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Journal of Positive School Psychology http://journalppw.com
2022, Vol. 6, No. 5, 72 – 86
Employing some traditional craft techniques as an Approach to
enrich the structural and technical systems of the artistic work
1Ali Hussein Ahmed shahat
1Department of Art Education, Faculty of Education, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
31982 -1759 Hasa, Saudi Arabia,h.ali@kfu.edu.sa
Abstract
The current research aims to shed light on traditional crafts, structural and technical systems, and
make historical approaches to the material heritage represented in craft production, and what these
crafts wove from structural engineering and technical systems in the structure of the craftsmanship
that has prevailed for long periods that formed a material culture associated with the philosophy of
life, and we must take advantage of From these synthetic and technical systems and reformulating
them to produce artistic works that keep pace with the requirements of the times as a step towards
presenting a new vision to preserve our artistic and technical heritage, and finding experimental
approaches by integrating some of the selected inherited techniques to reach expressive and plastic
formulations, in the light of constructivist philosophy. The most important results are that the
combination of some techniques contributed to finding new experimental methods and practices and
finding a contemporary plastic vision for the artistic work.
Keywords: Structural, technical, traditional crafts, handicrafts, artistic work.
INTRODUCTION
Traditional crafts have been linked to a set of
structural and technical systems throughout the
ages that were used in the structure of the
craftsman, thus a wide range of traditional
crafts have emerged that serve to meet the
people’s needs of daily commodities, and
among these crafts are “crafts based on palm
ores, stained glass, inlays with shells, porcelain
and pottery, Leather, wood carving, weaving,
tents and arabesques, and copper roads” and
other crafts that arose from the womb of the
need of societies, becoming an integral part of
their visual culture and a vital part of our
artistic heritage, it must be preserved in light of
technological development and changing trends
that The world is witnessing it, by
reformulating it with artistic and plastic visions
commensurate with the data of the times.
Per craft has its own craft, structural and
technical systems that require experience and
depth of knowledge in the field. Technique is
related to the craft that makes work ready for
use after installation and trimming operations.
Technique appeared as a practice for the
production of tools to help humans adapt to
nature. (Abdul-Amir & Muslim, 2018) The
craftsman has formed intellectual and artistic
creativity for us since ancient times, controlling
the material, adapting it as he likes, and
following technical methods that are still
inherited and derived from the depth of history,
so it is necessary to re-read them and employ
them through the channels of inspiration,
drawing on the artist’s own experiences.
Perhaps one of the main objectives of art
education and the field of artistic works, in
particular, is to preserve heritage, as an
important part of the material component of
identity, The Arab world is characterized by the
73 Journal of Positive School Psychology
diversity of traditional industries, where there
are dozens of handicrafts that have been
inherited for generations, bearing with them the
genetic imprint of creativity, beauty, accuracy,
and perfection. A field concerned with the
study of materials as an expressive medium,
and endeavor to provide plastic visions in
dealing with materials and drawing inspiration
from heritage elements, by taking the entrances
of experimentation to embody ideas and
crystallize meanings, the new plastic
associations and the newly developed
relationships are combined in the structure of
the artistic work.
Handicrafts are a field that is compatible
with the philosophy of modern currents of
plastic art such as the constructivism and the art
of assembly, which are concerned with the
essence of construction and the architectural
character of the elements. The value of the
artifact, and since there are raw material and
experimental approaches, there must be a
technique that is a starting point for finding
formative relationships that support the
aesthetic dimensions of the artistic work.
One of the most important supports that
support the legality of the current research is
what is advocated by many institutions
concerned with preserving and drawing
inspiration from heritage in a contemporary
context and finding a vision for the
development of technical and technical
standards while maintaining originality and
integration between the “original and what is
contemporary”. Reaching the experimentation
and operation of raw materials, opened the way
for the use and development of techniques that
glorified the role of raw materials and adapted
them following the philosophy of the era.
