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Jurnal_Pekommas_Vol._7_No._1,_Juni_2022:_63_–_76
.
doi: 10.30818/jpkm.2022.2070107
News Sources and Consideration in Making Editorial and Commercial
Content in the YouTube News Channels
Sumber Berita dan Pertimbangan dalam Pembuatan Konten Editorial dan
Komersial pada Saluran YouTube Media Berita
Roswita Oktavianti1), Sinta Paramita2), Gregorius Genep Sukendro3)
1,2,3 Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi, Universitas Tarumanagara
1,2Jl. Letjen S. Parman No. 1 Jakarta Barat 11440, Indonesia
roswitao@fikom.untar.ac.id1), sintap@fikom.untar.ac.id2), geneps@fikom.untar.ac.id3)
Diterima : 6 Januari 2022 || Revisi : 23 Juni 2022 || Disetujui: 29 Juni 2022
Abstract – YouTube has increasingly gained popularity among news media outlets. Numerous contents have
been uploaded on news media official YouTube channels either in the form of regular or commercial news. In
Indonesia, two national news media outlets, Kompas.com and Tribunnews.com, which initially focused on
publishing their articles on their website, have employed so-called mobile journalists who can primarily
produce and edit news videos for YouTube. This study is part of our research on the content industry in a
disruptive era with mass media in Indonesia as a subject. This research aims to seek editorial and commercial
content sources from mobile journalists and the considerations mobile journalists should make when creating
editorial and commercial content for YouTube news channels. To answer these questions, we have identified
the trending topics on social media and conducted a content analysis. In addition, we observed Kompas.com
and Tribunnews.com YouTube channels and conducted interviews with the news editorial staff. The findings
showed that regular news, trending and viral news, unique and in-depth reporting and online events,
international news, Q&A with experts based on users' comments, and hot news from other YouTube accounts
are the primary news sources for mobile journalists. These are utilized for either business purposes or
newsroom agendas. It also discusses what aspects the journalists must consider before producing editorial and
commercial content on their YouTube news channels.
Keywords: editorial content, commercial content, news media, YouTube.
Abstrak – Popularitas YouTube membuat media massa semakin intensif menciptakan konten untuk diunggah
di saluran berita mereka. Konten yang diunggah pun tidak hanya terkait berita laporan jurnalis di lapangan,
tetapi juga berita yang dibuat untuk tujuan komersil. Dua media nasional di Indonesia, Kompas.com dan
Tribunnews.com yang awalnya fokus melaporkan berita dalam bentuk artikel atau teks, memiliki jurnalis
khusus atau mobile journalist untuk membuat berita video yang diunggah di saluran YouTube. Artikel ini
berangkat dari penelitian terkait dengan industri konten di era disruptif dengan subyek pada industri media
massa di Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui apa saja sumber konten editorial dan komersial
bagi mobile journalist, dan pertimbangan jurnalis dalam membuat konten editorial dan komersial pada akun
YouTube media berita. Dalam menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, penulis memetakan terlebih dahulu trending
topic percakapan di media sosial, melakukan analisis isi dan observasi pada dua akun YouTube Kompas.com
dan Tribunnews.com, dan wawancara pada tim redaksi. Penelitian menemukan bahwa berita reguler, trending
dan viral, liputan khusus dan mendalam serta event online, berita internasional, tanya jawab dengan pakar,
dan berita terkini dari akun YouTube lain, menjadi sumber pembuatan konten editorial dan komersial di
YouTube. Artikel ini juga mendiskusikan tentang aspek apa saja yang perlu dipertimbangkan jurnalis sebelum
memproduksi konten editorial dan komersil pada channel berita YouTube mereka.
Kata kunci: konten editorial, konten komersial, YouTube media berita.
INTRODUCTION
The rise of digital media, particularly social networking
sites, has affected the landscape of legacy media
outlets. In maintaining their audiences, clients, and
advertisers, media organizations must expand their
news from merely paper and online articles to videos
uploaded on YouTube. As a video-sharing platform,
YouTube has efficiently proven to deliver videos to
end-users. It allows content creators to upload their
videos easily, convert from different formats, and tag
uploaded videos with popular keywords (Cheng et al.,
2008).
News media are ranked third on YouTube, below
the amateurs and corporate publishing, due to the less
News Sources and Consideration in Making Editorial… (Roswita Oktavianti, Sinta Paramita & Gregorius Genep Sukendro)
64
presence on YouTube. Therefore, they should roll out
new ways to distribute news produced for users. The
new model allows users to create news. Consequently,
they should reconsider their strategies for posting their
news on YouTube (Krebs et al., 2021; Monzer et al.,
2020).
Private companies are increasingly utilizing
YouTube channels for their content marketing
purposes. They argue that this video platform provides
an effective environment for companies to
communicate with consumers regarding interactivity,
attention, emotion, and cognitive messages (Wang &
Chan-Olmsted, 2020). As a result, many companies use
YouTube to interact with their consumers, followed by
national and international news media. In 2020, a
survey conducted by the Pew Research Center found
that news organization channels associated with TV
stations, including broadcast and cable outlets such as
CNN, Fox News, and BBC, are considered popular
YouTube news channels. Other channels are affiliated
with newspapers and magazines such as The New York
Times and The Economist. In addition, it shows that
YouTube has been an essential source of news for
Americans, where about a quarter of adults stated that
they watch the news on YouTube (Stocking et al.,
2020).
That survey has supported the previous research
conducted by Common Sense Media in 2019, which
found that fifty percent of teenagers aged 13 to 17 in
the US get news from YouTube and other social media
sites such as Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook. Fewer
than half of teenagers get information directly from
print, online, and TV news organizations (Robb &
Wronski, 2019). Both surveys prove that YouTube is
popular user news and information source.
