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From Sub-6 GHz to mm-Wave: Simultaneous Multi-band Characterization of Propagation from Measurements in Industry Scenarios
... The study uses ray-based modeling techniques to delineate distinct behaviors in LoS and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) PL, drawing comparisons with the 3GPP model and emphasizing discrepancies. Multi-band measurements, as discussed in [4], reveal the common dominant scatterers present across varying frequency bands, accompanied by intriguing observations regarding frequency-dependent trends in delay and angular spreads. These findings challenge the current 3GPP InF model, particularly regarding PL characteristics, which exhibit deviations in exponent and shadowing factors. ...
Appropriate channel models tailored to the specific needs of industrial environments are crucial for the 5G private industrial network design and guiding deployment strategies. This paper scrutinizes the applicability of 3GPP's channel model for industrial scenarios. The challenges in accurately modeling industrial channels are addressed, and a refinement strategy is proposed employing a ray-tracing (RT) based channel model calibrated with continuous-wave received power measurements collected in a manufacturing facility in Sweden. The calibration helps the RT model achieve a root mean square error (RMSE) and standard deviation of less than 7 dB. The 3GPP and the calibrated RT model are statistically compared with the measurements, and the coverage maps of both models are also analyzed. The calibrated RT model is used to simulate the network deployment in the factory to satisfy the reference signal received power (RSRP) requirement. The deployment performance is compared with the prediction from the 3GPP model in terms of the RSRP coverage map and coverage rate. Evaluation of deployment performance provides crucial insights into the efficacy of various channel modeling techniques for optimizing 5G industrial network planning.
... Multi-band measurements can be found in [22] for a production hall. This room has a total size of 171 x 74 m 2 , and four sections can be divided: three production lines and a storage area. ...
Communications in the mmWave spectrum are gaining relevance in the last years as they are a promising candidate to cope with the increasing demand of throughput and latency in different use cases. Nowadays several efforts have been carried out to characterize the propagation medium of these signals with the aim of designing their corresponding communication protocols accordingly, and a wide variety of both outdoor/indoor locations have already been studied. However, very few works endorse industrial scenarios, which are particularly demanding due to their stringent requirements in terms of reliability, determinism and latency. This work aims to provide an insight of the propagation of 60 GHz mmWave signals in a typical industrial workshop in order to explore the particularities of this kind of scenario. In order to achieve this, an extensive measurement campaign has been carried out in this environment and a stochastic channel model has been proposed and validated.
... split in FR1 and FR2. The very different frequencies are associated with different propagation conditions, e.g., higher path loss, lower diffraction and material penetration, and thus stronger shadowing in FR2 [7]. The parameters of the radio systems are also usually different. ...
... In this way, one synthesized isotropic antenna in a half-space could be approximated. On the other hand, vertical dipole antennas were fixed on the top of Rx station.The more details about set-up and an extensive analysis of the measurements have been introduced in[8]. ...
In this paper, we present the ray tracing (RT) simulation in the 3D model of one highly dense clutter industrial hall, which is scanned by laser scanner and reconstructed based on accurate point cloud. The whole processing chain from the scanning of the physical environment to running the simulation is presented in detail. To validate the simulation results, the synthetic channel characteristics and large-scale parameters, including delay spread (DS), angular spread (AS) and path loss (PL), are compared with those obtained from channel sounding measurement in both LOS and NLOS cases, at 6.75 GHz, 30 GHz and 60 GHz. The simulation results show that some scatters are significant in all bands and may be well identified and tracked. This indicates that our target to generate a deterministic channel model or a hybrid channel model at multi-band for industrial scenario may be possible.
Hybrid beamforming is vital in modern wireless systems, especially for massive MIMO and millimeter-wave (mmWave) deployments, offering efficient directional transmission with reduced hardware complexity. However, effective beamforming in multi-user scenarios relies heavily on accurate channel state information, the acquisition of which often requires significant pilot overhead, degrading system performance. To address this and inspired by the spatial congruence between sub-6GHz (sub-6G) and mmWave channels, we propose a Sub-6G information Aided Multi-User Hybrid Beamforming (SA-MUHBF) framework, avoiding excessive use of pilots at mmWave. SA-MUHBF employs a convolutional neural network to predict mmWave beamspace from sub-6G channel estimate, followed by a novel multi-layer graph neural network for analog beam selection and a linear minimum mean-square error algorithm for digital beamforming. Numerical results demonstrate that SA-MUHBF efficiently predicts the mmWave beamspace representation and achieves superior spectrum efficiency over state-of-the-art benchmarks. Moreover, SA-MUHBF demonstrates robust performance across varied sub-6G system configurations and exhibits strong generalization to unseen scenarios.
