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This study aimed to examine the relationship between physical activity and nomophobia in university students. A total of 300 university student volunteers aged 17–25 years were included. Measurements were applied online via Google Forms. The nomophobia scale and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form were used. The number of vigorous physical activity days in the last week, daily vigorous physical activity levels, and metabolic equivalent of task values spent for vigorous activity were higher in male than in female participants (p < .01). No significant difference was found between the par- ticipants’ moderate-intensity physical activity, walking, and sitting times (p > .05). A negative correlation was found between the physical activity of the female participants and their nomophobia levels (r = −.217, p = .001). The university students had insufficient physical activity and high levels of nomophobia. A nega- tive correlation was found between physical activity and nomophobia levels. Approaches to increase physi- cal activity may reduce anxiety and depression levels caused by nomophobia in young individuals with high nomophobia levels.
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THE TURKISH JOURNAL ON ADDICTIONS
www.addicta.com.tr
176
Physical Activity and Nomophobia
Torlak et al.
2
9
Cite this article as: Torlak, M. S., Gerçek, H., & Ünüvar, B. S. (2022). Relationship between physical activity and Nomophobia in university
students: A cross-sectional study.
Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions
, 9(2), 176-181.
DOI: 10.5152/ADDICTA.2022.22010
©Copyright by 2022 Türkiye
Yeşilay Cemiyeti (Turkish
Green Crescent Society) -
Available online at
www.addicta.com.tr
Received: February 9, 2022
Accepted: May 23, 2022
Available Online Date:
June 30, 2022
Corresponding Author:
Mustafa Savaş Torlak,
E-mail:
musta fa.sa vas.t orlak @
kara tay.e du.tr
Main Points
Smartphone use is more common in young people than in other age groups. For this reason, university
students are more likely to have nomophobia and anxiety.
Smartphone addiction negatively affects individuals both psychologically and physically.
Physical activity has positive effects on mental health.
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the relationship between physical activity and nomophobia in university
students. A total of 300 university student volunteers aged 17–25 years were included. Measurements
were applied online via Google Forms. The nomophobia scale and the International Physical Activity
Questionnaire Short Form were used. The number of vigorous physical activity days in the last week, daily
vigorous physical activity levels, and metabolic equivalent of task values spent for vigorous activity were
higher in male than in female participants (
p
< .01). No significant difference was found between the par-
ticipants’ moderate-intensity physical activity, walking, and sitting times (
p
> .05). A negative correlation
was found between the physical activity of the female participants and their nomophobia levels (
r
= .217,
p
= .001). The university students had insufficient physical activity and high levels of nomophobia. A nega-
tive correlation was found between physical activity and nomophobia levels. Approaches to increase physi-
cal activity may reduce anxiety and depression levels caused by nomophobia in young individuals with high
nomophobia levels.
Keywords: Addiction, anxiety, nomophobia, physical activity, university students
Introduction
Anxiety disorders are characterized by extreme
fear and avoidance, usually in response to certain
objects or situations and in the absence of real
danger, and are extremely common in the general
population. An epidemiological study revealed that
the lifetime incidence of any anxiety disorder was
approximately 28.8% (Kessler et al., 2005). Anxiety
disorders impair one’s job performance and incur
heavy economic costs (Greenberg et al., 1999). It is
also associated with an increased risk of cardiovas-
cular morbidity and mortality (Albert et al., 2005;
Kawachi et al., 1994; Smoller et al., 2007). Anxiety
disorders include post-traumatic stress disorder,
panic attacks, social phobia, specific phobias, obses-
sive-compulsive disorder, and generalized anxiety
disorder (Shin & Liberzon, 2010).
At present, communication technology has become
an integral part of daily life. The mobile phone,
which is the most important tool of communication
technology, has evolved into a smartphone, which
is not only a communication tool but also a data
storage, camera, music, and game device. However,
unlimited use of smartphones leads to the develop-
ment of behavioral addictions (Hamilton-Ekeke
et al., 2016). Nomophobia is the abbreviation
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Relationship between Physical Activity
and Nomophobia in University Students:
A Cross-Sectional Study
MustafaSavaşTorlak ,HasanGerçek , Bayram Sönmez Ünüvar
Department of Physical Therapy, KTO Karatay University, Vocational School of Health Services, Konya, Turkey
ORCID iDs of the authors: M.S.T. 0000-0002-8084-6203, H.G. 0000-0001-7459-4452, B.S.Ü. 0000-0003-2095-3645.
Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 9(2), 176-181
177
of “no mobile phone phobia” and is defined as the fear of not
being able to use or reach one’s smartphone (King et al., 2013).
