SEX IS NOT NON-BINARY (OR MUTABLE), AND NEITHER IS SEXUAL IDENTITY OR ORIENTATION

Abstract

Sex is defined functionally, in terms of gamete production, which is strictly binary and immutable. Traits thought sex-derived (or related), in being at some remove may not be sex-specific, utilising systems common across sex; however, apparently sex-overlapping traits serve to reinforce, not compromise sex binarity. Sexual identification and orientation might be expected to show degrees of sex non-separation, but seemingly through their very closeness in derivation from sex are themselves binary and immutable. Sexual orientation is of discrete (one majority and one minority aberrant) form; with bisexuality merely ostensible: male hypersexuality and female non-sexual tension reduction. Notions of sexual identity are chimeric: sex dysphoria is mostly latent homosexuality; the remainder intensified sexual self-orientation or psychopathology-driven social contagion of a condition imaginarily possessed.

Full text

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Photograph by Geralt – https://buysellgraphic.com/
S
EX IS NOT NON
-
BINARY
(
OR MUTABLE
),
AND NEITHER IS SEXUAL
IDENTITY OR ORIENTATION
Steven P. Moxon
ABSTRACT
Sex is defined functionally, in terms of gamete production, which is strictly binary and immutable.
Traits thought sex-derived (or related), in being at some remove may not be sex-specific, utilising
systems common across sex; however, apparently sex-overlapping traits serve to reinforce, not
compromise sex binarity. Sexual identification and orientation might be expected to show degrees of
sex non-separation, but seemingly through their very closeness in derivation from sex are
themselves binary and immutable. Sexual orientation is of discrete (one majority and one minority
aberrant) form; with bisexuality merely ostensible: male hypersexuality and female non -sexual
tension reduction. Notions of sexual identity are chimeric: sex dysphoria is mostly latent
homosexuality; the remainder intensified sexual self-orientation or psychopathology-driven social
contagion of a condition imaginarily possessed.
Keywords
: sex, (non-)binary, immutable, orientation, identity.

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SEX PER SE IS BINARY, INCLUDING IN RARE DEVELOPMENTAL ABERRATION
That sex is strictly binary and immutable is long established, and applies just as strongly in
the human case (e.g., most recently, Griffiths, 2020; Elliott, 2020; with Marinov, 2020, particularly
stressing its immutability). Sex is defined functionally, in terms of gametes (sex cells), with
individuals producing the small, motile gametes denoted male; those who produce the large,
immotile gametes, female. These authors reaffirm this binarity and immutability, and that no
individuals produce both types of gametes, in any proportion.. Even when the inception or pre-
embryonic development of sexed individuals goes awry, this holds nevertheless. Any of the
extremely rare pre-natal aberrations giving rise to a variety of intersex conditions still entails an
individual coming to possess only one type of potentially gamete-producing organ -- either
ovaries or testes: potential being the operative word, as most intersex individuals are anyway
sterile (infertile).
All intersex conditions … arise from single-gene mutations or chromosomal aberrations on a
genetic background that would have indisputably been producing male or female gametes had
these mutations not occurred. … True hermaphrodites possessing both sets of functional
gonads and genitalia have never been observed in Homo sapiens. Therefore the “intersex”
argument against the sex binary is simply not valid. Intersex individuals exist only because of
continuous de novo reintroduction of the relevant mutations in the population, recessive
genes becoming unmasked, or disruptions of normal embryonic development. (Marinov, 2020)
Marinov may not be completely accurate regarding hermaphrodism, in that this could exist
in a tiny subset of cases of a vanishingly rare intersex condition, ovotestis, where there are both
ovaries and testes, and individuals may be fertile, though nearly always only the ovaries actually
produce gametes. In less than a handful of recorded cases instead there is spermatogenesis. The
development of male or female reproductive system is mutually antagonistic, so that the male
pathway being initiated then inhibits the female, or vice-versa, though as with all systems this is
ultimately vulnerable to malfunction. One or two cases have been reported where both ovaries
and testes appear to produce gametes, which might allow the possibility of self-fertilisation,
though no such pregnancy has ever been reported in humans (Bayraktar, 2017).