Millimeter-wave (mmWave) and Terahertz (THz) communication technologies have great application prospects in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). However, the channels in industrial scenarios have not been fully investigated at multi-frequency bands and in multi-scenarios by using the same channel configurations, especially for the frequency ranges from mmWave to THz. In this paper, channel measurements are conducted at 28 GHz, 38 GHz, 132 GHz, and 220 GHz in four industrial scenarios. The channel characteristics are extracted and modeled, including path loss, K factor, root mean square (RMS) delay spread and angular spread (AS), and the correlation between K factor, RMS AS and distance across the different frequencies in different scenarios. Specifically, we have extended the close-in path loss model to depict the excess loss caused by metal scatterers and modified AS model in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Furthermore, cluster-level parameters at different frequencies are presented in our work. The results demonstrate that channel characteristics exhibit frequency dependence under the same measurement configuration. This study provides valuable guidance for the design and optimization of IIoT and contributes to the standardization process of 3GPP.
This paper presents sub-Terahertz (THz) channel characterization and modeling for an indoor industrial scenario based on radio propagation measurements at 142 GHz in four factories. We selected 82 transmitter-receiver (TX-RX) locations in both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) conditions and collected over 75,000 spatial and temporal channel impulse responses. The TX-RX distance ranged from 5 to 87 m. Steerable directional horn antennas were employed at both ends and were switched between vertical and horizontal polarization. Measurements were conducted with the low RX and high RX to characterize the propagation channel for close-to-floor applications such as automated guided vehicles. Results show that the low RXs experience an average path loss increase of 10.7 dB and 6.0 dB at LOS and NLOS locations, respectively. In addition, channel enhancement measurements were conducted using a steerable large flat metal plate as a passive reflecting surface, demonstrating omnidirectional path loss reduction from 0.5 to 22 dB with a mean of 6.5 dB. This paper presents the first statistical channel characterization and path loss modeling at sub-THz frequencies, highlighting the potential for ultra-broadband factory communications in the 6G era.
While the 5th Generation (5G) system is being widely deployed across the globe, the information and communication technology (ICT) industry, research, standardization and consensus building for the 6th generation (6G) are already well underway with high expectations towards the merger of digital, physical, and human worlds. The main goal of this book is to introduce the upcoming 6G technologies and outline the foreseen challenges, enablers, and architectural design trends that will be instrumental in realizing a Sustainable and Trustworthy 6G system in the coming years.
The envisioned 6G system promises to offer a more advanced and comprehensive user experience not only by achieving higher speeds, larger capacity, and lower latency, but also much more improved reliability, greater energy efficiency, and an enhanced security and privacy-preserving framework while natively integrating intelligence end-to-end (E2E). Achieving these goals will require innovative technological solutions and a holistic system design that considers the needs of various stakeholders and future 6G use cases.
Capitalizing on the European 5G Public-Private-Partnership (5G PPP) Phase 3 projects working on 5G & Beyond and 6G research in recent years, and the join efforts between the Architecture Working Group (WG) and the 6G flagship Hexa-X project, this book delves into the critical challenges and enablers of the 6G system, including new network architectures and novel enhancements as well as the role of regulators, network operators, industry players, application developers, and end-users. Accordingly, this book provides a comprehensive landscape of the current research activities on 6G in Europe and sets a solid cornerstone on the 6G development towards a more connected, intelligent, and sustainable world.
Furthermore, as 5G PPP Phase 3 consists of the last calls of the Horizon 2020 program, this book is aimed to lay the architectural foundation for the next European program towards 6G, i.e., Smart Networks & Services (SNS) Joint Undertaking (JU).
