Dahlia Cultivation in India and Abroad: A Review

Abstract

Dahlia is a popular tuberous rooted perennial herbaceous flowering plant that is prized for its privileged and spectacularly stunning flowers and is extremely desirable in the landscape. It has no equal as a bed flower in terms of versatility, attractiveness, and even cost, and cultivars can keep them looking beautiful for more than a month. Growing medium is essential for plant growth because it provides nutrients, anchors the plant, and provides minerals. Because of their high water holding capacity, adequate aeration, and improved nutritional status, growth media are a beneficial alternative to traditional soil for high-quality flower production. Plant growth regulators have been proven to be quite efficient in controlling dahlia morphology and physiological behavior. Dahlia development, blooming, and tuberous root creation revealed a surprising variety. The purpose of this review was to give an overview of the effects of plant growth regulators and potting soil methods on dahlia cut flower yield.

Full text

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding author: E-mail: Shahhaidar605@gmail.com;
International Journal of Plant & Soil Science
34(19): 240-251, 2022; Article no.IJPSS.87440
ISSN: 2320-7035
Dahlia Cultivation in India and Abroad: A Review
Priyanka Thakur a, Ali Haidar Shah a*, Yogendra Adhikari a, Manish Kumar a
and Sudhanshu Verma a
a Regional Horticultural and Training Station Dhaulakuan, Sirmour, Dr. YSP UHF Nauni Solan,
Himachal Pradesh-173230, India.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/IJPSS/2022/v34i1931108
Open Peer Review History:
This journal follows the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers, peer
review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors, etc are available here:
https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/87440
Received 10 March 2022
Accepted 19 May 2022
Published 27 May 2022
ABSTRACT
Dahlia is a popular tuberous rooted perennial herbaceous flowering plant that is prized for its
privileged and spectacularly stunning flowers and is extremely desirable in the landscape. It has no
equal as a bed flower in terms of versatility, attractiveness, and even cost, and cultivars can keep
them looking beautiful for more than a month. Growing medium is essential for plant growth
because it provides nutrients, anchors the plant, and provides minerals. Because of their high water
holding capacity, adequate aeration, and improved nutritional status, growth media are a beneficial
alternative to traditional soil for high-quality flower production. Plant growth regulators have been
proven to be quite efficient in controlling dahlia morphology and physiological behavior. Dahlia
development, blooming, and tuberous root creation revealed a surprising variety. The purpose of
this review was to give an overview of the effects of plant growth regulators and potting soil
methods on dahlia cut flower yield.
Keywords: Asteraceae; yield; dahlia; floricultural crops.
1. INTRODUCTION
Dahlia a tuberous rooted half hardy perennial
plant belonging to family Asteraceae has
originated in mountainous areas of Mexico and
Central America. The genus ‘Dahlia’ was named
by Abbe Cavanilles in the year 1791 in honour of
Dr. Andreas Dahl a Swedish botanist and a
student of Linneaus (Smith 1963). Garden dahlia
(Dahlia variabilis L.) was domesticated in Mexico
Review Article

Thakur et al.; IJPSS, 34(19): 240-251, 2022; Article no.IJPSS.87440
241
before 1575. The chromosome number of Dahlia
variabilis L. is 2n= 64. There are at least 27
species of dahlia and it was introduced to India
as early as 1857under the auspices of the Agri-
Horticultural Society of India (formerly, Royal
Agri-Horticultural Society of India). It has no rival
as a bed flower for versatile beauty and even
economy and they often remain in good condition
for more than two to three weeks depending on
cultivars [1]. “Dahlia is unquestionably an
important flowering plant for the gardens and
occupies a place of pride in any garden
anywhere. Multitude of colours, large variation in
sizes (ranges from 2.5 cm across to giant over
40 cm in diameter) attractive shape, forms, and
profusion of flowering and easy cultivation have
made them immensely popular among garden
flowers” [2]. They are easy to grow both in
ground and pot, and are extensively used for
exhibition, garden display and home decoration
and cut flowers of pompon and, miniature types
stay fresh in flower vases for many day and also
make moderately good garlands. The height of
the dahlia plant varies from 30-180 cm
depending upon the cultivar. “Because of the
harsh weather conditions in India during the
summer, it is primarily produced as a winter
bloom. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are
chemicals that are used to control plant growth
and development. They are used for distinct
reasons to elicit specific plant responses” [3].
Plant growth control is one of the most essential
characteristics of floricultural crops, and it can be
accomplished genetically, ecologically, culturally,
or chemically. Pappaiah and Muthuswamy [4] in
found that using MH and Ethrel reduced plant
height whereas using Chlormequat and Ethrel
stimulated the growth of additional branches
Potting medium is an important factor that plays
a key role in the production of quality dahlia
flowers. Different growing media can be used to
grow plants while the physical and chemical
properties of media like structure, texture, pH as
well as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are
the dominant factors for the growth and
development of plant. They are shallow rooted
and can dry out quickly, therefore, mulching will
help keep the roots moist [5]. suggested that
cocopeat is good as a crop substrate because of
its good water holding capacity and nutritional
valve.
2. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
It is a tuberose- established herbaceous
perpetual, the tuber having developing focuses
just in the crown where it is appended with the
ethereal stem. Stems are empty, generally erect
and spread, glabrous or scabrous, leaves
inverse, pinnatifid, head since quite a while ago
peduncled comprising of a few hundred
individual florets in a cyme little to enomorus (10
to 30 cm in breadth), open to ball shape, plate
yellow and fruitful, beam florets unbiased or
pistillate and spreading, and organic products
elongated or obovate with numerous level seeds.
Capitulum inflorescence, comprising of beam
and circle florets both, sprouts in progression
where magnificence lies in the proportion of
beam versus circle florets and their game plan on
the head where beam florets (the main female
blossoms) open first from the furthest side
towards the middle. In singles these are a couple
or just one while in duplicates these are many.
The plate florets are finished blossoms having
shame in the tip of style while the beam florets
are just the female blooms with disgrace
contained in the tip of style while the beam florets
are just the female blooms with disgrace
contained in the inward base of the petals. Due
to its capitulum-head being very enormous,
reduced and composite, complete undermining in
dahlia heads isn’t a simple errand [6].
3. CLASSIFICATION AND SPECIES
Dahlia is a sort of about 27 to 36 perennial, thick
what’s more tuberous species with in excess of
20,000 half breeds and assortments which had
been created through hybridization what’s more,
determination, opposite transformation rearing.
Present day dahlia developed in the
greenhouses is generally cultivars and half
breeds. The dahlia species are D.apiculata, D.
australis, D. barkeriae, D. brevis, D.
campanulata, D. cardiophylla, D. coccinia (syn.
D. bidentifolia, D. cervantesii, D. crocea), D.
cuspidata, D. dissecta, D. excels (syn. D
arborea), D. foeniculifolia, D. hjertingii, D.
hortensis (referring to all the garden cultivars), D.
juarezii, D. linearis, D. macdougallii, D. merckii
(syn. D. glabrata), D. mollis, D. neglecta, D.
parvibracteata, D. pinnata, D. pteropoda, D.
rudis, D. rupicola, D. scapigera, D.
scapigeroides, D. sherffii, D. sorensenii, D.
spectabilis, D. subliginosa, D. tenuicaulis, D.
tenuis, D. tubulata and D. variabilis. Dahlias like
cool hilly atmosphere where blossom hues can
be seen with a bigger size of flowerheads. This
blossom comes during winter and spring season
in the Indian fields during summer to fall in the
mild locales. Current greenhouse dahlias are
gotten from two Mexican species, Dahlia pinnata
(low growing up to 90 cm tallness, leaves

