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Description of a stunning new species of Phlegra Simon, 1876 from southern Spain and redescription of an enigmatic Phlegra species from northern Africa (Araneae: Salticidae)
Abstract
A new species of jumping spider, Phlegra blaugrana sp. nov., is described (♂♀, Cádiz Province, Spain). Phlegra nitidiventris Lucas, 1846 is redescribed, and the female is described for the first time. Phlegra sapphirina Thorell, 1875 syn. nov. is synonymized with P. nitidiventris. A distribution map for P. blaugrana sp. nov. and P. nitidiventris is provided, and elements of the courtship behaviour of P. blaugrana sp. nov. are described.
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We describe three new species of Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 from the Deccan Plateau of India, and report on populations of S. sarojinae Caleb & Mathai, 2014 and S. marusiki Logunov, 2001. One of the new species, S. shwetamukhi Marathe, Sanap, & Maddison, sp. nov., has black-and-white markings, characteristic of several other Indian Stenaelurillus species. The other two new species, S. tamravarni Marathe & Maddison, sp. nov., and S. vyaghri Sanap, Joglekar, & Caleb, sp. nov., are colourful and with fringed male abdomens, like several other Indian species including S. sarojinae. The population of S. sarojinae from Mysuru, Karnataka, shows colours distinct from the population at the type locality. The female of S. marusiki is described for the first time.
A new jumping spider genus, Manzuma gen. nov. (Salticidae Blackwall, 1841), is described, type species is Manzuma nigritibia (Caporiacco, 1941). Aelurillus reconditus Wesołowska & van Harten, 1994 is synonymized with Rafalus nigritibiis (Caporiacco, 1941). Four new combinations are proposed: M. jocquei gen. et comb. nov. (ex Aelurillus), M. kenyaensis gen. et comb. nov. (ex Langelurillus), M. lympha gen. et comb. nov. (ex Rafalus) and M. nigritibia gen. et comb. nov. (ex Rafalus). Three species, M. botswana gen. et sp. nov. (♂♀, Botswana and Republic of South Africa), M. petroae gen. et sp. nov. (♂♀, Republic of South Africa) and M. tanzanica gen. et sp. nov. (♂, Tanzania), are described. The male of M. kenyaensis gen. et comb. nov. and female of M. lympha gen. et comb. nov. are described for the first time. A new aelurilline synapomorphy is proposed. Identification key for males is provided.
We updated a previous database that compiled all the information available in 2010 for the species distribution of spiders (Araneae) in the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands (Illes Balears) included. By the end of 2018 a total of 30834 records were compiled. These belong to 1493 species, 282 of those endemic to the peninsula, across 56 families and 402 genera. This represents an increase of approximately 14% in the number of species in the last nine years. From all families found in the Iberian Peninsula, Araneidae represent the highest number of records (3315), Linyphiidae the highest species richness (302) and Dysderidae the highest endemic richness (58). When considering only the 2010 decade, Linyphiidae lead in both number of records (1417) and species (49), but Gnaphosidae have the highest newly described endemic richness (18). When looking at the full data per province, the largest number of records are located in Illes Balears (1864), followed by Barcelona (1287). When it comes to species, Huesca (474) and Barcelona (470) are the richest provinces. However, it is Illes Balears that possesses the largest known endemic richness (43), followed by Beja and Faro (39). Regarding the last decade, Illes Balears received the largest sampling effort with 901 records, followed by Girona (806). Ciudad Real had the highest increase in known richness with 191 new species to the province, followed by León and Lleida (188). The most new endemic species were found in Faro (16), followed by Almería and Cádiz (13). This checklist is accompanied by an online catalogue where all its information is fully listed.
Jumping spiders are well known for their acute vision and often bright colours. The male peacock spider Maratus splendens is richly coloured by scales that cover the body. The colours of the white, cream and red scales, which have an elaborate shape with numerous spines, are pigmentary. Blue scales are unpigmented and have a structural colour, created by an intricate photonic system consisting of two chitinous layers with ridges, separated by an air gap, with on the inner sides of the chitin layers an array of filaments. We have characterized the optical properties of the scales by microspectrophotometry, imaging scatterometry and light and scanning electron microscopy. Optical modelling revealed that the filament array constitutes a novel structural coloration system, which subtly fine tunes the scale reflectance to the observed blue coloration. © 2016 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.