Briefly, it is a modern-day phobia resulting from the interaction
with new technologies (Salehan & Negahban, 2013). The term
“nomophobia” was first used in a study by YouGov, an inter-
national research and analysis group established in the United
Kingdom in 2008 (Notara et al., 2021). Nomophobia also neg-
atively affects the psychological health of a person (Harwood
et al., 2014). The phobia of being away from mobile phones was
reported to increase stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms,
especially in young individuals (Kuscu et al., 2020; Mir & Akhtar,
2020). Antipsychotic drugs can be used in the treatment of
nomophobia. However, these drugs have the potential to cause
addiction (Tiller, 2013). Another treatment option is cognitive
behavioral therapy and existential psychotherapy approaches
(Tathan Bekaroğlu & Yılmaz, 2020). However, this treatment
option is both continuous and costly. Physical activity is a prom-
ising, cost-effective, and easily accessible treatment option for
individuals with anxiety (Stonerock et al., 2015). Many studies
have stated that physical activity has positive effects on mental
health in all age groups (Biddle et al., n.d.; Fibbins et al., 2018;
Mochcovitch et al., 2016). In addition, the risk of anxiety in men
and women with high physical activity in daily life is reduced
(Svensson et al., 2021). Despite the positive effects of physical
activity on mental health, no study has explored its relation-
ship with nomophobia. Thus, this study aimed to examine the
relationship between physical activity level and nomophobia in
young individuals.
Methods
Participants
The study approval was obtained from KTO Karatay University
Faculty of Medicine Drug and Non- Medical Device Research
Ethics Committee (decision no. 2021/005).
A total of 300 university student volunteers aged 17–25 years
were included in the study. All stages of the study were in compli-
ance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The inclusion criteria were
having a smartphone and using the Internet over a smartphone.
The exclusion criteria were exercising regularly and having a dis-
ability that limits physical activity.
Procedure
Measurements were applied online via Google Forms. Informed
consent was obtained from each study participant, and they were
required to answer all the questions.
Data about the demographic information, physical activity lev-
els, and nomophobia levels of the participants were collected.
The International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form
(IPAQ-SF) was used to determine the physical activity levels of
the participants. IPAQ-SF, consisting of seven questions and col-
lecting information about the time spent by the participants for
vigorous physical activity, moderate-intensity physical activity,
and walking and sitting in the last week, was developed by Craig
et al., and its Turkish validity and reliability test was performed
by Sağlam et al. (Craig et al., 2003; Saglam et al., 2010). Metabolic
equivalent of task (MET) values of the participants were calcu-
lated as follows:
Vigorous physical activity: number of days × day duration × 8.
Moderate-intensity physical activity: number of days × day dura-
tion × 4 Walking: number of days × day duration × 3.3.
Total MET: vigorous physical activity + moderate-intensity phys-
ical activity + walking (Saglam et al., 2010).
The nomophobia scale, a 7-point Likert scale consisting of
20 questions developed by Yildirim and Correia, was used to
evaluate the nomophobia levels of the participants (Yildirim &
Correia, 2015). The scale consists of four sub-dimensions: “not
being able to communicate,” “losing connectednes,” “not being
able to have access to information,” and “giving up convenience.”
In the scale, “1” represents “I strongly disagree,” whereas “7” rep-
resents “strongly agree.” The nomophobia levels of the partici-
pants were calculated by taking the sum of the scores obtained
from the scale. Those with a total score <20 did not have nomo-
phobia, 21–59 had mild, 60–99 had moderate, and 100–140 had
extreme nomophobia.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 25
(IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) package program was used to
analyze the data. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov and histogram
method were used to test the conformity of the data to normal
distribution. The difference between data conforming to the nor-
mal distribution was evaluated with the
t
-test and those that did
not fit the normal distribution were evaluated with the Mann–
Whitney
U
test. Results are given as mean ± standard deviation
(X ± SD), median (Q1–Q3), and percentage values (%). The
relationship between nomophobia and physical activity was ana-
lyzed with Spearman’s correlation test. All statistical analyses
were evaluated at a significance level of
p
< .05.
Results
A total of 300 volunteers were included in the study, of which, 84
(28%) participants were male and 216 (72%) participants were
female. Demographic information of the participants is given in
Table 1.
The physical activity levels of the participants were evaluated
separately in terms of gender. The number of vigorous physical
activity days in the last week, daily vigorous physical activity
levels, and MET values spent for vigorous activity were higher
in male participants than in female participants (
p
< .01). No
significant difference was found between the participants’
moderate-intensity physical activity, walking, and sitting times
(
p
> .05). The MET values of the participants are given in
Table 2.
Table 1.