Thakur et al.; IJPSS, 34(19): 240-251, 2022; Article no.IJPSS.87440
242
roundish, handouts up to 25 cm long, blossoms
huge and twofold of purple shading or red with
somewhat blue tinge), Dahlia coccinia (syn. D.
bidentifolia, D. cervantesii, D. crocea) having
pinnate or bipinnate leaves, blossoms on the
stem show up at 90 cm tallness, as single red or
scarlet and in some cases with orange or yellow
focuses.
The National Dahlia Society of England has
classified dahlia in different group-
Group 1- Single-flowered Dahlias- Single
dahlias feature a single outer ring of florets that
may overlap, producing a disc in the centre.
Group 2- Anemone-flowered Dahlias-
Anemone flowered dahlias feature blooms with
one or more outer rings of flattened ray florets
encircling a dense clump of tubular florets that
are longer than the disc florets in Single dahlias
and display no disc florets.
Group 3- Collerette Dahlias- Collerette dahlias
feature blooms with a single outer ring of typically
flat ray florets that may overlap, as well as a ring
of tiny florets (the Collar), the centre of which
forms a disc.
Group 4- Waterlily Dahlias- Waterlily dahlias
feature completely double blooms with wide,
sparse ray florets that are either straight or
somewhat involute throughout their length, giving
the flower a shallow look. The depth should be
less than half the bloom's diameter.
Group 5– Formal Decorative Dahlias- Dahlias
for decoration have totally double flowers with no
disc. The ray florets are normally large and flat,
with little more than 75 percent of their length
involute (longitudinal axis), or slightly twisted and
bluntly pointed.
Group 6- Ball Dahlias- Dahlias with ball-shaped
or slightly flattened flowers are known as ball
dahlias. The ray florets' tips are blunt or rounded,
and their margins are spirally organized and
involute through at least 75% of their length.
Group 7- Pompon Dahlias- Pompon dahlias
feature small double spherical blooms with
involute florets that run the length of the flower
(longitudinal axis).
Group 8- Cactus Dahlias- Cactus dahlias
feature completely double blooms with pointed
ray florets that are thin and revolute for 50% or
more of their length (longitudinal axis) and are
either straight or curved.
Group 9- Semi-Cactus Dahlias- The ray florets
are generally pointed and revolute for more than
25% of their length and less than 50% of their
length (longitudinal axis), wide at the base and
either straight or incurving.
Group 10- Miscellaneous Dahlias- Any dahlias
which do not fall into one of the foregoing Groups
e.g. Thistle dahlias etc.
Group 11– Fimbriated Dahlias- The ray florets
of fimbriated dahlias should be equally divided or
notched into two or more divisions, consistently
throughout the bloom, to give a fringed overall
impression. Flat, involute, revolute, straight,
incurving, or twisted petals are all possible.
Group 12– Star Dahlias- Star dahlias have
blooms with a single outer ring of florets
surrounding the disc.
Group 13– Double Orchid Dahlias- Double
orchid dahlias feature triangular centres and
totally double flowers with no disc. Ray florets
are involute or revolute and have a slender lance
form.
Group 14– Paeony Dahlias- Paeony dahlias
have multiple outer rings of ray florets
surrounding a disc, ray florets are flat or slightly
involute at base and are flat or are to some
extent revolute.
Group 15-Lilliput Dahlias- A low growing type
of dahlia usually no more than 0.3m in height
having single, semi-double or double florets
attaining 26mm (1 inch) or so in diameter. Mostly
useful for borders or display in containers on
patios etc. Sometimes it is called as ‘baby’ or
‘top-mix’ types of dahlia.
4. GERMPLASM EVALUATION
Modern dahlia cultivars exist in a wide range of
colours, forms, and sizes, and they are quite
diverse in their varietal riches, with new variants
being added every year; so, varietal evaluation is
required to select the best variety for a given
location. To fully maximise their potential, it is
necessary to identify genotypes that are better
suited for a certain location and to develop them.
After validating the link between the most
essential growth and quality aspects, the
improvement may be implemented. Five hybrid

Thakur et al.; IJPSS, 34(19): 240-251, 2022; Article no.IJPSS.87440
243
Fig. 1. Different colored Dhalia Flowers at RHRT&S Daulakuan HP
cultivars of Dahlia namely Siedler Stolz, Mystery
day, Hajley Jane, Procyon and Vuurvogel were
evaluated for their performance in terms of
vegetative, floral and tuber production
characteristics at Rawalkot (Kashmir). “Among
these cultivars Sielder Stolz, Hajly Jane, Mystery
day and Vuurvogel were superior for number of
branches per plant, number of leaves, number of
buds, number of flowers, flower life and weight of
tuber per plant. Procyon showed non-significant
differences with Hajley Jane for plant height,
number of days to sprouting, number of plants
per tuber and number of tubers per plant cultivar.
Non significant results were obtained for number
of tubers per plant for Vuurvogel, Hajley Jane
and Procyon cultivars. The cultivars under study,
i.e., Vuurvogel, Siedler Stolz, Mystery day, Hajley
Jane and Procyon found successful and
recommended for general cultivation” [7].
Mahawar et al, [8] and Kumar et al, [9] while
evaluating nine varieties of Dahlia reported In cv.
Jyotsna, the minimum number of days necessary
for floral bud initiation (81.60 DAT) and bud
break (22.40 DAI) were observed, while in cv.
Korean Yellow, the minimum number of days
required for full flower opening (6.30 DAB) was
reported. In cv. NT Pompon, the highest
blooming period (90.73 days) and maximum
flower freshness (7.73 days) on plant were
reported under open field circumstances. In cvs.
NT Pompon, Korean Yellow, and Blackout, the
greatest number of blooms per plant (60.40),
blossom diameter (19.66 cm), and average
flower weight (62.69 g) were observed,
respectively. Minimum floral diameter (11.20 cm)
and flower weight (17.77 g per bloom) were
measured in cv. NT Pompon. Cultivar NT
Pompon had the highest bloom weight per plant
(1072.56 g). As a result, Out of 12 cultivars
studied, cultivar Prime Minister recorded
maximum plant height (23.54 cm), number of
leaves (59.57), number of branches (6.34) and

