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Phytotaxa 000 (0): 000–000
https://www.mapress.com/pt/
Copyright © 2022 Magnolia Press Article PHYTOTAXA
ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition)
ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition)
Accepted by Renato Goldenberg: 19 May 2022; published: xx xxx. 2022
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.00.0.0
1
A new species of Microlicia (Melastomataceae) endemic to Serra das Confusões
expands the range of the genus to Piauí, Brazil
RICARDO PACIFICO1* & FRANK ALMEDA1
1 California Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, Department of Botany, 55 Music Concourse
Drive, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118-4599, USA.
�
ricardo_b9@hotmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9566-5344
�
falmeda@calacademy.org; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5091-6875
*Corresponding author
Abstract
Microlicia piauiensis is described as a new species from Serra das Confusões, a mountainous region located in a transition
zone between the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) and the Caatinga (deciduous bushland in semi-arid areas) domains. Microlicia
piauiensis can be recognized by its branchlets, leaves and hypanthia that are glandular-punctate and covered with gland-
tipped trichomes, leaves on short petioles, revolute leaf margins, oblong calyx lobes, magenta petals that are yellow at the
base, and isomorphic stamens with small but discernible appendages at the ventral base of the pedoconnectives. Microlicia
piauiensis has a distribution that is more than 400 kms distant from all areas of endemism previously identified for the tribe
Lavoisiereae. It is the first species of Melastomataceae reported as endemic to Piauí. Photos of living and dried specimens
are provided, as well as a distribution map, and morphological comparisons with putative relatives. A conservation status of
Endangered is suggested for M. piauiensis.
Keywords: Caatinga, campo rupestre, Cerrado, endemism, Lavoisiereae.
Introduction
Brazil is a megadiverse country with more plant species than any other country in the world (BFG 2021) and two
biodiversity hotspots, the Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest (Myers et al. 2000). A lesser known ecosystem that was long
classified as a component of the Cerrado is Brazil’s campo rupestre (rupestrian grasslands), a mosaic of mountaintop
“islands” with elevated rates of species rarity and endemism that has been long neglected as a conservation priority
(Vasconcelos 2011, Alves et al. 2014, Silveira et al. 2016). This vegetation type harbors more than 5,000 species of vascular
plants; this is nearly 15% of Brazil’s plant diversity concentrated in less than 1% of its surface area (Silveira et al. 2016).
Despite great advances in botanical studies in Brazil, where numerous taxonomic novelties have been described
recently, including taxa of the diverse princess flower family (Melastomataceae) (e.g. Fontelas et al. 2022, Gali et al.
2022, Goldenberg et al. 2022), several clades and many genera are still little studied. This is the case for Microlicia
D. Don (1823: 301), which comprises about 250 species and is the largest genus of the Neotropical tribe Lavoisiereae
Candolle (1828: 100) (Versiane et al. 2021, Pacifico & Almeda, in press). Most species of Microlicia are restricted
to Brazilian campo rupestre where it exhibits remarkable endemism on the Cadeia do Espinhaço. The latter is an
extensive range of mountains that comprises Chapada Diamantina to the north (Bahia), the Southern Espinhaço to the
south (Minas Gerais), with the Septentrional Espinhaço as a transition zone (Bahia and Minas Gerais) (Vasconcelos
2011, Alves et al. 2014, Pacifico et al. 2020a).
Twelve areas of endemism (AEs) were described for Microlicia (and Lavoisiereae), that included the Southern
Espinhaço and the Chapada Diamantina, the larger ones (Pacifico et al. 2020a). Plant diversification across these
regions was probably associated with climatic instability and glaciation cycles from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene
(Pacifico et al. 2020a, 2021, Vasconcelos et al. 2020). Many microendemic species of Microlicia have been described
from the Cadeia do Espinhaço in recent years [e.g., Southern Espinhaço, Almeda & Fidanza (2020), Pacifico et al.
(2020b) and Romero et al. (2021); Chapada Diamantina, Pacifico & Almeda (2020) and Romero & Woodgyer (2018)].