Similarly, Indonesians prefer to watch videos about
people or blogs, sports, music, news or politics, and
comedy or entertainment (Nofriani, 2018). The Digital
News Report 2021, published by the Reuters Institute
for the Study of Journalism, shows that in Indonesia,
YouTube ranked second as the primary source for news
(46%), just behind the messaging platform WhatsApp
(60%). Other social media platforms accessed by
Indonesian users consecutively are Facebook,
Instagram, Twitter, and Telegram. However, online
and social media remain the most popular news sources
in Indonesia, where most users access news via mobile
phones (85%).
Based on the upward trend of social media usage,
Indonesian TV stations, newspapers, and online media
have expanded their production to YouTube by making
short videos. Based on the author's previous research
on national television, the television company
established a social media division team to disseminate
their contents shortly after it aired on TV. For instance,
one of RCTI's news programs, "Seputar iNews," shared
its videos on Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and
MeTube. The latter is a digital platform owned by
iNews TV Group. As a result, news published on TV
would be cut into shorter clips, corresponding to new
audience habits of using mobile phones to access
information. Even though video-sharing platforms
have not been able to generate more revenue than
television, this distribution can bring new viewers,
particularly millennials (Oktavianti & Utami, 2019).
In addition, YouTube has been a part of the new
media ecology. It reflects that mass media must be
dynamic to withstand media pressure.
And competition with other platforms. For example, a
study shows that television journalists from Kompas
TV, SCTV, and CNN Indonesia in Ambon send their
videos to the head office in Jakarta so that they would
air on regular news television or the official YouTube
account. However, due to the past ethnicity, religion,
race, and intergroup relations conflict issues, the
journalists tend to frame their diverse news beforehand,
as they are aware that videos could rapidly spread to
the users and may incite tension across the area
(Oktavianti & Loisa, 2021).
Other media and journalism scholars in Indonesia
have focused their study on MNC Group, one of the
giant media companies in Indonesia. It has four free-to-
air television stations: iNews, RCTI, MNC, and Global
TV. Their study found that social media platforms are
program extensions that MNC Group uses to promote
their news programs. The social media team of MNC
uses social media to reach audiences who have not
watched their news on television. This team not only
uploaded content but also acted as content creators
(Yoedtadi & Hapsari, 2020).
The research mentioned above emphasizes
YouTube accounts affiliated with Indonesian TV
stations. It may be since television is still the most
widely used medium by millions of people who are not
online (Steele, 2021). Indonesian media and journalism
scholars should fill this gap by researching YouTube
content produced by online news sites. Indonesia has
verified more online media than print, radio, and
television. The Indonesian Press Council has published
data regarding press companies that have been verified
Jurnal Pekommas, Vol. 7 No. 1, Juni 2022: 63_–_76
65
as factual and administrative from January to
November 2020. Cyber media has accounted for 254,
which is more than print, radio, and television
(Djauhar, 2020).
Therefore, further study is needed to understand
how online media can survive in the industry by
expanding their content onto the YouTube platform.
This research aims to determine the primary news
sources used by video journalists and the aspects that
need to be considered when creating editorial and
commercial content for YouTube news channels. In
addition, this study focuses on an emerging type of
social media platform: YouTube news media.
A wide variety of videos are uploaded on YouTube
every day. The biggest concern was deciding which
content would be utilized for editorial and business or
advertising purposes, as there may be no boundaries on
each side (Harlow, 2017). The study would identify
news and commercial videos aired on YouTube news
channels.
Advertising has played a significant role as one of
the primary sources of revenue for media industries.
The digital invention has created tensions in the sector
by blurring borders between journalism's editorial and
business sides. These refer to native advertising, in
which commercial content is presented in a similar
form and function as editorial content. As a result, the
user will have the experience of reading the news
instead of advertising content. Changes in marketing
practices contradict the long-standing normative
tradition of separating editorial and commercial
content. Newsrooms must maintain their authority and
autonomy from commercial actors (Ferrer-Conill et al.,
2020; Harlow, 2017).
The mass media in Indonesia, consisting of print
media, electronic media, and the internet, is regulated
under Law No. 40 of 1999 on Press, the Broadcasting
Law, and Cyber Law. The Indonesian Broadcasting
Commission (KPI) is an independent state institution
and a manifestation of public participation that
regulates broadcasting activities, including the news
broadcast on television. KPI is located in central and
regional governments. However, no authority currently
monitors and imposes sanctions on YouTube news
media, implying the absence of clear boundaries
between news and advertising on YouTube news
channels.
METHODOLOGY
The researchers use a qualitative approach to establish
the meaning of a phenomenon from the participants'
perspective by identifying a culture-sharing group and
analyzing how it develops shared behavioral patterns
over time (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). In addition, the
researchers conducted interviews and observed
trending topics on social media and YouTube videos
during participant activities.
With the case study approach, this study focused on
the YouTube accounts of two leading news and media
websites in Indonesia. Case studies have been a joint
research strategy used in many situations that have
contributed to our understanding of individuals,
groups, organizational, social, political, and related
phenomena in various contexts. It is also favored when
analyzing contemporary events (Yin, 2003).
Based on the November 2021 ranking of the top
news and media websites in Indonesia, Kompas.com
and Tribunnews.com ranked first and third as the most
visited websites among other online news media. Both
are owned by Kompas Gramedia Media, a multi-
business Indonesian company specializing primarily in
mass media. It also has the most widely circulated daily
newspaper in Indonesia, Kompas (similarweb, 2021).
