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Psikostudia
Jurnal Psikologi
Volume 11 No. 1 | Maret 2022: 100-110
DOI: 10.30872/psikostudia
p-ISSN: 2302-2582
e-ISSN: 2657-0963
100
The Role of Emotion Regulation on
Compulsive Shopping of Clothing
Djudiyah
Department of Psychology, University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia
Email: djudiyah@umm.ac.id
Article Info
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received 07/02/2022
Revised 21/02/2022
Accepted 27/02/2022
During the Covid-19 pandemic, almost all student activities are carried out from
home, whether for lectures, shopping, etc. The number of activities carried out
at home for a long period has resulted in students feeling bored/bored and
feeling pressured by their routine activities. They seek entertainment by
looking at the products offered in online store outlets. This can encourage
students to spend excessively or compulsively, especially for students who are
less able to regulate emotions. This study aims to empirically prove the effect
of emotion regulation on compulsive shopping and wants to know the
dimensions of emotional regulation inability that support students' compulsive
spending. This study uses a quantitative approach. The subjects of this study
amounted to 166 active students of the Faculty of Psychology, University of
Muhammadiyah Malang. The data collection methods used were the
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and the compulsive shopping
scale for clothing. Data analysis was performed using the regression analysis
method with the help of the SPSS version 21 program. The results of the
analysis showed that there was an influence of emotion regulation on
compulsive clothing shopping. The dimensions of difficulty controlling
impulses and refusing to realize emotions are dimensions of the inability to
regulate emotions that play a major role in compulsive shopping for clothes.
Keywords:
Emotional regulation;
Compulsive Buying;
Student
Corresponding Author:
Djudiyah
Department of Psychology,
University of Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia
Email: djudiyah@umm.ac.id
PSIKOSTUDIA: Jurnal Psikologi | Volume 11 No. 1 | March 2022: 100-110
The Role of Emotion Regulation on Compulsive Shopping of Clothing
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101
BACKGROUND
The Covid 19 pandemic that hit almost
all countries in the world makes each
country have special policies to suppress its
spread to all levels of society, because
vaccines / drugs covid 19 has not been found.
There are countries that implement
lockdowns, large-scale social restrictions
(PSBB) and others so that people avoid
covid 19. The implementation of this
government policy makes people must live
at home rather than activities outside the
home, so that the spread can be controlled.
Work activities, lectures, schools are widely
done at home online through various
information technology programs that are
currently growing rapidly.
This online lecture activity makes
students browse a lot on the internet to
search for literature / e-books, journals,
information about things related to lecture
materials. This online lecture activity has
high effectiveness and efficiency on the one
hand. On the other hand, the number of
activities carried out at home through online
can cause saturation (boring), anxiety and
even psychological stress (Cao, et al., 2020).
Thus, browsing on the internet is used to
meet the needs of lectures, get pleasure,
dampen the saturation that is being
experienced, for example by playing online
games, looking around for advertisements
of products that are of interest (Günüç &
Keskin, 2016).
Research from Flórez, Escobar,
Restrepo, Botero and Arias (2017) in
students found that social media (internet)
can make it easy for individuals to access
information about various products or
services needed, able to compare prices,
save time, ease of access, means to find
entertainment, means for promotion /
advertising of various products and services.
Ease of access to information as well as to
get products through online stores can
encourage individuals to make impulsive
shopping decisions and ultimately lead to
uncontrolled spending or commonly called
compulsive spending.
Impulse purchases can arise due to
cognitive processes in a person that involve
emotional factors and affective processes in
making purchases without considering the
consequences obtained (Santrock, 2011). A
person who experiences or has positive
emotions is likely to make impulsive
purchases. However, if a person is
experiencing or has negative emotions tend
not to make purchases that are not planned.
The greater the positive emotion a person
has the greater the desire to buy impulsively
(Verhagen and Dolen, 2011).
