A QFD Handbook Quality Function Deployment and Six Sigma, Second Edition
Abstract
Quality Function Deployment (QFD) was an adaptation of some of the TQM tools. In Japan in the late 1960s, QFD was invented to support the product design process (for designing large ships, in fact). As QFD itself evolved, it became clear to QFD practitioners that it could be used to support service development as well.
Today, its application goes beyond product and service design, although those activities comprise most applications of QFD. QFD has been extended to apply to any planning process where a team has decided to systematically prioritize possible responses to a given set of objectives. The objectives are called the Whats, and the responses are called the Hows. QFD provides a method for evaluating How a team can best accomplish the Whats.
... [11] pointed out that the QFD tool was developed to link it to modern manufacturing and service provision operations businesses. In recent years, this technology has begun to be used in the construction industry and is being applied in many different manufacturing [40]. The paper [41] reported that QFD is still constantly evolving due to customer lifestyles, changes in the market, technology advancement, and intense competition between companies. ...
... QFD is also considered an essential tool within Total Quality Management (TQM), and it is used in various industries, the most important of which is manufacturing. Figure 2 shows the history of QFD in Japan and the USA [40]. ...
... History of QFD[40] ...
The construction industry is considered an indicator of a country's development through buildings, residential complexes, investment projects, roads, bridges, and infrastructure projects. Dynamic and complex features characterise this industry, which is directly and significantly affected by external and internal factors, in addition to the influences of its stakeholders. These characteristics and factors are considered one of the main reasons for generating risks in this industry, which can affect the quality and reputation of the construction project if its Risk Management systems are not followed systematically and correctly. Poor quality of construction projects has become a visible and widespread feature worldwide, including in Malaysia. Risk management is still applied on a low level in many projects within the construction industry. Quality Function Deployment is considered an essential modern system that focuses on quality, customer needs, and satisfaction, which can serve the construction industry if linked with risk management tools. The study's primary purpose is to find the relationship between RM and the QFD and develop a modern model for risk control in the construction industry through their integration. The conceptual framework of the proposed model is developed and applied to stakeholders in the construction industry in Malaysia. The results confirmed a solid, complementary, and interconnected relationship between RM and QFD, which can develop a new model for controlling risks and thus improve the construction project's quality. The results of the study recommended adopting this model. Recommendations were made to researchers to develop the model in the future to include broader areas in the construction industry.
... At the ground level, Six Sigma is referred to as a tool, and as it ascends the scale it is variably referred to as a metric, a method, a methodology, a model, an initiative, or a Strategy [3]. This is understandable because Six Sigma is talked about, often loosely, by non-Sigma-ists, by laymen, by theorists, and by Six Sigma Belt holders as all of the aforementioned. ...
... Further, Ficalora and Cohen [3] and Cote [9] observed that data is a powerful tool that organisations can exploit variably, and with thorough-going use, data invaluably aids decision-making, impact strategies and improve organisation performance. The search for superior quality using Six Sigma ascends to the levels where it is used in very sophisticated ways. ...
... Multivariate use of Six Sigma (author: synthesis from Ref.[3]). ...
The chapter details the philosophy and the methodology of Six Sigma. Literature abounds with versions of Six Sigma and discourses on other quality management tools and models, frequently portraying the models as exclusive of each other. This chapter examines the philosophical underpinnings of Six Sigma and its methodological contrivances. The literature review stretched across specialist journals, blogs and texts. Ten quality specialists and six trainers/tutors within Six Sigma curriculum were engaged in qualitative discussions. Gathered data was treated synthetically within a continual comparative framework. Conspicuous observations were the migration of Six Sigma into the service industry accompanied by data science and data analytics. The use of control charts, check sheets, graphs, flowcharts, scatters, Pareto and Ishikawa processes stood at the centre of high-intensity users of Six Sigma. Six Sigma is used in a somewhat monolithic or dogmatic way by many. Failure to appreciate the symbiotic relationship among elements of Six Sigma, or within other models and between Six Sigma and other quality models, would attest to the need to improve conceptual, managerial and technical understanding of the value of Six Sigma in the pursuit of continual improvement, however measured. Further to this, it is recommendable that organisations deliberately embed quality training in their Learning and Development curriculum focusing on skilling more than on fulfilling external, or top-level imperatives.
... the translation of user needs to design requirements can be accomplished using the house of Quality (hoQ). the hoQ is a central tool of Quality Function Deployment (QFD) that summarizes user needs, technical requirements, design evaluation, and the relationships among them [17]. this approach allows designers to identify the most important technical requirements based on user needs for the initial prototype design, then predict the ability of the prototype to meet user needs when the design is complete. ...