In late 2021, the Kompas.com official YouTube
account had approximately 440,000 (440K) subscribers
and 178.3 million views. According to its website, they
joined the platform for the first time on April 1, 2013.
Meanwhile, Tribunnews.com's YouTube channel has
gained more than 3.79 billion views and 6.41 million
subscribers since its launch on March 20, 2014.
Multiple stages are involved in answering the
research questions, from the initial data collection to
analysis. Yin (2003) highlighted that the case study
relies on many similar techniques used in the previous
studies. This research adds two data collection
methods: direct observation and interviews of the
person involved in the events.
In the first stage, researchers identify the most-
discussed topic on Twitter through direct observation,
evident from the trending topic list on its website. The
data samples are obtained from the Twitter trending
topics in mid-December 2021 or December 16, 2021.
The case study means a spatially delimited
phenomenon or a unit observed simultaneously or over
time (Gerring, 2007).
After identifying several topics, the researcher
observed YouTube videos in both news media,
Kompas.com and Tribunnews.com. The news-editorial
News Sources and Consideration in Making Editorial… (Roswita Oktavianti, Sinta Paramita & Gregorius Genep Sukendro)
66
staff confirmed the observation findings on social
media and YouTube videos. The first informant works
as a news video producer for Kompas.com, and the
second informant is an editor for Tribunnews.com in
Jakarta. Both informants are responsible for uploading
content to the official YouTube account. The
interviews are transcribed and analyzed alongside
social media and video observation. This data leads to
two themes: news sources and aspects considered in
making videos.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The first finding is presented in a table of Twitter
trending topics during the observation period, followed
by an observation of YouTube content on Kompas.com
and Tribunnews, and supported by statements from
both news video producers.
Table 1 Twitter news trending on December 16, 2021
Trending topic
Tweet
Gaga
51k
#tolakgalonsekalipakai
3438
#ErickHadapiDuniaBaru
38,9k
#TangkapProfHoax
2,626
#GugatPresidentialThreshold
4986
#Perpres104
-
#aquarusaklingkungan
1599
#AyoVaksin70Persen
2629
PT 0%
6981
Waspada Varian Omricon
4173
Table 1 displays Twitter's trending topics on
December 16 December 2021. The finding shows that
Gaga Muhammad dominated Twitter's trending issues
after the death of his ex-girlfriend, Laura Anna. After a
car accident in which Gaga was the driver left her
paralyzed and Gaga stopped caring for her in the
hospital, both young social media celebrities received
extensive media attention.
The second trending topic was news about Erick
Thohir, the Indonesian minister of state-owned
enterprises, with the hashtags (#)
ErickHadapiDuniaBaru (#ErickFacesTheNewWorld).
On that date, he announced that the government would
launch the Merah Putih fund to assist new startup
companies in Indonesia to become unicorns. The third
and fourth positions are; PT 0% and
#GugatPresidentialThreshold, in which the chairman of
the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK)
proposed a zero percent presidential threshold to
reduce high political costs and eradicate corruption,
which has generated pros and cons.
The other topics are news related to the Omicron
coronavirus variant, which was first detected in
Indonesia on Wednesday evening, December 15, 2021,
but was only announced by the Health Minister of
Indonesia on Thursday, December 16, 2021. In
addition, the vaccination campaign across Indonesia
has generated the hashtags #AyoVaksin70Persen,
(#LetsVaccinate70Percent). The viral
#TangkapProfHoax (#CatchHoaxProf) hashtag has
received thousands of mentions in response to an image
uploaded by a prominent Indonesian professor that
might not be related to his caption. He was suspected
of spreading hoaxes or fake information.
Two other trending hashtags were related to the
environmental issue. These are #tolakgalonsekalipakai
(#refusedisposablegallons) and #aquarusaklingkungan
(#aquadamagedtheenvironment). Internet users have
protested an Indonesian mineral water company, Aqua,
as it has been introducing disposable gallons. It
contradicts the national and global efforts to reduce
household plastic bottled water. In Indonesia, many
hits are due to its negative environmental impact.
Kompas.com's YouTube Channel Content
Table 2 displays the list of videos uploaded to the
YouTube channel of Kompas.com on December 16,
2021. In addition, researchers listed the videos based
on trending topics on the same day in Table 1.
Table 2 Kompas.com YouTube videos on December 16, 2021
Video
News
Identification
Total
Laura Anna, Gaga
Muhammad
Trending
15
Omicron
Trending
7
Vaksin
Trending
1
Karantina Pejabat
Regular
1
Semeru
Regular
1
Sumur Resapan
Regular
1
Sidang Munarman
Regular
3
Sidang Rachel Vennya
Regular
1
International news
Regular
2
Update Data Covid dari
Satgas
Commercial
content
1
Jurnal Pekommas, Vol. 7 No. 1, Juni 2022: 63_–_76
67
SPESIAL DALAM RANGKA
HARI GURU NASIONAL;
OPINI KOMUNITAS:
TRAVELING DI TENGAH
ANCAMAN OMICRON,
TUNDA ATAU GAS TERUS?
Webinar &
Webinar
schedule
2
Viral: Video Polisi
Abaikan Korban Tabrak
Lari Viral di Medsos
Viral
1
The topics on social media prompted the creation of
videos on those topics, for instance, videos about Gaga,
Omicron, and the Covid-19 vaccine. Informant 1, the
news video producer for Kompas.com, admitted that
the day's most popular news becomes the primary
consideration in deciding which videos will be created
and uploaded on YouTube.
"First, we indeed focus on the news that is
currently trending. Then, we would produce
information from different angles. It also requires
skills to split information into smaller segments.
