Content uploaded by Poonam Malik
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Poonam Malik on May 15, 2022
Content may be subject to copyright.
Research Trends in
MULTIDISCIPLINARY
RESEARCH
Volume - 33
Chief Editor
Dr. R. Jayakumar
Associate Professor, Siga College of Education, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu,
India
Co-Editor
Dr. Raja Reddy. Duvvuru
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
Malla Reddy Engineering College (A), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
AkiNik Publications
New Delhi
Published By: AkiNik Publications
AkiNik Publications
169, C-11, Sector - 3,
Rohini, Delhi-110085, India
Toll Free (India) – 18001234070
Phone No. – 9711224068, 9911215212
Email – akinikbooks@gmail.com
Chief Editor: Dr. R. Jayakumar
Co-Editor: Dr. Raja Reddy. Duvvuru
The author/publisher has attempted to trace and acknowledge the materials
reproduced in this publication and apologize if permission and
acknowledgements to publish in this form have not been given. If any material
has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so that we may rectify
it.
© AkiNik Publications
Publication Year: 2022
Pages: 113
ISBN: 978-93-5570-019-3
Book DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/ed.book.1714
Price: ` 721/-
Contents
S. No.
Chapters
Page No.
1.
Vehicle Tracking and Accident Detection System using
Mobile App
01-16
(R. Kanmani, Dr. S. Mary Praveena, R. Rakhul, R. Sakthivel and S.
Sharjeel)
2.
Counselling for Stress Management: A Review
17-33
(Sangeeta, Dr. Poonam Malik, Arju Saini and Jyoti Dudi)
3.
Role of Guidance and Counseling in Effective Teaching
and Learning at Schools
35-48
(Jyoti, Poonam Malik, Reema Sharma, Sakshi Sharma and Sangeeta)
4.
Role of Counselling in Marriage
49-59
(Arju Saini, Dr. Poonam Malik, Sangeeta Lohan and Anshu)
5.
Psychotherapy's Efficacy in the Treatment of Postpartum
Depression: A Review
61-81
(Sakshi Sharma, Poonam Malik, Yashvee, Jyoti Dudi and Anshu)
6.
Review on the Role of Counselling in Healthy Parent-
Adolescent Relationship
83-91
(Anshu Devi, Dr. Poonam Malik, Meenu Boora, Sakshi Sharma and
Aarzoo)
7.
-
93-104
(
)
8.
A Review of Role Counseling in Single Parenting
105-113
(Renu, Poonam Malik, Sumanpreet Kaur and Namrataa Mamgai)
Page | 17
Chapter - 2
Counselling for Stress Management: A Review
Authors
Sangeeta
M.Sc. Scholar, Department of Human Development and Family
Studies, I.C. College of Home Sciences, Chaudhary Charan
Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, Haryana, India
Dr. Poonam Malik
Assistant Scientist, Department of Human Development and
Family Studies, I.C. College of Home Sciences, Chaudhary
Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, Haryana,
India
Arju Saini
M.Sc. Scholar, Department of Human Development and Family
Studies, I.C. College of Home Sciences, Chaudhary Charan
Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, Haryana, India
Jyoti Dudi
M.Sc. Scholar, Department of Human Development and Family
Studies, I.C. College of Home Sciences, Chaudhary Charan
Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, Haryana, India
Page | 18
Page | 19
Chapter - 2
Counselling for Stress Management: A Review
Sangeeta, Dr. Poonam Malik, Arju Saini and Jyoti Dudi
Abstract
Stress is part of human life and every living organism undergoes a series
of stress as a result of daily life activity. Stress at work is one of the major
psychosocial risks at work. Work-related stress is a problem and is of great
concern to employees, employers, psychologists and counsellors. Stress is
also prevalent among doctors which may impact negatively patient care.