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In any case, such a freak event would not compromise the binarity of sex. It hardly would
disprove the rule, as it were, as a highly rare exception indeed proves the rule here. Minuscule
prevalence of an exception would attest to an extraordinary stability of sex in its resilience to the
inevitable great array of possible malfunction occurring in the complexity of pre-natal
development. All manifestation of sex entails to varying degree mechanism that is but derivative
of sex, and, as with all mechanism, is liable to occasional malfunction. Even in that underpinning
the creation of sexed individuals -- the sex chromosome system and the supporting cellular
mechanisms -- there is the very faint possibility of generating male cum female. Whether male or
female is absolutely invariable, or invariable to the extent that exceptions are so rare as to be
practically invisible; either way, sex remains binary.
SEX BINARITY HOLDS AND STRENGTHENS IN WHAT IS SEX-DERIVED
Moving beyond aberration in immediately sex-derived mechanism of pre-natal
development, there are all sorts of traits that are either sex-specific or sex-dimorphic that may
either fully or partly distinguish the sexes. All is built upon sex in the sense that sex is the focus
directly or indirectly of all adaptation, given sex is foundational to biological system (and social
system, this being very much part of biology) in addressing the inherent most fundamental
problem of gene replication error, that otherwise would accumulate across generations, leading to
infertility and extinction. Sexual reproduction and the sexes evolved not to produce variation but
to effect purging (elimination of deleterious genetic material) through male competition for rank
according to genetic quality and corresponding female mate choice. [For reviews, see Moxon,
2016, 2012.]
Even so, at progressively further remove from sex per se it would be expected that
mechanism is recruited that is not necessarily and likely not sex-specific. It doesn’t need to be so
in itself if it can be recruited for sex-specific utility. Many traits are of this ilk given evolutionary
development is as economical as possible, depending as it does on the strength of selection
pressure. Sex-neutral new or co-opted (exapted, to use the evolutionary biology term) already-
evolved adaptations can evolve to be applied to both sexes (if differently in mode and function),
as these require less selection pressure than would originating new sex-specific traits. That is,
there may be selection pressure sufficient to lead to the evolution of new traits amorphous as to

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sex rather than ones that are sex-specific, as the latter would entail more complex mechanism.
Thus arise traits where the distinction between the sexes is progressively weaker the more distant
is their derivation from sex.
The sum total of traits with their varying degrees of sex-separation produce an apparent
overlap of the sexes, which sometimes is falsely considered a male-female continuum, as a
spurious basis of refuting the binary nature of sex. This is neatly dismissed by Elliot (2020):
[To] aggregate all these traits together and put them on a bimodal distribution, with two big
peaks we call male and female … is not how sex differences work. The two big peaks are not
male and female. Rather, the two big peaks represent the average of a given trait for males and
average of a given trait for females. The correct bimodal graph shows a separate bell curve for
males, and a separate curve for females. … male and female are not averages of anatomy and
physiology, but rather, describe the two evolved reproductive anatomies (Hilton & Wright,
2020). … A bimodal distribution for males and females means that there is variation within
males and variation within females. A short male does not suddenly become a female, and a
female with a lot of testosterone does not suddenly become a male. Thus, variation does not
equal sex (Schmitt, 2017). … The only reason we have a bimodal distribution for males and
females in the first place is because sex is binary.
In any case, the binary and immutable nature of sex is not refuted, because the complete
functional distinction of gamete production remains unaffected. Moreover, the functional divide
of sex becomes further elaborated and entrenched, given that the evolution of subsequent
adaptation to build on what already has evolved cannot but function to fine-tune and reinforce the
very original set of adaptations that gave rise to it. Otherwise there would be no basis of the
evolution. There is no going off at some novel tangent that does not better serve from whence it
sprang, and this applies just as much to culture, so there is no possibility that sex binarity will
ever be undermined. [See Moxon, 2010, for a fuller outline.]
SEXUAL ORIENTATION IS ALSO BINARY AND IMMUTABLE
Fairly immediately derived from sex is sexual orientation, though to the extent that it is but
derivative, it might be expected to be non-binary (and not immutable), or at least significantly
less than perfectly so. If instead this turns out not to be the case, then sex would be revealed to be
even more strictly binary (and immutable) than has been supposed.

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First, it’s necessary to establish aetiology. Homosexuality is regarded both by investigators
and homosexuals themselves as not a matter of choice or environmental causation but as being
inborn. Swaab, Wolff & Bao (2021) state: “There is no evidence that one's post-natal social
environment plays a crucial role in the development of gender identity or sexual orientation”.
Bailey et al. (2016) conclude: “There is considerably more evidence supporting non-social causes
of sexual orientation than social causes. This evidence includes the cross-culturally robust finding
that adult homosexuality is strongly related to childhood gender non-conformity”. [Note that by
orientation is (nowadays) meant attraction rather than behaviour, as the latter could be merely
situational (as, for example, in the case of heterosexual males in prison environments engaging in
homosexual acts).] In keeping with still no tenable hypothesis for even a frequency-dependent
adaptive value of homosexuality, only a relatively minor genetic contribution is revealed in family
and twin studies, with no candidate genes identified (Roselli, 2018). We are left with aberration in
foetal development. One or a number of potential malfunctions would have a statistical
probability of occurrence, providing a steady very low prevalence.
Long suspected in the case of male homosexuality has been a birth order effect (having a
number of older brothers), thought to be a result of the impact on the foetus of a maternal
immune response to a Y-chromosome protein. However, a meta-analysis of studies reveals this
would apply in the case of only a minority proportion of gays (Rao & Andrade, 2019), which other
research shows are those who prefer a receptive anal position, dubbed bottoms (Wampold, 2018;
Swift-Gallant, Coome, Monks & VanderLaan, 2018). So this concerns erotic roles within male
homosexuality, not sexual orientation.
The other longstanding hypothesis is abnormal pre-natal testosterone level, but evidence
has been at best mixed, and Breedlove (2017) concludes that there is no evidence of this for males;
only in respect of females -- that testosterone levels, compared to heterosexuals, are not lower in
gays, though they are higher in lesbians. Commenting on Breedlove, it’s argued by Skorska &
Bogaert (2017) that there likely is a role for pre-natal androgens in male homosexuality but that it
is complex, and Pasterski (2017) speculates that it may be due to disruption of peri-natal
testosterone, which Swift-Gallant, Shirazi, Puts & Breedlove (2021) posit is responsible for the sub-
group of male homosexuals dubbed ‘tops’, who prefer an insertive anal position. [They also