Therefore, the research seeks to study the
following axes to benefit from the Structural
and technical systems of some heritage crafts as
an entrance to enrich the artistic works: (The
first axis: Heritage and Artistic Works,
traditional crafts and art, the philosophy of the
constructive direction of materials and
technique). (The second axis is the technique
and formation systems for a selection of
traditional crafts). (The researcher’s subjective
experience is based on the combination of
techniques of some crafts to find new structural
and technical systems in the artwork).
Therefore, the research problem lies in the
following question: How to benefit from the
application and integration of some of the
techniques of heritage crafts according to the
philosophy of the constructivist tendency to
develop and enrich the structural and technical
systems of the artistic work.
Research aims:
- The research aims to find technical
approaches and a contemporary plastic vision
for the artistic work through the application and
integration of some traditional craft techniques
in the light of the philosophy of the
constructivism.
- Enriching the structural and technical
systems and the expressive aspect of the artistic
work.
Research hypotheses: the researcher assumes
- Employing and integrating some of the
techniques used for traditional crafts contribute
to enriching the structural systems and
constructivism of the artistic work..
- The combination of some craft techniques
helps the artist to find experimental approaches
and contemporary plastic visions for the
artwork.
Research importance:
- Preserving the technical systems used in
traditional crafts in light of life changes and the
factors of material progress.
- Attention to employing the techniques of
manual formation of traditional crafts and
presenting them with a contemporary artistic
vision consistent with the philosophy of
construction.
- Finding new experimental approaches to the
artifact and discovering plastic and artistic
formulations that fit the requirements of the
times.
Research limits:
- The current research is limited to the meeting
highlighting the technical systems used in the
Ali Hussein Ahmed shahat 74
following traditional crafts "woodcraft - hand
weaving - copper industry".
- Employing and integrating the selected
techniques in synthetic systems and innovative
artistic and plastic visions bearing the
philosophy of constructivism.
- Production of stereoscopic artistic work using
wood material - copper, copper wire - threads)
Research Methodology:
The researcher follows the descriptive-
analytical method and the experimental method
in conducting research applications through
two frameworks.
First, the theoretical framework:
- Heritage and Artistic Works.
- Traditional crafts and art.
- Techniques and formation systems for
a selection of traditional crafts.
Second: the application framework:
- Experimental practices based on
employing a selection of traditional craft
techniques in light of the constructivist
philosophy for the production of Artistic
Works.
- Technical methods and plastic and
technical treatments used in the structure of
artistic works.
- Artwork theorizing.
Search terms:
Structural systems: “The method in which a
number of elements and vocabulary are
organized in relationships that serve each other,
as they appear in a total unity” (Shawki, 1998).
Procedural definition: structural engineering
requires the practitioner to perform mental
operations and plastic and technical practices to
organize the relationships in the structure of the
artistic work as imposed by the nature of the
material used.
As the researcher can define it: it is the study of
the relationships that link the elements of the
technical composition that the craftsman is
accustomed to in daily production in the
structure of the artistic work.
Technique: a method specialized in art, a
profession, or a craft (Dictionary, 2022).
Procedural definition: It is the structural
methods and systems followed the correct
industrial assets, the skills and processes
acquired for operating raw materials to produce
artistic work, and the resulting expressive
effect.
Heritage crafts: They are industries that use
manual skills to produce high-quality
handicraft goods that are not subject to codified
standards and deal directly with the local
environment. (Kamal, 2006).
Handicraft: an artistic product that is practically
produced and useful in life, while preserving its
aesthetic and functional value. (Abdul Rasoul,
n. d.)
Procedural definition: a work of art based on
employing and integrating a group of
techniques, using different raw materials, and
creating a kind of familiarity between them, so
that they coexist and fit in a holistic picture,
using experimentation approaches in proportion
to the plastic capabilities of the material,
achieving aesthetic values and reflecting the
artist’s vision.