Employers and employees are solely responsible for addressing issues of
stress in work related settings. Stress among adolescents and parents has also
been addressed. Women’s undergoing fertility treatment are suffering from
stress which is further going to affect their health. Positive stress-relieving
behaviours and tactics are used to relieve stress. A psychological counselling
approach known is an “Elicitation Interview” has also been discussed to
educate about the “educational self”. Stress management therapy is carried
out to relieve the stress of the client and help the client to acquire new
abilities and skills. Burnout intervention programme studies and their effects
are needed, yet there is a scarcity of burnout intervention programme
research and their effects among physicians.
Keywords: Guidance, Counselling, stress management, group counselling,
infertility stress, management interventions
Introduction
In a nutshell, stress is defined as everything that a person sees as a
danger. The severity and duration of a threat are determined by the threat
perception of each individual. Humans are the only creatures that can predict
a threat and prepare for the potential harm. His ability has a drawback in that
it causes his body to generate an immunological response. Humans,
unfortunately, can project a sense of danger even when there is not one.
Anxiety has a role in this scenario. The terms "stress" and "anxiety" are
frequently used interchangeably however they are not synonymous. Stress is
a response to an external threat by the body. Anxiety, on the other hand, is a
Page | 20
feeling of internal alarm or anxiety that occurs even when there is no
external threat. Stress management encompasses a wide range of treatments
and psychotherapies aimed at lowering or eliminating a person's stress
levels, especially chronic stress, in order to improve daily functioning.
Stress model
It is a psychological theory aimed at explaining a disorder or a situation,
its effect on the individual, hazards and the ways to deal with it.
Palmer et al. (2004) devised a basic stress model that could be used to
describe the link between the key stress-related dangers, organisational and
individual symptoms and the HSE (Health and Service Executive)
document's outcomes. The HSE suggested assessing and addressing seven
primary hazards that can cause work stress in 2001. Culture, one of the risks,
has since been absorbed into the other six (HSE, 2004). These six hazards
are:
• Demands: Workload, job routines, and the work environment are all
factors to consider (for example volume and complexity of work,
shift work, unrealistic deadlines).
• Control: How much say and involvement the person has in the way
they do their work (for example control balanced against demands,
lack of autonomy, too much supervision).
• Support: The organisation, line management, and co-workers
provide encouragement, sponsorship, and resources (for example
training for core functions of the job; catering for individual
differences).
• Relationship: This includes encouraging positive teamwork to avoid
conflict and dealing with inappropriate behaviour (for example
bullying and harassment, conflicts).
• Role: It refers to whether employees are aware of their jobs inside
the company and whether the company ensures that they do not
have conflicting responsibilities (for example conflicting roles
avoided vague job descriptions).
• Change: How the organizational change (large or small) is managed
and communicated in the organization (for example staff
understanding why change is necessary, little or no communication
to staff, redundancy fears).
Health and welfare experts can identify and manage possible work-
stress factors by referring to the stress model and using the HSE five-step
Page | 21
approach. The HSE recommends that the focus will be on decreasing or
eliminating dangers rather than exclusively on stress management courses or
training. Employee counselling, coaching, and stress management training,
realistically, play critical roles in a comprehensive wellbeing or stress
avoidance programme. Regardless of the conditions, dealing with Work
related stress (WRS) can be a difficult task that requires collaboration from a
variety of stakeholders, including managers, trade unions, HR, training,
welfare, health and safety practitioners, and employees. Managing WRS,
however, will be a challenge.
Stress Management
Joseph T.D. (2013) said that stress management is the practise of
lowering or minimising stress levels by employing thoughts and actions in
dealing with stressful situations. The goal of stress management is to reduce
stress levels by employing tactics that either change, prevent, or lessen
negative emotions, or favourably rethink the situation. When people are
exposed to risk factors at work, stress reactions might occur. These risk
factors can be emotional, cognitive, behavioural, or psychological. When
stress reactions go unchecked for a long time, they can lead to more
persistent, less reversible health problems such chronic fatigue, burnout,
musculoskeletal issues, and cardiovascular disorders occur. Every employee
should be aware of the stressors and risks present in their varied
employment. The creation of a variety of activities aimed at raising stress
awareness and combating stress should have an impact on the promotion of
well-being at work. Seminars, classes, and booklets could be used to raise
awareness. Employers and employees are solely responsible for addressing
issues of work-related stress through the application of work-related stress
legislation and regulations.
