ArticlePDF Available

A narrative review on use of virgin coconut oil in dermatology

June 2022
Journal of Indian System of Medicine 10(2):86-89

DOI:10.4103/jism.jism_34_22

Authors:

Shweta Parwe

Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences

Vaishali Kuchewar

Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences

Background Coconut oil is of two varieties: virgin and refined oil. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is made by cold-pressing the liquid from the fresh part of coconut meat. It has a milky appearance. This oil extraction method prevents the loss of vitamin E, pro-vitamin A, and polyphenols. It has various properties such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer. Skin is the general structure of the body. It is the first line of protection against traumatic injuries and microorganisms. Aim This review is focussed on the existing data on the effect of VCO on the skin. Materials and Methods PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for citations for keywords “virgin coconut oil and dermatology” and “virgin coconut oil and skin.” In search of the various databases, 13 articles were found on VCO related to skin. Result Virgin coconut oil is used as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, as skin protector, in Alzheimer's disease, in wound healing and as moisturizer. Conclusion From this review, it can be concluded that VCO is beneficial for various dermatological disorders. It is antifungal and antibacterial and also acts as an immunomodulator. It also has anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, wound-healing, and skin protective properties.

Content uploaded by Shweta Parwe

Content may be subject to copyright.

Received: 13-04-2022, Revised: 08-06-2022, Accepted: 10-06-2022,

Published: 28-06-2022.

Address for correspondence: Dr. Vaishali Kuchewar,

Mahatma Gandhi Ayurveda College Hospital and Research Centre, Datta

Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Sawangi (M),

Wardha, Maharashtra, India.

E-mail: vkuchewar@gmail.com

This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows

others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as

appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

For reprints contact: reprints@medknow.com

How to cite this article: Umate N, Kuchewar V, Parwe S. Anarrative

review on use of virgin coconut oil in dermatology. J Indian Sys

Medicine 2022;10:86-9.

Review Article

A narrative review on use of virgin coconut oil in dermatology

Nishigandha Umate, Vaishali Kuchewar, Shweta Parwe

Mahatma Gandhi Ayurveda College Hospital and Research Centre, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Sawangi (M), Wardha,

Maharashtra, India

Abstract

Background: Coconut oil is of two varieties: virgin and refined oil. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is made by cold-pressing the liquid from

the fresh part of coconut meat. It has a milky appearance. This oil extraction method prevents the loss of vitamin E, pro-vitamin

A, and polyphenols. It has various properties such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer. Skin is the general structure of

the body. It is the first line of protection against traumatic injuries and microorganisms. Aim: This review is focussed on the existing

data on the effect of VCO on the skin. Materials and Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for citations for keywords

“virgin coconut oil and dermatology” and “virgin coconut oil and skin.” In search of the various databases, 13 articles were found on

VCO related to skin. Result: Virgin coconut oil is used as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, as skin protector, in Alzheimer’s disease, in

wound healing and as moisturizer. Conclusion: From this review, it can be concluded that VCO is beneficial for various dermatological

disorders. It is antifungal and antibacterial and also acts as an immunomodulator. It also has anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, wound-

healing, and skin protective properties.

Keywords: Antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulator, skin, skin protection, virgin coconut oil

IntroductIon

Coconut (Cocos nucifera) is termed “Kalpavriksha” in Sanskrit

because it has multiple nutritional and therapeutic values.

Coconut oil is of two varieties: virgin and refined oil. Virgin

coconut oil (VCO) is made by cold-pressing the liquid from

the fresh part of coconut meat. It has a milky appearance.[1]

VCO is of two types as per its preparation method: the cold

compression method and fermentation method. The cold

compression method is better than the fermentation method

because the moisture level is higher, and the oil can get stale

very fast with the fermentation method.

It is taken out directly from coconut meat at low

temperatures. This oil extraction method prevents the loss

of vitamin E, pro-vitamin A, and polyphenols. It has a

pleasing fragrance and taste. It contains essential vitamins

and healthy fatty acids. It has various properties such as

analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer.[2,3]

Skin is the general structure of the body.[4] Skin

inflammation is caused due to infections and tissue injury

of the skin.[5] It is the first line of protection against

traumatic injuries and microorganisms. Usually, coconut

oil is used as a moisturizer and treats dermatological

infections. Though VCO is beneficial, it is not commonly

known in the population. This review is focussed on

existing data on the effect of VCO on the skin.

MaterIals and Methods

PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for “virgin

coconut oil and dermatology” and “virgin coconut oil

and skin” from 2003 to 2020. Original studies in English

indicating the effects of VCO on the skin were included.

Observations

Some observations were found regarding VCO and

skin dermatology. Among 12 studies, 5 were in-vitro

Access this article online

Quick Response Code:

Website:

www.jism.org

DOI:

10.4103/jism.jism_34_22

[Downloaded free from http://www.joinsysmed.com on Tuesday, June 28, 2022, IP: 243.133.134.189]

Umate, etal.: Use of coconut oil in dermatology

Journal of Indian System of Medicine ¦ Volume 10 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ April-June 2022 87

studies, the remaining 7 studies were on conditions such

as xerosis, atopic dermatitis, Clostridium difficile, skin

moisturization, Staphylococcus aureus, preterm newborns,

and COVID situation.

Thirty-four patients with mild-to-moderate xerosis were

investigated by Agero etal.+[6] For 2 weeks, these 34 people

were given the option of applying coconut or mineral oil

twice daily to their legs. Corneometer CM825 was used

to assess quantitative skin hydration outcomes at the start

of the study and each subsequent visit. ASebumeter SM

810 was used to test skin lipids; a Tewameter TM210 was

used to detect transepidermal water loss, and a Skin pH

meter PH900 was used to assess skin surface hydrogen ion

concentration. Dryness, scaling, roughness, and pruritus are

quantified using a visual analog scale and xerosis grading.

