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.
Research Article
© 2022 Samir Al-Rimawi and
Amaal Al Masri.
This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
Received: 23 September 2021 / Accepted: 1 December 2021 / Published: 3 January 2022
The Level of Reading Comprehension Skills of Students
with Learning Disabilities in Jordan
Samir Al-Rimawi
Associate Professor, Department of Psychology and Special Education,
Princess Alia University College, Al Balqa Applied University, Jordan
Amaal Al Masri
Assistant Professor, Princess Alia University College,
Al Balqa Applied University, Jordan
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2022-0019
Abstract
The study aimed to measure the level of reading comprehension skills of students with learning difficulties in
the Kasbah of As-Salt, and the study used the descriptive method on a sample of (54) male and female
students chosen randomly. The reading comprehension scale was developed and prepared by Al-Mahalla and
Al-Ramamneh (2019), and the results indicated that the level of reading comprehension was at an
intermediate level and in all its three dimensions (literal, deductive, and creative). And the existence of
statistically significant differences in the level of reading comprehension due to the variable of gender in
favor of males, and there are also statistically significant differences in the level of overall reading
comprehension due to the variable of the educational level of parents and in favor of holders of a bachelor's
degree.
Keywords: Reading Comprehension Skills, Students with learning disabilities, Literal level, Deductive level,
Creative level
1. Introduction
Learning difficulties are considered an ongoing condition and are presumed to result from
neurological factors that interfere with the growth of verbal and nonverbal abilities. Learning
difficulties are a clear disability, with normal to extraordinary mental ability, integrated sensory-
motor systems, and adequate educational opportunities. This condition varies in its degree of
appearance and severity, affecting a person's life self-esteem, education, professionalism, social
adjustment, and daily life activities. Reading is not just a decoding of written codes but a complex
process that requires understanding, linking, deduction, evaluation, problem-solving, and criticism of
what he read. And before the child reaches control over the various processes, he goes through
several stages, but before detailing them, we must point out that these stages are not precisely
defined, as the researchers disagreed on them, but they emphasize that they are intertwined with
each other and occur in an integrated context (Lattawi, 2013).
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Reading comprehension is considered the goal of reading and the desired distraction and the
goal that every teacher seeks to develop the different skills of students at different school stages (Al
Hallaq, 2010). Where the student performs many different mental operations such as analysis,
generalization, abstraction, perception, judgment, deduction, and linking, the more an individual
reads, the expansion of his intellect and talent, his horizons and culture expand, and this also
depends on the style of reading itself (Al-Hamid, 2010).
Among the essential things that develop reading comprehension skills are the methods used in
teaching; Because it is considered a fundamental pillar of education in adopting a specific strategy to
accomplish an educational position within a specific subject. The strategy is a set of rules and
principles related to a specific field and helps make decisions based on plans to achieve results as
learners can understand the material's content, understand it, and apply it. (Musa, 2001) defined it.
Reading comprehension is a mental process that the reader performs to deal with the text-based on
previous experiences. It is a complex process that includes the reader's perception of all the
information in the readable topic. Reading comprehension is inferred from answering
comprehension questions, including explicit and implicit knowledge and multiple comprehension
skills.
Al-Issawi and Al-Dhahani (2006) also define it as a mental process that the reader performs to
interact with the written text, using his previous experiences to recognize the letters of the word,
recognize the word, understand the word, understand the sentence, understand the paragraph, and
infer the level of the reader's understanding, by answering the test questions that the study prepared
for this purpose.
Abdul Hamid (2002) adds that it is the process of extracting meaning from the words read, as it
is the derivation of the meaning from what is read, which is the comprehension of the text during
reading in terms of literal, deductive, critical, tasteful and creative understanding (Nahaba, 2013).
Abdel-Hafez (2007) also defines it as the student's ability to consciously read through which he
can understand and interpret meanings, identify clear and hidden ideas, arrange them, evaluate
them, make judgments about the readable material and solve the cognitive problems facing him.
The importance of reading comprehension is highlighted because it is the basic structure
through which the student learns and comprehends Arabic language topics. As well as the topics of
other school subjects to varying degrees according to the degree of their saturation with the linguistic
factor, so developing reading comprehension skills remains one of the basic goals which educators,
linguists, and psychologists always seek to achieve among students with learning difficulties at all
educational levels (Abdel-Wahab, 2008).