European commission (2010) has also said that workers' rights to a
certain number of hours should be protected by law. Employers are obliged
by law to appoint a psychosocial prevention adviser.
Stress management therapy
Cotton D.H (2013) gave stress management therapy and concluded that
the release of tension through catharsis or expectation; cognitive learning
and insight; overt or covert operant conditioning; affiliation or alliance with
the therapist; and reality testing are all factors in stress management.
Together, the therapist and the client must "learn" what stress is, how it is
felt, and how it can be managed adaptively.
• Formulation: This first phase of stress management is referred to as the
"formulation phase." Each person makes an effort to study and assess
Page | 22
the information offered by the other, and to incorporate that information
into his or her schema. A mutually satisfactory statement of the problem
may be achieved through this exchange of information (e.g., stress-
related headaches).
• Models of helping: In the medical model, the client is not held
accountable for his or her problem or for finding a solution to it. The
therapist is thought to be in charge of giving a treatment that is tailored
to the disorder.
In the moral model, individuals are accountable for both causing and
solving their issues, according to this theory.
In the compensatory model, individuals are not held responsible for
issues, but they are held accountable for solutions.
The enlightenment model holds individuals responsible for problems but
not for solutions.
• Application: The application phase of therapy begins when the plan has
been formed and the priorities have been assigned. The learning and
application of new skills whether cognitive, behavioural or
physiological followed quickly if the formulation had been
accomplished thoroughly and correctly. This aspect of treatment
corresponds to what is frequently referred to as "helping work." Within
the therapy environment, particular new abilities were introduced,
taught, discussed, rehearsed and analysed. Outside of therapy, the new
abilities were used in certain contexts, usually in a prescribed and
limited manner at first. Progress in the performance of the new skills
was monitored from week to week and effectiveness evaluated.
• Formats for therapy: How stress management is carried out will be
mainly dictated by the individual client's needs, as well as the therapist's
orientation and talents.
Individual Therapy: Individual treatment has a number of specific
advantages, particularly for tough clients or those with unusual
problems. However, one disadvantage of this technique is that it can
be difficult to offer the client with the requisite quantity of factual
information without looking opinionated or turning the therapy hour
into a lecture. There are also budget and time limits. If treatment
sessions were held infrequently, it is unlikely that new abilities will
be learned efficiently.
Group Psychotherapy: Group therapy is frequently less expensive
Page | 23
for participants, takes less time for the therapist, and allows the
therapist to visit more clients than he or she could individually.
Groups also have the benefit of allowing the therapist to provide the
factual information basis to multiple clients at the same time. Stress
management appears to be an ideal sort of therapy to be carried out
in groups because it has such a strong didactic component.
Workshops: A workshop is not a form of therapy in the strictest
sense. The popularity of stress management workshops, on the other
hand, makes their inclusion here necessary. A workshop is
comparable to a psychoeducational group however it takes place
over a shorter length of time. Typically, "expert" in the field is
called to speak to a group of various sizes for a short period of time
(from one-half day to several days). A workshop is an excellent
setting for imparting the relevant facts regarding stress and its
consequences.
Bibliotherapy: It is attractive to believe that by reading a book, one
may learn to control stress. This has yet to be established. Reading
some of the self-help books on stress management currently
available on the market might be beneficial to a relatively
intellectual and essentially healthy person. Without any actual
evidence that any of these books caused meaningful change, they
cannot be recommended as a form of therapy on their own.
However, one is rarely forced to offer bibliotherapy advice because
people who want to help themselves rather than seek professional
assistance rarely seek a professional opinion on the subject. Many
people seeking stress relief have medical issues, so self-prescribed
medication could be harmful.
Neurobiology of stress management
Esch T and Stefano G.B (2010) concluded that stress is a natural part of
existence, biology has devised a variety of strategies to deal with it.