In clinical specimens delivered to the Medical Microbiology

Laboratory at University College Hospital in Ibadan,

Nigeria, Ogbulu et al.[7] discovered 52 unique Candida

species isolates. Researchers used the agar well diffusion

method to test their susceptibility to VCO and fluconazole.

In a double-blind controlled trial done in two outpatient

dermatology clinics, adults with Alzheimer’s disease were

randomly allocated. Adults were advised to apply VCO or

virgin olive oil (VOO) twice daily at two non-infected sites.

S.aureus cultures, photography, and a SCORAD severity

index (O-SSI) rating were done at the baseline and 4-week

time intervals.[8]

Nevin and Rajamohan[9] looked at wound closure time,

antioxidant status, and metabolic indicators in three

groups of six female Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups 2 and

3 were given 0.5 and 1.0mL VCO for 10days, respectively,

24h after the wound was formed. Throughout the 14-day

healing phase, the antioxidant level was monitored

periodically.

Shilling and Matt[10] looked at the lipid components of

VCO to see if they could help manage C.difficile. VCO

and its most active individual fatty acids were tested in

vitro for their antibacterial properties against C.difficile.

UD Sinar Nias manufactured the VCO used in this

investigation by Silalahi et al. Enzyme and sodium

hydroxide were used to carry out the hydrolysis. Enzymatic

hydrolysis with lysozyme was carried out for 3, 6, 9, and

12 h. Alkaline hydrolysis was performed using NaOH

concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75% based on the

saponification value of coconut oil.[11]

The formulation, characterization, and penetration

of VCO-solid lipid particles have been investigated by

Noor.[12]

Ibrahim[13] examined the effect of fermented VCO on

wound healing in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Varma etal.[14] investigated VCO’s anti-inflammatory and

skin-protective effects in vitro.

According to Cahya et al.,[15] a mastitis milk crossbreed

Etawa goat from Riau, Indonesia was isolated and

identified with S.aureus. The broth dilution method was

performed to assess S.aureus susceptibility toVCO.

Konar et al.[16] conducted a randomized controlled

trial on preterm babies divided into two groups: group

Areceived VCO treatment. In contrast, group B received

body massages without any treatment. On the 3rd, 6th,

and 12th month, and the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day,

respectively, neurodevelopmental status and neonatal skin

condition were measured.

Subchan etal.[17] devised a post-test control approach for

an experimental investigation. Fifty diabetes male Wistar

mice were separated into five groups to create an ulcer

wound model, with 10 non-diabetic mice serving as a

control group. The treatment groups also received topical

ozonated VCO with different flow durations, whereas the

control groups just got routine care (0min, 90min, 7 h,

14h). The wound was macroscopic in appearance and was

shrinking.

Saraogi etal. enlisted the help of 60 volunteers for a 15-day

intervention. In the test group, 6–8 drops of VCO were

applied overnight, followed by six ABHS applications

per day; in the control group, six ABHS applications

per day were used. This leg comprised a dermatological

examination and the WHO Skin Health Self-Assessment

Scale. A non-invasive instrumental assessment of the

forearms of 12 individuals (ages 25–60) with and without

VCO application and regular alcohol consumption is also

included as a measurement component (Moisture and

TEWL Probes, Tape Strip for protein and IR spectroscopy

for protein and lipid content).[18]

VCO was found to be as effective as mineral oil as a

moisturizer, and coconut oil at 100% concentration

proved effective against specific kinds of Candida when

compared with the usual antifungal fluconazole. Another

finding is that VCO and VOO are beneficial in the

treatment of atopic dermatitis Its broad-spectrum activity

was discovered in an in-vitro study. When comparing

the growth of S. aureus, fungi, and viruses, fibroblast

propagation, and vascularization in the VCO group to

the control group, the medium-chain fatty acids of VCO

inhibited the growth of C. difficile. The antibacterial

activity of hydrolyzed VCO was discovered, and the

cutaneous transport of VCO was increased thanks

to micro-structured lipids. The wound-healing and

angiogenic properties of fermented VCO were discovered.

Inflammatory indicators are suppressed by VCO, and the

skin is protected. As a result, it can be utilized as an anti-

inflammatory and skin protector, inhibiting the growth of

S.aureus. It also improves phagocytic immune cells’ ability

to fight S.aureus. VCO enhances neurodevelopment and

is advantageous to mature dermal cells. There was a

considerable “improvement in the wound and increased

[Downloaded free from http://www.joinsysmed.com on Tuesday, June 28, 2022, IP: 243.133.134.189]

Umate, etal.: Use of coconut oil in dermatology

88 88 Journal of Indian System of Medicine ¦ Volume 10 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ April-June 2022

levels of wound-healing biomarkers” in the diabetic ulcer

mice model. The use of VCO overnight helps prepare the

skin for the benefit of alcohol-based hand sanitizer the

next day.

dIscussIon

The VCO contains 90% saturated fatty acids and 10%

unsaturated fatty acids. It also comprises antioxidants

such as beta carotenes and tocopherol. It has properties

to moisten the skin.[6]

In search of the various databases, 13 articles were found

on VCO related toskin.

Traditionally, coconut oil is mainly used to moisturize and

treat skin infections.

VCO is commonly used for hair oil preparation. It hydrates

as well as softens the hair. Natural hair nourishment is

due to its contents such as vitamins, fatty acids, and

minerals. It has multi-benefits such as moisture retention,

smoothing, and protection. Various studies showed that it

blocks the ultraviolet sun rays and eventually protects the

hair from damage. Since coconut oil contains lauric acid,

which has a great attraction for hair proteins, because it

has a low molecular weight and a straight linear chain,

it has a high penetration ability inside the hair shaft.