Demographic Information
Age X ± SD BMI X ± SD
Female (
n
= 216) 20.12 ± 2.35 22.12 ± 3.96
Male (
n
= 84) 20.26 ± 3.43 22.67 ± 4.17
Total (
n
= 300) 20.16 ± 2.69 22.27 ± 4.02
X = mean; SD = standard deviation;
n
= number; BMI = body mass index.
Torlak et al. Physical Activity and Nomophobia
178
Of the participants, 102 (34%) had mild, 161 (53.7%) had moder-
ate, and 37 (12.3%) had severe nomophobia. While 68 (31.5%) of
the female participants had mild, 118 (54.5%) had moderate and
30 (13.9%) had severe nomophobia. Among the male participants,
34 (40.5%) had mild, 43 (51.2%) had moderate, and 7 (8.3%) had
severe nomophobia. The nomophobia scores of the participants
are presented in Table 3.
A negative correlation was found between the physical activity
levels of the female participants and their nomophobia levels (
r
= .217,
p
= .001). A negative correlation was found between the
physical activity levels of the female participants and the sub-
dimensions of the nomophobia scale (
p
< .005). By contrast, no
significant correlation was found between the physical activity
levels of the male participants and their nomophobia levels and
sub-dimensions of the scale. The relationship between the physi-
cal activity levels of all participants and the nomophobia scale
and its sub-dimensions is given in Table 4.
Discussion
The physical activity level of most of the university students par-
ticipating in our study was not sufficient, and their nomophobia
levels were high. A relationship was also found between the level
of physical activity and nomophobia.
This study revealed that 66% of our participants had moderate
and high levels of nomophobia, and all of the participants had
nomophobia. These rates are similar to those in previous studies
in Turkey (Dalbudak et al., 2020; Gurbuz & Ozkan, 2020). This
shows the high prevalence of nomophobia among Turkish uni-
versity students. In a study conducted on university students in
2016 by Yıldırım et al., who adapted the nomophobia scale into
Turkish, 42.6% of the students were nomophobic (Yildirim et al.,
2016). In the study by Burucuoğlu et al. on students with associ-
ate degree, 73.7% of the participating students had moderate and
high levels of nomophobia, 25.9% had low levels of nomophobia,
Table 2.
Physical Activity Levels of the Participants
Male Median (Q1–Q3) Female Median (Q1–Q3)
p Z
Vigorous physical activity
(MET.min/week)
32
(0–1380)
0
(0–160)
.000 3.949
Moderate-intensity physical activity
(MET.min/week)
28
(0–540)
70
(0–295)
.405 .832
Walking
(MET.min/week)
693
(462–1386)
693
(396–1039.5)
.280 1.080
Total 1807.5 1372.5 .001 3.257
(MET.min/week) (1025.625–3287.25) (931.5–2170)
Q1 = rst quartile; Q3 = third quartile;
Z
= Mann–Whitney
U
test; MET = metabolic equivalent of task.
Table 3.
Nomophobia Scores of the Participants
Not Being Able to
Have Access to
Information X ± SD
Giving Convenience
up X ± SD
Not Being Able to
Communicate
X ± SD
Losing Connectedness
X ± SD TotalX± SD
Female (
n
= 216) 16.19 ± 6.29 17.52 ± 7.40 25.83 ± 10.63 12.66 ± 7.27 72.19 ±25.65
Male (
n
= 84) 16.13 ± 6.02 16.60 ±7.33 21.61 ± 9.32 13.13 ± 7.66 67.46 ± 24.34
Total (
n
= 300) 16.13 ± 6.02 16.60 ± 7.33 21.61 ± 9.32 13.13 ± 7.66 70.87 ± 25.34
X = mean; SD = standard deviation;
n
= number.
Table 4.
Relationship Between MET Values and Nomophobia Scores
123456
1 MET 1
2 Not being able tohave access to information .091 1
3 Giving up convenience .136* .594** 1
4 Not being able to communicate .172** .419** .567** 1
5 Losing connectednes .188** .468** .664** .487** 1
6 Nomophobia .193** .712** .864** .821 .786* 1
*
p
< .05; **
p
< .01.
r
, Spearman’s correlation coecient.
Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 9(2), 176-181
179
and 1 (.4%) had nomophobia (Burucuoğlu, 2017). In 2019, Akman
et al. reported that .6% of their participants did not have nomo-
phobia, 23.7% had mild, 59.9% had moderate, and 16.8% had
extreme nomophobia (Akman, 2019). Regarding the years that
studies were conducted, the rate of nomophobia is higher in
recent studies. This can be attributed to innovations brought by
technology and the introduction of smartphones to young popu-
lations at a very early age. Although the rates of nomophobia
vary among studies, the level of nomophobia in each study should
be considered. The difference in the results of the study can be
related to the average age of the study group, environment and
culture, year in which the study was conducted, and pandemic
conditions.