Professional stress management training or 'mind-body medicine' can
consciously activate and develop these pathways. Techniques for stress
management may have physiological consequences that are specific and
distinct. However, positive stress-relieving behaviours and tactics are
neurobiologically rewarded by pleasure induction, but positively and
physiologically amplified and reinforced, and this appears to function
through the release of dopamine, endorphin, and morphine, among other
messenger molecules. These latter effects are unspecific, however, down-
Page | 24
regulatory and stress-reducing by their nature. Dopamine, morphine, and
other endogenous signalling molecules, such as various opioid receptor
agonists, endocannabinoids, oxytocin, or serotonin, all appear to act via NO
via a shared neurobiological mechanism known as limbic autoregulation.
Different stress-reduction strategies and practises work by activating
autoregulatory reward and motivation circuitries in the central nervous
system (CNS), which means they share certain physiology. This similarity
implies an overlapping and ubiquitous (neuro-) biological principle of
autoregulation, i.e., the ability to cure oneself. Various underlying signalling
pathways and effector molecules with which stress management approaches
exercise their therapeutic effects are embedded in these systems. Many of
these signalling systems use nitric oxide (NO) as their central and common
effector, often known as the second or third messenger. As a result, NO is
intimately linked to reward physiology and stress self-control.
How to cope with stress?
It is normal to feel sad, stressed, confused, scared, or angry. If you feel
overwhelmed, talk to a health worker or counsellor. Have a plan, where to
go, and how to seek help for physical and mental health if required.
Ro et al. (2010) said that the drop in emotion-focused coping and job
stress came before the reduction in emotional tiredness, according to a
sequential connection. Coping methods and occupational stress may be
crucial emphases in intervention programmes aimed at reducing or
preventing physician burnout. A three-year follow-up of physicians who had
engaged in a counselling intervention indicated that considerably lower
levels of emotional tiredness, job stress, and emotion-focused coping had
been sustained at one-year compared to baseline. The therapeutic
implications of these findings were that modifications in coping methods, as
well as a reduction in job stress, maybe the relevant focus for medical
therapies aimed at reducing or preventing burnout.
Application of counselling in stress management
1. Stress management for health care providers
According to a study by Cunningham and Cookson (2009) stress can
impede performance, which can have a detrimental influence on patient care,
and providing counselling to stressed doctors has the potential to improve
healthcare delivery. The counselling service appears to be successful,
efficient, and well-received as a means of giving psychological aid to doctors
in times of need, but there is little awareness of its availability. It offers
Page | 25
crucial counselling to doctors who are dealing with stress-related concerns,
as well as providing early access to doctors who were dealing with major
mental health issues. The majority of doctor-clients who needed three or
fewer sessions had work-related stress; those who needed ten or more
sessions reported depression, bipolar disease, past sexual abuse, and
personality disorders. Confidentiality, provider choice and independence,
and service finance were all important to Dr-clients. They stated that their
participation in the service helped them stay in or return to work. Stress was
detected in both the job and home environments by the providers, who noted
that the two were intertwined. Respondents identified the need for greater
publicity about the service.
2. Stress management for work-related stress
Work-related stress is a reaction that people experience when they are
confronted with work demands and pressures that are out of proportion to
their knowledge and talents, and which put their ability to cope to the test.
Employees who feel they have limited support from supervisors and
colleagues, as well as little influence over work processes, are more likely to
experience stress. Pressure, challenge, and stress are frequently
misunderstood, and this is sometimes used to justify poor management
practises (https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-
answers/item/ccupational-health-stress-at-the-workplace).
Van der Hek and Plomp (1997) said that the number of studies on the
effects of workplace stress management programmes is growing, according
to the findings. There is some evidence that individual, individual-
organizational interface, and organisational factors respond well to
organization-wide techniques. It is critical to start by defining which
employees are at risk and what defines hazardous working conditions;
screening instruments, a stress audit, or an analysis of absence and turnover
rates can all help. Cost-effectiveness assessments are vital, and worker
participation is critical to the program's success. Work-related stress has a
counselling aspect in that when work expectations are threatened, people
need to be counselled. The heart is affected by the demand; the heart rate
rises, which raises blood pressure, blood sugar, and metabolic rate. These
things have an impact on people's health and can lead to death. Some
employees are so preoccupied that they hardly eat their meals which cause
annoyances and eventually stress and result in grey hair in some employees.