Reading comprehension skills allow reading comprehension to be reflected in the student's life,
and it is the basis for learning every reading; the basic principle concerning reading is that it is first to
understand and to help the student to solve problems so that the student acquires the skills of
objective criticism. It allows them to express opinions, helps the student delve into the readable text,
and learning from understanding remains in the learner's memory a more extended period of
learning through memorization (Hafez, 2008; Al-Tatari, 2016).
Reading comprehension is an essential reading skill. It is the goal of every reading, and there is
no point in any reading without understanding. The reader who can achieve the goals for which he is
reading; and broadens his experiences, and he benefits from these experiences in solving his
problems, controlling his language skills, and can succeed in the educational process, in addition to
the breadth of his ideas, the richness of his information, and the accompanying self-confidence, and
the ability to express opinion, criticism, taste, and creativity. Understanding is a student's weapon
towards social, intellectual, and political primacy, and this is what makes reading comprehension the
goal of every reading and the goal that every teacher seeks to develop at his various levels among his
students. Its importance is evident in the following:
First: Reading comprehension is a guarantee of advancing the learner's language, providing him
with rich ideas and knowledge of helpful information, acquiring critical skills in objectives,
accustoming him to express an opinion, and passing judgments on the reciter with what supports it,
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and helping him to notice what is new, to face the problems he encounters, and to provide him with
what allows him to be creative (Fadl, 2001).
Second: Reading comprehension is a fundamental and necessary requirement in reading, and
reading comprehension is not limited to a specific academic subject, as comprehension includes all
academic subjects from the Arabic language, science, mathematics, and others (Abdel-Hamid, 2002).
The foundations of reading comprehension are defined in determining the critical aspects of
understanding, taking into account the time that the reader needs to read a specific text, the level of
the reader's understanding to achieve the goal of reading, and investing the reader's energies and
activating them to reach an understanding (Habib Allah, 2000). Brown added, as reported by Sultana
(2006), that reading comprehension starts from identifying important aspects of understanding,
focusing attention on the main idea rather than focusing on secondary ideas, observing existing
activities, to determine whether the goal is occurring, and taking appropriate action when
deficiencies in the understanding process are observed.
The classification of comprehension skills to levels faced many criticisms due to the great
overlap between those levels. Therefore Aukerman & Aukerman suggested classifying comprehension
skills into patterns, and in these patterns, each style is closely related to the other, and emphasis is
placed on how the understanding is made, and these patterns are equal in importance. Thus, these
two scientists have classified comprehension skills into six styles: the literal style, the inferential
pattern, the assimilation pattern, the applied pattern, the critical pattern, and the emotional pattern
(Mafleh, 2005).
Accordingly, the reading comprehension skills were classified according to what was reported
by Nagah and Hafez (2002) as follows:
1. Literal comprehension: Identify lexical and idiomatic terms, identify and remember details,
recognize ideas declared in the text, and follow instructions.
2. Inferential understanding: By deducing similarities and differences, deducing cause-effect
relationships, inferring implicit meanings in the text, deducing the writer's purposes and
motives.
3. Creative understanding: It means responding to the topic, trying to simulate it, adding and
supplementing (providing suggestions and alternative solutions that can lead to better results)
and solving similar problems based on the readable material, adding a comment, completing a
text, and build a creative opinion.
Many factors can affect the reader's ability to understand the readable, such as the reader's
availability of the goal and the nature, tribal knowledge of the subject matter of the text, the strategy
used by the reader in the reading comprehension of the text, directing questions before or after the
reading process, linking ideas with each other within a single text, the level of the reader's motivation
and attraction to reading the topic, and the level of the reader's ability to comprehend and master his
skills (Al-Dulaimi & Al-Waeli, 2009).
The topic of reading comprehension for students with learning difficulties has received the
attention of researchers. First, and that is that a great deal of school learning depends on the ability
to read, we find that the most common types of academic difficulties are for those with learning
difficulties in reading, as reading is the primary means for all academic inputs. The scholars also
believe that 71: 78% of the school children population suffer from reading difficulties (Awadallah and
Ashour, 2003).
