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Espeletia saboyana (Millerieae, Asteraceae), a New Critically Endangered Caulirosula from Cordillera Oriental, Colombia
Abstract
Espeletia saboyana, a new species from Páramo de Saboyá, Boyacá department, Colombia, is described and illustrated. It is a caulescent rosette up to 5 m tall, with whitish-cinereous appearance, sessile leaves with elliptic laminae, cymose capitulescences with aphyllous unbranched portion and 3-5 capitula, 5-13 phyllaries, the external ones 17.4-26.0 mm long, 49-92 ray florets 13.0-18.4 mm long, and 162-347 disc florets 8.2-12.2 mm long. Espeletia saboyana is similar to E. incana, but with longer laminae, bigger foliar area, and fewer ray floret series. It is also similar to E. murilloi, but with longer ray tubes, ray paleae, disc corollas, disc styles, disc anther appendages, and disc paleae. In addition, E. saboyana is distributed allopatrically in regard to E. incana and E. murilloi. This species is informally proposed to be listed as IUCN Critically Endangered (CR), since it is restricted to a single population with extent of occurrence = 1.83 km 2 and area of occupancy = 0.48 km 2. Besides, this population is severely fragmented into 40-50 demes, the largest one covering only 34,000 m 2. Most demes are found in humid soils and wetlands submitted to continuous habitat deterioration as water is drained for use in agriculture. Espeletia saboyana is rare or absent in these newly drained areas, which are either colonized by other species that thrive on drier soils or transformed into pastures for cattle grazing. Furthermore, analyses of size class distributions show that recruitment rates of E. saboyana are significantly lower in small demes, which, if not reversed, can further reduce population size in the near future.
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In this work a taxonomic revision is made of the nomenclature, distribution, and conservation status for the 84 species in the Colombian clade of Espeletia. Taxonomic changes include five new combinations for taxa at the species level that are transferred to Espeletia. Seventy-three species are endemic to the Colombian Cordillera Oriental (including four extending into the Venezuelan side of Páramo de Tamá), six are found in the Colombian Cordillera Central (four endemic to this range, one extending into Ecuador, and one shared with the Colombian Cordillera Occidental), three are endemic to the Colombian Cordillera Occidental, and two are endemic to Sierra de Perijá (including one yet to be found within Colombian borders). Geographic distributions at the páramo massif level are given for all species and subspecies. The IUCN Red List category is listed for each species, with suggestions for recategorization of some species with small distribution areas, low number of populations, and threats to their habitat extent and quality. In all, about 60 species in the Colombian Espeletia clade must be classified within a threatened category. When species belonging to the Venezuelan Espeletia clade that are found within Colombian borders are included, the current estimate of total diversity of Espeletia in this country is 90 species.
A new species Espeletia ramosa (Espeletiinae, Asteraceae) is described and illustrated. This species is not apparently allied to any other, however its morphological relationships with the most similar Espeletia species are discussed. It is currently only known from a small subpáramo area near “Laguna de Tota”, Boyacá department, Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. Espeletia ramosa is the only Colombian species growing as a compact colony of rosettes branched near the ground, and harbours an array of morphological traits relatively plesiomorphic in comparison with other Espeletiinae members, which make it one of the living species phenotypically closest to the presumed ancestor of the subtribe. In addition, E. ramosa represents a notable addition to the diversity of Espeletia growth forms in Colombia, a country where Espeletia spp. with consistently and profusely branched rosettes were so far unknown. Unfortunately, E. ramosa must be considered as an “Endangered” or even “Critically Endangered” species, since its only known population occupies an area < 0.2 km2. Moreover, the ensemble of areas with relatively undisturbed habitats potentially suitable for the species in the same mountain range likely represents < 10 km2, is already highly fragmented and seriously threatened by the expansion of the agricultural frontier. Published on-line www.phytologia.org Phytologia 101(4): 222-230 (Dec 21, 2019). ISSN 030319430.