According to Henderson et al. (2003) workplace mental health issues
are a hot topic. A growing amount of this financial burden is made up of
Page | 26
compensation pay-outs, in addition to sick pay, replacement expenses, and
lost productivity. There has been a 12-fold increase in cases of workplace
stress; psychiatric and physical sickness should be treated equally, and there
are no jobs that are inherently detrimental to mental health. Employers and
employees must collaborate to come up with a variety of solutions to a
difficult problem.
Harkness et al. (2005) noted that companies should be aware of their
corporate culture, particularly in terms of the discourses utilised or messages
sent to employees about how to deal with negative emotions or distressing
work experiences. Given the ambiguity and abstract nature of the term
"stress," it is critical to promote the use of more precise terminologies and
frameworks that recognise the broader sociological and cultural impacts on
how we comprehend and feel our surroundings. Additionally, rather than
dismissing their feelings or counselling them in isolation, employees, such as
the female clerical workers in this study, may benefit from processing their
experiences of power disparities both individually and collectively.
3. Stress management for parents and adolescents
According to Shariff (2009) two prevalent difficulties in counselling are
the establishment of teenage ethnic identity and parenting stress. Parenting
stress is defined as tension felt by a parent in numerous aspects of parent-
child relationships. From the perspective of the immigrant, when children
grow more steeped in the host country's culture than their parents, the
parents may feel as if they are losing control over their children, leading to
increased parenting stress.
South Asians are the second-largest visible minority group in Canada,
and the fastest-growing immigrant population in the nation. South Asians are
anticipated to begin using mental health services in greater numbers in the
future, given their prominent presence and different cultural beliefs and
practises. Counsellors must become aware of core beliefs of South Asian
culture, common culturally based counselling issues, and culturally
compatible interventions in a way that informs their practise, while
remaining open to cultural variation and individual differences, in order to
meet the counselling needs of this thriving ethnic community. He discussed
two frequent concerns that South Asians face during the acculturation
process: teenage ethnic identification and parenting stress, as well as
recommended solutions for each of these issues in counselling.
Savarese et al. (2019) the vast majority of students who come to the
counselling centre are only partly conscious of their discomfort and appear
Page | 27
willing to try to solve their difficulties. The student frequently discovers his
or her active participation in the redefining of his or her 'educational self,'
learns how to deal with his or her obstacles, and improves his coping
abilities, particularly resilience. In these circumstances, the defining of the
educational-self improved the student's social relationships and provided a
better environment in which to live his or her life. The "Elicitation
Interview" asks the student to engage in a reflective activity that involves
reflecting back on previous academic experiences and making links with
perceived interpersonal issues, low self-efficacy or self-esteem, and
particular physical and mental symptoms. This allows the student to become
more conscious of some parts of their 'educational self,' allowing them to
redefine it to meet the needs of the learning process in the future. Students'
coping and resilience skills are strengthened through this introspective
practise. Many students can, in fact, do "an effective analysis of the
dynamics at play and come up with a fresh and richer knowledge of the
processes at hand." Evolutionary transformation is feasible under this
situation."
Furlonger and Gencic (2014) undertook a study to see how satisfaction,
stress, coping techniques, and academic achievement differed between on-
campus and DE counselling students. Overall, it appeared that student stress,
coping, and academic accomplishment were unchanged by location or mode
of study, revealing that differences in programme delivery across modes had
not been a significant disadvantage for the counselling students questioned in
this study. While students achieved a similar level of academic achievement,
their levels of satisfaction were quite different. The study's findings led to
the conclusion that learning in DE mode did not reduce motivation to
perform academically.
The small-sample feasibility pilot study conducted by Rossouw J et al.