Although high scores were obtained in all sub-dimensions of
the nomophobia scale in this study, similar to previous studies
(Yasan Ak & Yildirim, 2018; Yildirim et al., 2016), the most com-
mon sub-dimension was the sub-dimension of not being able to
communicate. The importance of social media and communica-
tion for university students has been emphasized in the literature
(Gezgin, Hamutoglu et al., 2018). This result revealed that uni-
versity students needed social communication.
In our study, although the nomophobia levels of the female
participants were higher than that of the male participants, no
significant difference was noted. Early studies on technology
addiction have shown that male participants are more addicted
to technology than female participants. In a study conducted in
the United Kingdom in 2008 in which the concept of nomophobia
was mentioned for the first time, 58% of the male and 48% of
the female participants had features of nomophobia (Dixit et al.,
2010). This has been attributed to males’ acquaintance with tech-
nology at an earlier age and being more inclined to technology
(Augner & Hacker, 2012). However, in recent studies, addiction
symptoms were higher in female participants. This difference is
thought to be due to the more social nature of women and the
longer time spent on the phone to communicate (Yang et al.,
2010). Previous studies have also reported that women use smart-
phones more for communication and social purposes than men
(Bianchi & Phillips, 2005; van Deursen et al., 2015). This is con-
sistent with previous studies. As a result, the nomophobia scores
were higher in women than in men (Gezgin, Cakir et al., 2018;
Mallya et al., 2018; Yildirim et al., 2016). Because previous studies
have reported different results in the relationship between gen-
der and nomophobia, the finding in the present study may help
clarify the relationship between gender and nomophobia.
The results of our study reveal that the physical activities of
the participants were not sufficient, which is consistent with
the results of previous studies that university students have low
physical activity levels (Irwin, 2004, 2007). In our study, male stu-
dents were more active than female students. In the literature,
studies conducted on university students have demonstrated that
male students are exercising regularly and have higher physical
activity levels than female students (Aslan et al., 2007; Demirtürk
et al., 2017; Kargün et al., 2016).
In our study, a relationship was found between the physical activ-
ity and nomophobia levels of the university students. This rela-
tionship was noted among female university students. Although
a relationship was found between physical activity and all sub-
dimensions of the nomophobia scale, this was not observed on
the sub-dimension of not being able to have access to informa-
tion. Excessive use of smartphones may cause social isolation,
decreased academic achievement, decreased physical activity,
and psychiatric disorders (Boulos et al., 2011; Lepp et al., 2013).
Making calls, sending and receiving messages, installing and
using applications, and spending time on the Internet using
smartphones reflect a sedentary lifestyle (Rosenberg et al., 2010).
A study reported that excessive use of a smartphone or computer
decreases physical activity (Kautiainen et al., 2005). Another
study showed that university students have insufficient physical
activity levels and a relationship exists between physical activ-
ity level and anxiety in female students (Ölçücü et al., 2015).
This may cause psychiatric disorders such as nomophobia. The
findings of our study reveal that increasing the physical activ-
ity levels of students can reduce their risks for nomophobia. The
relationship between physical activity and the risk of nomopho-
bia in female students was higher than that in male students. This
might be due to the finding that the physical activity levels of
male students were higher than that of female students. In the
literature, no studies have evaluated the relationship between
physical activity and nomophobia. Studies have generally focused
on the relationship between variables such as physical activity,
Internet addiction, smartphone addiction, digital game addic-
tion, and psychiatric symptoms. Nevertheless, our study has
some limitations. First, a certain age group was considered in our
study. Second, the mental states of the individuals were not taken
into account. Thus, comprehensive studies are warranted to shed
light on the subject.
In this study, the physical activity was insufficient and nomopho-
bia levels were high in university students. A negative correlation
was also found between physical activity and nomophobia levels.
We think that approaches to increase physical activity are impor-
tant in reducing anxiety and depression levels possibly caused by
nomophobia in young individuals with high nomophobia levels.
Limitations and Direc tions /Sugg estio ns for Future Research
There are some limitations of the study. The study data were col-
lected online due to pandemic conditions. In addition, data were
collected from one university in the study, so the results may
not reflect the entire population. However, this is the first study
to examine the relationship between nomophobia and physical
activity in university students. Smart technologies make life eas-
ier in daily life. However, these technologies have many negative
effects on mental and physical health. Physical activity is a cheap
and effective method to protect both mental and physical health.