It is defined as a delay, disorder, or stunted growth in one or more of the processes of speaking
and communication, language, reading, writing, arithmetic, or any other study subject resulting from
a psychological disability, or arise from all of or at least one of brain dysfunction or behavioral or
emotional disorders. At the same time, it is not the result of mental retardation, sensory disability, or
cultural, teaching, or educational factors (Learner, 2003).
They are those who suffer from deficits in one or more of the processes of speech, language,
reading, spelling, writing, and arithmetic as a result of a possible defect in the function of the brain or
an emotional or behavioral disorder, but it is not the result of mental retardation (Al-Batayneh,
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Ghawanimah, Al-Jarrah, 2009).
The factors causing learning difficulties are the group of external acquired injuries that lead to
damage to the central nervous system, and it creates learning difficulties, these injuries may occur
before, during, or after birth, or due to a combination of genetic factors as they play a significant role
in causing learning difficulties, these factors can be direct and indirect. The direct ones are those that
are transmitted from parents to children, and the indirect ones are the ones that result from a defect
during embryonic formation (Alwaqfi, 2003).
Chemical factors may cause it through the presence of a cellular chemical anomaly based on an
imbalance in the production of neurotransmitters that transmit nerve impulses from one brain cell to
another. The environmental factors are summarized in the early forms of environmental deprivation
of sensory and psychological stimuli that the child does not receive naturally (Abu Al-Fakhr, 2004).
They can be classified into two general categories: developmental learning difficulties in basic
psychological functions, including attention, memory, thinking, and oral language, and academic
difficulties in expressive reading and writing, including spelling and arithmetic (Adeniyi, 2009 &
Fakoladc).
Difficulties learning to read have a different impact according to the individual. And the impact
of the difficulty depends on its severity and on the success of educational efforts made to overcome it
(Mahmoud, 2013).
According to the research, the researcher did not find studies related to the subject of the study,
as Al-Makhalla and Al-Ramamneh (2019) conducted a study to know the effect of Robinson's strategy
on improving reading comprehension skills of students with learning difficulties at the sixth-grade
level. An achievement test was built to measure reading comprehension skills (literal, deductive,
applied, and creative) on a sample of (40) students randomly selected from the sixth grade, and the
results indicated that there were differences in the reading comprehension skills of students on the
post-measurement according to the teaching method in favor of the experimental group. However,
there were no differences between the experimental and control group due to the variable of sex.
Flossy (2015) studied the relationship between reading comprehension and the ability to solve
mathematical problems, a comparative study between ordinary students and those with academic
learning difficulties (reading - mathematics) in light of the gender variable. And the relational
descriptive approach was used, and the study sample consisted of (524) experienced students in the
third year of primary school. The results showed a correlation between the reading comprehension
test scores and the mathematical problems test scores of the total sample students. And the absence
of a relationship between reading comprehension and mathematical problems among the sample of
ordinary students, and the existence of a correlation between reading comprehension and
mathematical problems for those with academic learning difficulties (reading and mathematics).
Dharma & Abdullah (2013) conducted a study aimed to describe the use of the (SQ3R) strategy
as a strategy for teaching the skill of reading and to understand and absorb readable texts of tenth-
grade students; the two researchers used the observation card and questionnaire to achieve the
objectives of the study. The results often indicated that the (SQ3R) strategy benefited the student in
understanding the readable text and increasing their reading ability. Furthermore, the results showed
an agreement in the student's views on the importance of this strategy in teaching reading, and the
researchers suggested the need to use this strategy because it helps reading and to understand
together.
Komang et al. (2013) conducted a study that aimed to determine the interaction between the
PQRST strategy and the SQ3R strategy for reading adequacy based on text type for eighth-grade
students in Indonesia. As a result, they reached (179), the study results indicated that there are
differences between the two methods and in favor of the PQRST method, and there is no interaction
effect between the two methods based on the nature of the text.