Theoretical framework:
Heritage and Artistic Works:
Heritage is all that is transmitted from
customs, traditions, sciences, arts, beliefs,
knowledge, folk proverbs, tales, legends,
games, crafts, and skills, that is, the cultural
product. It is a pillar of identity and the origin
of the existence of human communities. It also
includes human activity and its intellectual,
cultural, mental, and environmental trends, and
everything that is written and recorded and has
become an asset for future generations and can
be translated through language, the customs
75 Journal of Positive School Psychology
and rituals they follow, and the arts they
practice. (Khalifa & Hijazi, n. d). There are
many types of heritage "civilized heritage,
national heritage, folk heritage" and the latter
includes handicrafts, In which we touch the
techniques, which began a long time ago,
related to what the environment provides and
what the human obtains from nature, Technique
supports artistic achievement and a means of
formation and formulation.
artistic works have a close relationship
with heritage and handicraft industries because
they are based on expression with raw materials
that are the first mediator in building the
craftsman, and heritage is the first source of
inspiration, Accordingly, the field of interest of
artistic works is focused primarily on studying
the technical methods and synthetic systems
used to operate these materials and understand
their aesthetic data, and work on developing
them or finding a vision and innovative design
formulations for this legacy to preserve it,
especially since some have been imagining the
busy artist as a type of craft. , because in the
past it was associated with handicrafts that
included many crafts with an applied aspect
such as weaving, pottery, engraving on wood,
and other crafts.
The field of handicrafts depends on
experimentation in raw materials to overcome
stereotypes in artistic work according to a
vision based on analysis and installation called
experience that was not acquired in a vacuum
but was preceded by many experimental
processes. A thought that reveals
transformation systems to achieve new
concepts every time (Ali & Ali). Therefore, we
emphasize here the abolition of the idea of
craftsmanship or craftsmanship, because the
field of handicrafts is not a manufacturing or
production process, but rather a form of self-
innovation for artistic works, It is also a field
that endeavor to achieve the cultural
interdependence of society by drawing
inspiration from this literal heritage and
reproducing it with relationships, synthetic
systems, and new applied perceptions,
Moreover, And linking the artist to his
environment, which generates a close link
between the ancestral heritage and the work to
develop it.
Traditional crafts and art:
"Human history was known after reading
the traces of different civilizations, through the
physical form of the environmental materials
surrounding the human being, whether these
monuments were architecture, manuscripts,
tools, and other traces of human life, all of
which reflect styles that are part of a culture
that touches productive peoples of those
civilizations, and they have artistic methods.
Characterizes a specific period” (Mahran,
2009). Traditional crafts are a profession that
requires applied experience and skilled work to
produce functional goods that are subject to
awareness and guidance and depends on three
pillars, namely “material experience, material
culture, and craft culture”, while art requires
artistic ability, and imagination and skill. There
is a close relationship between heritage crafts
that were formed through the accumulation of
experiences that Man passed through it, and it
gave him the privacy that distinguishes him
from others, and the art that gave it flexibility,
renewal, and continuity.
Art has played a became role in
reshaping this legacy with a contemporary
vision that fits the requirements of the era by
showing its aesthetic and value, and the works
of the analytical mind discern the parts of the
thing through depth and scrutiny to reveal it
and rid it of complexity and conflict. Then
comes the role of the synthetic mind, which is
the philosophical mind that tends to unify and
organize the elements and find logical links, art
is what is reformulated in a new way, and this
is what the constructivist trend that made art
adopted. A construction process based on
technology and skill in assembling the elements
in a structural formula that carries different
meanings. (Al-Bassiouni, 1978).
Philosophy of the constructivist direction and
Technique:
At the beginning of the twentieth century,
the machine appeared and Technique had an
active role that led to the emergence of many
artistic currents that rejected static values,
Ali Hussein Ahmed shahat 76
among them the constructivist trend. Its pioneer
is (Vladimir tatlin), who used the sculptural
space. The material also has philosophical
dimensions that lie behind access to expressive
values in artistic work. Constructivism was
concerned with research, experimentation,
material and its characteristics to reach a
distinct building by paying attention to the
structural and plastic foundations according to
a system and a body that achieves meaning. By
introducing some diverse performance methods
such as deletion and addition, and the four
entrances to experimentation identified by
Stephen Pan.
