... Many patterns of behaviour relate to the role of our early caregivers and, therefore, affect interaction in organisations and leadership. (Emde, 1980;Eriksson, 1950;Kagan, 1994;Kohlberg, 1981;Oglensky, 1995;Piaget, 1952;Pine, 1985). Emotions colour experiences with positive and negative connotations. ...
... The fourth premise suggests that human development is an inter-and intrapersonal process where we are products of our past experiences. Here our experiences of our early caregivers continue to influence us throughout life (Emde, 1980;Eriksson, 1950;Kagan, 1994;Kohlberg, 1981;Oglensky, 1995;Piaget, 1952;Pine, 1985). ...
This thesis is about the experience of social work management and leadership in Finland, and the implications for pedagogy. Leadership and management in Social Work has been researched over the years, yet unanimous understanding of appropriate social work leadership and management has not been accomplished. This research provides new perspectives into social work leadership by presenting the views of Finnish social work leaders and social work field employees as narratives on social work leadership and management. These narratives provide insight into experiences of good social work leadership practices and help reveal the phenomenon of leadership and management in a holistic light from the grassroots of everyday life in the social work profession. These narratives were revealed through interviews and a grounded theory research process and reviewed in the light of theoretical knowledge constructed through a literature review. The theoretical findings generated through the literature review describe styles and approaches of leadership, both from the tradition of business management and social work. In addition, social work as a context, particularly in Finland, is discussed, as are themes of professional values and interdisciplinary work. Empirical data for this research was collected through interviews with social work leaders and workers in the social care field. The findings reveal the relevance of much of the pre-existing research (Lawler & Bilson, 2010; Juuti, 2013; Pekkarinen, 2010; Peters, 2018), particularly the importance of values. In addition, three clear narratives generated the three roles of "caregiver", "understander" and "designer", which all contribute to well-functioning leadership and management in an organisation through different strengths. These empirical findings present "relational understandings" as capacities that are important for a leader to reflect to increase their self-awareness as a leader. These involve considering relationship to power; abilities to understand trust as a dynamic phenomenon influencing the atmosphere in a work setting; and dialogue as a tool to affect the stage of trust. Knowledge from both empirical interview data and theoretical sources were combined and provide an example of how a social work management and leadership curriculum might be developed. The intended learning outcomes describe the recommended objectives for social work leadership and management training. Example narratives provide examples of experiences, which connect to the themes regarded as essential in social work leadership and management. This research contributes to the professional body of knowledge by confirming the usability of the transformational, compassionate, servant and distributed leadership approaches alongside highlighting the importance of strategic objectives and evidence-based practice. For the already existing approaches, this research presents original initiatives for the further development of these approaches through connecting them to business management originated tools, such as lean management and multiple criteria decision making. This integration should be made through social work ethics and social work professional values. A step forward is made in highlighting that psychodynamic leadership should be better acknowledged, particularly through its relevance to understanding emotions regarding interaction in the community and connected to trust. This research recognized four tensions which were later in the process combined into three tensions. All these deserve further attention in research. Tensions between social work ethical values and business management rooted financial tools, between individualism and distributed leadership, and between trust and mistrust in the community should be individually examined further.
... Symbolic representation and the resultant capacity for fantasy are necessary determinants of self-making. Good-enough development also requires the development of basic trust, in turn a function of being adequately nurtured and protected by available caregivers (Pine 1985). Self-regulatory capacities in relation to pain and anxiety are important legacies of good-enough caregiving. ...
... Healthy development is also predicated on self-exploration and the pleasures derived from that, a process that continues across all developmental phases (Pine 1985). These features, alongside the capacity to play imaginatively with time, would be the basis of agency and creativity. ...
Development during adolescence and early adulthood is profoundly exhilarating and transformative, especially given emerging physical, emotional and intellectually capabilities. Psychoanalytic theories of development assume culture as benign and as not being an impediment to good-enough development. This is not the case for Black youth development, especially for those of low income. Their age-appropriate joy of life and insouciance must be tempered by caution and vigilance given the racist and impoverished communities in which they live. Some are able, with adequate protection and nurturance from family and community, to sculpt a hybrid self that is savvy, resilient and creative around self-making. Such a supported and protected self is also impactful on the larger world. These states exist in tension with a self-regulatory capacity to avoid dangerous regressions in expressing the rage at their cultural oppressions or the temptations of mindless consumption in pursuit of pleasure. They draw on inter and intra-generational legacies that speak to managing and sometimes re-signifying trauma narratives as protective and inspirational. Such Black self-worth by youth fashions hybrid, caring and innovative selves.