Souvignier and Antoniou (2007) study the teaching of reading comprehension through
strategies, a therapeutic study for students with learning difficulties; the sample consisted of (73)
students from the fifth to the eighth grades, where special education teachers taught this group. The
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pre-test, post-test, and follow-up designs were used over a full year to assess reading skills, reading
comprehension, and self-efficacy. After the end of the school year, an effect of the program on
developing reading skills was observed, and upon follow-up, improvements were found in reading
comprehension, reading skills, and self-regulation skills for reading.
1.1 Commenting on previous studies
The current study was distinguished in its approach to an important group of students who have
learning difficulties about reading comprehension, and the current study combined its tools between
testing and observation. The study also clarified the differences in reading comprehension skills
among students of learning difficulties in the Kasbah of As-Salt and their relationship to some
demographic variables such as gender and the parent's educational level. As for previous studies, they
dealt with reading comprehension from several aspects: Some of them conducted a study to find out
the extent of teaching reading comprehension through strategies, a therapeutic study for students
with learning difficulties as the study of Souvignier and Antoniou (2007), and some of them
conducted it to find out the relationship between reading comprehension and the ability to solve
mathematical problems, a comparative study between ordinary students and those with academic
learning difficulties (reading - mathematics) in light of the gender variable. As Flossy's study (2015),
and some of them conducted a study to find out the interactive effect between the PQRST strategy
and the SQ3R strategy for reading adequacy based on the type of text As a study Komang et al. (2013)
furthermore, as of them conducted a study to describe the use of the strategy (SQ3R) as a strategy for
teaching the skill of reading and understanding and comprehending the read texts. In addition to
identifying students' r et al.ses towards this strategy, such as the study of Dharma and Abdullah
(2013).
There were differences of samples in previous studies that dealt with reading comprehension.
Some of them conducted their studies on middle school students as a study Komang et al. (2013); And
Dharma & Abdullah (2013), Some of them conducted it on primary stage students, such as Firdaus
(2012); Al-Makhalla and Al-Ramamneh (2019); Felousi (2015); Souvignier and Antoniou (2007), Al-
Abdalat and Al-Samadi (2016). The study sample size for previous studies ranged between (30-524),
and the researcher benefited from that in determining the size of the study sample.
1.2 The study problem and its questions
The study problem is represented in the poor level of students with learning difficulties in the basic
stage in reading in general and reading comprehension in particular. This leads to some problems
associated with these students, including poor performance on reading comprehension skills; this may
be due to many factors related to teaching reading and teaching skills and the teaching strategies used
to treat these difficulties, students with difficulties in learning and understanding reading face as one of
the most important goals of the educational process. Teaching reading aims to develop the individual's
ability to understand what is in the printed material. Whereas real reading is reading associated with
comprehension, as research results have demonstrated a close relationship between good reading and
comprehension, it is known that students with learning disabilities face difficulty in reading aloud and
comprehension. They do not learn by the methods used in the regular class.
Students with learning difficulties in reading face problems understanding what they read,
linking ideas, and difficulty understanding between the lines. The most educational difficulties are
represented in reading skills, which is considered one of the most important skills students with
learning difficulties need in school and their lives because of their direct relationship and impact on
other subjects. And this requires special teaching methods that help them overcome the difficulties
they suffer from because they do not learn by normal methods. The researcher also noted that there
are deficiencies related to teaching reading for this group at this stage, which resulted in a weakness
in the students' level of reading comprehension skills, and therefore this study came to answer the
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following questions:
- What is the level of reading comprehension skills among fifth-grade students with learning
difficulties?
- Are there statistically significant differences in the level of reading comprehension skills
among students with learning difficulties in the fifth grade due to the variable (gender,
educational level of parents)?
1.3 The importance of the study
The importance of the current study stems from the importance and benefits of the reading
comprehension process, as it is considered the key to science and knowledge; reading is considered
one of the acquired skills that an individual need, which leads to achieving success and developing
knowledge and abilities. The study also gains its importance from the theoretical and practical sides,
as shown in the following:
1. The study gains importance in its results when designing and developing training programs
for students with learning difficulties on the importance of reading comprehension skills.
2. Open the door for researchers and scholars to conduct future studies in this field, relying on
the current study results and the recommendations it will present.
3. The researcher hopes to benefit from the research results in determining the reading
comprehension skills of students with learning difficulties.
4. Contribute to the enrichment of one of the important areas in psychological and cognitive
studies, which is the level of reading comprehension skills among students with learning
difficulties.