So, the principles on which the constructivism
is based are -
1- Transformation
2- Geometric shapes are one of the starting
points for expression.
3- Space and its relationship to mass.
4- Movement
Therefore, the researcher believes that
there is a link between the philosophy of the
constructivist trend and the field of artistic
works, both of which seek to deal with the
material using technical methods and aesthetic
standards, and seek to find plastic solutions,
design formulations, and a tight structure for
artistic work.
Techniques and formation systems for a
selection of traditional crafts:
Technique includes all acquired
capabilities and processes that affect the
implementation of artistic work and the
formative, expressive, creative, aesthetic, and
functional values it contains. (Sabra.2007). It is
related to the synthesis processes, so acquiring
the skill of using tools to operate the material is
important because of its connection with
Technique and its diversity, and the aspects of
experimentation and thinking. It is appropriate
to convey through him what he wants to say
about the experience he wants to convey, and if
he stumbles upon that, he must devise a system
for it, and the recipient must be aware that there
are many ways to convey the summary of the
artist’s experience to him” (Nobler, 1987, pg.
60). Technique is one of the most important
elements of artistic production (raw material -
subject - expression). It is the gateway to
practical applications in various fields related
to the intellectual construction and the
conscious presence of the artist who always
strives for functional creativity and satisfy his
desires. Each craft has its techniques and
methods of operation for the material used,
including the following: -
Woodcraft:
Since the dawn of history, man has used
wood in the manufacture of his tools, which
represents one of the distinctive features of the
world heritage. The craftsmen used various
types of wood to reflect his aesthetic vision. He
left us with many experiences in which the
craftsmen adhered to the customs and traditions
of his community as well as individual and
collective taste. (Herodotus, 1987). Wood is a
basic material for many creative people as it is
a medium of expression, and there are many
examples from Middle Eastern countries that
were elaborately crafted for decorative or
religious purposes (Anapur, 2017). Figure (1)
Figure (1) Carving on wood from the Fatimid
era
https://cutt.us/GBLja
There were many technical methods and
decorative treatments for wood surfaces with
the multiplicity of the purpose of the craft
product, so the woodcraft was divided into
many types, which are “drilling on wood,
assembling fillings, wood grafting, and the
craft of forming Arab lathe units, which in turn
is divided into two types of municipal lathes”
77 Journal of Positive School Psychology
and the second is known as precision lathe
Which includes many decorative combinations,
and finally the craft of forming and making
musical instruments and it is called cosmetic
formation. Today, following the geopolitical
and cultural changes from the second half of
the 20th century and beyond, negative cultural
implications of wood used in the art are part of
the history, and woodcarving and woodworking
are equally respected, valued, and practiced
artistic techniques as any other. The fascination
with wood and its quality seems to remain high,
while artists continue to carve it into amazing
art objects. (Anapur, 2017).
What concerns us in our current research from
the formation of wood, we will address it as
follows: -
Wood engraving:
It is one of the oldest arts used by man
since ancient times. "It is craftsmanship carried
out by skilled hands to shape the surface of
wood into masterpieces that use the methods
and techniques inherited through generations,
The craft of wood carving is considered one of
the oldest crafts throughout history, and it took
a distinguished place among the craft arts
because of its association with the industry in
the field of carpentry, and reached a great
degree of Proficiency in forming decorations
Figure (2,3,4), following a group of techniques,
including bas-relief drilling, prominent drilling,
"hollow" penetrating drilling, and vertical
sinking (Ali, 2002).