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suggest peri-natal ovarian steroids augment female heterosexuality, with disruption of these
precipitating lesbianism.] With all the data merely correlational, then in any case androgens may
not be causal but merely part of a cascade producing the end effect; that is, merely proximally
causative.
The aetiology -- the distal causation -- instead is clearly epigenetic, the (normally) non-
heritable modification of gene expression. A foetal developmental aberration of epi-marks that
normally protect the developing foetus from natural considerable variation in testosterone levels
(buffering the XX foetus from masculinisation by excessive androgen exposure, and XY foetuses
from feminisation by insufficient androgen exposure). If, unusually, these are not erased and
instead carry over across a generation, then opposite-sex offspring have an homosexual
orientation (Rice, Friberg & Gavrilets, 2012; Gavrilets, Friberg & Rice, 2018). This aetiology appears
to apply to females as well as to males (Ngun & Vilain, 2014). The epigenetic markers can be
detected and are predictive of sexual orientation (Ngun et al., 2015). Mathematical modelling in
the studies shows small-minority homosexual orientation does not undermine the adaptive value
of the epi-marks, and likewise the genes underpinning them. These easily spread in the
population given that they always increase parental fitness and only reduce offspring fitness in the
unusual instances of non-erasure. They are adaptive: there is no evolutionary puzzle. It’s an
inadvertent occasional biological switch whereby in a very small minority is initiated a same-sex
sexual orientation, leaving the great majority unaffected. Consequently, sexual orientation is not a
continuum whereby an individual is mostly homosexual and subsidiarily heterosexual or vice-
versa. It is not bipolar.
The notion of a hetero-to-homosexual continuum, as imagined in the Kinsey Scale of a
trade-off to varying degree between hetero- and homosexuality, is undermined by analysis
showing that the Kinsey Scale is not a measure of a single construct, but instead that opposite-sex
and same-sex orientation are orthogonal (Zietsch & Sidari, 2020); that is, entirely independent of
each other. That there is no continuum is the implication, Ganna et al. (2019) conclude, of the
absence of any genetic basis; as shown by that underpinning why ever versus never engaging in
homosexual behavior is not the same as what underpins the proportion of an individual’s sexual
behaviour that is homosexual. The seeming complexity of sexual orientation has prompted some

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to argue it is not simply a matter of genital arousal (Zivony, 2020; Feinstein & Galupo, 2020), but
this is the proxy for if not the definition of sexual orientation, so anything escaping this measure
hardly can be considered sexual orientation. Diamond (2021) interprets Ganna et al.’s findings as
an orthogonal distinction between sexual orientation per se and some other factor. In other
words, individuals who seem in the main heterosexual (or homosexual) but not exclusively so,
actually do have a binary sexual orientation, notwithstanding behaviour that at times may suggest
otherwise. Whatever this other factor may be, it is not sexual fluidity, Diamond points out, which
is a capacity for variation in sexual expression, and not evident in Ganna’s data. The notion of
fluidity comprises variation of very different forms, whereas Ganna’s data shows specifically
greater openness to unfamiliar, even taboo experiences, and (perhaps or) greater risk tolerance.
This would reflect hypersexuality, that neuroscientific findings by Li, Fernández-Guasti, Xu &
Swaab (2021) indicate is misinterpreted as fluidity.
OSTENSIBLE BISEXUALITY IS NOT A SEXUAL ORIENTATION
With sexual orientation being binary, and minority aberration in foetal development
creating homosexuality, there is further scope for developmental malfunction to create apparent
bisexuality; that is, ostensible though not actual bisexuality. There may be several kinds of
malfunctions, which would account for the classification by Savin-Williams (2021) of four types of
bisexuality: primary, closet, transitional or situational; with the attraction to both sexes in the
case of the primary sub-group being “to varying degrees”.
Given the either-or basis of epigenetic pre-setting of sexual orientation, it’s unlikely that
there is a potential fault whereby sexual orientation can be set to be both hetero- and
homosexual. A more likely potential fault is simple failure to set a sexual orientation, so that by
default there would be no distinguishing between the sexes as targets of sexual interest; instead
an indiscriminate sexual interest to encompass both the opposite and the same sex, with perhaps
a generally lower level of sexual interest irrespective of target. Much the more likely basis of
ostensible bisexuality is, however, the impact of non-sex-derived (or more distally-sex-derived)
traits tending to obscure the clarity of sexual orientation, rendering it ostensibly fluid.