This skill seems similar to that of online
journalists, as they should write news and divide it
into different points of view. Finally, we apply
what we did as online journalists to the videos" (a
news video producer Kompas.com, in December
2021).
In addition, some journalists covered news at
specific locations, such as the ministry, the court, or a
particular event. According to Table 2, six news items
are identified as regular news. The news was about
karantina pejabat (quarantine for officers), (mountain)
Semeru, sumur resapan (infiltration wells), Sidang
Munarman (Munarman Trial), Sidang Rachel Vennya
(Rachel Vennya Trial), and international news. These
are not trending on social media on December 16, 2021,
but are categorized as common news. Informant 1
stated that that news is daily news in which reporters
update specific information due to its newsworthiness.
Since the eruption of Mount Semeru in East Java at
the beginning of December 2021, daily updates on the
volcano's activity have become essential. The narrative
of news videos might be originated from Kompas.com
or online journalists. In the meantime, the footage was
obtained from the video journalists or Kompas TV, a
television station owned by Kompas Gramedia Media.
Therefore, the informant said it was common to refer to
their profession as "mobile journalists" or "mojo."
Kompas.com has two teams: mobile journalists
equipped with mobile phones and laptops to create and
edit videos, and multimedia journalists more likely to
use cutting-edge equipment such as high-quality
cameras.
Picture 1 A Kompas.com YouTube channel. A short video
of an online press conference held by the Ministry of
Health on December 16, 2021, announced the first Omicron
case detected in Indonesia.
The informant emphasizes that despite working
under the same company group, the mobile journalists
of Kompas.com must abide by particular rules
regarding using quotes from the Kompas.com website
and video footage from Kompas TV. Therefore, mobile
journalists need to comply with copyright issues and
respect the work of others by following strict rules such
as mentioning Kompas.com and placing the Kompas
TV logo on videos, and vice versa.
Unlike other news media outlets, the YouTube
account for Kompas.com attracts large viewers
interested in international news. Kompas follows
reputable news agencies, including Antara, AFP, and
AP, to produce international news. Compared to other
YouTube news channels, Kompas.com's daily
international news videos are viewed by a larger
audience. Kompas.com generates at least five
international news videos daily.
"Yesterday, we produced five news videos with
varying angles on the ambergris found by Thais. It
is produced by sperm whales and is worth billions
of rupiah due to its rarity. Next, we checked the
AP that we had previously subscribed to. They
happened to have the footage. Then we made a
series of videos beginning with the reason behind
the high price, the origin, and the benefits" (a news
video producer Kompas.com, in December 2021).
Other sources of news are social media videos that
went viral. In Table 2, one of the viral videos was a
video of a police officer driving a car while ignoring an
accident victim lying down on the road. The newsroom
titled it "Viral: The Video of Police Have Ignored Hit-
and-Run Victim that Has Been Viral on Social Media."
The word "viral" was written twice. Informant 1 argues
that this viral video can be published as long as the
reporters have obtained main and supported footage.
Informant 1 stated that guidance for mobile
journalists is provided when producing viral videos
taken from social media. First and foremost, the
negative tone of viral news should be eliminated.
Secondly, the viral video should be checked and
News Sources and Consideration in Making Editorial… (Roswita Oktavianti, Sinta Paramita & Gregorius Genep Sukendro)
68
rechecked by the journalists. Finally, they should
obtain permission from the original video creator. Once
the consent is acquired, they will 'unlist' the video
before being published to ensure that the video
description is accurate. The producer will then review
the video.
Moreover, Kompas.com's YouTube account
publishes commercial content as well. For example, on
December 16, 2021, the Indonesian Covid-19 Task
Force released videos displaying the most recent
pandemic tolls, including the number of cases, deaths,
and recoveries. According to Informant 1, it was one of
their collaborations with the government. In addition,
an online seminar/webinar or online event video with a
long duration was held together with other
organizations to commemorate Teachers Day.
Informant 1 acknowledged that Kompas.com had
organized multiple online events during the Covid-19
pandemic, which were broadcast on their YouTube
account.
"We have produced project-based videos. One of
them is a partnership with The National Agency
for Disaster Countermeasure to massively
promote on 3M, wearing masks, washing hands,
and keeping distance. As a result, we have at least
two videos related to those campaigns" (a news
video producer Kompas.com, in December 2021).
Kompas.com's YouTube account offers other
collaborative efforts. During the celebration of Eid al-
Adha, Eid al-Fitr, Hajj, and Indonesia's Independence
Day on August 17, they teamed up with Facebook by
producing five videos per day about popular culture
and traditions in Indonesia. The mobile journalists
should create nearly 200 videos on these events. When
this study was conducted in mid-December 2021, they
designed an advertising package for hard news and
straight news programs.
Despite the revenue streams mentioned above,
mobile journalists should take multiple factors
contributing to their income on YouTube. Before
creating videos, mobile journalists have to visualize
how they will present topics to their audiences. First,
content must be submitted and look appealing on
YouTube and other social media platforms. Informant
1 said mobile journalists must understand the character
of its YouTube channel and the other networking sites,
as content predicted to attract a large audience on
YouTube is not necessarily appealing to Facebook and
TikTok audiences. Therefore, the most crucial factor is
that news videos should be updated continuously.
However, specific videos can reach a large audience
for an extended period. It is because the videos usually
contain unique and timeless content. This type of news
video attracted a smaller audience initially, which grew
to hundreds of thousands after a few weeks. Then,
according to the source, the widely discussed topic
significantly increased viewership. Therefore, they
believe that news videos are a wise long-term
investment.
"Our reporter had produced a video about
mummies in which they discovered footage of
mummies being unwrapped. They told me they
planned to create news videos using this footage,
and I agreed. Indeed, the news is not up to date,
but this type of topic can be discussed for years.