Figure (2) A wooden frieze from the Tulunid
era, decorated with the shapes of birds facing
each other
In oblique engraving, Museum of Islamic Art
in Cairo, https://cutt.us/mUPJ2
Figure (3) Panel, early 9th century, From Iraq,
probably Baghdad. Found Iraq, Takrit, Wood
(teak); carved, H. 29 1/2 in. (74.9 cm), Wood,
The carved vine leaves, scrolls, border designs,
and other details of this panel are typical of
early Islamic woodcarving,
https://cutt.us/8gvYN
Figure (4) Salé Abu al-Hasan Madrasa
Marinid Madrasa ornamented façade with
fined carved wood
(Rabat-Salé-Kénitra, Morocco, Maghreb). With
floral patterns ornament, https://cutt.us/8gvYN.
Some Links interleave Wood:
It is known as the process of joining and
assembling wooden pieces to form one body,
and there are many welds and wooden
interlocks, including the following:-
Click and impermeable tongue
False tongue link
thruster connection
Figure (5) https://cutt.us/mFowf
Ali Hussein Ahmed shahat 78
Woodturning:
Woodturning is the craft of using a
wood lathe with hand-held tools to cut a shape
that is symmetrical around the axis of rotation,
the wood lathe is a simple mechanism that can
generate a variety of forms. (Baylor, 2020) The
history of turning wood can be traced back
many thousands of years, the earliest machines
operated based on the timber stock being
rotated in a reciprocal motion on a primitive
strap, bow, and pole lathes. (Pugh, n.d) The
earliest hints of the Art of Woodturning
probably lie in the ancient Egyptian
hieroglyphs, to be found in the tombs of the
Pharaohs. There, pictographs depicting a
primitive bow-driven hand drill can be seen,
still, today, used in some Arabic countries.
(Hofius, 1997)
Figure (6)
https://cutt.us/gcKqD https://cutt.us/2imsB
Evolution of wooden lathes
Turned wooden items have been of major
importance to the development of humankind
from the production of simple domestic
utensils. (Baylor, 2020).
The handcraft of weaving (Al Sadu):
One of the heritage industries that are
almost disappearing, and it is a weaving of
hand-spun threads, whether of wool or cotton,
and it consists of vertical threads of equal
length known as warp and the other transverse
called weft.
Figure (7). A model of Sadu fabric in Saudi
Arabia
https://cutt.us/SkxI3
Figure (8). Basic scheme of the production
process for woven textiles: The filaments of the
warp are opened, while the ones constituting
the weft are driven orthogonally in the two
opposite directions. https://cutt.us/5hQQM
"four main categories of textile constructions
can be recognized (as seen in Figures): Figure
(9) woven, made by weaving two sets of
filaments (warp and weft) by the orthogonal
interlacement, continuously arranged at 0° and
90°; Figure (10) knitted fabrics, created by
intermeshing loops and segments of fibers with
different orientation; Figure (11) braided
fabrics, in which the fibers are placed in the
bias direction; and Figure (12) non-woven, in
which the fibers are randomly oriented in the
structure in a discontinuous way". (Patti, Cicala
& Acierno, 2012 Feb 09).
79 Journal of Positive School Psychology
Figure(9) Figure(10)
Figure(11) Figure (12)
We will highlight one of them, which is Plain
weave.
Plain weave:
It is the simplest interlock between warp
and weft yarns and features a homogeneous
surface, it is made by passing each filling yarn
over and under each warp yarn, with each row
alternating, producing a high number of
intersections. Different manifestations of it can
also be obtained through the influence of the
types of yarns in terms of quality or thickness,
the length of the fabric, the colors of the yarns.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Copper craft:
Copper was used by even the oldest
civilizations on record, dating back over 10,000
years. In the earliest cases, the copper items
were mined and pounded, hand-worked into
shape; by 500BCE, there is evidence of
smelting (artclayworld). Since the discovery of
metals, man has sought to use them in his daily
life to achieve his goals and demands, so he
knew their distinctive properties, ductility,
ductility, and resistance to bending and torsion,
ability to casting and welding, it is one of the
inherited professions, and it is still practiced
until the present day. (Ali, 2012). Figure (13,
14) Copper metallurgy developed historically at
different rates and for different purposes across
the globe, the ancient Greeks and Romans
began using lumps of copper as currency
(artclayworld).