Thakur et al.; IJPSS, 34(19): 240-251, 2022; Article no.IJPSS.87440
244
number of flowers per plant (8.31). Minimum
number of days taken to flowering was recorded
in Blackout (56.39). Maximum diameter of flower
(19.68 cm) and maximum bloom life of flower
was recorded in Korean Orange (8.28). Further,
the maximum numbers of tubers Prime Minister
(7.55) has been reported, whereas Korean
Orange has the highest tuber weight (85.32g).
Thus, the cultivar Prime Minister was determined
to be the best cultivar of Dahlia for flower
diameter, bloom life of flowers, and tuber weight
under Gwalior agro-climatic conditions, but the
cultivar Korean Orange was found to be best for
flower diameter, bloom life of flowers, and tuber
weight [10].
The study "Varietal evaluation of different hybrids
of Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.) under Allahabad
agro-climatic conditions" was conducted to
determine the overall evaluation of different
hybrids of Dahlia viz. Santasy ma, S.P. Kamala,
Kenya blue, S.P. Glory of India, Kenya white,
Nandini, S.P. Sri radha, Mangal Pandey, and
Eternity sport on the basis Nandini hybrids had a
maximum plant height of 59.27 cm. The hybrid
Kenya blue has the highest number of leaves per
plant (29.46). In hybrid Eternity sports, the
maximum plant spread (53.52 cm) was recorded.
Maximum number of primary branches per plant
(7.87) was found with hybrid S.P. Glory India.
Minimum days taken for first bud appearance (38
days) were observed in hybrid Mangal pandey.
Kenya blue hybrid had the largest fully blown
bloom diameter (24.5 cm). The hybrid Kenya
white had the highest single bloom weight
(107.74 g). The hybrid Eternity sport had the
longest flowering time (14.06 days). The hybrid
S.P. Glory of India produced the most blooms
per plant (9.06). The hybrid Kenya white
produced the most flowers per plant (881.42 g).
Maximum weight of single tuber (150.8 g) was
found in hybrid Nandini. Maximum numbers of
tuber per plant (9.6) was found in hybrid Eternity
sport. Maximum yield of tuber per plant (276.93
g) were found in hybrid S.P. Sri radha [11].
Shukla et al, [12] conducted an experiment at
Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural
Institute, Sam Higginbottom University,
Allahabad to find out the best performing hybrid
variety of Dahlia for this region. They found that
maximum plant height was found in the hybrid
Bhikkus Buddha (70.14 cm). Maximum plant
spread was found in hybrid Bhikkus Buddha
(52.20 cm). Maximum number of primary
branches was found in hybrid Bhikkus Buddha
(12.33). Maximum number of leaves was found
in hybrid Bhikkus Buddha (32.29). Minimum
number of days required for first bud emergence
from planting (38.95 days) was found in hybrid
Mangal Pandey. Maximum diameter of fully
opened flower (23.55 cm) was found in hybrid
S.P. Romia. Maximum weight of single flower
(104.63 g) was found in hybrid S.P. Romia.
Maximum flower duration (15.33 days) was found
in S.P. Romia. Minimum number of days required
for complete flower opening after bud emergence
(7.23 days) was found in hybrid Bama Khapa.
Maximum numbers of flower per plant (13.34)
was found in hybrid Bama Khapa. Maximum
flower yield per plant (810.23 g) were found in
hybrid S.P. Romia. Maximum flower yield (28.19
t/ha) was found in hybrid S.P. Romia. Maximum
weight of single tuber (122.05g) was found in
hybrid S.P. Romia. Maximum number of tuber
per plant (11.24) was found in hybrid S.P. Romia.
Maximum yield of tuber per plant (426.30 g) was
found in hybrid S.P. Romia. Maximum tuber yield
(11.22 t/ha) was found in hybrid S.P. Romia.
The evaluation of dahlia genotypes for growth
and yield parameters under Northern dry zone of
Karnataka” was undertaken at Department of
Floriculture and landscape, Kittur Rani
Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi
during the year 2016-17.The experiment was laid
out in simple randomized block design with three
replication and twenty treatments. “Significant
differences for all growth and yield parameters
were found among different genotypes of dahlia.
Maximum plant height (122.38 cm), number of
branches (13.15), stem girth (1.48 cm) plant
spread (59.12 cm) and internodal length (18.04
cm) were recorded in genotype Hiranmoyee
whereas, maximum leaf area (1909.78 cm2 ) was
recorded in genotype Barakanchari. Maximum
number of flowers per plant (25.30) was found in
genotype Hiranmoyee whereas, maximum flower
yield per plant (g) was found in Song of India
(718.72 g). Maximum numbers of tuber per plant
(10.33) was found in genotype Hiranmoyee
whereas, maximum tuber yield per plant (433.80
g) was found in Song of India” [13].
Fifteen cultivars of dahlia were used to study
different growth and flowering characteristics
under sub-montane, subtropical and low hill
conditions at Dhaulakuan, district Sirmour
(Himachal Pradesh) and it was observed that
maximum plant height was recorded in cultivar,
Giani Zail Singh (1.40 cm), maximum plant
spread (0.85 cm) in cultivar SP Srimati, largest
flower size (15.90 cm) in cultivar Arthur Humbley.
Flowering duration was longest in cultivars, Giani
Zail Singh and Maa Sharda (26.80 and 25.53