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As regards males, there has been much doubt that bisexuality exists, but Jabbour et al.
(2020) in a meta-analysis of several studies conclude, contrary to much previous research, that
bisexual males are indeed sexually aroused by both sexes, though in varying proportion, not
equally. The qualification is illuminating, as true bisexuality would mean just as much attraction
to one sex as to the other. Also enlightening is that almost a third of subjects had to be excluded
by Jabbour et al. through “insufficient genital arousal for meaningful analysis”. This may indicate
two distinct populations of bisexuals. It’s also what Stief, Rieger & Savin-Williams (2014)
conclude, with one population, recruited using stringent selection criteria, found (as similarly by
Rosenthal, Sylva, Safron & Bailey, 2011) indeed to exhibit sexual arousal to both males and females;
whereas the other population, which would be included in sampling by much more relaxed
selection criteria (as also by Rieger, Bailey & Chivers, 2005), has sexual arousal patterns
indistinguishable from those of either heterosexuals or homosexuals. The latter individuals are
really either homosexual or heterosexual, and not actually bisexual (though some may be in effect
asexual). The population that instead is sexually arousable by both sexes, Stief, Rieger & Savin-
Williams reveal to possess elevated levels of sexual sensation-seeking and sexual curiosity, so are
‘‘proceptivity-driven’’; hypersexual, as it were, not sexually fluid. There is no variability in sexual
orientation, therefore. It’s binary. Instead there is simply greater sexual motivation and
consequent expression. In line with this, Lippa (2020) finds that “higher sex drive, sociosexuality,
and neuroticism and lower conscientiousness distinguished bisexual men from other groups”.
Bisexuals also have more pronounced dark triad traits: psychopathy and narcissism, according to
Jonason & Luoto (2021).
Male bisexuality is here revealed to be not a sexual orientation per se but the result of what
are personality factors raising the intensity of sexual interest to the point it overrides the usual
restriction to targeting one sex. In some circumstances the range of sexual targets can widen to
encompass both sexes, notwithstanding that sexual orientation per se is unchanged. Apparent
sexual fluidity is thus explained. Note, as aforesaid, that there isn’t equal attraction to both men
and women, but that these men are more aroused by other men than are heterosexual men, and
more aroused by women than are homosexual men, so that compared to men of either sexual
orientation they are more equally attracted to both sexes. This is what would be expected if these
ostensible bisexuals actually have an underlying either heterosexual or homosexual orientation,

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but through being unusually ‘proceptivity-driven’ (hypersexual) their sexuality spills over, partly
overcoming the usual discrimination between appropriate and inappropriate sexual targets.
In respect of the above-mentioned possibility of a malfunction to produce no sexual
preference for either sex -- no sexual orientation at all -- there may also be a population of male
ostensible bisexuals who reflect this, identified by implicit association testing (Snowden, Fitton,
McKinnon & Gray, 2020). This species of bisexuality also would be ostensible rather than real.
Overall, then, male bisexuality, in however it manifests, appears not to be a sexual
orientation per se, so is no challenge to the binary (and immutable) nature of sex, even though
issues of sexual orientation are but sex-derived -- at some remove from sex itself.
SPECIFICALLY FEMALE OSTENSIBLE BISEXUALITY IS NON-SEXUAL
Turning to female (apparent) bisexuality, it is well recognised that whereas for males
homosexuality is much more prevalent than (apparent) bisexuality, for females it is the inverse.
That is, “women are more likely to report as bisexual than an exclusively same-sex orientation;
men show the opposite pattern” (Bailey et al., 2016). Indeed, in women, “bisexual behavior is an
order of magnitude more common than exclusive homosexuality” (Luoto & Rantala, 2020).
According to Diamond (2021), “Instead of describing women as ‘more bisexual’, it is actually more
informative to describe women as ‘less exclusively same-gender attracted’”. It appears to be a
much looser phenomenon. So it is that Stief, Rieger & Savin-Williams (2014) find that bisexuality
in women is not just through elevated levels of sexual sensation-seeking and sexual curiosity, as it
is for men, but also, unlike for men, because of elevated levels of sexual excitability.
Hypersexuality and not fluidity, again. Luoto & Rantala similarly find that bisexual women have
“more male-typical personality traits, more unrestricted sociosexual attitudes and behavior, and
higher sexual responsiveness”.
There is something more profound afoot, however. According to Baldwin et al. (2016),
“bisexual women say that their attraction to other women is mainly emotional and their
attachment to men more sexual”. This completely undermines the notion of female bisexuality.
Bailey et al. (2016) additionally point out that “women appear more likely than men to experience
same-sex attraction in the context of close affectionate relationships”. Few would dispute that