In contrast, mineral oil has no affinity for proteins and

cannot penetrate the hair shaft.[19]

The various actions of VCO might be due to its

chemical constituents such as lauric acid as an antiviral,

antibacterial, and antiprotozoal agent. Myristic acid is a

flavoring agent and also helps in stabilizing many proteins.

Caprylic acid and caproic acid are potent antifungal

agents. Oleic acid is an antioxidant. Linoleic acid is a

powerful immune system enhancer.[20]

The VCO will also be used to treat lung cancer. VCO

reduced cancer cell growth and promoted cell death via

the apoptosis pathway in studied lung cancer cell lines.

However, the method by which VCO stimulates the

apoptotic pathway is uncertain. As a result, the author

suggested that more research should be done.[21]

Ear edema, paw edema, and granuloma development were

all reduced significantly by VCO. The VCO suggested

that both acute and chronic inflammation have anti-

inflammatory properties.[22]

Due to its higher polyphenolic concentration, the VCO

contains antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering,

and cytoprotective activities.[23]

VCO oil pulling has been demonstrated to reduce plaque

formation and plaque-related gingivitis successfully. The

results show that coconut oil is a simple-to-use, safe, and

cost-effective medication with few adverse effects that

can be used as an adjuvant in oral hygiene maintenance.

The antibacterial properties of coconut oil help to fight

microorganisms.[24]

VCO contains anti-inflammatory and antioxidant

characteristics, and it may help rats avoid developing

arthritis after being given adjuvants. When used as an

adjuvant, PV may also have an anti-arthritic effect in

rats.[25]

There was preliminary evidence for preventing or

treating Alzheimer’s disease, bone loss, and glycemic

management. Nonetheless, the author recommended that

the study be conducted on larger sample size. Evidence

regarding weight loss and cardiovascular disease has been

discovered.[26]

Rather than being stored as fat, most lauric acid eaten

is transported directly to the liver, which is metabolized

into energy and other metabolites. Extrahepatic tissues,

such as the brain and heart, can utilize ketone bodies as

a quick energy source. It has been investigated how lauric

acid affects blood cholesterol levels. The results, however,

have been conflicting. Among the saturated fatty acids,

lauric acid has been shown to have the most negligible

impact on fat production. Lauric acid and monolaurin

have antibacterial action against Gram-positive bacteria,

fungi, and viruses.[27]

conclusIon

From this review, it can be concluded that VCO is

beneficial for various dermatological disorders. It has

antifungal and antibacterial properties and also acts as

an immunomodulator. It also has anti-inflammatory,

angiogenic, wound-healing, and skin protective properties.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

references

1. Marina AM, Che ManYB, Amin I. Virgin coconut oil: Emerging

functional food oil. Trends Food Sci Technol 2009;20:481-87.

2. Winarsi H, Purwanto A. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) enriched with

Zn as immunostimulator for vaginal candidiasis patient. HAYATI J

Biosci 2008;15:135-9.

3. Intahphuak S, Khonsung P, Panthong A. Anti-inflammatory,

analgesic, and antipyretic activities of virgin coconut oil. Pharm Biol

2008;2010:151-7.

4. Weiss R, Fintelmann V. Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory

cytokines as mediators in the pathogenesis of septic shock. Chest

1997;112(Suppl.6):133-65.

5. Harlinanda SN. Optimasi Formulasi Krim Antioksidan Vitamin

E (DL-Alfa Tokoferol Asetat) dengan VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil)

(Variasi Kadar VCO 15%, 30%, dan 45% dalam Basis Cold Cream).

Doctoral dissertation, University of Muhammadiyah Malang; 2017.

6. Agero ALC, Verallo-Rowell VM. A randomized double-blind

controlled trial comparing extra virgin coconut oil with mineral

[Downloaded free from http://www.joinsysmed.com on Tuesday, June 28, 2022, IP: 243.133.134.189]

Umate, etal.: Use of coconut oil in dermatology

Journal of Indian System of Medicine ¦ Volume 10 ¦ Issue 2 ¦ April-June 2022 89

oil as a moisturizer for mild to moderate xerosis. Dermatitis

2004;15:109-16.

7. Ogbolu DO, OniAA, DainiOA, OlokoAP. In vitro antimicrobial

properties of coconut oil on Candida species in Ibadan, Nigeria. J

Med Food 2007;10:384-7.

8. VerménMV-R. Novel antibacterial and emollient effects of coconut and

virgin olive oils in adult atopic dermatitis. Dermatitis 2008;19:308-15.

9. Nevin KG, Rajamohan T. Effect of topical application of virgin

coconut oil on skin components and antioxidant status during dermal

wound healing in young rats. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2010;23:290-7.

10. ShillingM, MattL. Antimicrobial effects of virgin coconut oil and

its medium-chain fatty acids on Clostridium difficile. J Med Food

2013;16:1079-85.

11. Silalahi J, Permata YM, Putra ED. Antibacterial activity of

hydrolysed virgin coconut oil. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2014;7:90-4.

12. Noor NM. Empty nano and micro-structured lipid carriers of

virgin coconut oil for skin moisturisation. IET Nanobiotechnol

2016;10:195-9.

13. IbrahimAH. Angiogenic and wound healing potency of fermented

virgin coconut oil: In vitro and in vivo studies. Am J Transl Res

2017;9:4936-44.

14. SivaprakasamT, Varma SR, Arumugam I, PrabhuS, Rangesh P.

Anti-inflammatory and skin protective properties of virgin coconut

oil in vitro. J Ravishankar Univ 2016;29.

15. Widianingrum DC, Noviandi CT, Salasia SI. Antibacterial and

immunomodulator activities of virgin coconut oil (VCO) against

Staphylococcus aureus. Heliyon 2019;5:e02612.