One factor that influences compulsive
shopping is an individual's inability to
control or manage emotions (William &
grisham, 2011). Individuals are less able to
suppress the negative emotions they are
experiencing and less able to control the
urge to spend, so individuals do compulsive
spending (Billieux, et al., 2008). The results
of this study are supported by the findings
of Septianto (2013) that emotional states
and the ability of individuals to regulate
emotions influences individual assessment
of advertising themes and tendencies to
spend. Individuals who experience sadness
have a higher interest and do a greater
evaluation of fun ad themes, while
individuals who feel anxious will have a
greater interest in quiet advertising themes.
The phenomenon that occurs today is
that teenagers are less able to refrain from
buying fahion products when there is a
discount, weigh less the benefits when
making purchases of fashion products and
prefer to use the money for fashion
purchases rather than saving. For teenagers
to avoid these problems, adolescents must
have a healthy personality by having
psychological endurance (Wilda, 2011).
Therefore, through self-regulation
adolescents can control the urge to buy
unnecessary goods impulsively (Pradipto.et
PSIKOSTUDIA: Jurnal Psikologi | Volume 11 No. 1 | March 2022: 100-110
The Role of Emotion Regulation on Compulsive Shopping of Clothing
(Djudiyah)
102
al, 2016; Eren.et al, 2012). When a person has
high self control then tends to be more able
to control impulse buying that arises
because they consider in advance whether
the item to be purchased suits his needs.
Research conducted by LaRose, Lin
and Eastin (2003) on 465 students at the
Midwestern University's communication
study program found that there is a positive
correlation between the inability to regulate
emotions and self-regulation with addiction
behavior to internet use. Research
conducted by William and Grisham (2011) on
49 individuals who like compulsive shopping
found that compulsive shopping is
associated with several domains of
impulsivity and lack of emotion regulation.
Individuals who experience intense
emotional states tend to be more reactive
and are at greater risk of experiencing
emotional dysregulation (Gratz, 2007).
This emotional dysregulation or
inability to regulate emotions can lead to
impulsive spending behavior and
compulsive spending on clothing,
cosmetics, etc. Compulsive spending is done
to repair the negative emotions that are
being experienced (William, 2012b).
Compulsive shopping is characterized by
impulsivity, emotional vulnerability, and
weak emotional regulation processes. This
plays an important role in developing and
maintaining compulsive shopping. The
results of this study show that the ability of
individuals to regulate emotions plays a big
role in the spending process. Individuals
who could regulate high emotions can
minimize the occurrence of compulsive
spending (William & Grisham, 2011).
William and Grisham (2011) found that
the inability to properly regulate emotions
had a profound effect on compulsive
shopping. One dimension of the inability to
regulate emotions that have a major effect
on compulsive shopping is the difficulty to
enganged in directing behavioral goals so
that individuals tend to do compulsive
shopping. Emotional distress experienced
by individuals affects the process of
achieving individual goals in the process of
spending. Inability to regulate emotions is
one of the characteristics of compulsive
shopping that can explain to be
continuously enganged to behaviors that
ultimately produce negative outcomes.
The results of this study are
corroborated by the findings of Zahra,
Kazemi, and Khosravy (2013). That
dimension of emotional dysreguality is
positively correlated with addiction
behavior. This study was conducted in
Australia on research subjects who have a
shopping addiction, but how studies in
individuals who have compulsive shopping
tendencies in young children, especially
students who have addiction shopping at
moderate and low levels still need empirical
proof because compulsive shopping has also
occurred in developing countries (Dittmar &
Kapur, 2011) as well as Indonesia. Based on
the results of previous research, researchers
are interested in reviewing the regulation of
emotions associated with compulsive
shopping, especially students. Which
dimension of emotional regulatory
incompetence most influences compulsive
spending tendencies in college students is
interesting to study.
Based on the above description it can
be concluded that compulsive spending of
clothing is done because individuals are less
able to regulate emotions properly.
Individuals who are unable to regulate
emotions (emotion dysregulation) tend to
do high compulsive spending. Individuals
tend to be less able to properly assess their
emotions, less able to accept their
emotions, and less flexible in using emotion
regulation strategies, due to experiencing
very intense emotional states. The inability
to regulate these emotions can lead to
compulsive shopping.