Thakur et al.; IJPSS, 34(19): 240-251, 2022; Article no.IJPSS.87440
245
days). Both cultivars were having sturdy stems of
8.05mm and 8.75 mm thickness and were found
suitable for cut flower production [14]. Evaluation
of different cultivars of Dahlia at Dhaula Kuan
(Himachal Pradesh) revealed that maximum
plant height was recorded in Red Army (120.8
cm) while minimum in Priyadarshini (36.22 cm).
Maximum flower size was recorded in Kenya
Pink (23.25 cm) and minimum flower size was
recorded in Romeo (11.25 cm). Maximum
numbers of flowers were recorded in Piyushuna
Pink (23.00) and minimum in Jishu (10) (Annual
report, 2018-19). In the year 2018-19, Dahlia
cultivars were evaluated on the basis of growth,
flowering parameters and genetic variability.
Maximum plant height was recorded in cultivar
‘Shanti’ (118.29 cm) and minimum plant height
was recorded in cultivar ‘Hiranmoyee’ (43.46
cm). Maximum plant spread was recorded in
cultivar ‘Black Eternity’ (58.67 cm) whereas the
cultivar ‘Hiranmoyee’ (40.50 cm) produced
minimum plant spread. Considerable variability in
stem colour for these cultivars has been
observed. Highest stem girth was recorded in the
cultivar ‘Anadinath’ (1.56 cm), lowest stem girth
was recorded in the cultivar ‘Anarkali’ (0.90
cm).The internodal length was highest in the
cultivars ‘Red Army’ (24.01 cm) whereas lowest
was recorded in the cultivar ‘Anarkali’ (7.27
cm).Highest number of side shoots was recorded
in cultivars ‘S P Kamla’ (12.22) and ‘Lokeshwar’
(12.22) respectively whereas lowest number of
side shoots was in cultivar ‘Matungini’. Maximum
leaf area was recorded in the cultivar ‘Sohini’
(257.71 cm²) and minimum leaf area was
recorded in the cultivar ‘Anarkali’ (79.87 cm²).
Maximum number of leaves (132.44) in the
cultivar ‘Suryadev’ whereas minimum number of
leaves were recorded in the cultivar ‘Matungini’
(60.33). Leaf colour varied from light green to
dark green. Cultivar ‘GianiZail Singh’ took the
minimum number of days for the flower bud
initiation i.e. 74.67 days whereas the cultivar
‘Tenzin’ took maximum days for flower bud
initiation ( 95.00 days). Minimum number of days
for flowering was taken by the cultivar ‘Bada
Kachari’ (102.42 days), while maximum by
cultivar ‘Tenzin’ (126.56 days). Largest flower
size was recorded in the cultivar ‘Kenya Orange’
i.e. 26.28 cm, whereas lowest flower size was
recorded in the cultivar ‘Mother Teresa’ (16.33
cm).Maximum flower stalk length, flowering
duration was recorded in the cultivar ‘Red Army’.
On the basis of yield and other qualitative traits
‘S P Kamla’ was found superior to the other
cultivars, cultivar ‘Bada Kachari’ can be grown for
early crop, whereas cultivar ‘Red Army’ was
found suitable for longer flower duration, cultivar
‘Kenya Orange’ had the maximum flower size,
cultivars ‘Lokeshwar’ and ‘S P Kamla’ had
maximum number of side shoots and cultivar
‘Anadinath’ had maximum stem girth. High
heritability coupled with high genetic gain was
found for characters like leaf area, internodal
length and plant height, moderate estimate of
genetic gain was recorded for number of leaves,
vase life and flowering duration. Number of
flowers was found positively and significantly
correlated with plant height, flower stalk length,
number of side shoots, plant spread and number
of leaves. “The path coefficient analysis revealed
that flower stalk length, days taken to bud
formation, flowering duration, number of leaves,
plant spread showed positive direct effect on the
number of flowers” [15,16].
4.1 Propagation
Dahlia is propagated by seeds, Division of
tuberous roots and cutting. It is commercially
propagated by stem cutting. Propagation through
meristem culture may be used for producing
virus-free plant. Grafting can also be done for
multiplication. Recommended spacing is 75 cm
for large flowered, 60 cm for medium sized flowers
and 30-35 cm for small flowered varieties [17].
Planting of tubers should be done by facing
upward at a depth of 6-7 inches.
4.2 Soil and Climate
Dahlias like a rich, well-draining soil with plenty
of organic matter and a fairly neutral soil pH
around 6.5 [18]. Dahlias will grow in nearly any
soil as long as long as the soil is friable, well
drained with a good tilling depth around 12”-14”.
In shallow or rockey soils it can be grown over
raised beds for optimum rooting depth. The
drainage should be good as the poor drainage
will encourage rotting of tubers and will also
affect the quality of tubers produced. If drainage
is a problem and water remains standing in the
field, it’s better to grow dahlia on raised beds. 8-
10 hours of direct or indirect sunlight is must for
growth, development and quality flower
production. Avoid planting the dahlias in shade
as the plants become lanky with few flowers or
no flowers at all.
4.3 Response to Potting Media
Potting medium is an important factor that plays
a key role in the production of quality dahlia
flowers. For appropriate growth, a root medium