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A majority of the species of Microlicia s.l. are known from small populations and many of them are under some degree
of threat (e.g. Martins & Almeda 2017).
Here we describe another new Microlicia, which was collected in Serra das Confusões, Piauí state, a remote
and little-explored region of northeastern Brazil. The discovery of this species was unexpected as the Serra das
Confusões is about 450 kms from the nearest AEs previously identified for Lavoisiereae (the Chapada Diamantina),
in a transition zone between the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) and Caatinga (deciduous bushland in semi-arid areas)
domains (Fernandez et al. 2011). A few floristic elements typical of the Amazon forest have also recently been found
at the Serra das Confusões (L.P. Queiroz, pers. comm.). The local mountainous landscapes resemble those of campo
rupestre of the Cadeia do Espinhaço. However, the rocky outcrops are mainly composed of sandstones (ICMBIO 2003)
instead of quartzite [see delimitations and maps provided by Alves et al. (2007) and Vasconcelos (2011)]. Microlicia
piauiensis is the first confirmed record of Microlicia from Piauí and the first described species of Melastomataceae that
is endemic to this Brazilian state.
Materials and methods
This study was based on specimens from CAS, EAC, HUEFS, HVASF, RB, and UPCB (acronyms according to
Thiers 2022). Photos of specimens were analyzed using the SpeciesLink online platform (https://specieslink.net/).
The distribution map was prepared using QGIS 3.4.6 (QGIS Development Team 2022), based on coordinates obtained
from specimen labels; AEs of Lavoisiereae on the map were obtained from Pacifico et al. (2020a). The Extent of
Occurrence (EOO) and the Area of Occupancy (AOO) were estimated using GeoCAT (Bachman et al. 2011) based on
a user defined cell width of 2 km. Comparative morphological features of Microlicia isostemon Wurdack (1983: 122)
and Microlicia subalata Wurdack (1983: 125) were obtained from Wurdack (1983) and Woodgyer & Lughadha (1995).
The term “glandular-punctate” is used here to describe surfaces covered with gland-tipped trichomes on peduncles too
short to be seen with a stereomicroscope (see Carmo et al. 2019).
Taxonomic treatment
Microlicia piauiensis R.Pacifico & Almeda, sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2 A–E)
Type:—BRAZIL. Piauí: Mun. Caracol, povoado de Bom Sucesso, próximo a caverna (grotão), 9º13’13”S, 43º29’19”W, 597 m, 17 July
2011, fl. fr., E. Melo 10101 (holotype: HUEFS!; isotypes: CAS!, HVASF!, RB!).
Diagnosis:—Microlicia piauiensis can be recognized by its branchlets, leaves and hypanthia that are glandular-punctate and covered
with gland-tipped trichomes 0.2–0.4 mm long, leaves on short petioles 0.1–0.3 mm long, revolute leaf margins, oblong calyx lobes
2–2.5 mm long, magenta petals that are yellow at the base, and isomorphic stamens with small ventral appendages at the base of the
pedoconnectives.