Now, at least one video of this type is uploaded
daily. We believe that news videos are the best
investment because we cannot predict when they
will attract the audience's attention, as measured
by the number of viewers and comments. It can be
weeks after it is being uploaded" (a news video
producer Kompas.com, in December 2021).
Second, when producing videos, mobile journalists
have to monitor the YouTube Explore tab at which the
trending videos on that day were listed, including news
with large audiences. The trending videos can be a
reference to find out the most attractive news at that
moment. Third, journalists also must consider Google
Analytics to identify the type of information the
internet users seek the most.
Lastly, YouTube ads have provided additional
income for news outlets. Consequently, just as online
journalists have a target number of readers, mobile
journalists should consider how to attract as many
viewers as possible. They were previously required to
pass all of the journalism practices as other journalists.
Therefore, views, and profit, the content must be
carefully selected To increase subscribers; for example,
the target audience per video on Kompas.com is 6,000
viewers.
From time to time, mobile journalists create the type
of news videos not included in Table 2. These include
special or in-depth reports, side-events, user comments,
and other YouTube accounts (out of Kompas Gramedia
Media canals).
Particular or in-depth report videos are
documentaries or feature videos made weeks after
journalists develop an original concept. For instance,
two videos about decorative plants and knives made in
Bogor, West Java, have been produced so far. Both
Jurnal Pekommas, Vol. 7 No. 1, Juni 2022: 63_–_76
69
videos are a part of the bangga buatan Indonesia
(proudly in Indonesian-made) campaign. The duration
of production was longer than the regular videos
because it required a team with particular
responsibilities, in-depth research, a storyboard, a high
standard of equipment, and multiple visits. This
campaign is also anticipated to increase viewership
daily. As a result, viewers for these videos have grown
slowly.
Table 3 Tribunnews.com YouTube videos on December 16,
2021
Video
News
Identification
Total
Laura Anna, Gaga
Muhammad
Trending
3
Omicron
Trending
9
Vaksin
Trending
3
Presidential Threshold
Trending
1
Menteri PPPA: Presiden
Minta Pelaku Kekerasan, etc
Regular
5
Diduga Soal Asmara Siswi
SMK di Jeneponto Jadi
Korban Perundungan,
Tubuhnya Ditarik dan
Diseret, etc
Regular News
(Hot Topic)
22
Viral Video Kericuhan Saat
Turnamen Sepatu Roda Anak
di Jakarta; Viral Aksi Unik
Driver Ojol Pakai Kostum
Aladin, etc
Viral
19
Sosok Aipda Jongky,
Anggota Polisi dari Maluku
yang Sisihkan Gajinya untuk
Bantu Warga Kurang
Mampu, etc
News Update
29
Property Update, etc
Commercial
content
4
Webinar HUT ke-63 Provinsi
NTT: Mengembangkan
Pariwisata Modern di NTT,
etc
Webinar
5
Jajal Wisata Memancing di
Pelabuhan Antaeng; Rayakan
Semarak Natal dan Tahun
Baru, etc
Special Report
5
Update Covid-19 Indonesia
per 16 Desember
Breaking News
1
Kaleidoskop
-
2
Jangan Takut Varian Baru,
Podcast PCPEN Palembang,
ets
Podcast
2
According to informant 1, mobile journalists propose
their original ideas on particular occasions, called side-
event news videos. Immediately after a city bus struck
a motorcyclist, for instance, a journalist suddenly got
an idea to capture footage about an illegal railway to
support the main videos citing KAI as the operator of
public railways in Indonesia. Mobile journalists must
have visual imagination before creating videos, unlike
online and daily paper journalists.
Another type of news video is the one based on user
comments. The ideas for news videos come not only
from the journalists but also from user comments.
Informant 1 stated that users left a lot of comments
below the video about Jakarta's sinking city and 29-
meters from the tsunami. The users asked the difference
between the word tenggelam (sink) and tergenang
(stagnant) and openly discussed this in the comment.
As a producer, informant 1 believed that follow-up
videos should be created to answer those critical
questions. He eventually made a one-minute official
video where users could submit their questions to be
answered by the expert.
The last type of news video is the one uploaded from
other YouTube channel accounts. There were
occasions when the Kompas.com news channel needed
videos from other YouTube accounts. However,
journalists must adhere to the rules of the newsroom.
They can use videos from official government
YouTube accounts such as the president, ministries,
and parliament members. Mobile journalists adhere
strictly to journalistic norms and practices regarding
videos or statements from celebrity YouTube channels
or podcasts. An itinerant journalist may, for instance,
quote Rachel Vennya's message from her exclusive
interview with Boy William, a celebrity YouTuber, on
his YouTube channel. It was an exclusive interview
regarding her breaching quarantine rules. In addition,
mobile journalists need to add other statements from
the authorities or witnesses to create news videos. Even
so, they were only allowed to insert two screenshots of
the interview video of William-Vennya and the
YouTube address. When Vennya's statement is
broadcast, journalists need to mention the name of
William's YouTube channel.
Tribunnews.com's YouTube Channel Content
Table 3 lists down videos on the Tribunnews.com
YouTube channel on December 16, 2021. In addition,
researchers categorized the news identification based
on trending topics on the same day listed in Table 1.
The findings are as follows.
Sixteen videos have been produced based on
Twitter's trending topics. Among them are videos
related to Gaga, Omicron, Covid-19 vaccine, and
Presidential Threshold.
In addition, there was also regular news in which
journalists were responsible for covering updates at a
specific location such as ministry, court, or event.