Thakur et al.; IJPSS, 34(19): 240-251, 2022; Article no.IJPSS.87440
246
must fulfil 4 functions: 1) continuously supply
water; 2) provide nutrients; 3) allow the exchange
of gases to and from the roots; and 4) offer
support for the plants (Nelson, 1991). Kiran et al.
[19] studied the effect of different growing media
on the growth and development of dahlia (Dahlia
pinnata). The better results were observed in
media salt + silt + leaf mould for almost all the
parameters; plant height (42.08 cm), stem
thickness (1.93 cm), number of branches/plant
(3.60), minimum days taken to flowering (91.66
days), number of flower/plant (10.60), number of
petals/flower (13.00), diameters of flowers (8.80
cm) and vase life (5.00 days). However, leaf
manure alone performed significantly well for all
the parameters while sand as growing medium
showed the least response with unsatisfactory
quality parameters. Younis et al. (2008) while
working with Dahlia coccinia cv. Mignon, found
the maximum plant height (72.67 cm), number of
side branches (12.00), length of side branches
(19.33 cm), number of flowers (10.00), blooming
period of flower (70.67 days) and size of flower
(114.62 cm) with leaf manure application.
Similarly the treatment consisting of compost +
sand + silt (1:1:1) recorded maximum number of
leaves/plant (66.67) and days to first flowering
emergence (64.00 days).
Different Agricultural and municipal waste
materials as potting media for the dwarf variety
Dahlia hortensis ‘Figaro’ were evaluated by Tariq
et al. [20]. He observed the maximum plant
height (23.51 cm), number of side shoots/plant
(15.67), number of tubers/plant (6.00), flower
diameter (7.20 cm) was observed in media
containing coconut coir dust and least days to
flower emergence (113.33 days) where coconut
coir dust was added to silt (1:1). The maximum
tuber weight/plant (8.85 g) was found in silt + rice
hull (1:1). The number of flowers/plant (12.33)
was found in silt, coconut coir dust, sewage
sludge, spent mushroom compost and rice hull
(1:1:1:1:1). The analysis of chemical properties
of the potting media showed the maximum pH
(8.57) and maximum available nitrogen (2.40%)
in sewage sludge. Whereas, maximum available
phosphorus (71.9%) in silt + coconut coir dust +
sewage sludge + spent mushroom compost +
rice hull (1:1:1:1:1) and maximum available
potassium (840.0%) in silt + spent mushroom
compost (1:1). Bergi. (2011) conducted the field
experiment to study the effect of various
substrates on growth, flowering and tuber
production of dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) cv. ‘Pink
Attraction’. The best performance in terms of
maximum plant height (54.72 cm), number of
leaves (102.93), primary branches (8.30), stem
diameter (10.68 mm), plant spread (3364.45
cm2), earliness in flowering (82.00 days), flower
diameter (12.60 cm), length of flower stalk (9.50
cm), duration of flowering (13.50 days), number
of flower/plant (18.5), highest flower yield (253.8
g/plant), number of tuber/ plant (14.8), fresh
weight of tubers (213.10 g) and maximum benefit
cost ratio (1:2.35) was recorded in media
containing Cocopeat + FYM (1:1). Twelve
growing media were evaluated by Bergi et al.
[21] for growth, physiology and blooming of
dahlia. The greatest leaf area (894.1 cm2/plant),
specific leaf weight (2.12g/cm2) and chlorophyll
content (0.53 mg/g FW) , higher net assimilation
rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) was
recorded when cocopeat + Farmyard manure
(1:1) was used as potting media. This medium
Cocopeat + FYM (1:1) also resulted in highest
flowering duration (12.6 days), bloom diameter
(9.5 cm) and tuber yield (253.8 g). During field
experiment on assessment the growth and
flowering performance of dahlia (Dahlia
hortensis), Kareem et al. [22] found that
maximum plant height (39.33 cm), total number
of leaves (53.00), maximum number of flowers
(4.66), maximum fresh weight (76.03 g) and dry
weight (14.00 g), maximum bulb diameter (8.33
cm) and maximum flower diameter (11.66 cm)
was recorded in silt.
4.4 Effect of Nutrition
Nutrition plays an important role in the growth
and development of any plant. So the work
carried out by different researchers on role both
organic and inorganic fertilizers in Dahlia has
been reviewed. Pandey et al. [23] while working
with Dahlia variabilis L. cv. S.P. Kamala, found
maximum plant height (65.07 cm), number of
primary branches/plant (9.67), number of
leaves/plant (33.67), plant spread (43.73 cm),
days to first flower bud appearance (42.20 days),
number of flowers/plant (8.13), duration of
flowering (10.53 days), weight of flower (82.73
g), flower size (16.53 cm), weight of tuber (56.67
g), number of tubers/plant (4.87), tuber
yield/plant (275.93 g), tuber yield (13.80 t/ha) and
maximum benefit cost ratio (1:3.58) in plants
supplemented with the Vermicompost@ 2.5 t/ha
+ Azotobacter @ 2.0 kg/ha + PSB @ 2.0 kg/ha.
Manoly and Nasr [24] studied the response of
Dahlia pinnata to different types of biofertilizers
during 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 year. They
found that the maximum plant height (87.53 and
86.28 cm), number of branches/plant (5.86 and
5.70), shoot dry weight/plant (61.64 and 60.24 g),

Thakur et al.; IJPSS, 34(19): 240-251, 2022; Article no.IJPSS.87440
247
number of flowers/plant (36.25 and 33.31), flower
diameter (12.70 and 12.64 cm), flower fresh
weight (26.28 and 25.80 g), stalk length (48.24
and 46.84 cm), stalk diameters (6.96 and 6.88
mm), fresh weight of stalk (48.20 and 46.82 g),
number of tubers/plant (7.07 and 6.89) and fresh
weight of tuberous root (384.19 and 370.29 g) in
plot applied with the treatment Biogen +
Phosphorein + Active dry yeast. Sabah et al.
(2014) conducted “the field experiment to assess
the effect of different organic and inorganic
manure on flower yield and tuber yield of dahlia
(Dahlia variabilis) cv. Glory if India as
intercropping with Damask rose. They found that
maximum weight of flower (92.67 g) and
maximum weight of tubers (996.67 g) was
recorded in treatment containing Poultry manure
30 t/ ha + Urea 6.35g + 7.35g P2O5 + 2.1 g K2O
per plant”.
To assess the effect of chemical fertilizers and
bio fertilizers on flower yield, tuberous root yield
and quality parameter on dahlia (Dahlia variabilis
L.) cv. Kenya Orange the field experiment was
conducted by Kumar et al. [25]. They reported
that maximum flower diameter (21.88 cm), flower
weight (63.80 g), flower yield/plant (504.59 g),
flower yield/plot (2.850 kg), flower yield/hectare
(11.72 tons) and vase life of flower (6.53) were
observed in treatment N80 +P100+ K100 +
Azotobacter @ 2.0 kg/ha. However, the
maximum weight of single tuber (59.23 g),
number of tuber/plant (8.56), number of
tuber/plot (47.00), tuber yield/plant (568.70 g)
and tuber yield/plot (2612.33 g) and tuber
yield/hectare (10.75 g) was recorded in treatment
N100 +P85 + K100 +PSB @ 2.25 kg/ha. The field
experiment was conducted by Prasad et al. [26]
to study the effect of integrated nutrient
management on growth, flowering and flower
yield of dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.) cv. Kenya
Orange. The plot applied with the treatment
75%RDF + Vermicompost @ 1.25 t/ha recorded
maximum in plant height (109.54 cm), plant
spread (53.27 cm), number of branches (10.87),
number of leaves (38.53), days to flower bud
emergence (57.40 days), flower diameter (22.06
cm), weight of flower (63.89 g), number of
flower/plant (9.87), flower yield/plant (697.81),
flower yield/hectare (9.60 t/ha), number of
tubers/plant (3.80), weight of tuber (232.67 g),
tuber yield/plant (888.33), tuber yield/hectare
(12.30 t/ha) and benefit cost ratio (1:2.84).
Ahmed et al. [27] studied “the effect of urea, DAP
and FYM on growth and flowering of dahlia
(Dahlia variabilis)”. They reported that application
of Urea+ P205 + FYM in combinations significant
increased in plant height (101.00 cm), maximum
flower size (32.97 cm), number of flowers/plant
(44.00), number of branches/plant (42.50 number
of leaves/plant (100.00) and reduced days to first
flower formation (72.00 days). Gupta et al. (2016)
conducted the field experiment to study the effect
of N and K on growth, flowering and
multiplication of dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) cv.
‘Giani Zail Singh’. He reported that the treatment
containing N @ 30 g/m2 + k @ 24 g/m2 recorded
maximum plant height (137.18 cm), stem length
(110.26 cm), number of cut stems (10.53),
duration of flowering (127.00 days), size of flower
(17.59 cm), weight of tuberous roots/plant
(849.73 g), size of tuberous root (56.60 mm width
and length 178.50 mm) and total number of
tuberous roots/plant (22.66). The field
experiment was conducted by Younis et al. [28]
to study the production of quality dahlia (Dahlia
variabilis cv. Redskin) flowers by efficient nutrient
management. The maximum plant height (49.08
cm), number of branches (26.00), length of
branches (24.75 cm), number of leaves/plant
(108.33), leaf area (18.20 cm2) and root length
(22.08 cm) was recorded in 6.00 Foliber (ml/L)
+7.5 Unipower (ml/L). However, minimum days
to first flower emergence (78.50 days) were
found in 4.00 Foliber (ml/L) +7.5 Unipower (ml/L).
4.5 Plant Growth Regulation
Growth and development of dahlia can be
regulated by using different growth regulators
including both growth promoters and growth
retardants. Ahmad et al. [29] reported that foliar
application of malic hydrazide at 1000 ppm
resulted in dwarfed plant with reduced plant
height (95.13 cm), increased stem diameter (1.88
cm), more number of branches/plant (20.49),
higher chlorophyll content (57.51 SPAD), leaf
area (637.60 cm2), minimum days to flowering
(83.89 days), maximum number of flower/plant
(55.76), increased flower diameter (119.60 cm2)
with enhanced fresh and dry flower weight (31.74
& 3.18 g). Malik et al. [30] found that Dahlia
variabilis cv. Charmit, when treated with 1000
ppm MH resulted in minimum plant height (50.56
cm), maximum number of primary branches
(11.83) and secondary branches (9.02), number
of leaves /plant (206.75), stem diameter (24.25
cm), bud size (18.25 mm) and delayed flower
bud appearance (129.13 days). However,
highest flower number was recorded with MH
500 ppm. Seven sprays of paclobutrazol at 0, 50,
100, 200 and 400 ml/L were applied after every 2
weeks to plants of Dahlia pinnata. Treatment with