(2016) demonstrated that in a South African context, nurses can offer the
PE-A and SC (supporting counselling) therapy models to adolescents in the
school setting. When measured immediately after treatment completion, both
PE-A and SC resulted in lower independent evaluator interviewer-assessed
PTSD severity and self-reported depression scores, and those gains were
maintained in the PE-A group at the 12-month follow-up assessment, with
the caveat that the study limitations were noted.
Rossouw et al. (2018) conducted a study on prolonged exposure therapy
and supportive counselling for post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents.
PE-A (prolonged exposure for adolescents) and supportive counselling are
both effective therapies for adolescent PTSD, according to these data. PE-A
Page | 28
participants, on the other hand, had a considerably higher reduction in PTSD
symptoms, were "excellent responders," and were able to achieve remission
(i.e., no longer have a PTSD diagnosis) than those who received supportive
counselling. Participants' general functioning was not substantially different
across treatments, as judged by the CGAS (Children’s Global Assessment
Scale), implying that receiving either PTSD treatment had a good influence
on their everyday functioning.
4. Stress management for women undergoing fertility issues and
treatment
According to Hamzehgardeshi et al. (2019) one of the most effective
techniques for lowering perceived stress in women receiving assisted
reproductive treatment is group counselling. Increase in women's stress
during embryo transfer and pregnancy testing, it is advised that interventions
be implemented to reduce stress and enhance the infertile women’s
physical/mental health, enhance treatment outcomes and, as a consequence,
increase the total fertility rate. A person who takes care of an infertile
women has to be totally aware of the aetiology of infertility as well as
treatment procedure and interaction culture of the region to cope with the
disease effectively. Finally, it is recommended that fertility treatment centres
provide patients with counselling so that they engage in psychological
therapies.
Interventions for stress management
1. Stress management intervention for mental health nurses
Edwards and Burnard (2003) identified six stress management
intervention studies, conducted in the UK (Milne et al. 1986, Watson 1986,
Kunkler & Whittick 1991, Carson et al. 1998, Lemma 2000, Ewers et al.
2002), one in the Netherlands (Melchior et al.1996) and one in the USA
(Gordon & Goble 1986).
Training in behavioural approaches enhanced work satisfaction, reduced
sickness, and lowered pressure in psychiatric nurses, according to research
done in the United Kingdom. Behavioural assessment, learning, and
behavioural therapy were some of the topics covered in the course. Nurses'
ability to cope with anxiety and stress was considerably improved by using
personal stress management relaxation strategies. Those who attended stress
management workshops reported lower levels of burnout. While some
participated in social support-based programmes had no substantial
advantage over those who merely received feedback. Following attendance
at a 15-week therapeutic skills training course, levels of psychological
Page | 29
discomfort and burnout considerably decreased. Burnout levels were
dramatically reduced after a group of forensic mental health nurses were
trained in psychosocial therapies. The goal of psychosocial treatments is to
teach doctors how to think about their patients' problems in a more empathic
way and how to intervene successfully. One way to deal with professional
frustration is to adapt to the circumstance, which is known as 'creative
accommodation.' It is a broadening of activities that gives the nurse a greater
sense of success and professional esteem while also addressing patient and
organisational needs.
Michie (1996) found that after short-term stress counselling, hospital
employees reported less anxiety and had fewer absenteeism due to illness
than previously. A wide range of employees use the counselling service for a
variety of problems involving both professional and personal matters.
Employees consider it to be beneficial. It was determined that without stress
counselling, employee well-being and absenteeism would have improved
over time.
2. Stress management interventions at work
Giga et al. (2003) gave interventions for the development of a
framework for a holistic approach to workplace stress management
interventions.
• Organizational-Level Interventions: This topic focuses on
organisational concerns such as rules and practises, with the goal of
reducing employee stress across the board. Individuals who succeed
in their positions and possess the correct mix of talents for
effectively completing the duties and demands demanded by the job
are identified by the SAP (Selection and placement). To alleviate
stress in these areas, training and education programmes provide
instruction in the use of new work techniques and schedules,
physical and environmental characteristics, and communication
training.