We think that the findings of this study will shed light on future
studies on smartphone addiction and its treatment in university
students. In addition, the relationship between physical activity
and addiction in different age groups can be examined in future
studies.
Ethics Committee Approval: The study protocol was approved by the
KTO Karatay University nonclinical research Ethics Committee (num-
ber: 2021/005).
Informed Consent: Written informed consent was obtained from all par-
ticipants who participated in this study.
Torlak et al. Physical Activity and Nomophobia
180
Peer-review: Externally peer-reviewed.
Author Contributions: Concept - M.S.T, B.S.Ü.; Design - M.S.T.;
Supervision - M.S.T., H.G.; Materials - B.S.Ü., H.G.; Data Collection and/
or Processing - M.S.T, B.S.Ü.; Analysis and/or Interpretation - H.G.;
Literature Review - M.S.T, B.S.Ü., H.G.; Writing - M.S.T, B.S.Ü., H.G.;
Critical Review - M.S.T.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the students of KTO
Karatay University for supporting the study.
Declaration of Interests: The authors have no conicts of interest to
declare.
Funding: The authors declared that this study has received no nancial
support.
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... In another study conducted by Kautiainen et al. (2005), it was reported that physical activity decreased smartphone use. Torlak et al. (2022) reported that there was a negative relationship between physical activity levels of university students and nomophobia scores, and that students with high physical activity levels may have low nomophobia levels. It is seen that the findings of these studies support the results of our study. ...
... Taştan (2020), in his study on Internet Addiction and Nomophobia Levels of University Students who do and do not do sports, reported that there is a statistical change in internet addiction levels depending on the type of sport and the type of sport. Torlak et al. (2022) reported that the relationship between physical activity and nomophobia risk was higher in female students than in male students. In our study, no statistical difference was observed between the nomophobia scores of men who did and did not do sports (Table 4). ...
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The aim of this study is to examine the nomophobia, internet addiction, and loneliness levels of university students. The study group of this cross-sectional study consisted of 966 university students who responded to the items digitally and manually. Personal information form, Young Internet Addiction Scale Short Form, UCLA Loneliness Scale, and Nomophobia Scale were used as data collection tools. SPSS version 24 was used for data analysis. It was found that students who used the internet for 5 hours or more had higher scores in nomophobia and loneliness. Additionally, male students had higher scores in nomophobia and internet addiction compared to female students. Sedentary students had higher scores in nomophobia and internet addiction compared to athletes. Based on the findings of this study, it can be said that sports have positive reflections on emotions and behaviors such as nomophobia, internet addiction, and loneliness. As the duration of internet use increases, emotions and behaviors such as addiction, anger, and loneliness negatively impact individuals' experiences.
... For instance, individuals with social phobia may prefer virtual interactions to avoid face-to-face communication (King et al., 2013), potentially leading to a dependency on their devices and subsequently developing nomophobia (King et al., 2013;Yildirim et al., 2015). Similar to PSMU, previous studies on the relationship between nomophobia and PA have produced contradictory results, reporting negative (Torlak et al., 2022), positive (Liu et al., 2022), and no associations (Demircioğlu et al., 2023), which may be attributed to the types of apps the individuals used or the psychological context behind nomophobia (e.g., avoidant trait). ...
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Insufficient physical activity is now a global pandemic. Problematic social media use (PSMU) has been reported to be associated with physical activity levels, and nomophobia can be one of the co-existing psychological conditions of PSMU. Additionally, physical activity avoidance has been reported to be associated with lower physical activity levels. Therefore, the present study examined nomophobia and physical activity avoidance as underlying factors potentially explaining the association between PSMU and physical activity among Taiwanese young adults. A cross-sectional online survey comprising the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMPQ), Tendency to Avoid Physical Activity and Sport Scale (TAPAS), and International Physical Activity Questionnaire – short form (IPAQ-SF) was completed by 885 participants (36% male, mean age = 28.8 ± 6.06 years) between September and December 2023. The structural equational modeling results indicated a negative direct association between PSMU and physical activity (standardized coefficient [β] = 0.040, p = 0.004). PSMU was also associated with higher nomophobia (β = 0.601, p < 0.001), which was associated with higher physical activity avoidance (β = 0.354, p < 0.001), which negatively correlated to physical activity (β = -0.114, p < 0.001). Moreover, the association between PSMU and physical activity was significantly mediated through the sequence of nomophobia and PA avoidance (β = -0.024, 95% bootstrap confidence interval = -0.071, -0.024). The results suggested that PSMU may be associated with lower physical activity through the mediation of nomophobia and physical activity avoidance. Corresponding strategies may aim to reduce PSMU and enhance physical activity engagement. Other approaches, such as motivational interviewing or cognitive behavioral therapy, can be adopted to reduce nomophobia and physical activity avoidance, thereby improving the individuals’ physical activity participation.