The purpose of this study was to find
out the effect of emotion regulation on
PSIKOSTUDIA: Jurnal Psikologi | Volume 11 No. 1 | March 2022: 100-110
The Role of Emotion Regulation on Compulsive Shopping of Clothing
(Djudiyah)
103
compulsive shopping of clothing in students
and want to know the dimensions of
inability to regulate emotions which affect
compulsive shopping is very interesting to
know. The results of this study can be used
as a consideration to make a prevency effort
to minimize compulsive shopping of
clothing in students.
Hypothesis of this study is 1) there is an
influence on the ability to regulate emotions
on compulsive shopping of clothing, and 2)
the dimension of difficulty regulation of
emotion (difficulties of emotion regulation)
affects compulsive shopping of clothing.
RESEARCH METHODS
Type of research
This research is quantitative research.
This study sought to find out the role of
emotion regulation against compulsive
shopping of clothing and to find out the
dimensions of emotion regulation that play
a big role in the occurrence of compulsive
shopping of clothing.
Research Subjects
There are 166 active students of the
Faculty of Psychology, University of
Muhammadiyah Malang. There were 46
male students and 120 female students,
taken with the Incidental Sampling
technique. Incidental sampling technique is
done because the lecture process and
student mentoring process are done online
because of the Covid 19 Pandemic.
Data Collection Methods
In this study the free variable was the
regulation of emotions, and the dependent
variable was compulsive shopping of
clothing. The data gathering method in this
study is scale. There are two scales used in
this study, namely, the compulsive shopping
scale of clothing and the Scale of Difficulties
in Emotion Regulation Skill (DERS).
Emotion regulation was measured
using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation
Skill (DERS) scale compiled by Gratz and
Roemer (2004) of 36 items. The scale of
compulsive shopping is based on the theory
of Dittmar (2005). There are 3 aspects of
compulsive shopping: a very strong urge to
do the shopping, a hard-to-control shopping
drive and adverse consequences. This scale
is arranged as many as 28 items.
Before carrying out the study,
researchers tested the research instrument
to a portion of the population by conducting
a trial (try out). Trials and research conducts
are conducted via email.
Analysis Techniques
The data analysis method used in this
study is Regression Analysis. This method is
intended to determine the role or influence
of emotional regulation on compulsive
shopping of clothing as well as the
dimension of difficulty regulation of
emotion (difficulties of emotion regulation)
which predominantly affects compulsive
shopping of clothing in students. Data
analysis in this study was conducted with the
help of the SPSS v.21 program.
RESEARCH RESULTS
The results of the test of the influence
of the inability to regulate emotions
(difficulties of emotion regulation) as the
following table:
Table 1. Regression Test Affects Emotional
Regulation on Compulsive Shopping of
Clothing
B
R2
Sig.
Info.
0,468
0,385
0,00
Very significant
Based on the results of the data
analysis obtained beta coefficient β = 0.468
with p = 0.000 (p<0.01). This can be
interpreted that the emotional regulation
ability possessed by individuals influences
PSIKOSTUDIA: Jurnal Psikologi | Volume 11 No. 1 | March 2022: 100-110
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104
compulsive shopping of clothing. Thus, the
hypothesis of this study is accepted.
Emotion regulation contributed to
compulsive shopping of clothing by 38.5% (R
Square =0.385).
Table 2. Results of Regression Analysis of Dimensions of Emotion
Regulation against Compulsive Shopping of Clothing
Variable
B
Sig.
Conclusion
Not receiving an emotional response (X1)
0.267
0.491
Insignificant
Difficulty in directing behavioral goals (X2)
0.098
0.778
Insignificant
Difficulty controlling impulses (X3)
1.002
0. 003
Very significant
Refusing to realize emotions (X4)
0.970
0.008
Very significant
Limitations of accessing emotional strategies (X5)
0.275
0.315
Insignificant
Rejecting emotional clarity (X6)
-0.127
0.819
Insignificant
Regression analysis also found that of
the 6 dimensions of inability to regulate
emotions (difficulties of emotion regulation)
there are 2 dimensions that have a strong
effect on compulsive shopping of clothing in
students, namely: difficulty controlling
impulses (β = 1,002 with p = 0.003) and
refusing to realize emotions (β = 0.970 with
p = 0.008). Thus, it can be concluded that
difficulty controlling impulses and refusing
to realize emotions is a dimension that has a
strong effect on compulsive shopping of
clothing.
