BENEFITS AND RISKS OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS USING SOCIAL MEDIA

Abstract

Children and teenagers widely use social media, and recent studies have shown that they spend the majority of their time daily on social media pages. This study aims to show the positive and negative impacts that social media has on the development of teenagers. This review brings together work from disparate fields which examines the relationship between social media and social capital, privacy, youth safety, psychological well-being, and educational achievement. We observed this phenomenon in Albania by interviewing teenagers between 11-16 years of age. Those selected were regular users of social media. The study shows that children and teenagers were positively affected as social media helped in increasing their communication abilities, getting information, developing their technical skills, and how they can effectively use this recent technology. On the other side, they are exposed to the risk of Facebook depression, cyberbullying, and online sexual harassment. In the conclusions part of this study, some suggestions were given for further studies.

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BENEFITS AND RISKS OF CHILDREN AND
ADOLESCENTS USING SOCIAL MEDIA
Elda Tartari
Faculty of Education, Aleksander Moisiu University, Durrës
Abstract
Children and teenagers widely use social media, and recent studies
have shown that they spend majority of their time daily in social media
pages. This study aims to show the positive and negative impacts that social
media has in the development of the teenagers. This review brings together
work from disparate fields which examine the relationship between social
media and social capital, privacy, youth safety, psychological well-being,
and educational achievement. We observed this phenomenon in Albania by
interviewing teenagers between 11-16 years of age. Those selected were
regular users of social media. The study shows that children and teenagers
were positively affected as social media helped in increasing their
communication abilities, getting information, developing their technical
skills, and how they can effectively use this recent technology. On the other
side, they are exposed to risk of Facebook depression, cyberbullying, and
online sexual harassments. In the conclusions part of this study, some
suggestions were given for further studies.
Keywords: Social media, benefits, risks, teenagers, children
Introduction
Teenagers in these days widely use social networks (sites). They have
made this a part of their daily activities. Every webpage that allows for social
interaction is considered to be a social media site. These pages includes the
social network pages like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Myspace; gaming
sites and virtual worlds such as Club Penguin, Second Life, and the Sims;
video sites such as YouTube; and blogs. Consequently, such sites offer
today's youth a portal for entertainment and communication. Based on the
significant increase from previous surveys, 73% of wired American teens
now use social networking websites (Lenhart, Purcell, Smith, & Zickuhr,
2010). Another study shows that 22 % of the teenagers log in their preferred
social networks more than ten times per day, and half of the teenagers that
were asked, log into this social media more than one times per day (Common

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Sense Media, 2009). According to American Psychological
Association (APA), in the last 5 years, the number of pre-teenagers and
teenagers that use these pages increased dramatically. According to a report
done for the benefit of the European Union (2014), 59% of 9-16 year olds
have a social networking profile including 26% aged 9-10, 49% aged 11-12,
73% aged 13-14, and 82% aged 15-16. Social networking is most popular in
the Netherlands (80%), Lithuania (76%), and Denmark (75%), and least in
Romania (46%), Turkey (49%), and Germany (51%) (Livingstone et al.,
2014).
On one hand, the internet affords many opportunities for learning,
entertainment, enrichment, and personal growth. Therefore, parents have a
positive view of its use, and encourage children and adolescent to make
judicious use of it. On the other hand, parents are ambivalent to the internet,
as they are aware of the potential risks it carries by exposing users to
negative content such as pornography, violence, commercialism,
cyberbullying, unsupervised social relations, and privacy and security issues
(Ceyhan, 2011). Many scholars suggest that students learn in new ways
using social media and that educators should embrace these new platforms
(Ito et al., 2009; Jenkins, 2006).
For example, Facebook and similar social media programs allows
students to gather outside of class for the purpose of collaborating and
exchanging ideas about assignments (O'Keeffe, G.S. & Clarke-Pearson, K.,
2011)
Research Questions of this Study
1. What is social media?
2. What do teenagers benefit from using social media?
3. What are the risks teenagers faced by using social media?
What is Social Media?
“Social media is a group of Internet-based applications that build on
the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allows the
creation and exchange of user-generated content.” (Kaplan & Haenlein,
2010). The foundation of social media is the social interaction, which gives
the participants the possibility to share opinions, thoughts, and knowledge in
a global forum where time and place are insignificant (Carlsson, 2010). Web
2.0 contains social networks and communities such as Pirate Bay and My
Space, blogs and sites where the participants themselves create the content,
e.g. Facebook. Web 2.0 is a platform on which social media is based
(Carlsson, 2010). The term Web 2.0 refers to websites that are designed to:
(a) rely on the participation of mass groups of users rather than centrally
controlled content providers, (b) aggregate and remix content from multiple
sources, and (c) more intensely, network users and content together