Figure (12)
Dalla made of brass (c. 13 AH / 19 AD)
Preserved in the Al-Qahtani collection in Taif
Figure (14)
Details of writing and decoration on the body
of the dalla
It also witnessed prosperity in the
beginnings of the Arab-Islamic civilization.
The brass and bronze works reveal an image of
metalworkers gifted with tremendous ingenuity
and technical ability. (Museum of Islamic Arts,
Malaysia) With the increasing demand for
decorating buildings such as mosques, schools,
homes, and palaces, the makers of this craft
resorted to innovative methods such as
engraving, drawing, gilding, coloring, inlay,
interweaving, and other means and methods
that were called decorative arts throughout the
Islamic world. (https://cutt.us/sqt7Z, 2022).
Therefore, “the different methods of forming
minerals by pressure depend on the properties
of their plasticity, that is, on the ability of the
mineral to change its dimensions and shape
under the influence of external forces affecting
it without being damaged or destroyed, while
retaining the shape it acquired after removing
the external forces acting, and upon the
formation of minerals. With pressure, its
mechanical properties also change. Its internal
structure and these formation processes are
diverse and heterogeneous”
(https://cutt.us/QeirL, 2022, March). Among
the most important copper formation methods
targeted by the current research are:
Ali Hussein Ahmed shahat 80
1. Forging: It is one of the oldest known
metalworking processes, performed by smiths
throughout the millennia. Traditionally,
products such as hand tools, jewelry,
kitchenware, hardware, and edged weapons
were manufactured through forging
(3DEXPERIENCE, 2022).
2. Prominent and recessed formation:
Chasing / Repoussé: figure(15,16) Repousse
and chasing methods of stretching and forming
flat metal sheets into three-dimensional bas-
relief sculpture, Repousse refers to pushing and
stretching the metal outward from the back, this
makes parts of the sculpture come forward
when it is viewed from the front. (Adamstown,
MD, 2020) figure, .Is a metalworking technique
in which a malleable metal is shaped by
hammering from the reverse side to create a
design in low relief? Chasing or embossing is a
similar technique in which the piece is
hammered on the front side, sinking the metal.
The two techniques are often used in
conjunction. (https://cutt.us/6Om36 ,2022,
March).
Figure (15)
Figure (16)
3. Punching and unloading Technique:
Shearing is the process of separating parts from
a metal material, as in cutting a piece of a metal
plate. Manual and mechanical scissors do this.
Punching is a closed shearing process.
4. Wire forming technique: figure(17,18)
It is the process of producing technical units of
the metal wire using pliers with a round end
and a flat end, then after completing the
formation of these units; they are connected
using metal rings (Zard) to form the required
artwork (Wehad, 2013).
a. Formation by plait is the process of
mutually wrapping one wire around another
(formation).
b. Forming by bending: in which the wire
takes the form of curves.
a. Twisting: twisting the wire together
alternately.
c. Fabric shaping: All techniques of
weaving art can be applied, if the wire diameter
does not exceed 1 mm.
Figure (17)
Figure (18)
Second: the application framework:
In view of the data that has been presented in
the theoretical framework, which is considered
an entry point for benefiting from the technical
systems of selections for some crafts, namely
the woodcraft, manual weaving, the copper
craft, and the methods of manual metal
formation, so the researcher conducts a set of
practical experiments using different
experimental approaches and put forward
design visions from By integrating selected
techniques and finding a plastic vision to enrich
the synthetic and technical systems in the
structure of the artistic work in the light of the
philosophy of the constructivist trend, with the
works of plastic thought, which is the path
taken by the researcher to a link between the
81 Journal of Positive School Psychology
ancient technical systems and the contemporary
plastic vision, using some technical and plastic
treatments and industry methods that are
related in turn In the field of technical art
work.
