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Sandalodesmus joachimadisi n. sp., the first Chelodesmidae member from Uruguay with an updated key to species of the genus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida)
Abstract
A new species of Chelodesmidae is described from northern Uruguay, Sandalodesmus joachimadisi n. sp. The new species differs from other congeners by particular features of the gonopods. Sandalodesmus joachimadisi n. sp. belongs to the iguazuensis species group. Photographs of the new species, data on its natural history and a geographic distribution map of all Sandalodesmus species are presented. A key to the species of Sandalodesmus is provided. The taxonomic relationships with other species of the genus are discussed.
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A checklist of the family Chelodesmidae Cook, 1895 (order Polydesmida) from state of São Paulo, Brazil has been performed based on literature and examined material from the collection of the Instituto Butantan, São Paulo (IBSP). A total of 15 genera (7 tribes and 5 genera considered incertae sedis) with 64 species are listed. Among these species, 30 presented a single one record in the state, 19 with more than one record and four recorded for the first time for the state of São Paulo, and 11 species occurring in other Brazilian states. The most distributed species is Brasilodesmus paulistus paulistus (Brölemann, 1902) with 52 records of occurrence. In addition, a complete bibliography list of the chelodesmidan fauna from the state is compiled, as well as distribution maps for all species are provided.
A catalog of the family Paradoxosomatidae (order Polydesmida) is presented here listing a total of 198 genera with 975 valid species. Of these, 190 genera containing 960 valid species are arranged in three subfamilies and 22 tribes following Jeekel’s 1968 classification (with one addition by Jeekel in 1983). In addition, eight genera with 15 species are currently of “uncertain tribal position.” Eighty-five of the 198 paradoxosomatid genera are monotypic. Currently, 40 trinominals and one variety are accepted in the family. Furthermore, there are 83 species listed as “doubtful species”. The species Porcullosoma albipes, P. castaneum, P. connectens, P. jaujense, P. mamillatum and P. muticum are listed as new combinations, assigned to the genus Ergethus. For each tribe, genus and species bibliographic citations are given, including a citation of the original description and all significant subsequent citations in chronological order. Eighty-eight generic and 120 species- level synonymies are fully referenced, and presented in table form. Geographic information for each species is based mainly on the locality of the type specimen. An index to genus and species names is included. Electronic files of all valid genera, species, with author and year, as well as all generic and species-level synonyms, as well as subspecies are available from the authors.
Background:
The arthropod class Diplopoda is a mega-diverse group comprising >12,000 described millipede species. The history of taxonomic research within the group is tumultuous and, consequently, has yielded a questionable higher-level classification. Few higher-taxa are defined using synapomorphies, and the practice of single taxon descriptions lacking a revisionary framework has produced many monotypic taxa. Additionally, taxonomic and geographic biases render global species diversity estimations unreliable. We test whether the ordinal taxa of the Diplopoda are consistent with regards to underlying taxonomic diversity, attempt to provide estimates for global species diversity, and examine millipede taxonomic effort at a global geographic scale.
Methodology/principal findings:
A taxonomic distinctness metric was employed to assess uniformity of millipede ordinal taxa. We found that ordinal-level taxa are not uniform and are likely overinflated with higher-taxa when compared to related groups. Several methods of estimating global species richness were employed (Bayesian, variation in taxonomic productivity, extrapolation from nearly fully described taxa). Two of the three methods provided estimates ranging from 13,413-16,760 species. Variations in geographic diversity show biases to North America and Europe and a paucity of works on tropical taxa.
Conclusions/significance:
Before taxa can be used in an extensible way, they must be definable with respect to the diversity they contain and the diagnostic characters used to delineate them. The higher classification for millipedes is shown to be problematic from a number of perspectives. Namely, the ordinal taxa are not uniform in their underlying diversity, and millipedes appear to have a disproportionate number of higher-taxa. Species diversity estimates are unreliable due to inconsistent taxonomic effort at temporal, geographic, and phylogenetic scales. Lack of knowledge concerning many millipede groups compounds these issues. Diplopods are likely not unique in this regard as these issues may persist in many other diverse yet poorly studied groups.
The chelodesmid genus Odontopeltis Pocock, 1894, is revised. It currently contains eight species, four of which are described as new here: Odontopeltis aleijadinho sp. nov., Odontopeltis donabeja sp. nov., Odontopeltis tiradentes sp. nov., and Odontopeltis xica sp. nov. Additional descriptive data are provided for Odontopeltis anchisteus Hoffman, 1981, Odontopeltis clarazianus (Humbert & deSaussure, 1869), Odontopeltis giganteus Schubart, 1849, and Odontopeltis conspersus (Perty, 1844); for the latter species a neotype is designated herein. The current position of all species ever associated with the genus is presented. Examination of type material revealed that the following species are not members of the genus Odontopeltis: Odontopeltis balzanii Silvestri, 1895, Odontopeltis borellii Silvestri, 1895, Polydesmus gracilipes Humbert & deSaussure, 1870, and Odontopeltis proxima Silvestri, 1895. The type specimen of Rhacophorus decoloratus Koch, 1847, is lost and the species is considered incertae sedis. The terminology of gonopod structures is discussed. A phylogenetic analysis of Odontopeltis based on 47 morphological characters, with species of the genus Odontopeltis and six outgroup taxa is presented. Odontopeltis is monophyletic, with Rondonaria as its closest sister-group. The included members of the tribe Telonychopodini (Pantanalodesmus, Telonychopus, and Manfrediodesmus) form a monophyletic group; the tribe Macrocoxodesmini (Macrocoxodesmus and Eucampesmella) is paraphyletic in this data set. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London
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