With the rapid development of wireless communication technologies, many advanced wireless technologies could be applied to industrial control system to improve the production efficiency. However, spectrum is a kind of very valuable resources in wireless networks. In recent years, with the proliferation of various wireless application devices, spectrum resources in wireless networks have become very scarce. Moreover, with the wide application of wireless communication technology in the industrial field, the demand for spectrum resources dramatically increases with the growth of the amount of exchanged data. The limitation of spectrum resources makes the problem of resource shortage more serious. On the other hand, the coexistence of vast and diverse wireless devices makes the wireless transmission environment in the industrial scene very complicated and volatile. There are a large number of wireless devices in the factory, which makes the environment for using spectrum complex and diverse. In addition, severe multipath fading and electromagnetic interference seriously affect the performance of data transmission in factories. Therefore, the shortage of spectrum resources and the complexity of industrial environment make the development of industrial wireless transmission face severe challenges. This chapter introduces some advanced wireless technologies to this issue.KeywordsHigh-throughput data transmission technologySpectrum constrained efficient transmissionEnergy balanced efficient transmission
Industry 4.0 relies heavily on wireless technologies. Energy efficiency and device cost have played a significant role in the initial design of such wireless systems for industry automation. However, high reliability, high throughput, and low latency are also key for certain sectors such as the manufacturing industry. In this sense, existing wireless solutions for industrial settings are limited. Emerging technologies such as millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication are highly promising to address this bottleneck. Still, the propagation characteristics at such high frequencies in harsh industrial settings are not well understood. Related work in this area is limited to isolated measurements in specific scenarios. In this work, we carry out an extensive measurement campaign in highly representative industrial environments. Most importantly, we derive the statistical link-level distributions of the channel parameters of widely accepted mmWave channel model of IEEE 802.11 ad that fit these environments. This model can be beneficial to understand the performance of mmWave systems in typical industrial settings. Beyond analyzing and discussing the insights, with this paper we also share our extensive dataset with the community.
Radio access at mm-waves has been subject of intensive research in the latest years. However, within the initial deployment of 5G, mm-waves are still relegated and there is a generalized idea that the mm-wave channel for radio access, in comparison to the sub-6 GHz channel, is not only sparse but also troublesome for outdoor applications. In the present paper we introduce simultaneous multi-band measurements comparing the sub-6 GHz with the mm-waves channel at 30 GHz and 60 GHz in street canyon scenarios using the same measurement equipment in Germany and Japan. An analysis on the propagation and radio channel characteristics shows that the mm-waves channel offers similar opportunities as the sub-6 GHz. Consequently, the challenge relies on the design of an adequate radio interface matching the channel characteristics. In that regard, aspects as the location of clusters and spatial consistency gain importance within geometry-based stochastic channel models (GBSCMs). The analysis of the large-scale parameters (LSPs) has shown a large influence of the geometry of the scenario on the channel, encouraging the introduction of deterministic modelling components within GBSCMs targeting these scenarios.
We introduce simultaneous multi-band ultra wide-band directional measurements at 6.75 GHz, 30 GHz, and 60 GHz in an indoor environment with different visibility conditions. Large scale parameters and path-loss has been analysed for the different bands considering the propagation channel, and later the influence of the system aspects in the radio channel. We have observed that the major differences between bands are introduced by the characteristics of the targeted system.
The vision of multi Gbit/s data rates in future 5G networks requires the change to millimeter wave (mm-Wave)
frequencies for increasing bandwidth. As a consequence, new technologies have to be deployed to tackle the drawbacks of higher frequency bands, e.g. increased path loss. Development and verification of those novel technologies requires channel sounding, to measure and analyse the radio wave propagation. Due to the variety of considered frequency bands and the necessity of spatial resolved measurements for e.g. testing of beamforming approaches, measurement duration and comparability becomes problematic. This paper presents multi-band channel sounder architectures, usable to measure up to four frequency bands simultaneously. Furthermore, we present a measurement campaign, featuring full polarimetric and directional resolved dual-band measurements, which comprises the microwave band at 10GHz and the mm-Wave band at 30GHz. Preliminary analysis results are presented.
Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz (Release 16)
3GPP, "Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz
(Release 16)," Third Generation Partnership Project, 2019.