5. Direct the attention of officials in the Ministry of Education in Jordan to the importance of
disclosing it and directing their administrative practices in light of this.
1.4 The Study objectives
The study aims to clarify the concept of reading comprehension skills, and to know the level of
reading comprehension skills of the study sample, and whether there are differences in the level of
reading comprehension skills of students with learning difficulties due to a variable (gender,
educational level of parents).
1.5 Procedural Definition of Terms
1.5.1 Reading comprehension skills
One of the language skills that require the individual to use different cognitive processes to access the
meanings in the reading texts (Ghelani, Sidu, Jain, Tannock, 2004).
It is defined procedurally: the degree obtained by the study sample through their response to
the paragraphs of the study scale.
1.5.2 Learning difficulties students
They are students who suffer from disorders in one or more of the basic psychological processes,
which include understanding and using written or spoken language, problems with listening,
thinking, speaking, reading, writing, and mathematics appear, provided that the difficulties are not
due to causes related to mental, auditory, or family impairment or other types of disabilities or
learning conditions or family care (Lerner, 2003).
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1.6 The Study limits
The limits of the current study are as follows:
Human, spatial and temporal limits: All students with learning difficulties at the fifth-grade level in
the city of Al-Salt, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan / Balqa Governorate / Qasabat Al-Salt Brigade,
in 2019.
1.7 Limitations of the study
The generalization of the results depends on the sample characteristics and the degree of its
representation of the society it was taken from, the study tools, and their dimensions and
psychometric characteristics.
2. The Study Methodology
The researcher used the descriptive approach, using survey studies, for its relevance to the study
objectives and questions.
2.1 The Study Population and Sample
The study population consisted of all students with learning difficulties in the Qasabat al-Salt Brigade
in the Balqa Governorate, whose number is (62) male and female students, distributed over (16)
schools for males, and (13) schools for females in the government sector. As for the study sample, and
due to the small size of the study population, the entire population of the study was chosen, so that
the final sample on which the questionnaires were distributed consisted of (62) male and female
students, and the number of questionnaires returned after the distribution process reached (54), as
the questionnaires that were not filled out correctly and completely were excluded, and Table (1)
illustrates this.
Table 1: The study sample is distributed according to the study variables
V
ariable
V
ariable classes The study sample Percentage
Gender Male 34 63%
Female 20 37%
Total 54 100 %
Parents' educational level Diploma 8 15%
Bachelor 29 54%
Postgraduate 17 31%
Total 54 100 %
2.2 The Study Tool
2.2.1 Reading Comprehension Level Scale
Regarding literature and previous studies related to the subject of the study and some reading
comprehension tests, the reading comprehension scale prepared by Al-Mahalla and Al-Ramamneh
(2019) was adopted and developed for sixth-grade students with learning difficulties. In its final form,
the scale consists of (15) items distributed on three dimensions: literal understanding (5) paragraphs,
deductive understanding (5) paragraphs, and creative understanding (5) paragraphs. It was presented
to a group of specialized professors for arbitration, and based on their comments, no paragraph was
deleted from the scale paragraphs, but rather the wording of some paragraphs was modified without
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deleting any of them. As a result, and in light of the experts' opinions, some linguistic amendments
were made to some of the paragraphs, and the scale consisted in its final form of (15) paragraphs
without deleting any paragraph of the scale. It is of the self-report that the teachers answer in light of
the five-step scale: Strongly agree (5), Agree (4), Neutral (3), Disagree (2) Strongly Disagree (1), and
the following equation was used to extract the range for each of the three levels: (the upper class - the
lower class) that is, (1-5) divided by (3) equals (1.33), and therefore: from (1- 2.33) a low level, and
(2.34-3.67) a medium level, and (3.68-5) a high level. The paragraph's correlation coefficients were
extracted on the overall scale and in the dimension to which they belong to extract the indications of
the validity of the scale's internal consistency. The paragraphs correlation coefficients with the tool as
a whole ranged between (0.384 - 0.729), and with the distance between (0.379 - 0.742), and Table (2)
shows that:
Table 2: Correlation coefficients between paragraphs, the dimension to which they belong, and the
overall score on the Reading Comprehension Skills Scale
Item
number
Correlation
with the
tool
Correlation
with the
dimension
Item
number
Correlation
with the
tool
Correlation
with the
dimension
Item
number
Correlation
with the
tool
Correlation
with the
dimension
1 0.729** .512** 6 0.734* .621** 11 .396* .479**
2 .513** .420* 7 .384* .441* 12 . 419* .432*
3 .389* .579* 8 .418* .384* 13 .426* .653**
4 .546** .379* 9 .613** .593** 14 .459** .472**
5 .429* .682** 10 .569** .419* 15 .424* .742**
* Statistical significance at the level of significance (0.05). ** Statistical significance at the level of
significance (0.01).