... the strength of the positive or negative relationship can be expressed on a numerical scale of 1 (slight relationship), 3 (moderate relationship), and 9 (strong relationship). the scale is non-linear to allow strong relationships to dominate the output in later calculations [17]. Positive relationships are expressed with positive numbers, negative relationships are expressed with negative numbers, and zero indicates no relationship. ...
Objective:
The design of at-home stroke rehabilitation robots must be closely linked to the needs of users, especially stroke survivors and therapists, to ensure that such designs are effective in the home environment, which is less controlled than clinical environments. Translating user needs into the technical descriptors of a design is essential to this design process. This paper analyses user needs identified from interviews with stroke survivors and therapists in previous work.
Methods:
The relationship between user needs and the broad technical properties of rehabilitation robot design are related using the House of Quality, an approach from Quality Function Deployment. Technical benchmarks are identified from previous rehabilitation robot designs and technical priorities are determined from the House of Quality. An at-home upper limb stroke rehabilitation robot concept for supporting therapy activities in a vertical planar workspace is described and evaluated using the identified technical priorities.
Impact:
The proposed design, a constrained cable robot, is determined to be appropriate for the desired application based on the technical priorities from the House of Quality.
... 4. Improve Tahap ini berfokus pada perancangan braket pengunci mesin brazing guna meningkatkan kestabilan sambungan dan mengurangi cacat akibat getaran. Perancangan dilakukan menggunakan QFD, yang bertujuan menerjemahkan kebutuhan pelanggan ke dalam spesifikasi teknis yang dapat diimplementasikan dalam desain produk [20]. Perancangan dilakukan melalui tahapan berikut: (1) Identifikasi kebutuhan pelanggan melalui wawancara dan observasi. ...
Perusahaan kompresor AC mobil menghadapi tingginya tingkat cacat dalam proses brazing, yaitu metode penyambungan logam menggunakan bahan tambahan dengan titik leleh lebih rendah, yang dipanaskan hingga mencair dan mengisi celah antara logam yang disambungkan. Analisis terhadap data produksi periode Juni 2022 – Desember 2023 menunjukkan bahwa tingkat cacat pada proses brazing melebihi batas toleransi perusahaan, dengan jenis cacat utama berupa lubang, celah, dan kotoran. Pendekatan Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve (DMAI) diterapkan untuk mengidentifikasi penyebab utama cacat, sementara metode Quality Function Deployment (QFD) digunakan dalam perancangan braket pengunci guna meningkatkan kestabilan penyambungan. Teknik analisis mencakup identifikasi kebutuhan pelanggan, pemetaan House of Quality (HoQ), serta evaluasi konsep desain. Hasil penelitian menghasilkan braket pengunci berbahan stainless steel 304 dengan dimensi 120 × 100 × 75 cm, yang mampu mengurangi getaran selama proses brazing, sehingga meningkatkan kualitas sambungan. Implementasi braket pengunci ini berhasil menurunkan tingkat cacat sebesar 35% dibandingkan kondisi sebelumnya, sehingga meningkatkan efisiensi produksi dan kualitas produk di perusahaan kompresor AC mobil.
... Pengembangan mesin penggilingan daging dan mixer yang disesuaikan untuk kebutuhan UMKM adalah solusi yang mungkin. Mesin semacam ini meningkatkan produktivitas dan mengurangi beban kerja manual, memungkinkan pemilik UMKM untuk berkonsentrasi pada inovasi produk dan strategi pemasaran (Ficalora, 2024). ...
An innovative solution to increase the production efficiency of culinary MSMEs such as dumplings and dimsum is the development of a meat grinding machine with a mixer. MSMEs are able to produce 15-23kg of dough and the product is sold for IDR 2,500/piece. The House of Quality (HoQ) and Quality Function Deployment (QFD) methods are used in this research to ensure that the machine design meets user needs. Starting with a survey to determine customer needs, which are then translated into technical specifications on the House of Quality matrix. The analysis results show that ergonomics, energy efficiency and ease of maintenance are the most important. The finished construction of the machine has integrated features of automatic grinding and uniform kneading. It is hoped that these findings will help the sustainability of MSMEs by reducing production time and improving product quality. This machine uses a parallel system, so when it is turned on, the grinding machine and mixer move together. The machine has a power of 900 watts and a speed of 1400 rpm. The production capacity is ± 3 kg in 10 minutes. Grinding machines and mixers are very worthy of investment because the ROR produced is 116.4% per year, the profitability index is 45.32 and the payback period is 0.58 months, which shows that the investment will be returned in less than one month, making this a very efficient and efficient investment. profitable for MSMEs, dimsum dumplings. Keywords: Grinding machine and mixer , House of Quality, Investment, Quality Function Deployment, UMKM
... Data analysis techniques are carried out using the house of quality (HOQ). House of quality (HOQ) is described in a matrix that describes user needs and technical responses to meet user needs (Ficalora and Cohen, 2010). According to Erdil and Arani (2018), the process flow in QFD is (1) consumer needs, (2) technical requirements, and (3) preventive or corrective actions. ...