Subtribe Espeletiinae (Asteraceae) represents the best example of morphological and ecological diversification in the Northern Andes high-elevation ecosystem known as páramo. These plants, formerly considered as belonging to a single genus, Espeletia,
were later referred to eight genera defined mainly according to their habit, branching pattern, and inflorescence position and
structure. However, several molecular phylogenetic analyses have shown that this classification system is artificial since the larger
genera, regrouping ca. 85% of the species, are polyphyletic. Here, a return to the previous classification system of the subtribe at
the generic level is proposed, adopting the view that only Espeletia should be recognized, with the other seven genera considered as
(heterotypic) synonyms. At the species level, a taxonomic revision is made of the nomenclature, morphology, and distribution of the taxa
in the Venezuelan clade of Espeletia, one of the two major clades that compose the genus. Fifty-four species are accepted, 48 entirely
endemic to the Venezuelan Cordillera de Mérida, 2 broadly distributed in this range and nearby areas in Colombia and Venezuela, and
4 endemic to the northern section of the Colombian Cordillera Oriental and Sierra de Perijá. Distribution maps for all species are
proposed, along with brief morphological descriptions and lists of diagnostic features that facilitate their identification against similar
species. Thirteen hybrid taxa and their putative parental species are also given, eight of them proposed here for the first time.
A multivariate morphometric study of the Solidago uliginosa complex of Solidago subsect. Maritimae was conducted to assess the morphological differences among Solidago austrina as “outgroup,” S. simulans, and S. uliginosa (including S. humilis, S. klughii S. linoides, S. neglecta, S. purshii, S. terrae-novae, and S. uniligulata). An analysis of a matrix of 320 specimens by 37 traits of subsect. Maritimae was performed initially, then multiple analyses of the S. uliginosa complex with species limits defined in multiple ways to assess which taxa should be recognized and at what taxonomic rank within the S. uliginosa complex. Support was found for recognizing S. simulans and S. uliginosa and for recognizing 3 varieties within S. uliginosa: var. uliginosa, var. peracuta, and var. terrae-novae. A key to all species in Solidago subsect. Maritimae is included.
Monitoring is essential for effective conservation and management of threatened species and ecological communities. However, more often than not, threatened species monitoring is poorly implemented, meaning that conservation decisions are not informed by the best available knowledge. We outline challenges and provide best‐practice guidelines for threatened species monitoring, informed by the diverse perspectives of 26 conservation managers and scientists from a range of organisations with expertise across Australian species and ecosystems. Our collective expertise synthesised five key principles that aim to enhance the design, implementation and outcomes of threatened species monitoring. These principles are (i) integrate monitoring with management; (ii) design fit‐for‐purpose monitoring programs; (iii) engage people and organisations; (iv) ensure good data management; and (v) communicate the value of monitoring. We describe how to incorporate these principles into existing frameworks to improve current and future monitoring programs. Effective monitoring is essential to inform appropriate management and enable better conservation outcomes for our most vulnerable species and ecological communities.
A new species of Espeletia from the Páramo de Presidente in northeastern Colombia is described. The species is named Espeletiapraesidentis after the name of the páramo, and it is dedicated to the President Juan Manuel Santos, for his persistent efforts in working for peace for Colombia. The new species is closely related to Espeletiadugandii, but differs in the shape and colour of the leaves and arrangements of the capitulescences. A large population was found, but its total extension is yet to be determine.