It is evident from Table (2) that the items' correlation coefficients with the total degree and the
dimension to which they belong were statistically significant at the significance levels α = (0.05) and
(0.01), so none of them was omitted. This indicates that the scale is suitable for measuring the level of
reading comprehension, and this indicates that the scale has high validity and is appropriate for the
current study.
To verify the stability of the scale, the test-retest and the Cronbach Alpha method were used so
that the internal consistency factor of the overall scale in the Cronbach alpha method reached (0.85)
while it reached (0.87) by the method of constant repetition. Table (3) shows the stability coefficients
for the dimensions of the reading skills scale by the two methods of stability of repetition and
Cronbach alpha, which are high and acceptable coefficients for the study's purposes, which supports
the use of this scale in the current study.
Table 3: Coefficients for the stability of the reading comprehension skills scale in the alpha and
repetition methods
Dimensions Test/retest reliability Cronbach Alpha
Literal understanding 0.86 0.81
Deductive understanding 0.82 0.80
Creative understanding 0.84 0.82
Total Reading Comprehension 0.85 0.82
3. The Study Results and its Discussion
The first question: What is the level of reading comprehension skills for fifth-grade students among
students with learning difficulties?
To answer this question, the arithmetic average and standard deviations of the responses of the
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fifth-grade students of learning difficulties were extracted on the four dimensions of the reading
comprehension level scale, shown in Table (4):
Table 4: The averages and standard deviations of the four domains of the Reading Comprehension
Level scale
Level Rank Repetition
Arithmetic
average
Standard
deviation
Dimensions Item number
Moderate 1 54 2.96 0.82 Literal understanding 1
Moderate 2 54 2.75 0.91 Deductive understanding 2
Moderate 3 54 2.67 0.93 Creative understanding 4
Moderate 54 2.73 .86 The total score for the level of reading comprehension
Table (4) shows that the highest average reached (2.96) for the literal comprehension dimension with
a standard deviation (0.82) and at a medium level, and the lowest for the average creative
understanding dimension with a mean (2.67) and a standard deviation (0.93) and a medium level,
and the total reached (2.73) with a standard deviation (86) and a medium level.
The result can be explained that the teaching methods used in public schools may be somewhat
unconventional so that it targets students with learning difficulties, and it uses many methods of
reading and organized steps that suit their needs and abilities. It opens the way for them to organize
information and find new ways to scan, remember and review information. As a result, they increase
motivation and enhance their performance, improving reading comprehension, increasing activity,
memorization, interacting with and thinking about the written text, and connecting ideas, which
adds an atmosphere of fun and challenge.
The interest by teachers may allow the attention of students with learning difficulties to focus
on the salient points and elements in the readable material, and it allows the practice of thinking
methods related to the ideas and meanings involved. Monitoring mental and linguistic activities are
used to verify understanding, allowing them to follow the sequence within steps by linking previous
experiences with the present. The repeated implementation of the educational task to reach
perfection helps transmit the impact of learning efficiently, and the result is consistent with the study
of both Al-Mkahalla and Al-Ramamneh (2019) and Flossy (2015).
The second question: Are there statistically significant differences in the level of reading
comprehension skills among students with learning difficulties in the fifth grade due to a variable
(gender, parents' educational level)?
To answer this question, the mean and standard deviations of the study sample were calculated
according to two variables, and Table (5) indicates that.