Table 3. Compulsive Clothing Shopping and Emotion Regulation Reviewed from Gender
Gender
Difficulty regulation of emotions
Compulsive Shopping of Clothing
Man
Mean
77.609
34.848
N
46
46
Standar Deviasi
17.9784
9.5568
Woman
Mean
82.317
48.500
N
120
120
Standar Deviasi
20.0193
14.5209
Total
Mean
81.012
44.717
N
166
166
Standar Deviasi
19.5361
14.6473
The results of the analysis showed that
compulsive clothing was performed by
female students (Mean =48,500) compared
to male students (Mean=34,848). Emotional
regulation difficulties are experienced by
many female students (Mean = 82,317)
compared to students (Mean = 77,609).
DISCUSSION
The results of the data analysis found
that the ability to regulate emotions
influenced compulsive shopping of clothing
in students. This supports the results of
research conducted by William and Grisham
(2011) which found that compulsive
shopping is done because individuals are
less able to perform effective emotion
regulation, especially when in a state of
psychological distress. They tend to behave
impulsively, reject emotional awareness,
reject emotional clarity, have difficulty
directing behavioral goals.
The results of this study also support
the findings of Grant et al., (2010) that
addiction behavior is often caused by
individuals less able to regulate emotions
effectively when faced with psychological
distress. Individuals who experience an
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inability to regulate emotions are unable to
accept emotional responses, difficulty in
directing behavioral goals, difficulty
controlling impulses, refusing to realize
emotions, limited access to emotional
strategies and rejecting emotional clarity.
This can encourage individuals to perform
addiction behaviors, such as drug abuse,
eating disorder, pathological gambling,
compulsive buying, and others.
The results of the study found that an
individual's inability to control impulses was
a contributing factor to compulsive
shopping of clothing. These findings support
research conducted by Billieux, et al., (2008)
and William and Grisham (2011) that
compulsive shopping is caused by
individuals tending to be impulsive in
responding to their environment especially
when they experience psychological
distress. Compulsive shopping occurs
because individuals experience strong
emotional reactions, often under negative
affect conditions that result in a low ability
to consider suppressing the response
automatically so that compulsive shopping
occurs. The dimension of impulsivity is the
best predictor of compulsive shopping
tendencies. (Billieux, et al., 2008).
The factor that drives a person to
make purchases without planning is the
lifestyle of shopping that makes shopping a
part of everyday life (In'am., et al, 2016).
Herabadi, et al (2009) shop not only to get
the needs of the goods needed, but a
lifestyle activity and possibly to meet
psychological needs. The ever-evolving
lifestyle makes shopping one of the most
popular places for someone to meet their
needs. The increasing need for primary and
secondary goods makes consumers always
meet their needs and wants, this is what
underlies the creation of Shopping Lifestyle
(Setyningrum.et al, 2016).
Teenage consumers have a high desire
to buy because in general teenagers have
characteristics in dressing, dressing up,
hairstyles, behavior, musical pleasure,
meetings, and parties. Teenagers want to
always look that can attract the attention of
others, especially peers, so teenagers
mostly spend money on these needs (Diba,
2014). Adolescents have unstable emotional
maturity, thus encouraging the emergence
of various symptoms in unnatural behavior,
thus requiring self-control to control
themselves against all the resources they
have (Bong, 2011).
The higher the level of shopping
lifestyle comments on fashion, the stronger
the consumer's desire in meeting his needs
that have become his lifestyle Chusniasari
(2015). So that self control is needed, the
higher the shopping lifestyle, the stronger
the unplanned purchase so that self control
serves as a mediator when making impulsive
or compulsive purchases. Self control acts as
a process of supervision so that a person
stays on the relevant behavior. Individuals
who maintain shopping patterns, then
unplanned purchases rarely appear. self-
control as the capacity to change, the
individual being aware of what is wanted
and needed. Self-control is necessary in
response to understanding what you want
so as not to make impulsive purchases
(Naomi and Mayasari, 2008).