Densely branched erect shrubs ca. 0.5–1.6 m tall. Branchlets quadrangular, glandular-punctate and sparsely to densely
covered with gland-tipped trichomes 0.2–0.4 mm long, internodes unwinged, nodes with clusters of longer gland-
tipped trichomes 0.4–0.7 mm long; old branches rounded with bark that peels away with age. Leaves on rectangular
petioles 0.1–0.3 mm long, 0.3–0.5 mm wide, ascending to imbricate, the margins revolute; blades 3–9 × 0.8–2 mm,
narrowly oblong to lanceolate, papyraceous, surfaces concolored and vivid green (when fresh), the adaxial surface
becoming pale brown (when dry), base truncate, margin entire, apex rounded, both surfaces glandular-punctate and
densely covered with gland-tipped trichomes 0.1–0.3 mm long, the adaxial surface eventually becoming glabrescent
with age; 1-nerved, the vein impressed on the adaxial surface and prominent on the abaxial surface. Flowers 5 (–6)-
merous on short pedicels 0.4–0.6 mm long, solitary or clustered at the apex of the branches; hypanthia (at anthesis)
2.8–3.3 long, 2.5– 3 mm wide at the torus, campanulate, reddish to pale brown (when dry), externally glandular-
punctate and covered with gland-tipped trichomes 0.1–0.3 mm long; calyx tubes 0.2–0.4 mm long; calyx lobes (at
anthesis) 2–2.5 mm long, 0.8–1.0 mm wide at the base, oblong, pale brown (when dry), margin entire, apex acuminate,
adaxially and abaxially with an indumentum like that of the hypanthia; petals 4.8–5 × 2.7–3 mm, obovate, magenta
with a yellow base, margin entire, apex acute, both surfaces glabrous; stamens 10(–12), isomorphic; filaments 2.6–3.1
mm long, magenta with a yellow base, connectives ventrally prolonged 0.8–1.1 mm below the thecae, magenta flushed
A NEW MICROLICIA FROM SERRA DAS CONFUSÕES, PIAUÍ, BRAZIL
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with yellow, the short appendages up to 0.3 mm long, yellow, apex emarginate to bilobate, thecae 1.8–2 mm long
(excluding rostra), linear, externally smooth (tetrasporangiate), yellow, rostra 0.1–0.2 mm long, white, the circular
pores ca. 0.1 mm wide, ventrally inclined; ovary ca. 2 × 1.8 mm, subglobose, superior, glabrous, 3–4-locular; styles
ca. 7 mm long, magenta with a yellow base, stigmas punctiform. Capsules 3–4 × 3–3.5 mm (when mature), reddish
(when fresh) becoming brown (when dry), ovoid, initially enveloped by the hypanthia and constricted calyx tubes (ca.
0.4 mm long), then rupturing and flaking away with age, dehiscing from the apex to the base, columellas deciduous.
Seeds ca. 1.2 × 0.4 mm long, oblong to somewhat L-shaped, the raphal zone nearly circular and ca. 1/3 the length of
the seed, the testa foveolate-reticulate, yellow.
FIGURE 1. Microlicia piauiensis, images of dried specimens. A. Habit. B. Apical branch. C. Basal branch with corky bark peeling away.
D. Leaf abaxial surface. E. Leaf adaxial surface. F. Floral bud. G. Petal. H. Stamen (profile view). I. Capsule. J. Seed. Photos taken from
the holotype. Scale bars: A: 2 cm; B-C: 4 mm; D-J: 2 mm.
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FIGURE 2. Microlicia piauiensis, photos of living specimens and type locality. A. Habit of a fruiting specimen. B. Close-up of a 3-locular
capsule. C. Close-up of a 4-locular capsule. D. Flowering branch. E. Frieseomelitta varia (Apidae) pollinating a flower. F. Landscape
with rocky sandstone outcrops at the Serra das Confusões. Photos A–E by José Alves Siqueira Filho, F by Antonio Nogueira. Voucher
specimens: A–C, J.A. Siqueira Filho 2632 et al. (HVASF); D–E, J.A. Siqueira Filho 3027 et al. (HVASF).
Additional Specimens Examined (Paratypes):—BRAZIL. Piauí: Mun. Caracol, Serra das Confusões, sobre pedras,
6 May 1980, fl. fr., A. Fernandes s.n. (EAC8708-online image!), Serra das Confusões, carrasco, 19 November 1981,
fl. fr., A. Fernandes & E. Nunes s.n. (EAC10932-online image!, UPCB74673!); Parque Nacional Serra das Confusões,
Serra das Confusões propriamente dita, lajedo de acesso à gruta Riacho do Boi, 9º13’12.3”S, 43º29’21.9”W, 580 m, 9
December 2011, fr., J.A. Siqueira-Filho 2632 et al. (HUEFS!, HVASF-online image!). Mun. Guaribas, Serra da Água
Brava, 2 km do povoado de Água Branca, 5 km do limite do Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões, 690 m, caatinga
sobre afloramentos rochosos, 9º14’42”S, 43º32’14”W, 690 m, 17 June 2007, fl. fr., G. Martinelli 16130 & M.A.