Table 5: The arithmetic means and standard deviations of the dimensions of the gender variable and
parents' educational level
Variables Number Arithmetic average standard deviation Rank
Gender Male 34 3.47 .77 1
Female 20 3.21 .63 2
Parents' educational level Diploma 8 3.06 .56 3
Bachelor 29 3.43 .76 1
Postgraduate 17 3.28 .63 2
It is clear from Table (6) that there are apparent differences concerning the variables of gender and
Parents' educational level.
To verify the statistical significance of the differences between the arithmetic averages in the
level of reading comprehension among the study sample, the binary analysis of variance test was
conducted, and Table (7) explains that:
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Table 7: Analysis of binary variance of differences in the level of reading comprehension among the
study sample according to the gender variables and Parents' educational level
Source Sum of squares Degrees of freedom Average of
squares P-value Statistical
significance
Gender 1.329 1 .675 4.162 **.004
Parents' educational
level 1.562 2 .792 5.136 **.003
** statistically significant at the level of significance (α = 0.01)
It is evident from Table (7) that there are differences in the level of reading comprehension due to the
variable of gender and in favor of males, and to the variable of the educational level of parents and in
favor of holders of a bachelor’s degree.
Accordingly, a Shave test was performed for the dimensional comparisons to show the
differences between the educational level variable of the parents (diploma, bachelor’s, graduate
studies) at the level of reading comprehension, and the tables show that (8).
Table 8: Scheffe test to measure the effect of parents ’educational level on overall reading
comprehension
Difference of
averages
The standard
deviation error
Function
95% Confidence
Interval
(J) Parents'
educational level
(I) Parents'
educational level Lowest Highest
.45686* .16495 .02 .8641 .0496 Bachelor Diploma
.33428 .14440 .07 .6908 .0222 Postgraduate
.45686* .16495 .02 .8641 .0496 Diploma Bachelor
.12257 .12020 .59 .4194 .1742 Postgraduate
.33428 .14440 .07 .6908 .0222 Diploma Postgraduate
.12257 .12020 .59 .4194 .1742 Bachelor
Table (8) indicates the following:
1. The differences in the arithmetic mean between the families of students with learning
difficulties who hold a diploma and hold a bachelor's degree reached (046), and the value of
the statistical function is (0.02). Thus, it is statistically significant, being less than (0.05), and
for the benefit of the families of students with learning difficulties for those with a bachelor’s
degree, for obtaining the highest arithmetic average of (3.43), that is, there are statistically
significant differences in the level of overall reading comprehension due to the variable of the
educational level of parents and in favor of holders of a bachelor’s degree.
2. The differences in the arithmetic mean between the families of students with learning
difficulties who hold a diploma and holders of a postgraduate certificate reached (0.33), and
the value of the statistical function is (0.07). Therefore it is not statistically significant as it is
greater than (0.05).
3. The differences in the arithmetic mean between the families of students with learning
difficulties who hold a postgraduate degree and hold a bachelor's degree are not statistically
significant, greater than (0.05).
4. Recommendations
Include practical training and teacher preparation programs before and during the service in special
education and higher diplomas in learning difficulties in reading, as it is the most common category
of learning difficulties, to learn different academic subjects.
Include many training strategies for students with learning disabilities on cognitive and
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metacognitive skills, which helps the student's independence in reading comprehension skills.
Add many cognitive skills to training strategies for students with learning difficulties that help
the student in reading comprehension skills.
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Appendix 1: Reading comprehension skills scale
The literal comprehension dimension Strongly
agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
Disagree
1. I can determine the appropriate meaning of
the word from the context.
2. I can determine the antithesis of the word.
3. I can distinguish between number forms
(singular, dual, and plural)
4. I can specify the names of the characters
mentioned in the readable.
5. I can determine the times and places
mentioned in the readable.
The inferential understanding dimension
6. Deduce the main idea in the readable.
7. Deduce sub-ideas for the reading paragraphs
8. Deduce the emotion that controlling
readability
9. Deduce the characteristics of the characters
mentioned in the readable.
10. Deduce the values contained in the readable.
The creative understanding dimension
11. I can recap the readable text.
12. I can deduce lessons learned from the readable
text.
13. I can ask questions in the readable content.
14. I can summarize the readable text.
15. I can explain a paragraph of the text read or all
of it.