According to Table 3, five news items were identified
News Sources and Consideration in Making Editorial… (Roswita Oktavianti, Sinta Paramita & Gregorius Genep Sukendro)
70
as regular news. Even though this news is reported
regularly, it should be newsworthy and uploaded with
footage.
Informant 2, who works as the editor of the
Tribunnews.com YouTube channel in Jakarta, gave an
example when they covered the ministerial
inauguration at the presidential palace. Despite being
an online journalist, he was assigned to produce videos
because he possesses a Presidential Journalist identity
card, allowing him access to the presidential palace. He
sent the office either a live report or raw materials
regarding the palace's situation. After finishing his
videos, he wrote news for the Tribunnews.com website.
Researchers have identified a significant number of
contents classified as hot topics that appeared to be
different from regular news. The videos seemed to be
follow-up news on a particular issue. The information
is a three-minute video with a presenter or an anchor, a
person who presents the information.
Researchers discovered that the news on the hot
topic tends to be more sensational and provocative. For
instance, Diduga Soal Asmara Siswi SMK di Jeneponto
Jadi Korban Perundungan, Tubuhnya Ditarik dan
Diseret (Vocational School Student in Jeneponto
Bullied on the Allegedly Romance, Pulled and
Dragged). In addition, other titles used shocking words,
leading them to be categorized as hot topics. Informant
2 confirmed that journalists must monitor SEO before
creating videos to attract more audiences. SEO stands
for Search Engine Optimization and is used to attract
users who look up keywords related to their website.
Consequently, the website's visibility can increase.
The findings revealed that viral videos had played a
significant role as they ranked slightly higher than
trending news videos. Informant 2 confirmed that it
was one of the reasons why Tribun Jakarta was later
established. The initial Solo, Central Java teams have
centrally organized Tribunnews Network.
"We, Tribun Jakarta, were initially formed to
acquire excellent sources, such as government
officials and authorities, who are more likely to
reside in this area. Also, we were created to enhance
our content. If you have observed our videos on the
Tribunnews YouTube channel, you will notice that
most of them are regular news and, yeah… viral
things, while we, in Jakarta, have more information
with a clear concept and do not solely rely on
interviews with authorities and celebrities" (an
editor of Tribunnews.com YouTube channel in
Jakarta, in December 2021)
Informant 2 added that journalists must adhere to
copyright regulations when covering viral videos. The
journalists must contact the original creator to get
permission before publishing their videos in the news.
Unfortunately, he acknowledged that they might
occasionally lose control of viral videos played on
every channel under Tribun's name.
"We must admit that it is difficult for us to regulate
all videos. Suppose a viral video related to SARA's
sensitive news has lost control but continues to air
on one YouTube account. In that case, other
accounts under our company may also use those
videos. As a result, the videos would rapidly spread,
and the problem would worsen. We intended to
resolve this issue by strengthening control" (an
editor of Tribunnews.com YouTube channel in
Jakarta, in December 2021)
Informant 2 argues that YouTube news channels
have distinct characteristics from their online and print
counterparts. When uploaded videos trigger a dispute
or conflict, the editor could remove them immediately.
It occasionally occurs with SARA-related news that
editors shut down before it can spark conflict.
Picture 2 A three-minute news video of Tribunnews.com
YouTube channel with a news presenter
Another type of video is news or live updates. It is
a three-minute video in which a presenter or anchor
tells the day's story. Unlike hot topics, the news may
have negative or positive tones. For example, the news
about the generosity of a police officer who helped his
neighbor has gained numerous publications. The title
was Sosok Aipda Jongky, Anggota Polisi dari Maluku
yang Sisihkan Gajinya untuk Bantu Warga Kurang
Mampu (Aipda Jongky, Police Member from Maluku
Gave Salary to Help the Poor). This type of news is a
follow-up to the video which went viral. Based on
Table 3, this category dominates the Tribunnews.com
YouTube channel.
Informant 2 noted that live updates are the most
popular videos because they have news value and must
be continuously updated. For instance, the death of
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71
Vannesa Angel, an actress, and her husband in a single
accident was updated and reported directly in real-time,
attracting thousands of viewers. Other news videos that
garnered a larger audience were about flooding,
politics, and crime. Compared to Kompas.com,
Tribunnews.com has a smaller international news
audience.
The Tribunnews.com YouTube channel has served
commercial content in various forms, including online
seminars or webinars. Informant 2 stated that
advertisements could come from inside and outside the
YouTube platform. YouTube monetization is one of
the newsroom's internal revenue streams. Meanwhile,
external advertisements are typically in the form of
collaboration between a newsroom and another public
or private company. These digital activities, for
example, collaborate with the People's Consultative
Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia (MPR-RI) by
hosting an online talk show discussing a discourse on
the president running for the third term. The Embassy
of the Republic of Indonesia in New Zealand also
collaborated by organizing a talk show to promote the
2nd Pacific Exposition 2021. These activities could
generate more income for the newsroom.
Tribunnews.com is a subsidiary of Tribun Network,
consisting of several local media outlets, including
Tribun Jakarta, Tribun Jambi, Tribun Jogja, Tribun
Manado, Tribun Sumsel, Tribun Timur, etc. According
to informant 2, online events aired on one of Tribun's
YouTube accounts can also be broadcast on
Tribunnews.com channels.
The following news video category is special or in-
depth report videos. Similar to the Kompas.com news
channel, Tribunnews.com has feature stories that are
more dramatic than other news. The segment is titled
Cerita Urban (Urban Stories), which features people
who reside in urban areas such as Jakarta and other
capital cities. For instance, an in-depth cover story of
the Istanbul Kebab food stall located in Pasar Baru,
Central Jakarta, with a longer duration of around 10-15
minutes. As a result, the number of viewers has steadily
increased, reaching hundreds of thousands since its
upload.