Thakur et al.; IJPSS, 34(19): 240-251, 2022; Article no.IJPSS.87440
248
Paclobutrazol @ 400 ml/L gave the best
response, resulting in dwarf plants with shorter
internodes, thicker stems, higher chlorophyll
content and larger tuberous roots than the
control [31]. Khan and Tewari [32] reported that
the application of two growth regulators, viz.
gibberellic acid (30, 60 and 90 ppm) and
chlormequat (2000, 4000 and 6000 ppm)
resulted in increased plant height and leaf area
with 90 ppm gibberellic acid, while maximum
reduction in growth was observed with 6000 ppm
chlormequat. Similarly, chlormequat 4000 ppm
increased diameter of stem, number of branches
and number of leaves. Reduction in dose of
chlormequat from 6000, 4000 and 2000 ppm
reduced the number of days to full bloom.
However, maximum flower diameter, shelf-life
and number of flowers were observed with 4000
ppm chlormequat. Hetman et al. [33] conducted
a pot experiment on 14 cultivars and 7 clones of
dahlia (Dahlia cultorum) and found that the foliar
application of 1.5% flurprimidol resulted in dwarf
plants with reduced canopy diameter and dark
green foliage due to increased the chlorophyll
content per unit area. Hossian et al. [34] reported
that three sprays of cycocel @ 4000 ppm
resulted in reduced plant height in Prime Minister
and Thelma Davidson cultivars of large flowering
decorative dahlia (Dahlia pinnata).
Singh et al. [35] found that “application of GA3 @
200 ppm in Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.) cv.
Suryodya exhibited maximum plant height (99.87
cm), plant spread (59.87 cm ), number of
branches (9.33) number of leaves per
plant(69.53),) flower diameter (29.73 cm) flower
weight (92.73 g), number of flowers/plant (10.13),
flower yield/plant (939.85 g), shelf life (19.87
days) and minimum number of days to first flower
bud emergence (39.53 days)”. The benefit cost
ratio recorded for this treatment was 1:3.84.
Khuriwal et al. [36] found that application of 200
ppm GA3 resulted in maximum plant height
(124.08 cm), plant spread (114.75 cm), number
of leaves (126.33), number of flower/plant
(10.08), flower diameter (23.92 cm), flower
weight (75.25 g), flower yield (13.50 t/ha),
average tuber weight (50.26 g), average tuber
yield (17.83 t/ha) and benefit cost ratio (1.51) in
Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.) cv. Kenya. Pulsing of
dahlia cut flowers with 20 mg L−1 BA+GA4+7
(benzyladenine and gibberellic acid ) increased
vase life by 43% compared to control [37].
Yumoto and Ichimura [38] reported that “BA
dipping treatments significantly extended the
vase life of dahlia cut flowers by 1.8–2.6 days
longer than the control. They observed that pulse
treatment with 1-MCP and dip treatment with BA
extended the vase life of florets. BA was
significantly more effective than 1-MCP when the
florets were held in either DW or CEPA solution”.
Ciobanu et al. [39] studied “the effects of
preservative solution on morpho-decorative
characteristics of dahlia cut flowers. Study was
carried out on the eight dahlia cultivars with
cactus type flowers in three preservative
solutions: Fleur Eau, Flower Time and Compo,
compared with the tap water as a control. They
concluded that cultivar ‘Kennemerland’
performed best in preservative solution Compo
having maximum vaselife of 15.67 days. Among
different preservatives used ‘Flower Time’
solution gave better results”.
5. PESTS AND DISEASES
Slugs and snails are serious pests in some parts
of the world, particularly in spring when new
growth is emerging through the soil. Earwigs can
also disfigure the blooms. The other main pests
likely to be encountered are aphids (usually on
young stems and immature flower buds), red
spider mite (causing foliage mottling and
discolouration, worse in hot and dry conditions)
and capsid bugs (resulting in contortion and
holes at growing tips).
Diseases affecting dahlias include powdery
mildew, grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), verticillium
wilt, dahlia smut (Entyloma calendulae f.
dahliae), phytophthora and some plant viruses.
Keep the foliage as dry as possible by allowing
for good air circulation. More serious are leaf
spot and dahlia wilt and viruses. Plants with viral
infections often manifested by leaves that yellow
in an irregular pattern, should be destroyed.
There is no cure and the virus will spread.
Dahlias are a source of food for the larvae of
some Lepidoptera species including angle
shades, common swift, ghost moth and large
yellow under wing.
5.1 Harvesting and Storage of Tubers
Once the autumn starts and the upper part of
dahlia plant becomes brown, then leave the
tubers for overwintering in the soil or if soil is not
well drained and there can be problem of water
logging, harvest the tubers. First of all loosen the
soil around the dahlia tubers by thrusting the fork
or shovel into the ground about a foot away from
the plant. Remove the entire clump from the