• Individual/Organizational-Level Interventions: It focuses on
specific difficulties linked to the interface between people and their
jobs. Co-worker support groups (CSG) aim to create a positive
work environment by reducing role stressors and their negative
consequences. This technique consists of two methods: one in
which there is a mismatch between an individual's aspirations and
the environmental supplies available to meet those expectations,
and the other in which stress occurs when environmental demands
Page | 30
burden or surpass an individual's capability. Role difficulties deal
with roles that aren't clearly defined, while participation and
autonomy foster collaboration among organisational members.
• Individual-Level Programs: The goal in this area is to teach
employees how to recognise and manage with pressure and stress.
By focusing on breathing and muscle-calming practises to relieve
tension, people can gain control over their emotional behaviours.
Individuals can gradually create a mental state known as "pure
awareness" by using meditation techniques. Biofeedback is a
technique for learning, identifying, and reacting to data such as
muscle and skin activity. Several research including police officers,
teachers, and nurses found that cognitive-behavioural treatment
improved psychological well-being. The cardiovascular system
benefits from exercise. Delegating, bargaining, and goal-setting are
all abilities that can be developed as part of time management. As a
result, continuous improvement is promoted, in which employers
and employees collaborate to create a healthier workplace for all
employees.
Leisure counselling
Leisure counselling is the systematic use of a client's past, current, or
future hobbies, activities, and interests for psychotherapy reasons. It can be
used to address a wide range of coping needs, including phobias, panic
attacks, stress and tension states, and the aftermath of traumatic events; the
need to create and maintain positive moods; and the need to contain and
limit the destructive demands of habits and impulses, as well as the very
acute therapeutic challenge of obsessions and compulsions.
According to a study done by Iwasaki et al. (2005) project on stress and
coping provided some important insights into how leisure can contribute to
coping stress. Leisure has been considered as a palliative coping method.
Leisure not only involves taking a break from one's busy life and focusing on
something nice and different, but it also helps people feel revived and
renewed. Furthermore, leisure can be used as a stress-relieving method to
help people maintain a sense of balance in their lives. Overall, the results
revealed that many people purposefully build a leisure place that serves as an
oasis for them to recuperate physically, cognitively, or emotionally. Use of
social, cultural, or spiritual leisure space, as well as getting a sense of
rejuvenation through leisure palliative coping to better handle pressures, are
examples of leisure palliative coping.
Page | 31
The process of leisure resource guidance can be aided by providing
clients with information about the specific mechanisms by which leisure can
contribute to coping with or counteracting stress, and this information can
then be used as a foundation for educational or developmental guidance, in
which clients and professionals collaborate to identify and facilitate the
clients' ideal leisure lifestyle. It is critical to determine a client's strengths
and resilience in terms of their preferred leisure modes, which are necessary
for good stress management. In comparison to the traditional focus on
'blaming victims' or 'solving issues,' this proactive empowering procedure
from a positive perspective appears to be considerably more helpful in
helping clients achieve good health and life quality. They came to the
conclusion that the guidance and counselling process should be strengthened
further, and that it is important and necessary to consider the perspectives
and insights of people who make up a diverse society, rather than simply and
uncritically imposing predetermined scientific or professional assumptions.
Conclusion
Individuals suffer greatly as a result of stress symptoms, which have a
huge impact on absenteeism and productivity in organisations, as well as on
the community as a whole. Lower self-esteem, job discontent, and
motivation, as well as increased blood and cholesterol levels, depression,
ulcers, and heart disease, are all individual physiological, psychological, and
behavioural effects. Taking actions to combat stress in the workplace can
benefit both organisations and individuals, and if stress is ignored or
mismanaged, both will suffer. Individuals must focus on implementing
solutions that address health and social well-being. The second phase would
be to reduce the harmful impacts of stress through education and
management measures, and the final step would be to provide support to
people who are suffering from stress. What was missing was a translation of
these findings into practise, into studies that evaluated the impact of
programmes aimed at reducing, minimising, or eliminating some of these
stressors.