... Det ville vaere meget ønskeligt, at et sådant krav også fandtes i Damnark, da arbejde med børn ikke blot giver en bedre forståelse af børn, men også af voksne. Pine (1985), som både er psykoanalytiker og empirisk børneforsker, understreger staerkt betydningen af arbejdet med børn for hans generelle psykoterapeutiske arbejde. Han fremhaever, hvordan man herved opnår en langt større forståelse af, at fx etablering af grundlaeggende tillid, differentiering mellem selv og anden, begyndelsen til indre selvregulering, kcrneopfattclsen af ens indre drifter og tilbøjeligheder som enten fremmede og truende eller acceptable og påvirkelige, den primaere jegopfattelse og balancen mellem aktivitet og passivitet ikke blot har deres oprindelse i de første tre år, men at en vaesentlig del af deres endelige form er etableret i denne periode. ...
Artiklen drejer sig om uddannelse til psykoterapeut indenfor en psykoanalytisk referenceramme. Der stilles to spørgsmål: 1) Hvad karakteriserer en god-nok psykoterapeut? og 2) hvordan uddanner man til det? i besvarelsen af det første spørgsmål tages der udgangspunkt i Greensans beskrivelse af de personlige egenskaber og færdigheder, det kræver at være en god psykoanalytiker. Der suppleres med eksempler på nogle professionelle færdigheder, som forfatteren gennem sit eget arbejde som supervisor og lærer i psykoterapi har fundet centrale. Det drejer sig om: fortrolighed med offentlige behandlingssystemer, psykoterapeutisk erfaring med børn, færdighed i evaluering og viden om rammer og strukturer om psykoterapi. I besvarelsen af det andet spørgsmål følges den almindelige 3-deling af psykoterapeutuddannelsen i teori, egenterapi og supervision. Indenfor teoriområdet fremhæves især vigtigheden af kendskab til nyere udviklingsteorier. Mht. egenterapi nævnes nødvendigheden af selektion af kandidater, og det drøftes, om analyse eller psykoterapi udgør den bedste uddannelse. Vedrørende supervision gås der især ind på spændingsfeltet mellem metodeindlæring og personlig udvikling; det eksemplificeres gennem beskrivelser af forskellige holdninger til udvikling af psykoterapeuters empatiske formåen. Der suppleres med en beskrivelse af ekspertisebegrebet sat i relation til udøvelse af psykoterapi. Der afrundes med en understregning af nødvendigheden af vedligeholdelse af uddannelse og færdigheder
... 233). The naming or labeling of a feeling or emotion (i.e., putting feelings into words), called "affect labeling" when performed in a therapeutic context, is a major component of many psychological theories (Pine, 1987). Gaining linguistic access to a patient's personal experience can provide a stepping-stone for psychotherapeutic interventions, such as those used in the treatment of existential distress (LeMay & Wilson, 2008;Pollio et al., 1977), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), or mindfulness/integrative therapy interventions (Hayes et al., 2006). ...
While the relief of suffering is an important goal of medicine, suffering is often missed or ignored in clinical practice. We believe that this occurs for two reasons. First, clinicians often approach suffering by focusing on the causes of suffering rather than the experience of suffering. Second, the subjective nature of suffering makes it difficult to discuss. To address these gaps, we read 52 relevant works of literature and performed qualitative analysis to categorize figurative language into themes of psychological (i.e., non-physical) suffering. We identified 254 excerpts of figurative language characterizing psychological suffering. Among these excerpts, 13 salient themes recurred, including: brokenness, diminishment, disorientation, drowning, emptiness, imprisonment, battle, darkness, isolation, invisibility, lifelessness, punishment, and torture. The development of a shared language of suffering can foster a therapeutic patient-clinician relationship and improve clinicians' ability to recognize and address a patient's experience of suffering.
... And finally, my analyst. While I "found" in him what I needed, a creative and unrestricted mind, in fact, when years later I gave him my first book to read (Pine, 1985) his one comment was "So much Fairbairn!" disapprovingly, though I refer to Fairbairn only briefly and only three times in a 250-page book. ...