Moraes (MBM!, RB-online image!); Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões, Toca do Pingo do Véio, 9º01’33.54”S,
43º43’11.24”W, 431 m, 21 June 2013, fl. fr., J.A. Siqueira Filho 3027 et al. (HUEFS!, HVASF-online image!).
Distribution and Habitat:—Apparently endemic to Serra das Confusões National Park, Caracol and Guaribas
municipalities, southern Piauí state, Brazil (Figure 3). Microlicia piauiensis grows on rocky outcrops surrounded by
Cerrado and/or Caatinga vegetation, or in transitions between them (Carrasco), on sites exposed to full sun at elevations
of 431–690 m. The Serra das Confusões National Park was created by federal decree in 1998. It encompasses ca.
823,837 hectares of relatively flat terrain with sandstone plateaus and adjacent depressions of the Parnaíba depression
(IBAMA 2003, BRAZIL 2010) (Fig. 2F). Like Serra da Capivara National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site just
east of Serra das Confusões National Park in Piauí state, these parks collectively exhibit one of the most impressive
expanses of ruiniform landscapes carved on sandstone (Mutzenberg et al. 2015).
Phenology:—Collected flowering in May, June, July, November, and fruiting in May, June, July, November and
December.
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FIGURE 3. A. Areas of endemism (AEs) of Lavoisiereae and the distribution of Microlicia piauiensis. The AEs were identified by
Pacifico et al. (2020a) using endemicity analysis and a grid of 1º degree cells. For overlapping AEs, only those with higher endemicity
scores are shown. B. Distribution of Microlicia piauensis in southern Piauí, within the boundaries of the Serra das Confusões National
Park (outlined in blue).
Pollination:—According to the label of J.A. Siqueira Filho 3027 et al. (HUEFS) and a photographic record, the
stingless bee Frieseomelitta varia Lepeletier (1836: 433) is an effective pollinator of Microlicia piauiensis.
Informal Conservation Status Assessment:—Microlicia piauiensis is known from only six collections, four of
which are georeferenced. The EOO and AOO estimated with GeoCAT are 92.715 km2 and 12 km2, respectively. These
calculations would support an Endangered (EN) conservation status if criterion B of IUCN (2019) is applied: B1ac(iv).
All collections with coordinates come from the southern and central sections of the Serra das Confusões National Park
where M. piauiensis is afforded some protection.
Notes:—Microlicia piauiensis was initially confused with Marcetia taxifolia Saint-Hilaire in Humboldt &
Bonpland (1823: 150) Candolle (1828: 124) (Marcetieae), a widespread species that ranges through several Brazilian
states (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Goiás, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Roraima and Sergipe) northward to Guyana,
Venezuela, and Colombia (Martins 1989; Santos et al. 2020). Marcetia taxifolia shares with Microlicia piauiensis
a much-branched habit, the indumentum of gland-tipped trichomes covering branchlets, leaves and hypanthia, and
revolute leaf margins. The gross morphological similarity between Microlicia piauiensis and Marcetia taxifolia is
probably a case of convergent evolution since these species grow in similar environments. They belong to different
tribes and are allopatric. Microlicia piauiensis can be readily distinguished from all species of Marcetia by its 5(–6)-
merous flowers (vs. 4-merous), stamens with connectives that are ventrally prolonged (vs. not prolonged) and elongate
seeds (vs. cochleate) (Martins 1989). No species of Marcetia have been reported for the state of Piauí (Santos et al.
2020).
In northeastern Brazil, the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia state, is the nearest region to the Serra das Confusões that
is rich in species of Microlicia (ca. 60 spp.; Romero et al. 2020). Therefore, probable relatives of M. piauiensis could
potentially grow in Bahia. Using the multi-access key of Microlicia in Bahia (Woodgyer 2005), we obtained the code
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BDGJNQTVah, which puts M. piauiensis close to M. isostemon and M. subalata. Both M. isostemon and M. subalata
have isomorphic stamens and are endemic to Pico das Almas, in Chapada Diamantina (Wurdack 1983), where they
occur at much higher elevations (1,400–1,900 m; Woodgyer & Lughadha 1995) than M. piauiensis. Among other
features, Microlicia piauiensis differs from both by its branches, leaves and hypanthia that are glandular-punctate
and covered with gland-tipped trichomes (vs. only glandular-punctate), shorter petioles 0.1–0.3 mm long (vs. 0.5–
0.7 in M. isostemon; 0.6–1 in M. subalata), revolute leaf margins (vs. flat) and distinct ventral appendages on the
pedoconnectives (vs. unappendaged in M. isostemon and M. subalata). Additional comparative morphological features
among M. piauiensis, M. isostemon and M. subalata are provided in Table 1.