References
1. Palmer S, Cooper C and Thomas K. A model of work
stress. Counselling at work. Winter. 2004;5:25.
2. Joseph TD. Work related stress. European Journal of Business and
Social Sciences. 2013;1(10):73-80.
3. European Foundation for the improvement of living and working
condition, 2010.
Page | 32
Work-Related Stress (www.eurofound.eurofound.europa.en\)
4. Cotton DH. Stress management: An integrated approach to therapy.
Routledge. 2013.
5. Esch T, Stefano GB. The neurobiology of stress
management. Neuroendocrinology letters. 2010;31(1):19-39.
6. Ro KEI, Tyssen R, Hoffart A, Sexton H, Aasland OG, Gude TA et al.
three-year cohort study of the relationships between coping, job stress
and burnout after a counselling intervention for help-seeking
physicians. BMC Public Health. 2010;10(1):1-13.
7. Cunningham W, Cookson T. Addressing stress-related impairment in
doctors. A survey of providers' and doctors' experience of a funded
counselling service in New Zealand. The New Zealand Medical Journal
(Online), 2009, 122(1300).
8. Occupational health: Stress at the workplace
(https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-
answers/item/ccupational-health-stress-at-the-workplace)
9. Van der Hek H, Plomp HN. Occupational stress management programs:
a practical overview of published effect studies. Occupational medicine.
1997;47(3):133-141.
10. Henderson M, Hotopf M, Wessely S. Workplace counselling, 2003
11. Harkness AM, Long BC, Bermbach N, Patterson K, Jordan S, Kahn H et
al. Talking about work stress: Discourse analysis and implications for
stress interventions. Work & Stress. 2005;19(2):121-136.
12. Shariff A. Ethnic identity and parenting stress in South Asian families:
Implications for culturally sensitive counselling. Canadian Journal of
Counselling and Psychotherapy, 2009, 43(1).
13. Savarese G, Iannaccone A, Mollo M, Fasano O, Pecoraro N, Carpinelli
L et al. Academic performance-related stress levels and reflective
awareness: The role of the elicitation approach in an Italian University’s
psychological counselling. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling.
2019;47(5):569-578.
14. Furlonger B, Gencic E. Comparing satisfaction, life-stress, coping, and
academic performance of counselling students in on-campus and
distance education learning environments. Journal of Psychologists and
Counsellors in Schools. 2014;24(1):76-89.
Page | 33
15. Rossouw J, Yadin E, Alexander D, Mbanga I, Jacobs T, Seedat S et al.
A pilot and feasibility randomised controlled study of Prolonged
Exposure Treatment and supportive counselling for post-traumatic stress
disorder in adolescents: a third world, task-shifting, community-based
sample. Trials. 2016;17(1):1-9.
16. Rossouw J, Yadin E, Alexander D, Seedat S. Prolonged exposure
therapy and supportive counselling for post-traumatic stress disorder in
adolescents: task-shifting randomised controlled trial. The British
Journal of Psychiatry. 2018;213(4):587-594.
17. Hamzehgardeshi Z, Yazdani F, Elyasi F, Moosazadeh M, Peyvandi S,
Gelehkolaee KS et al. The efficacy of group counselling on perceived
stress among infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment:
An RCT. International Journal of Reproductive Bio Medicine.
2019;17(1):57.
18. Edwards D, Burnard P. A systematic review of stress and stress
management interventions for mental health nurses. Journal of advanced
nursing. 2003;42(2):169-200.
19. Michie S. Reducing absenteeism by stress management: valuation of a
stress counselling service. Work & Stress. 1996;10(4):367-372.
20. Giga SI, Cooper CL, Faragher B. The development of a framework for a
comprehensive approach to stress management interventions at
work. International Journal of Stress Management. 2003;10(4):280.
21. Iwasaki Y, MacTavish J, MacKay K. Building on strengths and
resilience: Leisure as a stress survival strategy. British Journal of
Guidance & Counselling. 2005;33(1):81-100.