The results showed that the dimension
of refusing to realize emotions had a major
effect on compulsive shopping. The results
of this study are in line with the findings.
William and Grisham, (2011) that individuals
who like compulsive shopping like to refuse
to be aware of emotions, as well as less
focus on mindful thinking attention.
Emotional vulnerability and weak emotional
regulation processes also play a role in
developing and maintaining compulsive
shopping (William & Grisham, 2011).
Hermanto (2016) impulse buying can
occur due to emotional impulses. A person's
positive emotions can increase when there
are supportive environmental factors such
as interest in items or promotions. Sales.
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Positive Emotion will give rise to two
dominant feelings, namely feelings of
pleasure and arousing desires, either a arise
from the psychological set or sudden desires
(Setiadi and Ketut, 2015). Consumers with
positive emotions show a greater incentive
in buying, the high drive makes someone
make an impulsive purchase (Andriyanto, et
al., 2016).
The results of the study (Hetharie,
2012) showed that consumers who have
impulse buying properties are more
emotional than non-impulse buyers,
because purchase behavior without
planning shows greater positive feelings and
often spends more money when shopping.
The results of the study (Leba, 2015) prove
that positive emotion variables have a
positive and significant influence on
impulsive buying variables. Impulse
purchases often occur in everyday products,
especially fashion products. Many shopping
centers that sell a variety of fashion
products that cause high fashion
involvement (Setiadi and Ketut, 2015).
Chusniasari (2015) stated that the higher the
level of fashion involvement will further
increase impulse buying.
Motivation to shop for clothing
products is related to an individual's desire
to improve their physical appearance,
change identity, approach the ideal image,
and always try to model others (Ureta,
2007). Compulsively purchased products are
compensation for unmet ownership needs
but are done in different ways. Individuals
seek to acquire objects they believe can
alleviate the grief associated with unmet
ownership needs (Norberg, et all., 2020).
The results also showed that women
have a higher tendency to compulsive
shopping of clothes compared to men. The
results of this study are supported by the
results of research (Otero-Lopes &
Villardefracos, 2014) that women are more
prone to compulsive shopping than men.
Men's shopping is motivated by
psychological and emotional factors. Men
shop as a self-repair strategy, while women
are more for fear of social and cultural
doubt. This can be used to explain and
predict why high compulsive shopping
tendencies are carried out by women more
than men (Dittmar & Drury, 2000).
Clothing is a symbol of self-image and
self-presentation for women. Shopping for
clothes for women is a way to convey the
ideal image and to increase their confidence.
(Dittmar & Drury, 2000). Women learn from
their social environment that to get praise
and attention from others is judged by their
appearance. Compulsive shopping of
clothes is a way to gain approval and
recognition from others. The clothing
industry is considered to increase the low
self-esteem of women in addition to
increasing the purchase of products.
Students who like to follow things related to
clothing (fashion) and focus on appearance
are also at risk of compulsive spending on
clothing (Trautmann-Atmann and Johnson,
2009).
The results also found that women
have difficulty doing higher emotional
regulation compared to men. The results
support the finding that men are taught by
their social environment to think logically
when faced with a problem and are not
expected to involve an excess emotional
element compared to women. This is what
makes men have an inability to do low
emotional regulation (Feldman, 2013).
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
The results of the study found that the
inability to regulate emotions influenced
compulsive spending of clothing. The
dimensions of an individual's inability to
control impulses and resisting to realize
emotions are the two dimensions that most
influence compulsive shopping of clothing in
college students. Women have a greater
qualifiedness to spend compulsively than
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men. Women also have more difficulty
inulating their emotions than men.
The results of this study can be used
by:
1. Students of the Faculty of Psychology.
Students can train themselves to always
improve emotional management and
self-awareness in all situations, especially
when spending clothes. This continuous
self-forging can improve the skill of doing
emotion regulation.
2. Faculty of Psychology
The results of this research can be used by
the Assistant Dean of 3 Faculties of
Pskology as the basis for the preparation
of student coaching programs, especially
to increase the skills to regulate emsoi
and self-awareness (mindfulness) in
students.
3. Next Researcher
Researchers who want to study emotion
regulation can use the latest DERS scale
(2007).
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