Background: Technology has significantly influenced the education sector, particularly with the rise of mobile learning through online tutoring applications. However, users have reported several shortcomings, such as overly minimalist user interfaces, excessive animations, and suboptimal video and audio content quality. Additionally, data security concerns in mobile learning remain a critical issue.Purpose: This research aims to analyze the user needs of online tutoring applications as identified by users and potential users and translate these needs into actionable technical responses.Methodology: The study employs the House of Quality method and was conducted in the Jabodetabek area from 2021 to 2022. Data collection methods included voluntary and purposive sampling, using questionnaires distributed via Google Forms, as well as interviews and focus group discussions.Results: The House of Quality analysis highlights the prioritized user needs in the following order: 1) security and privacy, 2) performance, 3) information, 4) responsiveness, 5) technical reliability, and 6) design. The technical requirements identified to address these needs include network coverage, storage capacity, data transmission speed, application size, power consumption, network accessibility, and display resolution.Conclusion: The top user priorities for online tutoring applications are security and privacy, performance, and information. The most critical technical responses to meet these needs are improvements in network coverage, storage capacity, and data transmission speed.Originality/Value (State of the Art): This study translates user needs for online tutoring applications into specific technical responses, providing a foundation for the development and improvement of such applications. Keywords: online tutoring applications, mobile learning, house of quality, user needs, technical responses
... Implementing Lean Six Sigma allows the company to minimize non-value-added activities at each stage of production and reduce variability in the manufacturing process, leading to more streamlined and effective product production processes [12]. Meanwhile, QFD translates customer requirements into actionable technical specifications, further aligning improvements with customer expectations [13]. ...
The findings presented in this paper rely on system archetypes, which serve as unified conceptual models for addressing organizational challenges in managing complex systems. These archetypes facilitate the creation of comparable de-scriptions of problem situations by accommodating differing perspectives of stakeholders (actors) on the factors hin-dering the integration of local systems. The research framework integrates system archetypes with the House of Quality model and employs correlation coefficients—rank, partial, and multiple. An example of multi-faceted modeling is pro-vided, wherein the calculated correlation coefficients act as indicators of the degree of alignment in actors' views re-garding the factors of the problem situation. Multiple correlation coefficients are interpreted as measures of the con-sistency of an individual actor’s opinions with those of the collective group, while partial correlation coefficients gauge the alignment of opinions between specific pairs of actors. The proposed methodology for quantitatively assessing the alignment of heterogeneous actors' perspectives enables the evaluation of the effectiveness of initiatives aimed at building a communication framework that supports the development of a shared understanding of the significance of various factors in a problem situation.
“Museum: The Story of Life” menghadapi penurunan penjualan dan kesadaran merek yang rendah sejak 2018. Dalam mengatasi tantangan ini, dilakukan analisis SWOT dan QFD untuk memahami dan meningkatkan kinerja bisnis. Identifikasi SWOT menyoroti kekuatan personalisasi produk, beragam jenis kain, dan penekanan pada kualitas, tetapi juga menunjukkan kelemahan seperti kurangnya tenaga kerja. Peluang terletak pada segmentasi kelas atas, inovasi desain, platform digital, dan respons terhadap konsep slow fashion. Ancaman melibatkan kemunculan fast fashion dan persaingan dengan merek serupa. Meskipun nilai IFAS (0,90) dan EFAS (0,40) menunjukkan nilai rendah dalam pengelolaan peluang, posisi perusahaan di Kuadran I menunjukkan potensi pertumbuhan optimal. Disarankan menerapkan strategi progresif dengan fokus pada inovasi, pengembangan digital, dan penetrasi ke segmen kelas atas untuk membangun fondasi kuat dan terus berkembang di masa mendatang. Dengan memprioritaskan kenyamanan konsumen dan meningkatkan kualitas paska-cuci, "Museum: The Story of Life" dapat merencanakan pertumbuhan strategis dengan memanfaatkan kekuatan internal dan peluang eksternal, mempertahankan posisi kompetitif melalui personalisasi, inovasi, dan fokus pada segmen pasar kelas atas.
Design for Six Sigma
- Greg Brue
- Robert G Launsby
Greg Brue and Robert G. Launsby, Design for Six Sigma (New York:
McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003).