Thakur et al.; IJPSS, 34(19): 240-251, 2022; Article no.IJPSS.87440
249
ground along the soil. Remove the dirt and prune
off almost all of the aboveground parts, wash the
tubers very carefully. Even the slightest puncture
can introduce pathogens, causing tubers to rot
during storage [17]. The tubers should be packed
in a loose, fluffy material (vermiculite, dry sand,
Styrofoam peanuts) and store in a well-
ventilated, frost-free place at 7°C.
5.2 Vase Life
“Dahlia flowers are sensitive to ethylene, but
ethylene production by floral organs did not
significantly increase during flower senescence.
STS did not extend vase life of cut flowers, but 1-
MCPextended vase life of florets. When BA was
applied either to florets by dipping or to flowers
by spraying, the vase life of dahlia was extended.
In addition, BA dip treatment extended the vase
life of florets more than 1-MCP treatment.
Ethylene thus appears to be partly involved in
natural senescence of cut dahlia flowers, and
direct application of BA to petals by dip or spray
is effective in extending their vase life” [38].
“Exogenous ethylene significantly accelerated
petal abscission in seven cultivars and petal
wilting in other five cultivars out of 12 cultivars.
Whole florets and detached receptacles (with
bracts) produced different amounts of ethylene;
ethylene production was higher in Carnelian and
Port Light Pair Beauty than ‘Heavenly Peace’
and Purple Stone. Onset of senescence was
delayed in detached petals compared with
attached petals, suggesting that petal abscission
was induced by ethylene produced by ovary and
receptacles” [40]. “The ethylene action inhibitor
1-methylcyclopropene inhibited petal abscission
and delayed petal wilting in eight cultivars.
Moreover, the silver thiosulfate complex delayed
petal wilting of ‘Carnelian’. The findings
suggested that ethylene plays a role in
senescence of cut dahlia flowers and ethylene
inhibitors can extend their vase life” [40].
6. CONCLUSION
This review aimed to provide an overview of the
effects of plant growth regulators and potting soil
methods on dahlia cut flower yield. Dahlia is an
undeniably significant flowering plant for
gardens, and it takes prominent place in any
garden. Modern dahlia cultivars come in a broad
range of colors, forms, and sizes, and their
varietal richness is highly diversified, with new
varieties being added every year; therefore,
varietal evaluation is essential to select the best
variety for a given site. To fully realize their
potential, genotypes that are better suited for a
specific place must be identified and developed
[41-45].
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing
interests exist.
REFERENCES
1. Bose TK, Yadav LP, Pal P, Das P,
Parthasarathy V. Dahlia In: Commercial
Flowers. Second revised edition. Naya
Prokash Publication, Calcutta. 2003:327-
67.
2. Dua RS, Maiti RG. Dahlia. In: Floriculture
and Landscaping (TK Bose. Ed.). Naya
Prokash Publication, Calcutta. 1999:515-
529.
3. Joyce L. Selecting and using plant growth
regulators on floricultural crops. Virginia
Cooperative Extension, Publication.
2012;430-102.
4. Pappaiah CM, Muthuswamy S. South
Indian Horticulture. 1974;22:177-180.
5. Rexilius R. Coconut fibres as crop
substrates. Deutscher Gartenbau.
1990;44(13):856.
6. Vinayanand S. Assumption on Dahlia
breeding. In: Dahlia of Today. Puget
Sound Dahlia Association, U.S.A. 1991;62-
63.
7. Ahmed M, Jamil, Shagufta Gul. Evaluation
of Exotic Cultivars of Dahlia (Dahlia
coccinea) under Rawalakot Conditions.
Asian Journal of Plant Sciences.
2002;1:565-566.
8. Mahawer LN, Lalan Kumar, Shukla AK,
Bairwa HL. Evaluation of dahlia cultivars
under Aravalli hill conditions of Udaipur.
Indian Journal of Horticulture.
2010;67(2):234-37,
9. Kumar, Lalan Mahawer LN, Shukla, Anil
Kumar Kaushik RA, Upadhyay B.
Performance of dahlia (Dahlia variabilis)
cultivars for vegetative, floral and relative
economic parameters under sub humid
southern plains and Aravalli hills of
Udaipur. Indian Journal of Agricultural
Sciences. 2009;79(10):816-20.
10. Babeeta Bajaraya, Amit Kanawjia, Noopur
Jaysawal, Aparna Dubey, Shama Parveen
and Sanat Pawaiya. Performance of
different cultivars of Dahlia (Dahlia
variabilis L.) under agro-climatic conditions
of Gwalior. Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry. 2018;7(6):98-102