Ed. Vicki A. Funk, Alfonso Susanna, Tod F. Stuessy and Randall J. Bayer
Reproduction in rare plants may be influenced and limited by a complex combination of factors. External threats such as invasive species and landscape characteristics such as isolation may impinge on both pollination and seed predation dynamics, which in turn can strongly affect reproduction. I assessed how patterns in floral visitation, seed predation, invasive ant presence, and plant isolation influenced one another and ultimately affected viable seed production in Haleakalā silverswords (Argyroxiphium sandwicense subsp. macrocephalum) of Hawai'i. Floral visitation was dominated by endemic Hylaeus bees, and patterns of visitation were influenced by floral display size and number of plants clustered together, but not by floral herbivory or nearest flowering neighbor distance. There was also some indication that Argentine ant presence impacted floral visitation, but contradictory evidence and limitations of the study design make this result uncertain. Degree of seed predation was associated only with plant isolation, with the two main herbivores partitioning resources such that one preferentially attacked isolated plants while the other attacked clumped plants; total seed predation was greater in more isolated plants. Net viable seed production was highly variable among individuals (0-55% seed set), and was affected mainly by nearest neighbor distance, apparently owing to low cross-pollination among plants separated by even short distances (>10-20 m). This isolation effect dominated net seed set, with no apparent influence from floral visitation rates, percent seed predation, or invasive ant presence. The measured steep decline in seed set with isolation distance may not be typical of the entire silversword range, and may indicate that pollinators in addition to Hylaeus bees could be important for greater gene flow. Management aimed at maintaining or maximizing silversword reproduction should focus on the spatial context of field populations and outplanting efforts, as well as on conserving the widest possible range of pollinator taxa.
A new species of Coespeletia from the páramos of Mérida (Venezuela) is described here. This species, named Coespeletia palustris, is found in a few marshy areas of the páramo. It is closely related to C. moritziana, but differs from it in a smaller number of florets in the capitula, larger ray flowers with longer ligulae and longer linguiform appendages, smaller pollen grains, larger cypselae, ebracteate scapes, leaves and inflorescences with more whitish indumentum, larger leaf sheaths, and marshy habitat.
A new species of Espeletiopsis was found in two small páramos of Norte de Santander, Colombia. The species is named Espeletiopsis diazii honoring the contributions of Santiago Díaz-Piedrahita in recognition of his vast knowledge of the Compositae in Colombia. This is a very distinctive species, markedly different from most of the Espeletiopsis present in Colombia. The new species is closely related to Espeletiopsis caldasii and Espeletiopsis santanderensis, but differs in having (1-)4-6(-7) capitula, with very short peduncles, and capitula arranged in a compact or densely glomerate cyme. With a total distribution area of less than 75 km(2), this species is probably critically endangered or imperiled.
A multivariate morphometric study of the Symphyotrichum boreale – S. nahanniense – S. welshii complex was undertaken to assess the morphological differences between members of the complex and compare them with specimens of S. lanceolatum, a close relative. Discriminant analyses of a matrix of 119 specimens including the S. nahanniense – S. boreale – S. welshii complex and Symphyotrichum lanceolatum, provided significant statistical support for recognizing four distinct taxa. Within the S. nahanniense – S. boreale – S. welshii complex itself, discriminant analysis of 103 specimens reinforced treating the three groups as separate species. The analyses also revealed useful morphological traits that could be used to identify each taxon within the complex. Furthermore, comparisons were made among the four known populations of S. nahanniense. The results also indicated that the range of S. welshii is larger than previously reported and includes Utah, western Wyoming, and rarely further north in Montana and Idaho. Chromosome numbers are reported for Symphyotrichum boreale (2n = 16, first report for Wyoming; 2n = 48, first report for this taxon), S. lanceolatum subsp. hesperium (2n = 64, first reports for Northwest Territories, Canada), S. nahanniense (2n = 16, first reports for this taxon), and S. welshii (2n = 16, first reports for this taxon).
AbstractThe páramos and high Andean forests of the tropical Andes are largely dominated by frailejones (Nomen nudum Cuatrec., Nomen nudum). These plants are ecologically and culturally essential for both ecosystems and local inhabitants. The frailejones have been studied for over two centuries, but the taxonomic knowledge is still sparse and incomplete. The inedited monograph by Cuatrecasas contains only ca. 70% of the species known today, and publications in the last decade disagree regarding the number of taxa within the group, with estimates ranging from 3 genera and 90 species to 8 genera and 154 species. Moreover the literature contains inexact information about their distribution. As part of a study of the phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of the group, a thorough revision of the nomenclature was needed as a first step. Currently the subtribe has 8 recognized genera, 141 species, 17 subspecies, 22 varieties, 8 forms, 33 recognized hybrids, 142 synonyms and 5 invalid names, for a total of 368 names (autonyms not counted). The most current list of taxa is presented here, along with some notes and Spanish names. Tamananthus crinitus V.M.Badillo is not included within the subtribe. Various previous species or infraspecific taxa (i.e. Carramboa tachirensis (Aristeg.) Cuatrec., Espeletia algodonosa Aristeg., Espeletia aurantia Aristeg., Espeletia brassicoidea var. macroclada, Espeletia brassicoidea var. pedunculata,
Espeletia garcibarrigae Cuatrec. and Espeletiopsis cristalinensis (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec.) are proposed or confirmed as hybrids. Two new records for Colombia are mentioned: Ruilopezia cardonae (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec., which is the first report of Ruilopezia for that country, and Espeletia steyermarkii Cuatrec. Observations regarding the frequency of hybrids in the subtribe are also given.