This article is part memoir, part summary of an approach to encompassing so-called “pluralism” comfortably in a recognition of the growth of psychoanalytic understanding, and part contribution to the history of ideas (in a form befitting psychoanalytic understanding). It is in the intersect of the deeply personal and the theoretical/conceptual domains.
... Any deviation from the normal developmental pathway may lead to psychopathology. Hence early detection and intervention for adolescents with BPD is earnestly required (Mahler et al., 1975;Pine 1985). ...
Background- Adolescence is a crucial period in human development. During this phase a person starts maturing. The shape of one‟s personality gets crystallized during this phase and the environmental factor is an important contributor to this process. Individuals‟ immediate environment is family where parental influence evidently plays a major role in his or her development. Besides the patterns of child rearing practices, individuals‟ perception of relationship with their parents is worthy of research and it is a two-way procedure. Based on the premise of parental influence on adolescents the present study explored the difference between adolescents with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and normal healthy control with respect to parent- child relationship. Method and Material- Twenty subjects in each group were purposively selected for exploration. Based on certain parameters like age, gender, marital status, education and socioeconomic status of family, clinical subjects was screened by using Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory. Those clients who met the criteria for borderline personality disorder were taken into the clinical group. The control group of healthy subjects was screened by using the Symptom Checklist 90. Following the screening procedure, the Parent-Child Relationship Scale (Rao, 1989) was administered individually. The clients responded across both domains of relationship with father and relationship with mother. Then the data were statistically analyzed by SPSS software. Result- Significant differences were found across several positive as well as negative dimensions.
Keywords: Adolescents, Borderline personality disorder (BPD), Parent-child relationship, Parenting
... As such, mental life is viewed from a biological perspective. It has been asserted (Pine, 1985) that body-induced drives and gratifications are at the heart of intrapsychic life, to the extent that Siller (1995) viewed the body as a primary object of narcissistic gratification. Klein (1923) viewed the mother's body as the foreground on which the mental life of her baby is built, as opposed to Mahler and McDevitt (1982), who claimed that the baby's first experience of body-self is induced through sensations of the personal body, and specifically by proprioception. ...
Chronic illness and disability (CID) is a broad term associated with a wide range of factors, some of them emotional. Various approaches have addressed the mental reality associated with congenital and acquired disabilities, including the psychoanalytic view. The current article aimed to review the psychoanalytic literature on CID, focusing specifically on its mental features and their implications. Although few authors since Freud have addressed the psychic structure and organization of individuals with CID, there seems to be a consensus regarding shared underlying psychological characteristics with a considerable impact on ego strength and the self. These are accompanied by negative feelings that are often strong and enduring, though not always predictable because of the many factors on which they depend. Review of the relevant literature suggests that psychoanalytic conceptions can benefit CID rehabilitation, potentially providing clinicians with knowledge and tools to improve the well-being of affected persons.
... The theory likewise holds that a child not raised in a safe environment will have a wholly different experience both as a child and adult. Thus, from a very early age, the shared "moments" between child and caregiver are established and the child recognizes that this is what relationships look like and are supposed to look like (Pine, 1987). Over time then, as a child has more experiences with their caregiver (and presuming the caregiver is a nurturing, loving, present caregiver), the child gains confidence in both him/her/theirself as well as in their caregiver and begins to feel secure when the caregiver is absent (Applegate, 1990). ...
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) faces a plethora of challenges as it daily encounters and treats veterans. With a great prevalence of co-occurring diagnoses, veterans’ needs today are significant and arguably more complex than ever before (Clark, Bair, Buckenmaier, Gironda & Walker, 2007; Phillips et al., 2016). The following two papers seek to build a justification for reconsidering how post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is treated given the illness’ prevalence and the efficacy of current treatments. The first paper reviews the literature and includes: a chronology of the PTSD diagnosis; an examination of current treatments offered by the VA and consideration of their effectiveness; a discussion of current and alternative treatments offered for PTSD; and an exploration of therapeutic horticulture as a healing modality for veterans coping with PTSD. After reviewing the historical and theoretical foundation for this research, the second paper details a mixed method study designed to better understand the depth and breadth of therapeutic horticulture programs that have been operationalized at VA facilities. Using survey and interviews of VA personnel, the author elicited information about VA therapeutic horticulture programs and was able to deduce themes related to the genesis of programs, details of programs’ operationalization and facilitation, and the impact on veterans. The author concludes the study with recommendations for those VA facilities considering implementing a therapeutic horticulture program along with an appeal that the VA begins to more earnestly consider the increasing body of evidence concerning the efficacy of therapeutic horticulture.