... Other studies, however, foundweak correlations between these three variables (13), and a recent study showed no association between anxiety, depression and physical activity levels (13). On the other hand, more severe nomophobia has been shown to contribute to decreased physical activity (14)(15)(16). For example, Bichu and Kumar (15) found a negative correlation between nomophobia and levels of physical activity in young adults. ...
... [21][22] In addition to excessive use of smartphones, a decrease in physical activity is observed as the level of nomophobia increases. 23 However, these studies have usually been conducted on young adults, and no study that examined the relationship between nomophobia and physical activity in geriatric individuals was encountered in the literature. The present study supports the literature related to young adults. ...
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Objective: Lack of physical activity, sleep problems and nomophobia are serious problems in adults. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between nomophobia with physical activity and sleep quality in non-frail older adults living in the community. Materials and Methods: The participants' fragility status was determined using the "Tilburg Frailty Indicator Survey," while nomophobia levels were assessed with the "Nomophobia Questionnaire," physical activity levels were measured using the "International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form," and sleep quality was evaluated with the "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: A total of 158 participants, 73 (46.8%) male and 85 (53.2%) female, were included in the study. While 5 (3.2%) of the participants were not nomophobic, 153 (96.8%) had nomophobia. 29 (18.4%) of the participants had no sleep problems, and 129 (81.6%) had sleep problems. As a result of the analysis, a weak negative correlation (r: -0.338, p<0.001) was found between physical activity and nomophobia. A positive and negligible correlation was observed between use of sleep medication, daytime dysfunction sub-scales, total PSQI scores and nomophobia (r:0.167-r:0.193, p<0.05). Conclusion: It was determined that as nomophobia increased in non-frail adult people, their physical activity levels decreased, and their sleep quality was negatively affected.
... Other studies, however, foundweak correlations between these three variables [20][21][22][23], and a recent study showed no association between anxiety, depression and physical activity levels [20]. On the other hand, more severe nomophobia has been shown to contribute to decreased physical activity [24][25][26]. For example, Bichu and Kumar [25] found a negative correlation between nomophobia and levels of physical activity in young adults. ...
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Background Due to their stage of life and the daily stressors they encounter, students are particularly susceptible to both behavioral and psychological issues. Our study was designed with two objectives in mind: (1) to explore the potential mitigating effect of physical activity on the relationship between nomophobia and distress in students; and (2) to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Arabic version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-12). Methods A cross-sectional analysis was undertaken with a sample of Tunisian students who regularly use smartphones (N = 533, 64.6% female, mean age 25.03 ± 6.55 years). Results The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses pointed to the DASS-12 as a secondary 3-factor scale. The internal consistency of the scale, as measured by Cronbach’s alphas, was 0.98 for stress, 0.90 for anxiety, and 0.84 for depression. The results of the measurement model supported the suitability and reliability of all the DASS-12 items in capturing the underlying constructs. Structural model analysis revealed positive correlations between physical activity and nomophobia with stress, anxiety, and depression. Moreover, physical activity was found to moderate the relationship between nomophobia and two elements of distress: stress and anxiety. Conclusion The findings of this study open up novel intervention strategies for students grappling with nomophobia. In particular, the results suggest that promoting physical activity might serve as a coping strategy to counteract the impacts of nomophobia on stress and anxiety symptoms in students.
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This study examines the relationship between smartphone addiction and physical activity levels, fatigue, and sleep quality among Health Sciences students in a rural Mediterranean area. Prior research indicates that smartphone addiction is prevalent among young adults and can negatively impact physical and mental health. However, its effects on students in rural regions are underexplored. This study aims to provide comprehensive data on how rural students may be susceptible to smartphone addiction and its potential adverse effects. A total of 322 students participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed questionnaires assessing socio-demographic variables, smartphone addiction, fatigue, physical activity, and sleep quality. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and Spearman correlation analyses with SPSS 20.0 software. The findings revealed that 43.5% of the students were classified as smartphone addicted. The mean score for smartphone addiction was 30.28 (11.12), with female students scoring higher than males. No significant correlation was found between smartphone addiction and physical activity or sleep quality. However, levels of behavioral, sensory, and cognitive fatigue were significantly higher in the smartphone-addicted group. Furthermore, increased smartphone dependence was associated with elevated levels of all fatigue domains. The study concludes that smartphone addiction is prevalent among Health Sciences students, particularly among females, who may have a greater need for social interaction and emotional support. Addiction exacerbates fatigue but does not significantly impact physical activity or sleep quality. The higher addiction rates among female students might be attributed to their increased need for social connectivity and emotional sustenance. The constant notifications and interruptions from smartphone use can lead to attention fragmentation and cognitive fatigue. The findings indicate a clear need for focused attention on managing smartphone use and addressing fatigue to mitigate the negative impact of this behavior on students' well-being.