A multivariate morphometric study of Solidago subsection Glomeruliflorae (Torr. & A. Gray) Nesom was undertaken on a matrix of 45 characters by 368 plants to assess the morphological differences among the members of the complex and to determine their appropriate taxonomic ranks. The numbers of a priori groups tested were based on taxa recognized in floristic literature, examination of type specimens and 3214 herbarium specimens, and observations of plants in the field and greenhouse. Analyses were performed to determine statistical support for eight a priori species level groups: Solidago albopilosa E.L. Braun, Solidago caesia L., Solidago curtisii Torr. & A. Gray, Solidago flexicaulis L., Solidago glomerata Michx., Solidago lancifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) Chapm., Solidago macrophylla Pursh, and Solidago ouachitensis C.E.S Taylor & R.J. Taylor. Additional analyses were preformed to determine statistical support for varietal level a priori groups within S. caesia and S. curtisii. Statistical support for recognizing all 10 a priori groups varied, although in all analyses. the P values were always well below a of 0.05. Based on the results of the discriminant analyses, the following taxa are recognized: S. albopilosa, S. caesia var. caesia, S. caesia var. zedia, S. curtisii var. curtisii, S. curtisii var. flaccidifolia, S. flexicaulis, S. glomerala, S. lancifolia, S. macrophylla, and S. ouachitensis.
GeoCAT is an open source, browser based tool that performs rapid geospatial analysis to ease the process of Red Listing taxa. Developed to utilise spatially referenced primary occurrence data, the analysis focuses on two aspects of the geographic range of a taxon: the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO). These metrics form part of the IUCN Red List categories and criteria and have often proved challenging to obtain in an accurate, consistent and repeatable way. Within a familiar Google Maps environment, GeoCAT users can quickly and easily combine data from multiple sources such as GBIF, Flickr and Scratchpads as well as user generated occurrence data. Analysis is done with the click of a button and is visualised instantly, providing an indication of the Red List threat rating, subject to meeting the full requirements of the criteria. Outputs including the results, data and parameters used for analysis are stored in a GeoCAT file that can be easily reloaded or shared with collaborators. GeoCAT is a first step toward automating the data handling process of Red List assessing and provides a valuable hub from which further developments and enhancements can be spawned.
The loss and fragmentation of natural habitats by human activities are pervasive phenomena in terrestrial ecosystems across the Earth and the main driving forces behind current biodiversity loss. Animal-mediated pollination is a key process for the sexual reproduction of most extant flowering plants, and the one most consistently studied in the context of habitat fragmentation. By means of a meta-analysis we quantitatively reviewed the results from independent fragmentation studies throughout the last two decades, with the aim of testing whether pollination and reproduction of plant species may be differentially susceptible to habitat fragmentation depending on certain reproductive traits that typify the relationship with and the degree of dependence on their pollinators. We found an overall large and negative effect of fragmentation on pollination and on plant reproduction. The compatibility system of plants, which reflects the degree of dependence on pollinator mutualism, was the only reproductive trait that explained the differences among the species' effect sizes. Furthermore, a highly significant correlation between the effect sizes of fragmentation on pollination and reproductive success suggests that the most proximate cause of reproductive impairment in fragmented habitats may be pollination limitation. We discuss the conservation implications of these findings and give some suggestions for future research into this area.