... Psychoanalytic theory supplies a metaphor to help portray narcissistic states of privilege: Winnicott's (1960) notion of goingon-being, which describes developmental states of low-level stimulation that allow uninterrupted continuity of being for the infant. In contrast to high-affect conditions, moments of quiet pleasure, when needs are reasonably met and the facilitating environment is quietly doing its job, are important for development of ego and self, particularly in relation to aspects of agency and selfregulation (Pine, 1985). Consequently, a thread of self-immersion can be identified between going-on-being moments, states of subjective awareness, and narcissistic privilege. ...
This paper attempts to conceptualize the subjectivity of privilege and its impact upon states of consciousness. A psychoanalytic understanding of privilege is constructed by capturing how alterations and limitations in awareness are utilized to sustain a sense of narcissistic wholeness. Paradoxically, this lived system of being renders the individual incomplete, unaware of certain dissociated aspects of identity as well as compromised in their range and depth of subjective experience.
... Esto puede ayudarles a discriminar la intensidad variable de los sentimientos y, por consiguiente, a comenzar a calibrar sus respuestas de acuerdo a dicha intensidad. El lenguaje proporciona una herramienta con la que examinar las emociones en un ámbito mas sereno (Pine, 1985), y así ganar control sobre ellas. ...
... The fourth premise underlying the clinical paradigm is that human development is an inter-and intrapersonal process; we are all products of our past experiences, and those experiences, including the developmental experiences given by our caretakers, continue to influence us throughout life (Piaget 1952;Erikson 1963;Emde, 1980;Kohlberg, 1981;Pine, 1985;Kagan and Moss, 1983;Kagan, 1994;Oglensky, 1995). ...
Coaching is not a new phenomenon, despite the recent interest it has generated. Throughout most of human history, the vast majority of people lived out their lives in small communities, with their work and personal life experiences constricted and interwoven. Every passage in human experience was guided by elders. Babies were born, grew up (and sometimes died), watched over from their first breath by a circle of grandmothers, aunts, cousins, and sisters. The destiny of a child, male or female, was predetermined by ancestry and birth order. Religious obligations set the rhythm of daily life and measured the seasons. Nobility protected and exploited the peasants on their lands. Even queens were not exempt; in 1712 the poet Alexander Pope wrote of Queen Anne, “[she] dost sometimes counsel take, and sometimes tea.”
... The fourth premise underlying the clinical paradigm is that human development is an inter-and intrapersonal process; we are all products of our past experiences, and those experiences, including the developmental experiences given by our caretakers, continue to influence us throughout life (Piaget 1952;Erikson 1963;Emde, 1980;Kohlberg, 1981;Pine, 1985;Kagan and Moss, 1983;Kagan, 1994;Oglensky, 1995). ...
Scholars and leaders who seek to understand the complexities of leader-follower interactions are not interested in idealistic, trend-driven theories of organizational analysis, transformation and change; instead, they look for realistic approaches. They are curious about the hidden undercurrents that affect human behavior. They realize that only by accepting the fact that leaders, like the rest of us, are not paragons of rationality can we begin to understand why many well-laid plans and strategies derail, or conversely, why great leaders sometimes come from very unexpected places.
... With lower functioning patients, the intent of interpretation shifted in relation to resistance, transference, and reconstruction. In a revised developmental and relational psychoanalytic framework, some authors (Ornstein and Ornstein, 1975;Pine, 1986aPine, , 1986bPine, , 1990 view interpretation primarily as a contact rather than a content or an insight promoting agent. ...
Tosone, Carol, Ph.D., Ph.D. New York University, 1993, Assistant Professor, New York University - "Examination of the Level of Patient Functioning in Relation to the Content and Frequency of Therapist Intervention"
... This consensus is also reflected among psychoanalytically oriented clinicians by an increased emphasis on the hypothesis that processes of internalization make their own independent contributions to the success or failure of psychotherapy and to the maintenance of therapeutic gains following termination. Notable statements of this theme can be found in the studies of Cameron (1961), Dorpat (1974), Geller (1988), Haskell, Blacker, and Oremland (1976), Kantrowitz, Katz, and Pavlitto (1990), Loewald (1988), Orlinsky and Geller (in press), and Pine (1985). ...