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Physical activity may prevent anxiety, but the importance of exercise intensity, sex-specific mechanisms, and duration of the effects remains largely unknown. We used an observational study design to follow 395,369 individuals for up to 21 years to investigate if participation in an ultralong-distance cross-country ski race (Vasaloppet, up to 90 km) was associated with a lower risk of developing anxiety. Skiers in the race and matched non-skiers from the general population were studied after participation in the race using the Swedish population and patient registries. Skiers (n = 197,685, median age 36 years, 38% women) had a significantly lower risk of developing anxiety during the follow-up compared to non-skiers (adjusted hazard ratio, HR 0.42). However, among women, higher physical performance (measured as the finishing time to complete the race, a proxy for higher exercise dose) was associated with an increased risk of anxiety compared to slower skiing women (HR 2.00). For men, the finishing time of the race did not significantly impact the risk of anxiety. Our results support the recommendations of engaging in physical activity to decrease the risk of anxiety in both men and women. The impact of physical performance level on the risk of anxiety requires further investigations among women.
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Background: Nomophobia (No MObile PHone PhoBIA) refers to the worry or fear that individuals experience when they are without their mobile phone or they are unable to use it. The term was first coined in 2008 and it is considered a modern type of phobia. The aim of the present study was to retrieve and review the most relevant literature on the prevalence of nomophobia and its relationship with psychosocial and physical health among young adults. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted according the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) for original papers on the phenomenon of nomophobia in young adults using the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) as the main measuring instrument. The literature was focused on the 3 main topics of prevalence and level of nomophobia, nomophobia and psychosocial effects, and nomophobia and physical health in young adults. Findings: The initial literature corpus consisted of 370 articles of which 40 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in detail. Nomophobia was observed among 15.2%-99.7% of the participants. Research findings indicated increased psychological, emotional, social, and physical side effects due to excessive smartphone use. Conclusion: The excessive use of the smartphone is an emerging threat for social, mental, and physical health. There is an increased need for further research in this regard as it is evolving into an epidemic outbreak and concerns directly the field of public health.
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Objective: The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of restricting mobile phone use with time on the anxiety levels of undergraduate students having moderate nomophobia. The study also aimed to find whether cognitive and sensory distractions within the environment could delay anxious thoughts and subsequent rise in anxiety levels. Methods: Current research was based on a quasi-experimental design with non-equivalent control group, i.e., the participants were not randomly assigned to groups. The participants were 64 undergraduate students taken from a university located in Islamabad. The State trait anxiety inventory (STAI) and Nomophobia questionnaire (NMPQ) were used. The study was carried out between August to December 2017.The data collected was analysed using general linear model to see the significant effect of time and treatment on the state anxiety levels at different time intervals. Results: The findings from multivariate analysis revealed that the state anxiety increased significantly with time in participants having moderate nomophobia and who were not in contact with their mobile phones as hypothesized. However, cognitive and sensory distractions could only slightly delay the anxiety in fearful situations. Conclusions: There is a significant effect of time and nomophobia on anxiety level of students who are separated from their mobile phone within the usual cognitive and sensory distractions in academic setting.
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The development of technology has made our lives easier and has caused some dependencies to enter our lives. The aim of this study is to measure the nomophobia levels of the students at the faculty of sports at Uşak University and the faculty of technology at Isparta Applied Sciences University and to examine the relationship of personality with the level of nomophobia. The sample of the study consists of a total of 408 students at the faculty of sports at Uşak University and the faculty of technology at Isparta Applied Sciences University. Volunteering was taken into account in participation. Students’ nomophobia level and personality properties were analyzed according to the gender of the participants, age groups, educational status, department, phone usage by years, daily smartphone usage time, mobile internet usage time, daily mobile internet usage time, smartphone night off status, the time spent with friends during the day. In the study, the Nomophobia Scale, developed by Yıldırım and Correia (2015) and whose validity and reliability were made, was developed by Somer, Tatar and Korkmaz (2001) and the 5-Factor Personality Inventory, whose validity and reliability of short form were, made was used by Tatar (2005). In this study, SPSS 22.00 Program used in quantitative research methods was used. The data were summarized by giving percentage and frequency tables. This study was tested with a significance level of 0.05. There are statistically both significant relationship (p < .05) and non-sense relationship (p > .05) between nomophobia and subscale scores according to age, gender, department, phone usage by years, daily smartphone usage time, mobile internet usage time, daily mobile internet usage time, smartphone night off status and the time spent with friends during the day. A statistically significant relationship was found between personality and nomophobia (p < .05). The results of the study showed us how nomophobia is effective on students. As a result of the study, it is an indicator that personality affects nomophobia. It seems that personality is effective on nomophobia. As the personality gets stronger, the level of nomophobia will decrease. Therefore, necessary studies can be done about the personality. In addition, a new research can be proposed in which students in the other department will be assessed to be affected by the level of nomophobia.