The first overview of the jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) of Lesotho is presented. Twenty-eight species are recorded for the first time, to add to three recently described species of Euophryinae. Among these, six species are described as new to science: Belippo attenuata sp. n., Dendryphantes acutus sp. n., Heliophanus furvus sp. n., H. maluti sp. n., H. transversus sp. n. and Massagris mohale sp. n., all known from both sexes. The Lesotho fauna shows considerable overlap with the grassland fauna of the adjacent Free State Province of South Africa (15 of 31 species), indicating the importance of vegetation in shaping salti cid assemblages, but highlighting the role of the considerable differences in altitude and geology in the two areas.
Structural colors are described and analyzed in theraphosid and salticid spiders. Some theraphosids are brightly blue: this is caused by special hairs with a lamellated wall that causes an interference of the incoming light. The incident white light is then reflected as a deep blue. In some cases, the hairs are bright yellow: there the hair wall exhibits a fine cuticular meshwork of slightly different dimensions than in the blue hairs but also results in interference, and the reflected light appears yellow. In salticids, iridescent colors are produced by flattened hairs (scales). Golden scales have a rather simple structure of two thin cuticular layers on the outside and a narrow air space in between. Blue iridescent scales are more complex, with multilayered scale walls and fine ridges on the surface that act as a diffraction grating. The body cuticle (e.g., chelicerae and eye lenses) may also be brightly colored due to light interference on many thin cuticular layers. The biological significance of structural colors in spiders is well understood in the diurnal salticids where optical signals are exchanged in courtship, usually in bright daylight. In contrast, theraphosids are mostly active at night and visual communication hardly plays any role. Their coloration may be of advantage at dawn during their defensive behavior, when the brightly colored blue and yellow legs are raised toward an aggressor.
Salticids from the Ndumo Game Reserve (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) are described. In total 72 species of 38 genera were found, of which one genus Aenigma gen. n. and 14 species are described as new: Aenigma incognita sp. n., Bianor eximius sp. n., Evarcha mirabilis sp. n., E. striolata sp. n., Habrocestum africanum sp. n., Icius nigricaudus sp. n., Massagris natalensis sp. n., Phlegra arborea sp. n., Ph. certa sp. n., Pignus pongola sp. n., Pseudicius venustulus sp. n., Rhene pinguis sp. n., Thyenula fidelis sp. n., and Th. magna sp. n. Three specific names are synonymised: Cyrba armata Wesolowska, 2006 with C. lineata Wanless, 1984; Pellenes pulcher Wesolowska, 1999 (junior homonym of P. pulcher Logunov, 1995) with P. tharinae Wesolowska, 2006; and Thyene strandi Caporiacco, 1939 with Th. natalii Peckham & Peckham, 1903. A new combination, Evarcha annae (ex Habrocestum annae Peckham & Peckham, 1903) is proposed. Twenty species are recorded from South Africa for the first time: Asemonea stella Wanless, 1980; Cyrba boveyi Lessert, 1933; Evarcha elegans Wesolowska & Russell-Smith, 2000; E. ignea Wesolowska & Cumming, 2008; E. prosimilis Wesolowska & Cumming, 2008; Goleba puella (Simon, 1885); Heliophanus fascinatus Wesolowska, 1986; H. pauper Wesolowska, 1986; Hispo georgius (Peckham & Peckham, 1892); Menemerus minshullae Wesolowska, 1999; Modunda staintoni (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872); Myrmarachne lulengana Roewer, 1965; Nigorella plebeja (L. Koch, 1875); Pellenes epularis (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872); P. bulawayoensis Wesolowska, 1999; P. tharinae Wesolowska, 2006; Pseudicius alter Wesolowska, 1999; Schenkelia modesta Lessert, 1927; Thyene bucculenta (Gerstaecker, 1873); and Th. semiargentea (Simon, 1884). The rich diversity of Salticidae collected in this study, and the proportion of new species relative to the total jumping spider fauna (19 %), highlight the need to maintain conservation efforts within Maputaland protected areas with management plans that also take invertebrate taxa into consideration.