16. Konar MC, Islam K, RoyA, Ghosh T. Effect of virgin coconut

oil application on the skin of preterm newborns: A randomized

controlled trial. J Trop Pediatr 2020;66:129-35.

17. Yuniati R, Subchan P, Riawan W, Khrisna MB, Restiwijaya M,

Dyan KusumaningrumNS, NurM. Topical ozonated virgin coconut

oil improves wound healing and increases HSP90α, VEGF-A, EGF,

bFGF and CD34 in diabetic ulcer mouse model of wound healing.

F1000 Res 2021;9:580.

18. SaraogiP, KaushikV, ChogaleR, ChavanS, GodeV, MhaskarS.

Virgin coconut oil as prophylactic therapy against alcohol damage

on skin in COVID times. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021;20:2396-408.

19. ReleAS, MohileRB. Effect of mineral oil, sunflower oil, and coconut

oil on prevention of hair damage. J Cosmet Sci 2003;54:175-92.

20. PehowichDJ, GomesAV, Barnes JA. Fatty acid composition and

possible health effects of coconut constituents. West Indian Med J

2000;49:128-33.

21. KamalaldinNA, YusopMR, SulaimanSA, YahayaBH. Apoptosis

in lung cancer cells induced by virgin coconut oil. Regen Res

2015;4:30-6.

22. Intahphuak S, Khonsung P, Panthong A. Anti-inflammatory,

analgesic, and antipyretic activities of virgin coconut oil. Pharm Biol

2010;48:151-7.

23. NarayanankuttyA, Illam SP, Raghavamenon AC. Health impacts

of different edible oils prepared from coconut (Cocos nucifera):

Acomprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018;80:1-7.

24. PeedikayilFC, SreenivasanP, NarayananA. Effect of coconut oil in

plaque related gingivitis—A preliminary report. Nigerian Med J: J

Nigeria Med Assoc 2015;56:143.

25. Vysakh A, RatheeshM, Rajmohanan TP, PramodC, Premlal S,

Girish Ksumar B, et al. Polyphenolics isolated from virgin

coconut oil inhibits adjuvant induced arthritis in rats through

antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. Int Immunopharmacol

2014;20:124-30.

26. Dumancas GG, Viswanath LC, de Leon AR, Ramasahayam S,

Maples R, KoralegeRH, et al. Health benefits of virgin coconut

oil. Vegetable Oil: Properties, Uses and Benefits. Burleigh, Australia:

NOVA; 2016. p.161-94.

27. DayritFM. The properties of lauric acid and their significance in

coconut oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2015;92:1-5.

[Downloaded free from http://www.joinsysmed.com on Tuesday, June 28, 2022, IP: 243.133.134.189]

Tropical oils consumption and health: a scoping review to inform the development of guidelines in tropical regions

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2024
BMC PUBLIC HEALTH

Background Tropical oils such as palm and coconut oils are renowned for their high saturated fat content and culinary versatility. However, their consumption has sparked debate regarding their health benefits and production concerns. The purpose of this review was to map existing evidence on the health benefits and challenges associated with the consumption of tropical oils. Method The recommendations for conducting a scoping review by Arksey and O’Malley were followed. PubMed, Dimensions AI, Central, JSTOR Google, Google Scholar, and ProQuest databases were searched for relevant papers. The predetermined keywords used were Consumption” AND “Tropical oil,” as well as “Health benefits” OR “Health challenges” AND “Tropical Countries.” Peer-reviewed and grey literature published in English were eligible for this review. Result Tropical oils, such as palm and coconut oils, provide health benefits including essential vitamins (A and E) that enhance ocular health, boost immunity, and support growth. They are also recognised for their role in managing high blood sugar, obesity, and cholesterol levels, while offering antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These oils have wound-healing abilities and are commonly used in infant nutrition and traditional cooking. Nevertheless, prolonged and repeated use of tropical oils to high temperature can degrade vitamin E, whereas excessive intake may result in overdose. Health concerns include oxidative risks, diabetes, cancer, coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, and acrylamide formation due to production challenges excessive consumption. Additional issues include obesity, suboptimal oil production, misconceptions, regulatory obstacles, and preferences for alternative fats. Conclusion This review suggest that tropical oils provide essential health benefits, including vitamins and antioxidant properties, but pose significant health risks and production challenges, particularly when exposed to high temperatures and through excessive intake. Guidelines on the consumption of tropical oils in the tropical regions are necessary to regulate their consumption.

Penyuluhan dan Demonstrasi Pemanfaatan Produk Berbasis Virgin Coconut Oil sebagai Produk Perawatan Kulit di Masyarakat Desa Tanjung Seteko Indralaya Ogan Ilir Sumatera Selatan