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(O’Reilly, 2007). Kreutzer and Hinz (2010) identified various social media
platform types: blogs, microblogging sites (e.g. Twitter), media sharing sites
(e.g. YouTube), social bookmarking sites (e.g. StumbleUpon), bulletin
boards, and social networking sites (e.g. Facebook). Kaplan and Haenlein
(2010) also add virtual social worlds (e.g. Second Life), virtual game worlds
(e.g. World of Warcraft), and collaborative projects (e.g. Wikipedia) to that
list. Furthermore, these sites offer youth entertainment and communication
opportunities. Therefore, engaging in various forms of social media is a
routine activity of which research has shown to benefit children and
adolescents by enhancing communication, social connection, and even
technical skills (Ito. et al., 2008). In recent years, the number of pre-
teenagers and teenagers who use such sites has increased dramatically.
The Benefits of Teenagers in Using Social Media
The social media through its interactive platform enables the users to
communicate with other members in building social relationship and sharing
information and knowledge related to the needs and activities in the real life.
Teenagers in particular, spend a great amount of their time interacting in
their social lives. The usage of the social media by the teenagers occurs at
the same time with their developing identity, sexuality, and their physical
and moral development. Recent studies show some benefits derived by this
teenagers as they have improved in their communication. At the same time,
they have also improved their social life and emotional life which have a
great impact on their development process.
Social Media may also provide a supportive environment for
adolescents to explore romance, friendship, social status, and it provides
teens the opportunity to share and discuss their musical tastes, knowledge of
television and movies, video games, and the other aspects of adolescent
culture (Ito et al., 2008).
Socialization and Communication
Social media sites allow teens to meet many online tasks that are
relevant to their lives offline: to lie about friends and family, make new
friends, share photos, and share ideas (Ito. et al., 2008). Social media
participation can also offer adolescents deeper benefits that extend into their
view of self, community, and the world (Boyd D, 2007). Thus, young adults
who spend more time on Facebook are better at showing “virtual empathy”
to their online friends (APA, 2011). Again, social media sites allow teens to
accomplish many online tasks which are important to them offline: staying
connected with friends and family, making new friends, sharing pictures, and
exchanging ideas (O'Keeffe, G.S, Clarke-Pearson. K, 2011).

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Accessing Health Information
Teenagers can find and access online information about their health
concerns easily and anonymously. Excellent health resources are
increasingly available to youth on a variety of topics of interest, such as
sexually transmitted infections, stress reduction, and signs of depression
(O'Keeffe, G.S, Clarke -Pearson. K, 2011). However, the encouragement of
parents to be more informed about the online accession of their children
would go a long way in obtaining more information and would lead to a
deeper discussion about this issue.
According to Lenhart et al. (2010), teens also use online searches to
gain answers to many of their health concerns with 31% of online teens
getting health, dieting, or physical fitness information. Seventeen percent of
teens who use the internet, report they use it to gather information about
health topics that are hard to discuss with others, such as drug use and sexual
health (Lenhart et al., 2010).
Enhanced Learning Opportunities
The different studies conducted on the effects of social media sprang
from the results that are seen when people use the media and the new
technologies which evolved. Many scholars suggest that students learn in
new ways using social media; and as such, educators should embrace these
new platforms (Ito et al., 2009; Jenkins, 2006). Middle and high school
students are using social media to connect with one another on homework
and group projects (Boyd D, 2010). Some schools successfully use blogs as
teaching tools which has the benefit of reinforcing skills in English, written
expression, and creativity (Borja RR, 2005). In addition, social media
programs allow students to gather outside of class for the purpose of
collaborating and exchanging ideas about assignments (O'Keeffe, G.S,
Clarke -Pearson. K, 2011). Social networking can provide tools for teaching
in compelling ways that engage young students (APA, 2011).
Risks of using Social Media
Apart from the benefits, social media also brings threats to the
teenagers. They are at risk if they access the internet under the age they are
not allowed without their parent’s permission. The minimal age of internet
access is 13 years old. This age was decided by the Congress in the
Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA, 1998), which prohibits
Websites from collecting information on children younger than 13 years
without parental permission. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
encourages that age should be respected. Therefore, falsifying age has
become a common practice by some preadolescents and some parents, but
this action risks the safety of their children.