Presents a psychodynamic framework and research methods for investigating the significance of patients' internal representations of therapy-with-their-therapists. In this article, 2 instruments developed for this purpose (Therapist Representation Inventory and Intersession Experience Questionnaire) are introduced, and their psychometric characteristics are described. Also, findings from a series of studies conducted with these instruments are summarized. Finally, the types of questions these instruments appear to be well suited to are proposed for addressing in future research.
Viene discusso il problema della molteplicità dei modelli in psicoterapia, esaminando sette aspetti: 1) il ruolo della ricerca sperimentale; 2) alcuni dei motivi per cui si sono formate scuole diverse; 3) i fattori specifici e aspecifici; 4) la integrazione e l'eclettismo; 5) due proposte paradigmatiche e che possono suscitare interesse per tutti gli approcci psicoterapeutici, quella di Fred Pine sulle "quattro psicologie" della psicoanalisi e quella di John Gedo su uno schema gerarchico di cinque principali modelli della mente rapportati ad altrettanti interventi tecnici; 6) la utilità di conoscere più modelli psicoterapeutici, e anche di avere fatto diverse esperienze di vita, allo scopo di "vedere" e "rispecchiare" meglio il paziente; 7) una riflessione filosofica, con riferimento alla posizione del filosofo Evandro Agazzi, secondo cui più punti di vista sullo stesso paziente costruiscono diversi "oggetti scientifici" riguardo a una stessa "cosa", arricchendo il percorso di conoscenza, per sua natura interminabile.
This chapter describes specific techniques employed in modern day psychodynamic psychotherapy. It commences with a brief outline of the core psychodynamic attitude consisting of relative restraint, ‘anonymity’, and ‘neutrality’ along with helpful tips for the psychotherapist at the start of their career. It then goes on to a section on the importance of unconscious communication which includes a brief instruction on dream interpretation. This is followed by a detailed description on the use of transference and countertransference to elicit relevant object relations; this section includes how to manage ruptures in therapy. There is a description of the spectrum of interventions and techniques used in psychodynamic psychotherapy ranging from the more supportive end of the spectrum through to the more expressive. The chapter concludes with the process of working through and managing resistance. Throughout there are suggestions for how to couch interventions when working with a patient and also clinical vignettes to illustrate key techniques.
This chapter provides an overview of current thinking regarding the supporting theory of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Rather than going through theoretical constructs in historical order of when each theory was proposed, they are presented as a composite of past and present thinking that the authors have found to be clinically relevant. It commences by describing theories on the early development of the infant and the creation of the internal world and object relations. The chapter them moves on to the issue of accommodating to the world as it is experienced by the infant, outlining circumstances leading to adaptive and less adaptive development. The chapter then outlines ‘core theory’ which covers more traditional psychodynamic concepts such as conflict, resistance, and defence mechanisms with an emphasis on projective identification. The role of this latter defence mechanism is linked with the theoretical constructs of transference and countertransference. There is a section on the narcissistic constellation in order to help the reader negotiate later sections in the book. Finally the chapter concludes with an introduction to theories as to how change is effected in psychodynamic psychotherapy.
This book emphasizes interpersonal relationship as the central factor in psychotherapy and counselling. The book is rich with theoretical concepts and relational methods the integrate the client's affect, physiology, and cognition so that behaviour is by choice and not stimulated by fear, compulsion, or compliance. This book classic provides unique understandings of client's personal dynamics and offers a solid foundation for practicing a Developmentally-based, Relationally-focused Integrative Psychotherapy.
A psychoanalytic formulation of privilege can be constructed by capturing how shifts and restrictions in awareness create a sense of narcissistic wholeness. Paradoxically, these states of being render the individual incomplete, unaware of certain dissociated aspects of identity. Experiences of White privilege in the United States of America involve this self-conserving, yet narcissistically fragile system of reflection. To challenge and repair the limitations that occur within White privileged subjectivity (“going-on-privileged”), shame represents a radioactive affect that can both interfere and facilitate. Drawing upon the works of Jacobs (2016), Watkins (2018), Grand (2018), and Harris (2020), this paper attempts to consider how checking privilege is a process that can be supported by harnessing the constructive and creative potential of shame available through objective states of awareness.