Article

Apr 2023

ABSTRAK Telah dilaksanakan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat di desa Tanjung Seteko Indralaya dengan tema pembuatan produk perawatan kulit berbasis Virgin Coconut Oil. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk memberikan informasi kepada masyarakat tentang pembuatan dan pemanfaatan VCO menjadi produk yang berguna untuk perawatan kulit. Metode pembuatan VCO adalah dengan metode basah dan pemanfaatannya sebagai perawatan kulit berbasis VCO dengan menambahan ekstrak buah cengkeh ke dalam produk VCO. Kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (PKM) ini telah diikuti 25 orang ibu rumah tangga dan remaja putri yang berasal dari Desa Tanjung Seteko. Dalam penyuluhan dan demonstrasi ini terjadi kegiatan diskusi dan tanya jawab antara tim PKM dengan para peserta. Hal ini menunjukan proses penyuluhan dan demonstrasi yang telah dilakukan mendapat respon yang baik dari para peserta. Kegiatan PKM ini telah meningkatkan pengetahuan peserta tentang cara pembuatan dan pemanfaatan VCO sebagai produk perawatan kulit. Kata Kunci: Pembuatan, Pemanfaatan, VCO, Ekstrak Buah Cengkeh ABSTRACT Community service activities have been carried out in the village of Tanjung Seteko Indralaya with the theme making of skin care product based on Virgin Coconut Oil. The purpose of this activity is to provide information to the public about the making and utilization of VCO into useful products for skin care. The method of making VCO is the wet method and its use as a VCO-based skin care by adding clove fruit extract into VCO products. This Community Service activity was attended by 25 housewives and young women from Tanjung Seteko Village. The resulting VCO product is supplemented by clove fruit water extract as a VCO-based skin care product. In this discussion and demonstration, there was an activity question and answer between the Community Service Team and the participants. This showed that the process of extension and demonstrations that have been carried out have received a good response from the participants. The Community Service has increased knowledge of the participants how to make and use VCO as a skin care product. Keywords: Making, Utilization, VCO, Clove Fruit Extract

A Comprehensive Review of Plant-Based Cosmetic Oils (Virgin Coconut Oil, Olive Oil, Argan Oil, and Jojoba Oil): Chemical and Biological Properties and Their Cosmeceutical Applications

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2024

Plant-based oils, such as coconut, olive, argan, and jojoba, are abundant in natural emollients and vital fatty acids that hydrate and moisturize the skin. They shield the surface, stop moisture loss, and maintain suppleness of, the skin. They are rich in vitamins, nutrients, and antioxidants that nourish the skin. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is used as a functional food due to its tremendous health benefits, and olive oil is well-known for its cosmetic and culinary applications. Argan oil contains many antioxidants, vital fatty acids, and vitamin E, while jojoba oil is an excellent moisturizer and conditioner. Plant-based oils can be extracted using various techniques including conventional and chemical extraction methods, and each will affect the yield and quality. Traditional methods like mechanical pressing are less efficient, whereas extraction methods such as pressurized liquid and supercritical fluid extraction may give higher yields and better quality. The chemical composition of olive oil primarily consists of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). Argan oil is rich in tocopherols, containing between 60 and 90 mg per 100 g, with only 19 g/100 g of argan oil’s fatty acids saturated. Jojoba oil is liquid wax comprising over 98% triglyceride esters, pure waxes, vitamins, and sterols. This review focuses on the chemical and biological properties, production processes, and applications of natural cosmetic oils (virgin coconut oil, olive oil, argan oil, and jojoba oil), emphasizing their usage in skin care and cosmeceutical products.

Test of the Effectiveness of Giving Salmon DNA Serum with Virgin Coconut Oil Extract on the Growth of Skin Tissue from Cut Scars on the Skin of Female Wistar Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2024

Various treatments can cure pockmarks. First, you have to know the cause of the pockmarks and the strength of the pockmarked skin, making it easier to choose the treatment, one of which is dermapen, which uses plasma from platelets. Test and compare the effectiveness of the derma pen action using platelet plasma with the derma pen action on the pockmarked skin surface of female Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus). This research is a laboratory experiment to compare the effectiveness of the dermapen action using plasma from platelets with the dermapen action on the pockmarked skin surface of female Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) using a post-test with control group design or control samples based on treatment groups to analyze the dermapen action using plasma from platelets with dermapenic action on the surface of rat skin pockmarks. The results showed that the dermapen treatment group with plasma from platelets at a dose of 10% was more effective in healing cut wounds in white mice than the dermapen treatment group using plasma from platelets at doses of 2.5% and 5%. This is because, at a concentration of 10%, blood plasma metabolite compounds from platelets that are applied to wounds already affect the wound. The effect only inhibits microorganisms at small doses, making it less effective in healing wounds. It is recommended that the minimum dose be 10% so that the metabolite compounds in the plasma from platelets have a healing effect on wounds.

Evaluating Coconut Oil and Coconut Water-Loaded Gels for the Alleviation of Chloroquine-Induced Pruritus

Article

Jan 2023

Disinfection of 3D-printed surgical guides using virgin coconut oil (in vitro study)

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2023
BMC Oral Health

Background/objective: Disinfection of a 3D-printed surgical guide is of utmost importance as it comes into contact with hard and soft tissue during implant placement so it poses a potential risk of pathogenic transmission. Methods used for disinfection in the surgical field should be reliable, practical, and safe for the instruments and the patients. The objectives of this study were to compare the antimicrobial potential of 100% Virgin Coconut Oil, 2% Glutaraldehyde, and 70% Ethyl Alcohol used to decontaminate 3D-printed surgical guides. Materials and methods: Thirty identical surgical guides were printed and cut into two halves (N = 60). Both halves were then contaminated with a defined amount of human saliva samples (2 ml). The first half (n = 30) was sub-grouped into three study groups which were immersed in one of the three disinfectants for 20 min as follows; group VCO was immersed in 100% Virgin Coconut Oil, group GA was immersed in 2% Glutaraldehyde, and group EA was immersed in 70% Ethyl Alcohol. The second half (n* = 30) was sub-grouped into three control groups which were immersed in sterile distilled water as follows group VCO*, group GA*, and group EA*. The microbial count was expressed as colony-forming units per plate and the comparison of the antimicrobial potential of the three tested disinfectants between the three study and three control groups was done using the One-Way ANOVA test. Results: The culture results of three study groups revealed no bacterial growth with the highest % of reduction in the mean microbial count of the oral microorganisms (about100%) and an uncountable bacterial growth was shown between the three control groups (more than 100 CFU/plate) representing the baseline of the oral microorganisms. Therefore; statistically significant differences were found between the three control and three study groups (P < .001). Conclusion: The antimicrobial potential of Virgin Coconut Oil was comparable and equivalent to Glutaraldehyde and Ethyl Alcohol with a significant inhibitory action against oral pathogens.