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According to the report made by the EU (2014), around half of all 11-
16 year olds has encountered one or more of the 10 risks we asked about.
With a recent increase among girls and the younger children in some
countries, the changes from 2010 to 2014 suggested that children are
experiencing more of both risks and opportunities - in Denmark, Italy, and
Romania (and, less, in Ireland). Moreover in Belgium, Portugal and the UK,
children are now benefiting from more online activities without an
equivalent increase in risk. Therefore, the risks that teens face online are
similar to those faced offline (Carroll, J.A. & Kirkpatrick, R.L., 2011)
Cyberbullying and Online Harassment
Cyberbullying is defined as an individual or a group wilfully using
information and communication involving electronic technologies to
facilitate deliberate and repeated harassment or threat to another individual
or group by sending or posting cruel text and/or graphics using technological
means (Mason, 2008). Cyberbullying is any behavior performed through
electronic or digital media by individuals or groups that repeatedly
communicates hostile or aggressive messages intended to inflict harm or
discomfort on others beyond the school grounds, and follows targets into
their homes (Patchin & Hinduja, 2006). Use of social media also creates an
opportunity for emotional distress by receiving threatening, harassing, or
humiliating communication from another teen. This is a common threat for
the teenager and pre-teenagers. Cyberbullying appears similar in prevalence
to offline bullying; and current data suggest that online harassment is not as
common as offline harassment (Lenhart A, 2007). Furthermore,
cyberbullying can occur to any young person online, and can cause profound
psychosocial outcomes such as depression, anxiety, severe isolation, and
tragically, suicide (Patchin J. & Hinduja S, 2006). The Monash University
found in their study that the majority of surveyed secondary school students
(72.4 per cent) indicated they had received unwelcome or unpleasant contact
by strangers via their social networking profiles (Monash University, 2011).
Cyberbullying has been shown to cause higher levels of depression and
anxiety for victims than traditional bullying. It has also been connected to
cases of youth suicide with teens known to engage in reading hurtful
comments some days before their suicide attempts (Kowalski, 2010). Teens
most at risk for cyberbullying are also those at risk of offline harms, such as
teens who have experienced sexual or physical abuse or those living in poor
home environments (Berkman, 2008)
Sexting
Sexual harassment encompasses a wide variety of behaviors and can
range in severity from degrading remarks to unwanted sexual advances and

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sexual assault (Dill et al., 2008). Unwanted online sexual solicitation is
defined as “the act of encouraging someone to talk about sex, to do
something sexual, or to share personal sexual information even when that
person does not want to” (Ybarra & Mitchell, 2007). Sexting can be defined
as “sending, receiving, or forwarding sexually explicit messages,
photographs, or images via cell phone, computer, or other digital devices”
(Berkshire District Attorney, 2010).
Based on the studies conducted in different countries, it was observed
that this phenomenon is present among teenagers. Livingston and Bober
(2004) point to a discrepancy between the large numbers of children who
admit being exposed to pornography, and a significantly smaller number of
parents who are aware of their children's exposure to it. Children also report
longer hours of daily use than their parents report, and admit more often than
their parents are aware of, that they are exposed to some kind of online
harassment (Cho & Cheon, 2005; Liau et al., 2008; Livingston & Bober,
2004). A study done in Washington in 2008 concluded that 20% of teens
have sent or posted nude or seminude photographs or videos of themselves
(National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, 2008).
Youth are much more likely to receive sexual solicitation between same-age
youth than sexual predation; and most of these solicitations come from same-
age peers who are known offline (Collins, 2011). In a study of European
Union countries, 15% of 11-16 year olds have received peer to peer “sexual
messages or images …[meaning] talk about having sex or images of people
naked or having sex,” and 3% say they have sent or posted such messages
(Livingstone et al., 2014).
Facebook Depression
Facebook depression is defined as a depression that develops when
preteens and teens spend a great deal of time on social media sites, such as
Facebook, and then begin to exhibit classic symptoms of depression (Davila
et al., 2009). As with offline depression, preadolescents and adolescents who
suffer from Facebook depression are at risk to social isolation and sometimes
turn to risky Internet sites and blogs for “help” that may promote substance
abuse, unsafe sexual practices, or aggressive or self-destructive behaviors
(O'Keeffe et al., 2011). Teens who use Facebook more often, shows more
narcissistic tendencies, while young adults who have a strong Facebook
presence show more signs of psychological disorders, including antisocial
behaviors, mania, and aggressive tendencies (APA, 2011).
Daily overuse of media and technology has a negative effect on the
health of all children, preteens, and teenagers by making them more prone to
anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders, as well as making
them more susceptible to future health problems (APA, 2011). Teens who