Thakur et al.; IJPSS, 34(19): 240-251, 2022; Article no.IJPSS.87440
250
11. Gupta YC, Rane VD, Kashyap B, Bhatia S,
Sharma P. Effect of N and K on growth,
flowering and multiplication of dahlia
(Dahlia variabilis) cv. ‘Giani Zail Singh’.
Current Horticulture. 2016;4(2):48-53.
12. Shukla,P. Dr. VM Prasad, Saad S
Burondkar, and Abdulraqueeb A Ainarkar.
Evaluation of dahlia hybrids (Dahlia
variabilis L.) under Allahabad agro
climatic conditions. Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.
2018;7(5):1109-1113.
13. Verma Jyoti, Kulkarni Balaji S. Evaluation
of Dahlia Genotypes for Growth and Yield
Characters under Dry Zone of Karnataka,
India . Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.
2017;6(11):402-409
14. Thakur, Priyanka, Joshi AK, Gupta YC.
Introduction and evaluation of dahlia
cultivars under sub-montane, sub-tropical,
low hill zone of HP. Current Horticulture.
2017;5(2):56-58.
15. Rahul Kumar. Evaluation of Dahlia (Dahlia
variabilis L.) cultivars for growth and
flowering characteristics under sub-
montane, sub-tropical low hill zone of HP.
M.Sc thesis submitted to YS Parmar
University of Horticulture and Forestry,
Nauni Solan (HP). 2019;51+ii.
Available:http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/ha
ndle/1/510135792
16. Thakur, Priyanka. Dahlia. Shimla Amateur
Gardening and Environment Society
(SAGES), Shimla. 2019;60-63.
17. Reddy J; 2017.
Available:https://www.agrifarming.in/growin
g-dahlias-information-beginners
18. Marie Iannoti; 2020.
Available:https://www.thespruce.com/mari
e-iannotti-1401769
19. Kiran M, Baloch JUD, Waseem K, Jilani
MS, Qasim KM. Effect of different growing
media on the growth and development of
dahlia (Dahlia pinnata) under the agro-
climatic condition of Dera Ismial Khan.
Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences.
2007;10:4140-4143.
20. Tariq U, Rehman S, Khan MA, Younis A,
Yaseen M, Ahsan M. Agriculture and
municipal waste as potting media
components for the growth and flowering
of Dahlia hortensis ‘Figaro’. Turkey Journal
of Botany. 2012;36:378-385.
21. Bergi NU. Effect of various substrates on
growth, flower and tuber production of
dahlia (Dahlia variabilis Desf.) cv. Pink
Attraction. Thesis, Ph. D submitted to
university of agricultural sciences and
technology of Kashmir. 2011:64-75.
22. Kareem A, Shafqatsaeed, Rehman S,
Aslamkhan M. Effect of different crop
residues on growth and flowering of dahlia
(Dahlia hortensis) under agro-climatic
conditions of Layyah Afghanistan. Global
Journal of Science Frontier Research:
Agriculture and Veterinary. 2014;14(7):40-
44.
23. Pandey SK, Kumari S, Singh D, Singh VK,
Prasad VM. Effect of biofertilizers and
organic manures on plant growth,
flowering and tuber production of Dahlia
(Dahlia variabilis L.) Cv. S.P. Kamla.
International Journal of Pure and Applied
Bioscience. 2017;5(2):549-555.
24. Manoly ND, Nasr Abd-EA.. Response of
Dahlia pinnata plants to biofertilizers types.
Egyptian Journal of Experimental Biology.
20084;87-91.
25. Kumar N, Prasad VM, Yadav NP. Effect of
chemical fertilizers and bio fertilizers on
flower yield, tuberous root yield and quality
parameter on dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.)
cv. Kenya orange. Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.
2019;8(4):2265-2267.
26. Prasad SH, Prasad VM, Bose SCB. Effect
of integrated nutrient management on
growth, flowering and flower yield of dahlia
(Dahlia variabilis L.) cv. Kenya Orange.
Trends in Biosciences. 2017;10(41):8649-
8651.
27. Ahmed GS, Neelofar, Khan FU. Effect of
urea, DAP and FYM on growth and
flowering of Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis).
National Symposium on lifestyle
floriculture: Challenges and Opportunities.
2004;6(2):19-21.
28. Younis A, Anjum S, Riaz A, Hameed M,
Tariq U and Ahsan M. Production of quality
dahlia (Dahlia variabilis cv. Redskin)
flowers by efficient nutrient management.
American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural
and Environment Science. 2014;14(2):137-
142.
29. Ahmad M, Sumba A, Sultan AJ, Alam M,
Rab A, Khalil IH, Ayub G and Ali H.
Application of maleic hydrazide controlled
plant height and ameliorate flower
production in local dahlia. Bioscience
Research. 2019;16(2):1882-1890.
30. Malik SA, Rather ZA, Wani MA, Din A,
Nazki IT. Effect of growth regulator on
plant growth and flowering in dahlia
(Dahlia variabilis) cv. Charmit. Journal of

Thakur et al.; IJPSS, 34(19): 240-251, 2022; Article no.IJPSS.87440
251
Experimental Agriculture International.
2007;15(3):1-7.
31. Ruiz P, Monter A, Hernandez A, Colinas
MT. Morphological changes in dahlia
(Dahlia pinnata Cav.) plants treated with
paclobutrazol. Revista Chapingo Serie
Horticulture. 2003;9:151-161.
32. Khan FU, Tewari GN. Effect of growth
regulators on growth and flowering of
dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.). Indian Journal
of Horticulture. 2003;60:192-194.
33. Hetman J, Pudelska K, Witek A. Effects of
flurprimidol on flowering of chosen
cultivars and clone of dahlia cultivated in
containers. Sectio Horticulture.
2003;13:197-203.
34. Hossian MM, Mukherjee D, Mohanty BK.
Effects of cycocel on growth and flowering
of dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.). Advances in
Plant Sciences. 1999;12:355-359.
35. Singh VK, Prasad VM, Saravanam. Effect
of plant growth regulators on plant growth
and flower yield of Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis
L.) cv. Suryodya. The Allahabad Farmer.
2015;21(1):43-45.
36. Khuriwal KS, Kumar M, Pandey SK,
Kasera S, Singh VK. Effect of plant growth
regulators on plant growth, flower yield and
quality of Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.) cv.
Kenya. Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry SP1. 2018;603-605.
37. Bergmann BA, Ahmad I, Dole JM.
Benzyladenine and gibberellic acid pulses
to improve the flower quality and extends
the vase life of cut dahlias. Canadian
Journal of Plant Science. 2018;99:97-
101.
38. Yumoto, HS, Ichimura K. Post harvest
characteristics of cut dahlia flowers with a
focus on ethylene and effectiveness of 6-
benzylaminopurine treatments in extending
vase life. Postharvest Biology and
Technology. 2013;86:479-486.
39. Ciobanu I, Pui A, Bala M, Husti A, Cantor
M. The effects of preservative solution on
morpho-decorative characteristics of dahlia
cut flowers. Botanical Contributions L.
2015:173-180.
40. Azuma, Mirai, Onozaki, Takashi, Ichimura,
Kazuo. Difference of ethylene production
and response to ethylene in cut flowers of
dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) cultivars. Scientia
Horticulturae. 2020;273:135-139.
41. Bergi UUN, Khan FU, Neelofar N, Khan
FA, Nazki I, Dar MA. Physiological and
flowering response of dahlia (Dahlia
variabilis Desf.) cv. Pink Attraction to
growing media. Journal of Plant and Pest
Science. 2014;2:33-40.
42. Gupta Ajeet Kumar, Jaiswal Naveen
Kumar, Saravanan S. Varietal evaluation
of different hybrids of dahlia (Dahlia
variabilis L.) Under Allahabad agro-climatic
conditions. International Journal of
Agricultural Science and Research.
2015;5(1):55-58.
43. Sabah SS, Prasad VM, Saravanan S.
Effect of different organic and inorganic
manure on flower yield and tuber yield of
dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) cv. Glory if India
as intercropping with Damask rose.
European Academic Research.
2014;2(3):4265-4273.
44. Younis M, Ahmad A, Riaz, Khan MA.
Effect of different potting media on the
growth and flowering of Dahlia coccinia cv.
Mignon. Acta Horticulture. 2007;804:191-
196.
45. Zhong T, Shin B, Qian Q, Jie R. Cultivation
experiments on several kinds of
herbaceous flowers. Journal of Zhejiang-
Forestry College. 2003;20(1):108-110.
_________________________________________________________________________________
© 2022 Thakur et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
Peer-review history:
The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here:
https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/87440