Development of Virgin Coconut Oil Fermented Tank Using Teak Wood Powder Insulator

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

One of the processed products derived from coconut that has great demand in the world of health and beauty industry is virgin coconut oil or known as VCO. Most VCO is processed manually using conventional methods with unhygienic plastic containers and placement in open spaces by the home industries. This research is to develop a VCO-fermented tank that was able to maintain hygiene and low temperature during the fermentation process by using SS403 and teak wood insulation as the main materials. This research carries on by comparing the fermentation process and results between the conventional method and the new VCO tank. 41% VCO is produced from raw coconut milk using a new VCO tank which is 5% higher than the conventional method. The VCO fermented tank produced more VCO and was able to maintain lower temperatures compared to the conventional method and also can be operated with less procedure order. Keywords: Fermentation Tank, Temperature Retaine, VCO, Virgin Coconut Oil

Coconut oil – Nature’s own emollient

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2024
INDIAN J DERMATOL VE

Biocompatible Gel-Free Coconut Oil and Carbon Black Electrodes for ECG and Respiration Measurements

Article

Oct 2023

The current state of the art in telemedicine has increased the interest in long-term monitoring of physiological and bioelectric signals. This motivated the development of materials and techniques for the fabrication of biocompatible, user, and environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional resistive wet electrodes. Here, we report a method for the fabrication of dry flexible and stretchable electrodes based on coconut oil (CNO) and carbon black (CB) for the monitoring of electrophysiological signals without conductive gels. The highly stretchable material shows a specific resistance

\rho

down to

33.2\pm 12.3 \Omega \text{m}

, high conformability, and a stretchability up to 1500%. The epidermal electrodes were used to record electrocardiographic (ECG) signals and measure respiration in a three-lead configuration and compared with commercial wet electrodes. Even after being elongated by 100% for 100 stretch/release cycles, a reliable recording of the QRS complex is demonstrated without the need for any contact enhancer or substances that cause skin reaction, demonstrating the potential use of this material for long-term ECG monitoring applications.

Topical ozonated virgin coconut oil improves wound healing and increases HSP90α, VEGF-A, EGF, bFGF, and CD34 in diabetic ulcer mouse model of wound healing

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

Background: Diabetes is a disease that affects people worldwide, including in Indonesia. The prevalence of diabetes in Indonesia is increasing from year to year. One of the most devastating complications of diabetes mellitus is diabetic ulcers, which is a limb-threatening complication. Over the past few decades, ozone generated using plasma medical technology has been investigated as an agent that helps wound healing. This study aims to evaluate the effects of topical ozonated virgin coconut oil (VCO) in a diabetic wound mouse model. Methods: This study was an experimental study with a post-test control design. An ulcer wound model was made in 50 diabetic male Wistar mice, divided into five groups, and a control group of 10 non-diabetic mice. The control groups were given conventional therapy only and the treatment groups were also given topical ozonated VCO with different flow durations (0 min, 90 min, 7 h, 14 h). Macroscopic appearance and wound contraction were observed. HSP90β, VEGF-A, EGF, bFGF, and CD34 levels were measured from the immunostained slices of wound margins. Results: The reduction of wound length was proportionally related to the duration of ozone flow. Ozonated VCO with a longer duration of ozone flow healed the wound more quickly and had the shortest wound length. VCO with ozone flow for 14 hours (16837.10 µm) had the biggest reduction in wound length compared to other groups. The wounds treated with ozonated VCO showed an increase in HSP90β, VEGF-A, EGF, bFGF, and CD34 levels that correlated to improved wound healing. A longer period of treatment resulted in higher levels of wound healing biomarkers compared to shorter therapeutic durations. Conclusions: Topical ozonated VCO improved the wound healing process in a diabetic ulcer mouse model by improving macroscopic wound appearance and increasing levels of wound healing biomarkers.

Virgin Coconut Oil as Prophylactic Therapy against Alcohol Damage on Skin in COVID times

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021

Background Increased frequency of using Alcohol Based Hand Sanitizers (ABHS) by consumers during COVID times have resulted in increased incidences of skin issues on palms. Objective 1) To quantify skin damage with increased usage frequency of ABHS by consumers and, 2) To evaluate Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) as natural prophylactic agent to counter the adverse effects. Methods In-home usage study was carried out with 60 volunteers for a 15-day intervention – Control Group: 6 applications per day of ABHS and Test Group: Overnight VCO use (6-8 drops) followed by 6x usage per day of ABHS. This leg incuded dermatological evaluation and WHO Self Assessment Scale for skin health. Another leg of measurement included non-invasive instrumental study (Moisture & TEWL Probes, Tape Strip for protein content and IR spectroscopy for protein & lipid content) on forearm of 12 subjects (25-60 years age) with and without VCO application and repeated alcohol exposure. Results In-home usage study established consumer experiencing skin protective effect of VCO in the context of ABHS onslaught. 25% increase in perceived mositure content was recorded for VCO users, using WHO Self-Assessment Scale. Instrumental studies confirmed an increase in TEWL and decrease in lipids & protein content. Overnight VCO application resists the extraction which builds up with repeated application. Conclusions Current work provides evidence of compromised hand skin barrier with ABHS daily usage. Overnight VCO application helps prepare the skin for next day alcohol use. Based on the findings a regimen of overnight VCO application on hands as a natural prophylactic is recommended.