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are the heaviest media users, reported being less content and are more likely
to report that they get into trouble a lot, are often sad or unhappy, and are
often bored (Rideout, 2010).
Privacy Concerns and the Digital Footprint
Today, the main risk faced by preadolescents and adolescents online
are risks from each other, risks of improper use of technology, lack of
privacy, sharing too much information, or posting false information about
themselves or (Barnes S. A, 2006)
This kind of behaviors puts their privacy at risk. When Internet users
visit various Websites, they can leave behind evidence of which sites they
have visited. This collective, ongoing record of one's Web activity is called
the “digital footprint.” One of the biggest threats to young people on social
media sites is that of their digital footprint and future reputations (O'Keeffe
et al., 2011) Preadolescents and adolescents who lack an awareness of
privacy issues often post inappropriate messages, pictures, and videos
without understanding that “what goes online stays” (Palfrey et al., 2010). As
a result, future jobs and college acceptance may be put into jeopardy by
inexperienced and rash clicks of the mouse (O'Keeffe et al., 2011).
Albanian Teenagers and Social Media Usage
20 teenager of age 11-16 years old were interviewed in the
framework of this article. They are using social media regularly and at the
end of the day, they counted nearly 3 hours of navigation on social media.
99% of them access their Facebook account every day and they also make
two or three accesses per day. 65 percent of these teenagers use Youtube for
music and other videos. 30 percent of them play online games and 10 percent
of them read information from Wikipedia. All these teenagers use social
media especially Facebook to connect and communicate with friends and to
make new connections with unknown people. Majority of the teenagers
participating in the interviews made online communication with unknown
people in different ways: in their inbox, poke option, likes and comments in
the statuses, photos etc.
Furthermore, 70 percent of them used social media to share materials
use for the learning process. The materials shared between them generally
are links that helps them develop their learning skills, share their homework,
obtain consultancy about their lesson problems, listen to tutorials on
Youtube, and communicate in a foreign language by practicing it. Some of
them use social media to read information about any pathology or any health
problem as a result of curiosity about the health problems of others.
The disturbing fact is that these teenagers felt threatened by the usage
of social media. Three of them confessed that they were threatened and

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harassed by unknown people in their online communication. 10 percent of
them accepted that they shared sexual content with known and unknown
people. All of them were uninformed about the digital tracks and were not
careful about the information they shared online. They shared a lot of
personal information about their life, address, and location. Only one of them
admitted that he experienced Facebook depression. He wanted to stay long
online on Facebook and had no desire to communicate with his nearby
friends and family.
Conclusion
Based on the studies cited in this paper, we come to the conclusion
that social media is a very important platform in the daily life of the
teenagers. They benefit by increasing the communication skills with friends
and relatives and they can develop their socialization process more. Also, we
can say that the teenagers were able to use social media to obtain information
about topics like health, education, and to increase the technical skills using
the last technologies.
Consequently, various forms of social media have changed the ways the
teenagers talk, learn, and think. On the other hand, teenagers are in danger of
Facebook depression, cyberbullying, and online sexual harassment. It must
be stressed that the benefits and risks of teenagers in the usage of social
media have a significant impact in their physical and psychological
development.
It is necessary to create parents and teachers “awareness” on the risks
faced by pre-teenagers and teenagers on social media. These two groups
should encourage dialogs between teenagers and discuss in detail the risks
that come from the usage of this pages and the impact it might leave on
them. However, the studies in this direction are few and we suggest a wider
study in Albania and other regions on this issue.
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