This chapter introduces the meaning and discusses the impact of trauma in relation to the Covid-19 pandemic by emphasising the association between trauma and loss. In order to explore this, we first provide a broad definition of trauma, followed by specific psychoanalytic explanations of the significance of loss in relation to trauma, which is rooted in childhood and especially the mother–child relationship. Specific consequences of experienced trauma are also discussed in relation to (a) symbiosis, (b) isolation and (c) disruption of time continuity. Collective trauma is also considered representing a distinct understanding of trauma.
The author discusses some aspects of the impact of our changing society on the latency phase, while presenting a clinical case. At this age, children need a reliable environment, protecting them from sexual and aggressive overstimulation, as an essential condition for the work of latency to be carried out. As some authors point out, if post-Oedipal repression is hindered, children may be pushed towards an early, highly disruptive adolescence process. Strong and untimely anxieties may arise, requiring particular defensive and adaptive strategies. According to the author’s experience, concerns about death may be observed, these not usually being expected at the latency age. In some children, these seem to promote an early process of intellectualization. The patient described here was a violent, self-harming child from a disturbed family. As soon as his psychic state improved with psychotherapy, he expressed anxiety about mortality as a general human condition and was able to reason on the concept of infinity at a quite abstract level. The significance of this observation is discussed from a developmental point of view.
Safety, or more accurately the feeling of safety and its inverse, danger, is an experiential variable that has received relatively little attention in the psychodynamic literature and discussion. This changed in January of 2013 when Joseph Lichtenberg, M.D., convened a panel during the annual winter meeting of the American Psychoanalytic Association to discuss the question of safety for the analysand, the analyst, and the dyad. As the reporter (Segalla, 2013 Segalla, R. (2013), Panel report: Safety for analysand, safety for the analyst, and safety for the dyad. J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 61: 993–1000.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) on that panel, this discussion shifted my attention and thinking toward an aspect of therapy and psychoanalysis often taken for granted—the way we take oxygen for granted—all around us but rarely directly discussed or explored. This article attempts to articulate this thinking and some thoughts about bringing the question of safety and danger into the psychoanalytic dialogue.
Despite changes in attitude toward women in society, there is still interpersonal and intrapsychic ambivalence toward competitive women. Conflict between a desire to connect and a wish to stand out can be particularly unacceptable in relation to other women, especially those who might be friends. In any analytic work, historical constructions and relational/intersubjective exploration can be both useful and also used defensively. A clinical example illustrates some of the ways that traditional analytic techniques can reinforce unrecognized defenses against disruptive competitive impulses in a psychoanalytic dyad composed of two women who might, in other circumstances, have been friends.
For various reasons, many persons reach adulthood with undiagnosed learning disabilities and/or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Virtually no research has dealt with adults with undiagnosed homing disabilities, whose problem often goes unrecognized by therapists. Yet such disabilities may represent a core issue in treatment, even when patients present with other difficulties. The authors offer some initial thoughts on this important problem, along with two clinical vignettes.
The concept of soothing and anxiety management as maternal and ego functions is identified and developed as a concept of self-regulation in the psychoanalytic literature. The purpose of this paper is to focus and highlight its therapeutic importance and its application to regulation of anxiety and subsequent therapeutic gains. Clinical examples are offered.
Psychoanalysis is defined as a method and as an ontology of mental life. Its controversies are discussed both in terms of those within the discipline and in terms of the attacks on its scientificity by the proponents of "normal science" (analytico-referential or logical-empiricist). It is argued that the discoveries achieved by the free-associative method call into question the metaphysical assumptions on which all "normal science" is constructed. By showing that human consciousness is composed contradictorily of two dimensionalities of meaningfulness (semiosis and desire), psychoanalytic method challenges the axioms of a centered or unified rational subject that can aspire to formulate univocal "truths" about the self and its world. Our discipline thereby insists on a new notion of truth and of the knowing subject's relation to its own being. It is suggested that psychoanalysis is thus a "revolutionary science," in ways that have yet to be fully comprehended, and its method implies a critique of the underlying precepts of all mainstream psychology.
One of the more important issues confronting psychoanalysis and psychotherapy seems to involve the clinical and theoretical aspects of so-called noninterpretive interventions. Advances in infant research, developmental psychology, and clinical theory may aid in shedding new light on the role and mechanisms of action of a variety of noninterpretive interventions and clinical concepts, including validation and confirmation, mirroring, clarification, "holding environment," negative therapeutic reactions, and others. In addition, these advances may enhance the understanding of the nature of change in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy.