Antibacterial and immunomodulator activities of virgin coconut oil (VCO) against Staphylococcus aureus

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2019

Antibiotics have components to inhibit infections against Staphylococcus aureus, but they depend on judicious use to minimize the incidence of resistance forms. Strategies to improve the current situation include research in finding a new antimicrobial from virgin coconut oil (VCO). The saturated fatty acid, lauric acid (LA) (C12) contain in VCO was reported to have antibacterial activities. This study developed antimicrobial of VCO as an antimicrobial and immunomodulatory agent. Staphylococcus aureus used in this study had been isolated and identified from the mastitis milk crossbreed Etawa goat from Riau, Indonesia. The susceptibility of S. aureus to VCO was tested using the broth dilution method. The inhibition mechanisms of S. aureus had been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after treatment with VCO, and potential of VCO, which is known in phagocytosis macrophage. In vitro test confirmed the inhibitory effect of VCO on the growth of S. aureus at the concentration of 200 μl (equal to 0.102 % LA). Based on the result of the phagocytosing assay, VCO could increase the ability of the macrophage cells to phagocyte S. aureus significantly at a concentration of 200 μL (equal to 0.102% LA). This study concluded that the VCO could inhibit the growth of S. aureus with destructive mechanisms of bacterial cell walls and increase the ability of the phagocytic immune cells.

Antibacterial activity of hydrolyzed virgin coconut oil

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2014

Objective:The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the partial hydrolysis of virgin coconut oil (VCO) on it's antibacterial activity. Methods:The VCO used in this study was the productof UD SinarNias. Hydrolysis was carried out by enzyme and sodium hydroxide. Enzymatic hydrolysis using lipozyme was conducted in four different incubation time namely, 3 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours and 12 hours. Alkaline hydrolysis preformed with 25%, 50% and 75% NaOH calculated from the saponification valueof coconut oil. Acidified hydrolyzed VCO was extracted with n-hexane. Recovered hydrolyzed products were mixed with water (5 g in water to make 10 ml) to form water in oil emulsion (w/o). Antibacterial activity test was conducted against bacteria Pseudomonasaeruginosa (ATCC 25619), Staphylococcusaureus (ATCC 29737), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228) and Propionibacterium acnes (ATCC 6918) by diffusion agar method using the paper disc of 6 mm in diameter. Antibacterial activity of hydrolyzed VCO was compared with tetracycline and ampicillin. Results: Un-hydrolyzed VCO did not show antibacterial activity but hydrolyzed oil did. The longer the incubation time and the higher the amount of NaOH used in the hydrolysis increased antibacterial activity. VCO hydrolyzed by enzyme was more effective than those hydrolyzed by sodium hydroxide. Hydrolyzed VCO were more effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than other bacteria. Conclusions: Un-hydrolyzed VCO did not inhibit bacterial growth, while VCO after hydrolysis was found to have antibacterial activity. Hydrolyzed VCO by enzyme is more active asantibacterial than VCOhydrolyzed by NaOH. Tetracyclin and ampicillin were more active than those of hydrolyzed VCO.

Angiogenic and wound healing potency of fermented virgin coconut oil: In vitro and in vivo studies

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2017

Objective: The process of wound healing involves activation of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, etc. Angiogenesis is crucial during the process of wound healing. Virgin coconut oil is widely utilized in South Asia for various purposes including food, medicinal and industrial applications. This study aimed to evaluate the potency of fermented virgin coconut oil (FVCO) in angiogenesis and wound healing via both in vitro and in vivo assays. Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC), fibroblast (CCD-18) and retinal ganglion (RGC-5) cells were cultured in medium containing different concentrations of FVCO. The proliferation, migration and morphological changes of cells were determined. The angiogenic effect of FVCO was evaluated by rat aortic assay. The therapeutic effect of FVCO on wound healing was further assessed in a wound excision model in Sprague Dawley rats. The expression of phospho-VEGFR2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2) in HUVECs was detected by Western blot. Results: FVCO (6 and 12 µg/mL) significantly improved the proliferation of HUVEC, CCD-18 and RGC-5 cells (P < 0.05 or 0.01). FVCO (25 µg/mL) markedly increased the migration ability of CCD-18 and RGC-5 cells (P < 0.05). FVCO did not affect cell morphology as indicated by fluorescein diacetate (FDA), rhodamine 123 and Hoechst staining. FVCO (25, 50 and 100 µg/mL) significantly stimulated the ex vivo blood vessel formation as compared with negative control (P < 0.05). Rats in FVCO group had significantly smaller wound size, higher wound healing percentage, and shorter wound closure time when compared with control group since day 8 (P < 0.05), suggesting that oral FVCO administration notably promoted the wound healing process. FVCO treatment (6 and 12 µg/mL) significantly enhanced the phospho-VEGFR2 expression in HUVECs (P = 0.006 and 0.000, respectively). Conclusion: Our study confirms a high angiogenic and wound healing potency of FVCO that might be mediated by the regulation of VEGF signing pathway.

Apoptosis in lung cancer cells induced by virgin cocnut oil

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2015

Introduction: National Cancer Statistics reported that lung cancer listed as third highest among most prevalent cancer in Malaysia. Objectives: In this study, the possibility of using virgin coconut oil (VCO) as new potential anti-apoptosis agent to combat this cancer was evaluated. Experimental design: Two lung cancer cell lines were exposed to series of concentration of virgin coconut oil for 72 hrs. Upon treatment, the morphological changes of the cancer cells were observed. The apoptosis assay using Annexin V- FITC kit was also carried out. Results: We found that VCO at IC50 value of 12.04% (v/v) and 8.64% (v/v) induced apoptosis in NCI-H1299 and A549 lung cancer cell lines, respectively, with 3.57% and 4.20% of the apoptotic cells following treatment. Morphological changes, such as the appearance of massive cytoplasmic vacuolization and blebbing of the cell membrane, were observed in both cell lines after treatment with VCO. When tested on skin-derived fibroblasts, VCO at the IC50 values for both cell types was negative for toxicity. Conclusions: These results suggest that VCO can induce cell death of lung cancer cells and safe to be consumed.

