia carried with the aim of selection of species from the sections Caninae Cr?p., Indicae Thory, Synstylae DC. and Cinnamomeae DC. promising as rootstocks of garden roses. Available histochemical methods are described and the most informative graphical representation of the results of the comparative study of winter hardiness in the content of starch and lipids in rose shoots is given. It is shown that seasonal transport of starch in tissues is centripetal – it is observed in pith rays, perimedullary zone and core to the end of the vegetative season. A centrifugal trend is characteristic of lipids – primary bark, phloem and cambium are most saturated with lipids in the pre-winter season.
Excised shoot apices (0.6 or 1.0 mm long) of Rosa multiflora were grown in axenic culture on defined media including auxins, gibberellic acid and cytokinins. In the presence of zeatin (10(-8)-10(-7)M) and 6-benzylaminopurine (10(-7)-10(-6) M) apices grew into plantlets but two other cytokinins, kinetin and 6-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)aminopurien, were ineffective. Auxins or gibberellic acid were either inhibitory or had no effect on differentiation.
The effects of three shoot tip pinching compounds incorporated into the nutrient medium and of the successive reculture technique on in vitro shoot proliferation of rose, cultivar ‘Dr. Verhage’, were studied. Of the three compounds tested, methyl ester of lauric acid (MELA) was the most effective followed, in declining order, by n-propyl-3-t-butylphenoxyacetate (M&B 25-105) and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA).MELA at 100 mg l−1 nearly quadrupled the proliferation rate of untipped microshoot explants, which was comparable to the tipped controls. Successive recultures of the basal clump of tissue remaining after the initial culture, on medium free of MELA resulted in a significant increase in the total number of new shoots, compared with the tipped controls. The other two compounds also promoted branching in untipped shoots but were less effective.The results showed that manual tipping of explants can be successfully substituted by chemical tipping, thus eliminating unnecessary handling of plant material under sterile conditions.
Introduction Taxonomy Utilization Production Genetics and Breeding Summary Literature Cited
The features of reproductive biology of rose plants from the sections Caninae Crep., Indocae Thory, Cinnamomae DC., Synstylae DC. were studied by cytological methods and with the help of scanning electron microscopy for many years. The results obtained
are reported.
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