There were many artistic trends in the modern
era, and the intellectual and plastic premises
varied from the idea of the implementation to
the implementation of the idea, so the design
thought varied. Cubism, surrealism, and art
include plastic arts, expressive arts, and applied
arts.
the field of artistic works is one of the fields of
arts that are concerned with technology and
accepts various materials and synthesis
between them, including achieving concepts,
ideas, and expressive and plastic values. With
the maturity and awareness of the artist, the
busy works are transformed into conceptual
artwork, through the multiplicity of materials
and the employment of their properties within
the circle of technical and aesthetic action.
The researcher in the artistic work has
collected three components (design, material,
Technique) as well as the expressive
dimension. These ingredients have put us in
front of a new creative equation that calls for
observation, which can be included within the
constructivist school because of the philosophy
it carried, and the structural foundations of
applying engineering technologies and
concepts, exploiting capabilities The ultimate
in multiple materials, attention to
experimentation, architecture and installation of
things, and what the work requires of high skill
and extensive experience in dealing with raw
materials using various technical, synthetic and
plastic systems.
Creativity in the field of artistic works is
due to the use of heritage, tangible and
intangible, in new innovations in images that
preserve originality, using multiple media and
technical systems, so it depends on some
factors, namely: -
Formation feature:
The artistic work was affected by the
technical and structural systems of some
traditional crafts, so the researcher benefited
from them in the structures and structural
foundations, searching for the best formal
organization to achieve plastic values and
design cohesion, which helped in the diversity
of lines and plastic characteristics of the artistic
work, using different experimentation entrances
and benefiting from the results of these
entrances in building Works of art that
highlight the plastic and expressive aspects
according to the foundations of design, and
through the aesthetic relations between the
components of the artistic work.
Compatibility feature:
It means the extent to which the formal
characteristics of the design are related to the
reference familiar to the recipient using
familiar figurative vocabulary and integrating
them in innovative contexts and unexpected
transformations. (Makaawi & others. 2021) The
plastic construction of the artistic work. relied
on the synthesis and amalgamation of many
materials and media, including what is ready-
made (wires and metal half-circles), and the
synthesis of more than one technique such as
drilling, weaving, and metal formation in an
aesthetic formulation of an abstract form.
Following is a theorization of some
artworks produced by the researcher based on
the application and use of some traditional craft
techniques.
Techniques and molding methods used in the
production of artifacts:
Cutting: Any splitting and separating of the
wood is done by hand or electric saw.
- Mortise and impermeable tongue: one of the
types of wood joints is determined by the exact
size of the tongue according to the diamond of
the mortise.
- Dosser: It is used to connect two pieces of
wood, which is a round piece of wood
Arab lathe: converting wood into circular
shapes on a lathe machine according to the
design to be implemented.
Ali Hussein Ahmed shahat 82
- Vacuum forming: His idea depends on the
interrelationships between the void and the
remaining parts on the surface of the vacuum,
and it has its artistic advantage and plays a
major role in imparting an aesthetic value to the
artifact.
- The hole: is either permeable or impermeable,
and it is similar to emptying and is often
circular. It is used to create a void that limits
the monotony of the surface and adds a spatial
dimension, and sometimes it is used to add
material in a certain way that gives an
expressive dimension to the work.
- Sorting and drilling a false tongue: it was used
to give an aesthetic dimension to the surface.
- Drilling: creating a hollow or engraving on
the surface of the wood using a set of tools
prepared for that.
- Methods: one of the methods of forming
metals and transforming flat shapes into
prominent shapes.
- Flexion and folding. It is used with metals and
metal wires because of its flexibility
information.
- Braiding: that is, weaving the material over
one another, such as metal wire, for example.
- Weaving: in its simple sense, it consists of
longitudinal threads called the warp and the
other transverse threads called the weft.
