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367
Border regimes and unfair conditions for Eastern
European migrant workers in the Swedish construction
sector -a labour process theory perspective
Bogdan Bahnariu 1, Klara Öberg 2, Christian Koch 3, Dimosthenis Kifokeris 4
1 PhD student, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Centre of Research in Welfare,
Health and Sport,
Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
2 Senior Lecturer, School of Health and Welfare, Centre of Research in Welfare, Health and Sport,
Halmstad
University, Halmstad, Sweden
3 Visiting Professor, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University,
Halmstad, Sweden
4 Assistant Professor in Construction Production and Management of Construction Projects,
Department of
Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
Abstract
This paper investigates transnational labour, border regimes, precarity, and employment conditions from a
labour process theory perspective (Braverman, 1974; Knight and Willmott 1990, Thompson and Smith,
2010; Mezzadra and Neilson, 2013). Our specific focus is on the studies investigating the working
conditions, labour rights, and employment forms for Eastern European migrants in the Swedish
construction sector. In particular, we ask: how does the border regime
shape employment forms and work practices, and what are the new forms of resistance and organisation in
the Swedish construction sector? The migrant workers are conditioned by Swedish and EU legal aspects,
depending on the country they originally come from, and its relation to the EU. The origin of the migrant
workers in the Swedish construction sector has continuously shifted since the 1950s, with Eastern Europe
being especially prominent since the 1990s. Along with this shift, the focus on organized crime and on
“unfair
conditions” considering both a national and protectionist gaze, has been increasing in Sweden, implying
that
the understanding of the “unfair conditions” is something external, atypical, and non-Swedish. A critical
perspective on these issues calls for a “methodological de-nationalism” (Anderson, 2019). At the same
time,
the Swedish model system of high regulation and welfare protection is highly challenged (Mackenzie et al.,
2010), led to the emergence of two labour markets. The first one, dominant and highly regulated, is
represented by big companies and construction unions, and is characterized by col labouration, good work
relations, equity, democracy, and welfare (Haakestad and Friberg, 2000); the second one, subordinated
and
quite unregulated, is embodied by small companies working partially in illegal conditions, and is not
characteristic for the Swedish labour market (Koch and Sederblad, 2019).
As such, this paper focuses on the ways the sector has adapted to migrant labour inequalities due to labour
and migration law, and the organisation and resistance forms that have been adopted. Labour process
theory
allows us to expand our analytical frame on the way the work is organized in the Swedish construction
sector,
its variations, and the ways those relate to what we can basically understand as migrant workers’ rights. It
means that we cannot separate labour, class, and the features of the border regimes, as we need to
include a
knowledge of a “total social organization of labour” (Glucksman, 1995). Methodologically, a systematic
literature
review is conducted on the precarious and unequal working conditions, as well as on labour and
employment
forms, for Eastern European migrant workers within the Swedish construction sector. Our methodological
choice of focusing on that context aimed at accounting for its specific peculiarities. Our study shows that a
labour process theory perspective and a “de-nationalizing” analytical framework can reveal factors that
impact
labour processes connected to immigrant workers. Moreover, we draw attention to the way the
criminalizing
gaze may be national, but the value-adding labour force is indeed international. Thus, this paper
contributes
with knowledge production regarding the implications of border regimes for international workers’
employment
forms, and precarious work practices having become part of the construction sector.
Introducon
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A labour process theory perspecve in relaon to border regimes – understanding the informal
processes in the construcon sector
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The empirical base for our argument is collected through a systematic literature
review is conducted on the precarious and unequal working conditions, as well as on
labour and employment forms, for Eastern European migrant workers within the
Swedish construction sector. Our methodological choice of focusing on that context
aimed at accounting for its specific peculiarities.
The literature study was done combining with the previous study of the development
of the Swedish construction industry (such as Koch et al 2020a and Öberg, K.,
2016).
The literature study consisted of a superior and a number of smaller studies. It was
done in both Swedish and English. The overall study included 27 categories with 149
articles, reports and books. The categories are seen here:
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Themes from the literature study
Theme 1 Membership of labour market organisaons
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become part of the construction sector.
References
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