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This research was conducted to measure the nomophobia levels of young people. The sample of the study consisted of 400 young people living in rural districts of Bursa province in Turkey. The results show that 8.5% of the youth was severely nomophobic, 71.5% were moderate and 20.0% were mildly nomophobic. There was no statistically significant difference between gender and working status and nomophobia level but statistically significant differences were encountered between age and educational status. As young people's age increased, the levels of nomophobia they suffer decreased. They asserted a higher level of nomophobia during high school years. Despite a slight decrease in university years, students' nomophobia levels were higher than the graduates and working youth. When the sub-dimensions of the scale were examined, the 'avoidance' and 'conflict' factors were above the NoSmartPhone Scale (NSPS) mean score, but the interwind identity and attachment factors were below the mean score.
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The research aimed to investigate undergraduate students' nomophobic behavior; and its relationship with certain demographics and certain mobile phone activities. Moreover, it was explored whether there were any significant differences among the four sub-dimensions of nomophobia: "not being able to communicate", "losing connectedness", "not being able to access information", and "giving up convenience". A correlational research design was employed with a sample of 146 undergraduate students from four different faculties of a Turkish state university by using convenience sampling method. The Turkish Nomophobia Questionnaire was used for data collection. By conducting One-Way Repeated ANOVA, a significant difference between the mean scores of four dimensions was found. While the students' scores on the fear of "losing connectedness" were significantly lower than the other three factors, the fear of "not being able to access information" had the highest mean scores. There was no difference between the factors "not being able to access information" and "not being able to communicate". Furthermore, the Pearson' Product Moment correlation was performed; its results indicated that there was a weak, yet significant, correlation between gender and the sub-dimension of "not being able to communicate". There was also a weak positive correlation between the Internet browsing and the four dimensions of nomophobia. The study also found a weak positive correlation between learning/education and the level of "not being able to access information".
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• Comorbid depression and anxiety disorders occur in up to 25% of general practice patients. • About 85% of patients with depression have significant anxiety, and 90% of patients with anxiety disorder have depression. • Symptomatology may initially seem vague and non‐specific. A careful history and examination with relevant investigations should be used to make the diagnosis. • Once the diagnosis is made, rating scales may identify illness severity and help in monitoring treatment progress. • Both the depression disorder and the specific anxiety disorder require appropriate treatment. • Psychological therapies, such as cognitive behaviour therapy, and antidepressants, occasionally augmented with antipsychotics, have proven benefit for treating both depression and anxiety. • Benzodiazepines may help alleviate insomnia and anxiety but not depression. They have dependency and withdrawal issues for some people, and may increase the risk of falls in older people. • Despite the availability of treatments, 40% of patients with depression or anxiety do not seek treatment, and of those who do, less than half are offered beneficial treatment.
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Objective: This study aimed to find out whether nomophobia levels are higher in adolescents with internalising or externalising disorders than healthy adolescents and to investigate the correlation of nomophobia levels with externalising and internalising symptoms. Methods: K-SADS (Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia) was applied to 139 adolescents (ages 13-18) and they were asked to fill No Mobile Phone Questionnaire (NMP-Q) and Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS), while the parents were asked to complete Conners Parent Rating Scale-48 (CPRS-48). Results: There were no significant differences in nomophobia total scores between the three study groups. However, losing connectedness (LC) and not being able to access information (NAI) subscores were significantly higher in group with internalising disorder than healthy controls and there was no significant difference between group with externalising disorder and healthy group. Separation anxiety, social phobia, total anxiety, depression, hyperactivity and oppositional problems positively correlated with nomophobia total score. Conduct problems correlated with only LC. Total anxiety and hyperactivity predicted nomophobia total score. Conclusions: Since anxiety and hyperactivity were predictors of nomophobia according to the study, adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or anxiety disorder should be examined for nomophobia as well. Key points Nomophobia levels of internalising and externalising disordered groups did not differ. Internalising group had higher scores in two sub-dimensions of nomophobia. All anxiety and depression symptoms correlated with nomophobia. Hyperactivity and oppositional symptoms correlated with nomophobia. Total anxiety and hyperactivity were predictors of nomophobia.