The next topic identified on December 16, 2021,
was the information update regarding Covid-19 cases
in Indonesia. Even though the news falls under the
regular news category, researchers identified it as
breaking news. Similarly, a kaleidoscope was
broadcasted daily to summarize the country's most
significant events.
The last type of news in Table 2 is podcast videos in
which an announcer discusses specific issues with the
government representatives, advocate groups, experts,
or observers. These podcast videos originate from other
Tribun Network YouTube channels.
News-video sources
Mobile journalists must select and develop news
sources, then produce reportage in videos. Mobile
journalism is a type of digital storytelling in which
journalists primarily create and edit images, audio, and
video using their smartphones. Mobile journalists, or
MoJo, produce video stories and distribute them across
multiple platforms, primarily for social media
(www.mojo-manual.org, 2021).
According to the data from two YouTube news
channels and the newsroom staff's statements, there are
eight sources used by journalists for collecting videos
for their news channels:
1. Regular News
Journalists are assigned to cover and report all
information gathered at a specific location, such as
a palace, ministry, court, or event. They will report
news based on their assigned department. Unlike
online journalists, mobile journalists are most likely
aiming to take great pictures.
The majority of journalists in Indonesia are
accountable for collecting information based on
geography and coverage areas. Additionally, they
typically create a community serving as journalists'
news sources (Oktavianti & Irwansyah, 2016).
Sometimes, journalists are rotated from one
department to another to master all sections of their
news media outlet (Steele, 2014).
2. Trending News
Journalists produced news videos based on
trending topics on social media. They create follow-
up news, supported by the statements of other actors
such as authorities, government officials,
parliament members, and advocate groups.
Social media uses algorithms to generate its
trending stories. The following step involves
journalists creating their own stories based on the
current trending topics. It has driven debate over the
balance of news by trending topics and human
selection (Thurman et al., 2019; Wahl-Jorgensen et
al., 2016).
3. Viral News
News Sources and Consideration in Making Editorial… (Roswita Oktavianti, Sinta Paramita & Gregorius Genep Sukendro)
72
Journalists produce news videos by looking at
viral videos circulating quickly on social media.
Readers regard viral events as newsworthy, so
journalists and editors utilize them as news videos
(Al-Rawi, 2019).
Viral is an internet phenomenon in which a
particular subculture or group of fans have received
and disseminated information globally due to their
enthusiasm and pleasure. These online media
transmission networks are better understood by the
concept of virus (Lister et al., 2009).
According to Bivens (2008), the growing
public documentation of events and the acceptance
of non-professional videos and images by news
organizations have altered patterns of news flow.
Many actors can now influence news agendas,
whereas citizens capture more memorable images of
breaking news stories.
Unfortunately, Tandoc found viral posts on
digital platforms that originated from fictitious
accounts designed to resemble news reports. It
refers to fake news, which some readers readily
recognize as false information while others are
unaware (Kolluri & Murthy, 2021).
4. The special and in-depth report, online seminar for
business purposes: to get more viewers means
higher ads, advertising, or clients requests
The YouTube news channel's special and in-
depth reports are typically presented as
documentaries or feature videos. The production
takes longer than regular videos. It requires a team
with specific responsibilities, in-depth research, a
storyboard, high-quality equipment, and multiple
site visits. These news videos would be produced
based on clients' requests or solely on their
uniqueness. Journalists also anticipate that the
videos will attract a sustained audience. As a result,
the number of viewers for these videos has grown
significantly. As a result, these videos are regarded
as commercial content.
However, observation reveals that not all
commercial content on Youtube news channels can
be identified clearly, as they resemble other news. It
indicates that the commercial content aired takes on
the form and function of editorial content. They
attempt to recreate the user experience of reading
news instead of advertising content (Ferrer-Conill et
al., 2020).
For the media industry to survive, news must
be approached as a business. Harlow highlights
market-oriented journalism: "they treat audiences as
clients, rather than citizens, by giving the audiences
what they want rather than what they need"
(Harlow, 2017).
Fascinatingly, during the Covid-19 pandemic,
online seminars or online event videos via Zoom
apps collaborating with other parties have been
published on YouTube news channels, either as
announcements or ongoing events.
5. News agency
Journalists utilize sources from news agencies
to produce or support their videos, especially for
international news. Their newsroom has subscribed
to several reputable news agencies, including
Antara (Indonesia), Agence France-Press (AFP),
Associated Press (AP), etc. As long as these
newswires provided footage relevant to the news on
their online website, journalists could use it to create
news videos.
It is also with the findings of Welbers et al.
(2018), who found that news agencies had become
a more influential gatekeeper, particularly for
political news, and their influence has grown due to
the increasing popularity of the internet as a news
medium. Meanwhile, Rafeeq & Jiang (2018) noted
that the Big three news agencies, AP, Reuters, and
AFP, are the wholesalers and agenda setters for the
retailer news, especially news world coverage.
6. User's Comments
Several videos on YouTube news channels can
be created based on user comments. Journalists and
editors willing to dive into the comments below
every video may find critical questions or topics that
users are curious about. Then, these questions can
be answered through follow-up videos or Q&A
videos by government officials or experts related to
the subject. Ferrucci & Vos (2017) publicly argue
that digital journalists must deal with people by
providing more context and analysis in their stories
and taking the side of their audience.
7. Other media in one group
Mobile journalists who work under a media
group have access to content from their
counterparts, such as online and television outlets,
and are allowed to use them. For example, the
narrative of the videos may be obtained from
websites, whereas the television channel can
provide context for the footage.