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female intra-sexual affiliation -- women’s same-sex friendship -- is notably very close and physical,
such that distinguishing between the platonic and not entirely platonic is not easy. It is quite clear
that (apparent) bisexuality in women is even more a misnomer than it is in men. Furthermore,
this appears to apply to female sexual orientation more generally, not just to ostensibly bisexual
women. It has long been well established that whereas men’s sexual orientation is clearly
indicated by their sexual arousal to erotic stimuli, this is not the case for women, who show
physiological sexual arousal to both sexes, irrespective of sexual orientation (e.g., Holmes et al.,
2021).
There would seem to be an explanation (at least in part) for generally weak female sexual
orientation in women’s sexuality being predominantly non-relational, in erotic self-focus (e.g.,
Fertel, 2015), which is ubiquitous for women, far greater than it is for men, and with large effect
sizes. This is the internalisation of oneself as the object of desire: a woman is in substantial part
her own erotic subject, as she focuses on her own desirability without consideration for the
experience or even the attributes of the partner (Symons, 1990; Zurbriggen & Yost, 2004; Bogaert,
Visser & Pozzebon, 2015; Lehmiller, 2018). With such deep narcissism and irrelevance of partner,
then it should not be too surprising that indifference as to partner might to a degree extend even
to the partner’s sex.
Chivers (2017) explores the complexity of female sexual orientation, presenting and discussing
several hypotheses, but finds no basis of choosing between them. Diamond (2021) cuts through the
impasse in concluding that heterosexual women’s genital arousal pattern is uniquely fluid. However,
this is unlikely to reflect hypersexuality and a positive widening of sexual orientation, but instead mere
relative laxity (compared to the case for males) through sexual orientation not being imperative as it is
for the male. After all, compared to males there is less of an evolutionary biological imperative for
females to be canalised in sexual behaviour and cognition specifically regarding the opposite-sex,
considering it is the male who is the agentic sex, seeking out the female (the limiting factor in
reproduction) and being the penetrative party. As the party receptive to sexual penetration and in
general the one actively sought after rather than seeking, the female need be no more than passive,
then allowing selective sexual access to her from a range of suitors. However, there is scope for a
positive basis to such laxity: a factor atop binary sexual orientation.

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This is plasticity in the nature of female same-sex friendship, that Kanazawa (2017) proposes
is adaptive in diffusing the strong tension and conflict between co-wives in polygynous pair-
bonding. The severity of this tension and conflict is very well-attested (e.g., Essien, 2018;
Jankowiak, Sudakov & Wilreker, 2005), characterised by Madhavan (2002) in the paper’s title, Best
of friends and worst of enemies: competition and collaboration in polygyny. More fundamentally,
there is a cross-species major problem in social groups of female intra-sexual conflict, that cannot
be addressed by group fission, given the need for increased group size in the face of predation
risk. It’s long been known that low level agonistic interactions between female gorillas increase
dramatically in frequency with the number of females, and not with group size (males and
females both) per se (Watts, 1985); likewise in the case of baboons (Hill, Lycett & Dunbar, 2000),
causing elevated stress levels. The stress caused by female coalitions attacking other females
results in reproductive suppression -- more cycles before conception and longer inter-birth
intervals (Wasser & Starling, 1988). Lone males interpolated between small sub-groups of females
in order to reduce female-female fractiousness is the basis of the social pattern in the gorilla,
according to Dunbar (2020): “Conflicts between neighbouring harems are usually initiated by one,
occasionally two, females; if the conflict escalates, more females will become involved, until
eventually the harem males are drawn into the dispute and force the separation of the two groups
of females (Dunbar 1983b, 2018)”. Indeed, this is thought to be the basis of the harem in the first
place, and pair-bonding in many species (Gowaty, 1996). Given this female fractiousness being
such a fundamental problem, and requiring solutions that are foundational to social structure,
then it surely must have been adaptive for females to have evolved modes of same-sex
amelioration of tension that co-opted intimacy-promoting features of their sexual repertoire to
bolster non-sexual affiliation. As is the case generally with co-option in evolution, mechanism is
re-dedicated to a different function: the original function is not retained in the co-option. For
example, aspects of male dominance display in courtship clearly is in no way itself dominance
behaviour (towards the female being courted). It’s symbolic of male mate value, which is rank
(dominance relative to other males). Drawing on aspects of the sexual repertoire for an
adaptation concerning friendship is not some weak form of bisexuality.

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SEXUAL IDENTITY VARIATION IS CHIMERIC, WITH CHILDHOOD-ONSET SEX DYSPHORIA
BEING LATENT HOMOSEXUALITY
Sexual orientation of course does not entail any issue about which sex the individual
considers him/herself to be. The question of sexual identification arises, supposedly, with the
notion of trans-sexuality, that an individual can be in the process of or may actually achieve
change from one sex to the other. [The term has generally changed to trans-gender, which is to
obfuscate when what is meant is a biological sex change, and gender anyway is a confusing,
ideologically-derived term that should not have a place in science.] Trans is a misnomer, as there
is no transition towards anything. Any wish or effort is to maintain sexual identification, and any
desired change to the body, ostensibly to try to match it to the sexual identification, is impossible,
as no individual can ever change the type of gametes he/she produces, so no individual can be in
the process of such a change. Any so-called sex change can be nothing more than very superficial.
Not only does a sex-change operation not lead to gamete production, but the crude remodelling
of genitalia cannot render them functional, notably in respect of orgasm. No sex-specific
physiology of any kind is changed: for example, stress response mechanism, which is almost
entirely sex-dichotomous. [For a review, see Moxon, 2015.] As is now popularly appreciated from
the controversy in sports over those dubbed male-to-female trans-sexuals, foetal sex hormones lay
down gross body changes that no post-natal administering of opposite-sex sex hormones can
reverse.
Underpinning the misnomer of trans-sexuality is the medically acknowledged condition of
gender dysphoria, that was almost unheard of, and in surveys vanishingly rare prior to its recent
politicisation. Nevertheless, that at least a minuscule minority experience some sort of significant
discomfort is a real phenomenon that should not be dismissed. [Note, again, that with gender a
confusing, ideologically-derived term, henceforth I will substitute sex dysphoria.] However, it too
a misnomer, to the extent of there being no evidence of the notion of a female brain within an
otherwise male body, or vice-versa. Indeed, it’s contradicted by findings of no anticipated
anomalies in the very parts of the brain that exhibit sex dimorphism (Savic & Arver, 2011). It’s
theoretically possible for rare sex dysphoria to result from an aberration in one of the surges of
organising hormones at different points during foetal development (as suggested by Holmes at al,
2021). Given that an early testosterone surge governs the development of genitalia and only later,