A new species, Espeletia ocetana (Asteraceae), from about 3500 m a. s. l. in Páramo de Ocetá, Mongua, Boyacá department, Colombia, is described and illustrated. The new species exhibits a caulescent rosette habit (0.7–1.8 m tall), sessile leaves, elliptic leaf laminae
with greyish indumentum, robust bracteate thyrsoid capitulescences spreading laterally from rosette, each holding 16–37(–69) capitula, external phyllaries 14.2–31.1 mm long, and ray florets 13.9–21.3 mm long arranged in 2.0–2.9 series. It is markedly different from the majority of other members of the genus, and only slightly similar to E. jaramilloi, from which it can be easily distinguished by its taller stems, wider leaves with a smaller length/width ratio, and longer sheaths. Furthermore, E. ocetana has capitula with ray florets arranged in fewer series, and with longer phyllaries, ray corollas, ray corolla limbs, ray styles, ray style branches, disc florets, and disc styles. In addition, E. ocetana is distributed
allopatrically in regard to E. jaramilloi, and differs as well in its ecological preference for humid to very humid shrubby páramos. Espeletia ocetana is rather abundant in its type locality, which is a relatively well-conserved páramo located within the limits of Parque Natural Regional Siscunsí-Ocetá. However, it is absent from road margins, abandoned agriculture fields, and other areas impacted by human activities. Further studies will be necessary to know appropriately the extent of the geographic distribution of E. ocetana, its ecological requirements and its phylogenetic affinities with other species.
An intensive exploration of the páramos ecosystem on northwestern Colombia allowed the discovery of a new species of Espeletia (Millerieae: Asteraceae), E. restricta. Espeletia is an endemic taxon to the páramos of Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador, generally found above 3000 m of elevation. Espeletia restricta has a very narrow distribution limited to the northern Central Cordillera of Los Andes. The new species is similar to Espeletia occidentalis, species occurring in the Central and Western Cordillera, from which it differs in the size of its synflorescences relative to the rosette length (less than 1.5 times longer than the rosette vs. 2–3 times longer than the rosette) and indument colour (yellowish vs. greenish-white). The new species was assessed Critically Endangered (CR) due to the small size of its population and the restricted nature of its occurrence, which makes this taxon of great conservation concern.
From March 2001 to December 2002, we studied the reproductive phenology, pollination ecology, and growth rates of Espeletia grandiflora Humb. and Bonpl. (Asteraceae), a giant caulescent rosette from the Páramos of the Eastern Andes of Colombia. Espeletia grandiflora was found to be predominantly allogamous and strongly self-incompatible. Bumblebees (Bombus rubicundus and B. funebris) were the major pollinators of E. grandiflora, although moths, hummingbirds, flies, and beetles also visited flowers. Inflorescence development began in March and continued through August to September. Plants flowered for 30 - 96 days with a peak from the beginning of October through November. The percentage of flowering plants strongly differed among size classes and between both years. Seed dispersal occurred as early as September through May of the following year. The average absolute growth rate for juveniles and adults rate was 7.6 cm/year. Given the scarcity of floral visitors at high altitudes due to climatic conditions, we suggest that even small contributions from a wide range of pollinators might be advantageous for pollination of E. grandiflora. Long-term studies on different populations of E. grandiflora are required to determine if the high growth rates are representative, to quantify the variation in the flowering behavior within and among populations, and to establish if nocturnal pollination is a trait that is exclusive to our population of E. grandiflora.
Su arez for help during fieldwork, and the staff at Instituto Alexander von Humboldt and herbarium COL for help with plant preservation and lab facilities
- Edilberto Suarez
Edilberto Suarez, and Carlos Su arez for help during fieldwork, and the
staff at Instituto Alexander von Humboldt and herbarium COL for
help with plant preservation and lab facilities. Collections were granted
by the Colombian Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales
(ANLA), Permiso Marco de Recolecci on de Espec ımenes, Resoluci on
01435 (September 3/2018, attributed to J. Aguirre) and Resoluci on 01194
(July 13/2020, attributed to M. T. Becerra). This work is part of the Ph.D.
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