Effect of coconut oil in plaque related gingivitis - A preliminary report

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2015

Oil pulling or oil swishing therapy is a traditional procedure in which the practitioners rinse or swish oil in their mouth. It is supposed to cure oral and systemic diseases but the evidence is minimal. Oil pulling with sesame oil and sunflower oil was found to reduce plaque related gingivitis. Coconut oil is an easily available edible oil. It is unique because it contains predominantly medium chain fatty acids of which 45-50 percent is lauric acid. Lauric acid has proven anti inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. No studies have been done on the benefits of oil pulling using coconut oil to date. So a pilot study was planned to assess the effect of coconut oil pulling on plaque induced gingivitis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of coconut oil pulling/oil swishing on plaque formation and plaque induced gingivitis. A prospective interventional study was carried out. 60 age matched adolescent boys and girls in the age-group of 16-18 years with plaque induced gingivitis were included in the study and oil pulling was included in their oral hygiene routine. The study period was 30 days. Plaque and gingival indices of the subjects were assessed at baseline days 1,7,15 and 30. The data was analyzed using paired t test. A statistically significant decrease in the plaque and gingival indices was noticed from day 7 and the scores continued to decrease during the period of study. Oil pulling using coconut oil could be an effective adjuvant procedure in decreasing plaque formation and plaque induced gingivitis.

Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil Application on the Skin of Preterm Newborns: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Article

Jun 2019
J TROP PEDIATRICS

Background: Preterm constitutes a major part of neonatal mortality, particularly in India. Due to dermal immaturity, preterm neonates are susceptible to various complications like infection, hypothermia, etc. Emollient application is a traditional practice in our subcontinent. Aims: To find out the efficacy of coconut oil application for skin maturity, prevention of sepsis, hypothermia and apnea, its effect on long-term neurodevelopment and adverse effect of it, if any. Material and methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in the rural field practice area of Department of Community Medicine, Burdwan Medical College from March 2014 to August 2018. Preterm born in the study period was divided into Group A (received virgin coconut oil application) and Group B (received body massage without any application). Neonatal skin condition was assessed on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day of life. Neurodevelopmental status was assessed on 3rd, 6th and 12th months. Results: A total of 2294 preterm were included in the study. Groups A and B consisted of 1146 and 1148 preterm infants, consecutively. Mean gestational age of the study population was 31.9 ± 3.4 weeks and 50.4% were male. Mean weight loss in first few days was less in group A but mean weight gain per day was higher in group B. Lesser incidences of hypothermia and apnea, and better skin maturity and neurodevelopmental outcome were noted in group A. No significant adverse effect was noted with coconut oil application. Conclusion: Use of coconut oil helps in dermal maturity and better neurodevelopmental outcome. Further studies are warranted for universal recommendation.

Health impacts of different edible oils prepared from coconut (Cocos nucifera): A comprehensive review

Article

Jul 2018
TRENDS FOOD SCI TECH

Background Edible oils, preferably plant origin are rich sources of fatty acids and other lipophilic antioxidants to the body. Among these, oils derived from the coconut kernel (Cocos nucifera) are widely used in India and the Asia Pacific, which includes copra oil (CO), virgin coconut oil (VCO) and refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) oil. Based on the mode of preparation, their composition and biological effects vary. Scope and approach This review compares the physicochemical and biological properties of coconut oils prepared by different methods. The metabolism of coconut oil and its predominant content lauric acid is also explained. This review emphasizes the use of VCO in the prevention and amelioration of several degenerative diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancers, over CO or RBD oils. Key findings and Conclusion There are no evident differences in the fatty acid profiles of CO, VCO and RBD oils. However, they differ in their polyphenol contents, which are reported to be high in VCO, possibly due to less harsh treatment during its preparation. Various epidemiological and clinical reports indicating the health risk of coconut oils could be pertinent to the data on the individuals consumed CO/RBD oil, which lacks polyphenols. Whereas, VCO have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering and cytoprotective efficacies, which may be attributed to its higher polyphenolics. Further, emerging studies have indicated that hot-extracted VCO (HVCO) have a pharmacological advantage over VCO prepared by fermentation. At this juncture, further explorations on the biopharmaceutical potential of VCO have to be undertaken through clinical studies.

Empty nano and micro-structured lipid carriers of virgin coconut oil for skin moisturisation

Article

Jan 2016

Abstract: Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is the finest grade of coconut oil, rich in phenolic content, antioxidant activity and contains medium chain triglycerides (MCTs). In this work formulation, characterisation and penetration of VCO-solid lipid particles (VCO-SLP) have been studied. VCO-SLP were prepared using ultrasonication of molten stearic acid and VCO in an aqueous solution. The electron microscopy imaging revealed that VCO-SLP were solid and spherical in shape. Ultrasonication was performed at several power intensities which resulted in particle sizes of VCO-SLP ranged from 0.608 ± 0.002 μm to 44.265 ± 1.870 μm. The particle size was directly proportional to the applied power intensity of ultrasonication. The zeta potential values of the particles were from −43.2 ± 0.28 mV to −47.5 ± 0.42 mV showing good stability. The cumulative permeation for the smallest sized VCO-SLP (0.608 μm) was 3.83 ± 0.01 μg/cm2 whereas for larger carriers it was reduced (3.59 ± 0.02 μg/cm2 ). It is concluded that SLP have the potential to be exploited as a micro/nano scale cosmeceutical carrying vehicle for improved dermal delivery of VCO. Empty nano and micro-structured lipid carriers of virgin coconut oil for skin moisturisation. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292091233_Empty_nano_and_micro-structured_lipid_carriers_of_virgin_coconut_oil_for_skin_moisturisation [accessed May 5, 2016].