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after aromatisation to estradiol, does testosterone masculinise the brain (e.g., Panksepp, 1988),
then if something goes awry in one of these, it may be possible that some sort of disjunction
occurs that is experienced or is interpreted as sex dysphoria. Yet as there is no evidence of such a
phenomenon, the notion of a female brain in a male body is a caricature of sex dysphoria: a
widespread (mis-)apprehension that is understandable in arising as a simple and not too
implausible way to describe sex dysphoria, to try to establish it as a profound and immutable
phenomenon akin to homosexuality.
A more likely aetiology and characterisation is a compounding by other mental disorders of
a simple, weak conceptualisation of sex dysphoria as the disconcerting body and brain changes of
puberty quite rapidly turning the child into a sexually mature adult, that might be misconstrued
as an instability in sexual identity. As Evans (2021) points out: “The experience of being dislocated
from one's body, which is changing rapidly in many ways, is not uncommon in adolescence.”
While adolescent bodily changes are unlikely to be problematic for the vast majority, it would be
anticipated for a small minority at the extreme of normal distribution this is not so, and that very
rarely this presents as a clinical psychological condition, especially or perhaps necessarily if in
conjunction with one or more other mental disorders, notably autism, which is a well-known
major co-morbidity of sex dysphoria (Kallitsounaki, Williams & Lind, 2021; Dutton & Madison,
2021).
An account at length of this topic is the book by the sexologist, Debra Soh: The End of
Gender: Debunking the Myths About Sex and Identity in our Society. Soh’s outline is in terms of
typology by seasoned sexologists Blanchard (Blanchard, 2005) and Bailey & Blanchard (2017), as
endorsed by others. As this is the only scientific account available, and there has been no cogent
scientific challenge to their position (only non-cogent, ideologically driven critique), then this
typology is the scientific position, and what is briefly summarised in what follows.
There is a typological distinction between early- and late-onset sex dysphoria. The former,
in both sexes, arises in childhood, long before puberty, with individuals exhibiting gender non-
conforming -- opposite-sex-typical -- behaviour from a very early age, and exhibiting an
exclusively homosexual orientation already by puberty. It’s latent homosexuality. Thus, the male
version of this early-onset form is known as androphilic sex dysphoria, or simply the gay sub-type.

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This explains why “the vast majority of children who voice the desire to be the opposite sex will
eventually change their minds, growing up to be gay and comfortable in the body they were
given” (Soh, 2020, p164). Singh (2021) concurs. Four decades of research is summed up by Soh:
“across all eleven long-term studies ever done of gender dysphoric children, between 60% and
90% desist by puberty (Davenport 1986; Drummon, Bailey, Bedali-Peterson & Zucker, 2008; Green
1987; Kosky 1987, Lebovitz 1972; Money & Russo 1979; Singh 2012; Steensma, McGuire, Kreukels,
Beckman, Cohen-Ketennis 2013; Wallien & Cohen-Ketennis 2008; Zuger 1978; & Zuger 1984). …
Regardless of whether you look at older or newer studies, no matter how large or small the sample
size, or where in the world and which research team conducted it, the data are irrefutable” (p141)
… “… even when you remove kids who are less severe from the study analysis, the rate of
desistance is still over 80 percent” (p144) … “Even after removing the number of children lost to
study attrition from analysis, the desistance rate was still more than 50 percent” (p146). And these
statistics don’t include those who desisted after puberty. With these cases added, the total
amounts to the “vast majority”, Soh claims.
OSTENSIBLE SEXUAL IDENTITY INVERSION IS SEXUAL SELF-ORIENTATION
The late-onset form (not arising until puberty at the very earliest) is also not what it may
seem, being a sexual self-orientation: that is, it’s inwardly directed. Erotic-target identity inversion,
as it is labelled by Hsu & Bailey (2021) and Brown, Barker & Rahman (2020), is not an actual
changed identification or orientation, but a narcissistic intensification combining existing sexual
identification and orientation. In males this is an heterosexual fantasy of being oneself female;
that is, imagining oneself as the object of one’s own sexual desire, but remaining heterosexual.
This is termed autogynephilic sex dysphoria, which typology by Blanchard and Bailey is endorsed
by other researchers, notably Lawrence (2017), who pointedly rejects what are minor or non-
cogent critiques by Serano (2010) and Moser (2010b).
Presumably, adding an extra dimension to a male sense of knowing and being inside the
female further eroticises the male sexual role; the male thereby achieves a fuller male sexual
expression and experience. What has been missed (or at least not spelt out) is an interesting
paradox here, in that although the male fantasises about being the female object of his desire, he