The structural composition of the Artistic work
relied on the circular shape of the
Woodturning, the half-circles of metal and
wood, the relevant wires and threads. The
researcher used many plastic and technical
treatments used in traditional crafts, which led
to a technical richness and an expressive
dimension to the Artistic work.
Artistic work (1)
Aesthetic values: Artistic work (1)
Space: The void is the source of beauty, which
is a material medium in the structural
formulation of the artwork, resulting in visual
energy that made it an essential element in the
formation of the visual movement.
Balance: The hidden equilibrium is achieved by
the good and calculated distribution of the
optical weights of the occupied elements.
Asymmetry also confirmed the relations of
antagonism arising between mass and space to
achieve energy and linear frequency, allowing
us to feel the movement in the work.
Textures: Check the plastic solutions used in
the processing of materials, which led to
finding real tactile values through the shadows
resulting from some stereoscopic vocabulary on
the surface of the work piece, and through the
diversity of materials used, each material has
the characteristics that distinguish it from other
materials
83 Journal of Positive School Psychology
Artistic work (2)
Aesthetic values: Artistic work (2)
Unity: It resulted from achieving its
requirements, including the unity of the idea,
and from the repetition of some techniques and
the dynamic interaction between lines in a way
that makes the artwork one body.
Space: It is one of the structural parts and has
an active role in achieving the expressive
dimension in the artistic work.
Textures: The artist was able to find tactile
values through the artistic treatments of the
material such as drilling, embossing, inlaying,
and a group of different techniques that led to
finding real tactile values that are evident from
the shadows resulting from the multi-level
surface of the work piece.
Contrast: playing antagonism to confirm the
structural formulations of the artistic work. The
contrast between space and mass, thin and
broad lines achieved tactile contrast. It also
helped achieve the value of sovereignty and
dominance in the work, placing the circular
element and the dominance of the contrast
between tactile values.
Artistic work (3)
Aesthetic values: Artistic work (3)
Balance: The axial equilibrium was achieved
due to the calculated distribution of the visual
weights in the work pieces and the tactile
values that were achieved due to the technical
methods used to operate the materials.
Space: Playing a prominent role in organizing
the elements of the artwork and linking its
parts.
Ali Hussein Ahmed shahat 84
Unity: Unity resulted in awareness, continuity,
and dynamic unity due to the succession and
continuous communication of the external lines
and the parallel and perpendicular relationship
between the lines that helped organize the
components of the artwork. Repetition of the
metal hierarchical square unit based on the
stability of the units with different distances
between them with the different placement of
the units, which is an aesthetic starting point
through which rhythm and harmony are
achieved in the artistic work.
Samples of the researcher's work
Artistic work (4)
Artistic work (5)
Artistic work (6)
Artistic work (8)
Artistic work (7)
Results:
- The merging of the techniques of some
crafts prompted the artist to find many plastic
85 Journal of Positive School Psychology
solutions that worked on enriching the
structural and technical systems of the Artistic
work bearing an expressive and conceptual
dimension.
- The artistic work. Represents an
effective entity through which the heritage
crafts system can be preserved in line with the
changes of the era.
- There is a great convergence between
the philosophy of the Artistic work
preoccupation and the modern art.
- The artistic work is a work based on all
the technical and plastic treatments of the raw
materials that make it a sophisticated work of
art.
- The Artistic work is a work of art
based on the union of many technical fields
with compatible technical systems in a single
whole structure.
- The field of handicraft is one of the
fields of thought expression that depends on
experimentation in Technique and the synthesis
of materials and their installation to create new
plastic relations.
- The artistic work has a structure based
on structural, technical and organizational
foundations.
Recommendations:
- More studies on the technical systems used in
traditional crafts and how to benefit from them
to enrich the plastic arts.
- More studies on plastic treatments and the
synthesis of raw materials to enrich the field of
artistic works.
Acknowledgements
The Deanship of Scientific Research at King
Faisal University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
[support number AN000255, supported this
research.
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