TABLE 1. Comparative morphological features among Microlicia piauiensis, M. isostemon and M. subalata. (GP= glandular-
punctate, GT= gland-tipped trichomes; exclusive characters or ranges highlighted in bold)
Character Microlicia piauiensis Microlicia isostemon Microlicia subalata
Indumentum on branches and leaves GP+GT GP GP
Internodes unwinged unwinged winged
Petiole length (mm) 0.1–0.3 0.5–0.7 0.6–1
Leaf width (mm) 0.8–2 1–1.5 1.7–3.5
Leaf venation 1-nerved 1-nerved 3-nerved
Leaf margins revolute flat flat
Hypanthium length (mm) 2.8–3.3 2.4–2.5 ca. 2.5
Calyx lobe length (mm) 2–2.5 1.5–2.1 1.8–2
Petal length (mm) 4.8–5 4.5–6 6.7–7.4
Stamen filament length (mm) 2.6–3.1 2–2.6 2.1–2.3
Number of ovary locules 3–4 3 3
At least four species and one variety of Microlicia s.l. were reported for Piauí in their protologues and/or type
specimens: Microlicia chloracea Naudin (1849: 252) [= Microlicia insignis Chamisso (1834: 388)], Chaetostoma
gardneri Triana (1872: 25) [=Microlicia baumgratziana A.B. Martins & Koschnitzke in Koschnitzke & Martins (2007:
473)], Microlicia hirsutissima Naudin (1845: 182) [= Microlicia vestita Schrank & Martius ex Candolle (1828: 119)],
Microlicia luetzelburgii Markgraf (1927: 45) and Microlicia euphorbioides var. macrocarpa Cogniaux (1883: 98).
Information on the label of the type of M. luetzelburgii (Luetzelburg 79 at M) makes it clear that its description
was based on a specimen from Bahia, where it is endemic (Romero et al. 2020). We previously included Piauí in a
distribution map of M. luetzelburgii based on the misleading information in the protologue (Almeda & Pacifico 2018).
The remaining records were also based on specimens collected more than a century ago, but probably within the state
of Goiás (see Romero et al. 2020). Therefore, Microlicia piauiensis is the first confirmed record of the genus in Piauí
state.
The flora of the Serra das Confusões is still poorly known. A total of 635 species were recognized in a preliminary
checklist of vascular plants, with Melastomataceae as the third richest family (Fernandez et al. 2011). Thyrsacanthus
microphyllus A. Côrtes & Rapini in Côrtes et al. (2010: 967) (Acanthaceae), Paepalanthus magistrae Sano, F.N.Costa,
Trovó & Echtern. in Sano et al. (2015: 299) (Eriocaulaceae), Mcvaughia piauhiensis R.F.Almeida & Guesdon in
Almeida et al. (2019: 59) (Malpighiaceae), Qualea insignis G.H.Shimizu, D.J.P.Gonç., F.França & K.Yamam. in
Shimizu et al. (2016: 263) (Vochysiaceae), and Sticherus salinoi L.V.Lima in Lima & Salino (2018: 80) (Gleicheniaceae)
were recently described. Like M. piauiensis, all of these species are apparently restricted to the Serra das Confusões.
Increased sampling in the region will probably result in the discovery of other taxonomic novelties.
Acknowledgments
We thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments on an earlier version of this article; Luciano Paganucci, Elaine
Miranda and Teo Nunes for assistance at HUEFS and for distributing the isotypes of M. piauiensis.
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