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cannot actually become the female, as it’s a fantasy from the vantage of the male, in whom, of
course, is vested all the eroticism here. Consequently, albeit the male indeed wants to become the
female in the fantasy, he hardly can want actually to become female. To do so would remove the
very basis of the fantasy, and hardly would create any satisfaction. The reality is revealed in what
Bailey & Blanchard (2017) say about the female equivalent of this type of sex dysphoria (see
below), that “becoming … appears to be the primary goal or very close to it”. Very close -- In other
words not quite -- is the operative aspect of the phenomenon here. It seems, then, that
autogynephilic sex dysphoria is an elaboration on top of male identity & male heterosexual
orientation, and not some change in either. Any feeling that an actual sex change is required
would be a case of ideation running away with itself, as it were, through the recruitment of
various cognitive resources in the considerable effort of upholding the fantasy, in the likely
service of unmet psychological needs evident in co-occurring mental illness.
The corresponding (though possibly subtly different) female form is autohomoerotic sex
dysphoria, which is an heterosexual fantasy of engaging in male homosexual sexual activity.
Specifically this would be receiving penetration from a male homosexual, facilitated by an
imagined morphing from a female to a male homosexual ‘bottom’ (a male homosexual with a
receiving anal sexual role), the object of desire for a male homosexual ‘top’ (a male homosexual
with an insertive anal sexual role). So the female receptive sexual role is maintained, and as with
autogynephilic sex dysphoria it looks like an intensified eroticisation of one’s own sex. As
mentioned above, Bailey & Blanchard (2017) write that “becoming a gay man appears to be the
primary goal or very close to it”. Again, that this is not quite is revealing. The desire hardly can be
to become an homosexual male, given this would destroy the perspective of the female who is the
author of the fantasising in the first place. As with autogynephilic sex dysphoria, in getting ‘inside’
the object of the fantasy -- here, the male homosexual ‘bottom’ perspective -- the female achieves
fuller (female) sexual expression and experience. It seems, then, that just as with the male (near)
equivalent, it’s an elaboration on top of female identity & female heterosexual orientation, and
not some change in either.
SOCIAL CONTAGION OF FALSELY ASSUMED SEX DYSPHORIA
A further form, rather than sex dysphoria per se is a phenomenon of merely assumed

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hitherto hidden sex dysphoria, as a means of simply accounting for if not pathologising
experienced problems. The individual believes she/he has a sex dysphoria she/he does not have.
Unlike other forms, its onset is not gradual but sudden and rapid, with no prior sex dysphoria,
and is designated rapid onset gender dysphoria. [As before, I will reject the term gender and
substitute sex: rapid onset sex dysphoria.] This form is overwhelmingly female and may be female-
specific, though a very small proportion of diagnoses are of males. As established by Littman
(2018, and, in trivial correction after non-cogent critique, 2019), whose findings are endorsed by
clinicians (e.g., Hutchinson, Midgen & Spiliadis, 2019; Zucker, 2019), it’s a classic social contagion.
Susceptibility is linked to psychological disorder: most of these children having at least one, such
as autism, and, according to Soh (2020), citing the sex dysphoria expert, Susan Bradley, many
having a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder, or a history of obsessional behaviour.
There is a remarkable similarity in all key characteristics to the supposed recovered memory
and multiple personality disorder epidemic in the 1990s of alleged child sex abuse (and even ritual
satanic sex abuse) in imaginary adult recollection as a simple way to account for, pathologise and
gain sympathy for individual experienced problems. Despite there being no scientific basis to
either recovered memory or multiple personality disorder, only when they were exposed as fictions
(notably by Ofshe & Watters, in their 1995 book, Making Monsters: False Memories,
Psychotherapy & Sexual Hysteria) did the nonsense even of ritual satanic child sex abuse cease to
be taken seriously. The whole protracted, very well-publicised mania is today as if it never had
existed, such is its loss to popular memory. Indeed, it is currently recapitulated as long-after-the-
event putative recall of early-adult or peri-adult sex abuse in the #metoo bandwagon of
exaggerating often flimsy complaint not made at the time. Albeit less implausible than recovered
memory and multiple personality disorder, it’s no more scientific, with reliance on putative
accurate recall after several decades -- despite voluminous scientific evidence this is impossible
and almost guaranteed to produce false memory. Likewise unsupported by any scientific research,
and counter to all experience, is the supposed invariable, irrevocable harm (post-traumatic stress
disorder) taken to result from even the most trivial sexual assault (or mere poor communication
within a sexual encounter).

