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Police Accountability: Neue Perspektiven auf Fehlerkultur, demokratische Einhegung und Kontrolle der Polizei
Abstract
Der vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert vor dem Hintergrund bestehender Probleme klassischer Instrumente zur Bearbeitung polizeilichen Fehlverhaltens das Konzept der Police Accountability und sein Potential für den deutschen Kontext hinsichtlich einer demokratischen Einhegung der Polizei. Hierzu werden zunächst klassisch rechtsstaatliche Aufarbeitungsmechanismen und deren Defizite erläutert, um in einem nächsten Schritt innovative Police Accountability-Mechanismen zu fokussieren, die u. a. in internationalen Standards zu guter Polizeiarbeit begründet werden. Unter Rückbezug auf die Public Accountability Studies werden bereits detaillierter bestimmte Accountability-Ansätze auf die deutsche Polizei übertragen und ein vorläufiges Police Accountability-Regime für den deutschen Kontext skizziert. Hervorgehoben wird die Notwendigkeit von Weiterentwicklung und Ausbau polizeiexterner, legislativer und gesellschaftlicher Accountability-Mechanismen für eine demokratisch eingehegte Polizei.
The chapter examines independent external oversight bodies’ and parliaments’ role in the governance of police stops. Drawing on literature and primary sources, including official reports and data generated by this COST Action, the chapter analyses typical police stop situations that independent external bodies deal with and their policy recommendations. The need for accountable and transparent policing and its importance for police legitimacy have led to many jurisdictions establishing independent public oversight bodies. Some are completely, others partially, independent from the police and government. Complaints bodies are particularly important where criminal investigation is either not relevant or fails. Independent accountability bodies’ policy recommendations are particularly significant in relation to accountability and improving adherence to human rights. However, the impact of such recommendations on police practices is limited.
Übermäßige Gewaltanwendungen durch Polizist*innen in Deutschland sind bislang nur in Ansätzen untersucht. Das Buch liefert umfassende wissenschaftliche Befunde zu einschlägigen Situationen und ihrer strafrechtlichen Aufarbeitung. Auf Basis einer Betroffenenbefragung mit über 3.300 Teilnehmenden und über 60 qualitativen Interviews stellen sich die Fälle als komplexe Interaktionsgeschehen dar, bei deren Aufarbeitung eine besondere Definitionsmacht der Polizei sichtbar wird.
S. 171-185 [ISBN 978-3-7425-0451-7].
It has been argued that the European Union suffers from serious accountability deficits. But how can we establish the existence of accountability deficits? This paper tries to get to grips with the appealing but elusive concept of accountability by asking three types of questions, thus providing three types of building blocks for such an empirical study. First a conceptual one: what exactly is meant by accountability? Accountability is often used in a very broad sense, as a synonym for a variety of evaluative, but essentially contestable concepts, such as responsiveness, responsibility and effectiveness. In this paper the concept of accountability is taken in a much more narrow sense: a relationship between an actor and a forum, in which the actor has an obligation to explain and to justify his or her conduct, the forum can pose questions and pass judgment, and the actor may face consequences. The second question is an analytical one: what types of accountability are involved? On the basis of the narrow definition of accountability, a series of dimensions of accountability will be discerned, that can be used in the description of the various accountability relations and arrangements that can be found in the different domains of governance. The third question is an altogether different, evaluative question: how should we assess these accountability relations, arrangements and regimes? The paper provides three perspectives for the assessment of accountability relations: a democratic, a constitutional, and a cybernetic perspective. Each of these three perspectives may render different types of accountability deficits.
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