It is media convergence because it combines
the "three Cs," which are computing,
Jurnal Pekommas, Vol. 7 No. 1, Juni 2022: 63_–_76
73
communications, and content (Tassel & Poe-
Howfield, 2010), or the integration of data, media,
and telecommunication systems. Converging media
industries occurred between two distinct cultures,
print versus broadcast or broadcast versus online
(Albarran, 2008). Even though the mobile
journalists in this study work under the same
company, they still have to comply with the rules
they have to mention and put the media's logo on
their videos.
8. Other YouTube accounts
Videos from other YouTube channels could be
utilized to complement news videos. In addition,
several accounts owned by the government,
celebrities, or public figures can get exclusivity so
that journalists are allowed to take a little snapshot.
However, it is important to note that journalists
must adhere to the rules of the newsroom.
Journalists can also access the government's
official YouTube accounts, such as those of the
president, ministries, and parliament members.
However, these news videos should be embedded
and combined with other journalistic materials.
It also applies to videos or statements from
celebrities' YouTube channels or podcasts. There
are even stricter rules in which journalists must
mention the content creators of their YouTube
channel on their videos and insert only a few
snapshots.
Although great videos were distributed digitally,
mobile journalists strictly adhere to journalistic
norms and practices. Bivens (2008) said that a wide
range of new media enabled the production of more
incredible images and videos, much more intensive
reproduction, and publication is far more easily
accessible locations than ever before.
Shareability and Journalism Norm of News-Videos
In addition to producing news videos, mobile
journalists must consider various aspects to maintain
their videos' visibility and conform to journalism
norms. The aspects are as follows:
1. Social media
News videos should always be up to date.
Although the mobile journalists in this study
focused primarily on YouTube news media, they
must also consider how their content is displayed on
social media platforms and how to make it look
attractive. In addition, journalists must establish the
character of their YouTube channel and other
networking platforms because the content is
anticipated to attract a large audience on YouTube,
Facebook, and TikTok.
2. Predictability
News videos should contain unique and timeless
content. Some videos can reach a considerable
number of viewers for an extended period. The
video initially had a small audience that grew to
hundreds of thousands two weeks later. This type of
video has generated extensive discussion in the
comments section and a significant increase in
views.
In addition, journalists have a target for the
number of viewers. Therefore, they need to consider
the angles and footage used before making videos
to gain more subscribers, views, and revenue.
Journalists could use and monitor SEO, the
YouTube Explore tab, and Google Analytics to
determine the types of information most frequently
sought by internet users. Bivens (2008) noted that
when news-related videos are uploaded to websites
such as YouTube, they can attract massive
audiences if they are based on the list of trending
topics.
Harlow (2018) argues that most online news
consumers access information through social
media, where they can like, share, and comment on
stories. They are typically engaged in modifying,
aggregating, and disseminating news.
3. Copyright issues
Journalists must obey a code of conduct when
creating videos, particularly those made by other
content creators, relating to copyright issues. The
journalists must trace the first creator to get
permission before making their videos into the
news. It also happens for videos taken from under
the same media group. Journalists should not only
comply with copyright issues but also respect
others' news-work by mentioning the creator's name
or putting their logo.
In Indonesia, copyright law is set out in the
Copyright Act No 28 of 2014. It provides legal
protection to the intangible assets of an organization
or an individual. Hence, it is crucial for media
businesses to understand and comply with copyright
law so they can hinder others from stealing and
profiting from their creations.
4. SARA-related news is prohibited
News Sources and Consideration in Making Editorial… (Roswita Oktavianti, Sinta Paramita & Gregorius Genep Sukendro)
74
Journalists could make news related to SARA
or news containing ethnicity, religion, race, and
inter-group relations, but it is stricter and limited.
The editor could not publish and even take it down
if the content is deemed sensitive.
Based on previous research about
correspondent journalists in a conflict region in
Indonesia, they have more responsibility and
awareness regarding SARA's news. If it is aired on
the YouTube platform and triggers conflict, it will
significantly impact their personal and social life
(Oktavianti & Loisa, 2021).
CONCLUSION
The increasing popularity of social media platforms
such as Twitter and YouTube has changed journalism
practices and norms. It is evident in the editorial and
commercial content on YouTube news channels
produced by mobile journalists. Editorial and
commercial content sources consist of regular news,
trending and viral news, special and in-depth reports,
online events for business purposes or newsroom
agenda, international news, Q&A news based on users'
comments, and hot news from other YouTube
accounts.
However, journalists, particularly in Indonesia,
must consider several aspects before producing
editorial and commercial content for their YouTube
news channels. Firstly, journalists must consider how
their content is displayed and how to make it look more
attractive on YouTube and other social media
platforms. Secondly, journalists must be mindful of the
point of view and footage they use in the hope of
gaining more subscribers, views, and profit. Thirdly,
journalists must consider copyright issues when taking
footage from other channels. Lastly, SARA-related
news is subject to stricter regulation or is even
prohibited.
In addition, this study has limitations regarding the
literature used. Less literature, such as journal articles
that specifically discussed news channels on social
media, has prevented researchers from enriching this
research. On the other hand, this article is helpful for
scholars who want to dive into the news on social
networking sites, particularly on YouTube.
This research focuses on commercial content and
contains less analysis and literature on advertising
concepts. However, various commercial range has been
found, including videos related to podcasts and online
events. Hence, academia focusing on advertising and
creative industries can explore this finding by
continuing to investigate commercial actors within
YouTube news channels.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to thank the Directorate General of
Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Culture,
Research and Technology of Indonesia, and the
University of Tarumanagara, for supporting this
research.
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