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Rapid onset sex dysphoria has nothing to do with sexual identification. Neither do the forms
of actual sex dysphoria, given that even in the minority of cases where the dysphoria doesn’t
subside and disappear, the individual is either homosexual (having the other binary sexual
orientation) or has simply intensified identification without changing it, combining it with
orientation. That some individuals feel so strongly that they need to (and imagine that it is
feasible to) change sex, and choose to take the drastic step to supposedly transition through so-
called gender reassignment (hormone treatment and, eventually, crude surgical work to produce a
rough superficial facsimile of opposite-sex genitals), is not evidence against the scientific
understanding of sex dysphoria herein outlined, especially as only a minority opt for full transition
(Hall, Mitchell & Sachdeva, 2021). Neither is the relief sometimes attested by those who transition,
given commonly expressed dissatisfaction after transitioning. Many such cases, and those of
detransitioners, have been studied, but, given the major problems following-up cases, there has
been no proper attempt to quantify these cases as proportions of the whole set of those who are
minded to or actually transition. Soh discusses detransitioning at length, showing progressive
attrition of samples at different junctures of large numbers of cases, as would be expected with a
high rate of disatisfaction. The vast bulk of detransitioning is invisible to official data -- not least
because unlike with transitioning there is no requirement to see a doctor -- which are therefore
meaningless. An unknown but a suspected large, very rapidly growing proportion of those who
complete or have embarked on transition have transition regret, and of these many may then
detransition (Donym, 2018; Soh, 2020). Nevertheless, many individuals would be expected to
maintain their belief, given a placebo effect and that focus on what appears to be a solution can be
itself cathartic of co-occurring, likely predisposing mental health conditions; the more so the
more cult-like and ideological is the belief. Furthermore, once embarked upon, jettisoning the
belief would entail abandoning the salving of cognitive dissonance the belief affords, just as the
psychic crutch fades with the dawning reality that it doesn’t thus function, if indeed it isn’t a
chimera.
The virulent objections of activists to a scientific understanding is to be expected as these
usually are not objections on behalf of those with sex dysphoria (most of whom see this as
hijacking by those who have their own political interests at odds with theirs). It’s instead part of
the relentless perpetration of the extreme ideology of identity politics, which is not the concern

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for minorities it purports to be, but a mode of political revenge against the mass of ordinary
people (Moxon, 2014). Just as homosexuality was hijacked by activists and misrepresented as
being not part of the biological binary nature of sex but instead belonging to a supposedly socially
constructed continuum of sexual orientation / identity, the same has occurred in respect of trans-
sexuality. To this end, just as the prevalence of homosexuality was deliberately inflated to be an
order of magnitude greater than the reality, so too (and far more) has trans-sexuality. All is
manifestation of the exponential growth of a totalitarianism, that as it grows and proliferates,
diversifies and gets bolder, confident that notions ever more distant from reality can be foisted on
the populace, brooking no dissent. The bigger the lie -- the more widespread, all-encompassing
and in-depth it is -- the harder it is to have the perspective from which it is easily refutable.
CONCLUSION
Just as with ostensible bisexuality and a putative sexuality continuum, there is nothing in
the misnomer trans-sexual(gender) nor in sex(gender)-dysphoria that actually is any change in
sexual identification or sexual orientation, never mind raising any binary versus non-binary issue.
With no challenge to the binary or immutable nature of sex, it is clear that not only is sex per se
binary and immutable, but so too are sexual orientation and identification, notwithstanding they
are but derivative of sex, and therefore might be expected, through confounding by other traits, to
provide a fuzzier, non-binary, mutable picture. That a binary and immutable nature is clear even
in what is sex-derived as well as in sex per se, confirms the profundity of the binary, immutable
nature of sex.
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NEW MALE STUDIES: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ~ ISSN 1839-7816 ~ Vol 11, Issue 1, 2022, Pp. 21–43
© 2022 AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF MALE HEALTH AND STUDIES
AUTHOR PROFILE
Steve Moxon is an English independent (non-affiliated) cross-disciplinary
researcher/writer of science review papers and books outlining original theory on
the biological roots of human sociality, behaviour and psychology, with a special
interest in the sexes—sex-difference/dichotomy. Regularly journal-published for
the past decade, his topics include dominance hierarchy (and associated reproductive
suppression), pair-bonding, partner violence, competitiveness, stress response mechanism, the
origin of the sexual divide, and why culture is biology. Throughout is a necessary bottom-up
approach, excluding all ideology: an avowed stance against ‘PC’ (‘identity politics’), especially its
core of feminism; all being non-, indeed anti-science. Steve also researches/writes about
mythologies (ancient and contemporary), these being another window on understanding
humanity; and is a songwriter, singer & guitarist. He resides in the Pennine hills north of
Sheffield, Yorkshire, where he grew up, feels at home, and can walk or cycle through the stunning
countryside of steep-sided wooded valleys and gritstone edges.
Contact details: stevemoxon3@talktalk.net
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