New species and records of Phlegra from Africa (Araneae, Salticidae). Six poorly known species of Phlegra from Africa are diagnosed, figured and redescribed: P lugubris Berland & Millot, )941; P nuda Prochniewicz & Henciak, 1994: P pusilla Wesolowska & van Harten, 1994; P soudanica Berland & Millot, 1941; P trifoveolata Lessert, 1927; and P tristis Lessert, 1927. New records from the Mediterranean and Africa, and taxonomic comments on Phlegra bresnieri (Lucas, 1846) are provided. Phlegra lugubris var. senegalensis Berland & Millot, 1941 and P. tuzetae Berland & Millot, 1941 are synonymized with Phlegra lugubris Berland & Millot, 1941. The female lectotype is designated for Phlegra tristis Lessert, 1927. Three new species are desclibed: Phlegra etosha sp. n. (male; Namibia); P. gagnoa sp. n. (male; Ivory Coast); and P touba sp. n. (male & female ; Ivory Coast).
Twelve species of Phlegm have been treated, of which five species are described as new to science : P bicognata sp. nov. (male and female, from the steppe zone of Eurasia), P dunini sp. nov. (female, from Azerbaij an and Turkey), P kulczynskii sp. nov. (male and female, from the mountains of S. Siberia and Mongolia), P logunovi sp. nov. (male and female, from Central Asia), and P obscurimagna sp. nov. (male and female, from Kyrghyzstan and S. Kazakhstan). P. fuscipes Kulczyhski in Chyzer & Kulczynski, 1891, is newly synonymized with P cinereofasciata Simon, 1868. New records for P sierrana, P tetralineata and P yaelae are provided. All species are (re)described, and distributional maps for each are provided as well.
The peacock spider, Maratus volans, has one of the most elaborate courtship displays in arthropods. Using regular and high-speed video segments captured in the lab, we provide detailed descriptions of complete male courtship dances. As research on jumping spiders has demonstrated that males of some species produce vibrations concurrently with visual displays, we also used laser vibrometry to uncover such elements for this species. Our recordings reveal and describe for the first time, that M. volans males use vibratory signals in addition to complex body ornaments and motion displays. The peacock spider and other closely related species are outstanding study organisms for testing hypotheses about the evolution and functional significance of complex displays, thus, this descriptive study establishes a new model system for behavioral ecology, one that certainly stands to make important contributions to the field.
A taxonomic study of 108 species of Salticidae (Araneae) occurring in Israel and neighbouring countries, including 4 species described as new (Aelurillus bokerimus, A. nabataeus, Evarcha praveclara, and Plexippus tectonicus), another 42 species were described as new by the author in 1998, 1999 and 2000.
Kyoto University (京都大学) 0048 新制・論文博士 博士(理学) 乙第6388号 論理博第994号 新制/理/585 UT51-63-C122 1988-01-23
Males of the dimorphic jumping spider (Maevia inclemens) differ in both their morphologies and courtship displays (i.e. phase I). The tufted morph stilts and waves from an average distance of 9 cm from a female, whereas the grey morph crouches and sidles from an average distance of 3 cm from a female. The objective of this study was to determine the significance of the different courtship displays using computeranimated versions of males performing phase I courtship in a Y-maze where first male movement and then the distance of the stimulus was controlled. Females selected the first male that they orientated to at the close distance of 4 cm and at the far distance of 16cm. However, there was no preference for the first male at the intermediate distance of 8 cm or the furthest distance of 24 cm. In addition, males have morph-specific advantages regarding the time it takes to attract female attention. Grey males attracted female attention in less time than tufted males at 4 and 8 cm. However, tufted males attracted female attention in less time than grey males at 16 cm. These results suggest a mechanism for the evolution of two different courtship displays whereby each morph has an advantage at different distances from the female.
Araignées du Congo (Premiere partie)
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