The authors apply a two-systems approach to demonstrate improved treatment possibilities and outcomes in this group of children and suggest that psychoanalysis can be defined as a multimodal strengths-based learning experience. Using clinical material from the analysis of an aggressive, "out-of-control" child, they discuss how these behaviors and symptoms are better understood as an actively constructed effort at self-regulation than as a deficiency in capacity or primitive, lagging development. They illustrate how a two-systems framework can allow for an expanded repertoire of techniques and reclaim psychoanalytic concepts that have fallen into disuse.
Psychoanalytic theory does not offer a single, coherent account of the aging process across the life cycle. First, psychoanalysis does not represent one unified, tightly knit theory. As explored in the first section of this chapter, psychoanalysis can be represented by four internally consistent theoretical models that, to a large extent, intersect and overlap but that cannot be unified into a single theory. Each model offers its own perspective on geropsychology. Second, from the perspective of psychoanalytic theorists and clinicians, issues involving geropsychology are far too complex and multidetermined to elaborate in terms of a single thread or dimension. In this chapter, therefore, aging will be examined in terms of eight “dimensions of development.” These dimensions, as will be articulated, interdigitate with one another in complex ways. However, for heuristic reasons, each will be considered separately in order to offer some idea of the rich tapestry that comprises geriatric psychology from the perspective of psychoanalytic theory.
FRATTAROLI, LIKE COHLER AND GALATZER-LEVY, explores a divisive, malignant conflict within the psychoanalytic community, tracing it back to an intrapsychic conflict of Freud. In this case, Frattaroli identifies it as the disagreement over whether our personal miseries are due to intrapsychic origins (the orthodox psychoanalytic position) or interpersonal origins (the heretical psychoanalytic position).
Freud’s prediction that one day neurobiology would be systematically considered as part of psychoanalytic practice is now beginning to come to fruition. We have preliminary data on the neurobiological aspects of borderline personality disorder (BPD) such that it is actually possible to begin to build bridges between psychotherapeutic technique and what we know about brain functioning in this particular disorder [1,2]. In this chapter, I will point out what I believe are linkages between the therapeutic action of psychotherapy and our knowledge from research on BPD that it is neurobiologically based. In this integrative effort, I will explore both the possible ways in which psychotherapy changes the brain and how we might shape psychotherapeutic efforts with patients who have BPD to incorporate our knowledge of neurobiology.
Innerhalb des psychodynamischen Psychotherapieverfahrens gibt es heute verschiedene Formen psychodynamischer Gruppenpsychotherapie, denen zum einen bestimmte Wirkprinzipien und Veränderungsmechanismen, zum anderen spezifische Interventionstechniken (insbesondere Klarifikation, Konfrontation und Deutung) eigen sind. Diese werden definiert und anhand von Beispielen beschrieben und im Hinblick auf störungsorientierte sowie störungsübergreifende Indikationsstellungen differenziert.
Chapter 10: “Working Through and Working On” takes an extended look at two clinical moments to talk about the actual practice of integrative psychotherapy. Recognition of patterns and continuity of experience are discussed. In this chapter, readers have an opportunity to see how the different elements in the preceding chapters can be brought into a practice on a regular and smoothly integrated basis. Based on research and clinical examples, the chapter shows clinicians how they might integrate their own work. The concepts of detailed inquiry and small moments of change are re-visited and considered extensively in the context of clinical material.
Chapter 3: “Developmental Models” offers a view of developmental theory as an umbrella for both thinking about a client’s dynamics and also for thinking about the stages through which a clinical encounter often goes. Erikson’s life stages are adapted to contemporary thinking and used as an umbrella for integrating developmental thinking into a variety of clinical approaches. For instance, by applying Erikson’s epigenetic unfolding of different abilities and skills, a clinician may draw from developmental theory to understand both historical and current issues affecting a client’s current behavior. Research, evidence and clinical examples show how developmental theory can expand a clinician’s ability to listen to a client’s specific needs and concerns.
The development and adaptation of deaf children and their families is an area of study that is fascinating and complex. Having a significant hearing loss may have radically different consequences for the child and his or her family, depending on such factors as the hearing status of the child’s parents, the etiology of deafness, the age at which deafness occurred, the type of communication approach(es) adopted by the family, the type of schooling that is selected, and the amount and nature of contact that both the deaf child and his or her parents have with other deaf children and adults. All of these factors (and more) will influence how the child and family perceive deafness and its social, educational, and vocational consequences.
Psychodynamic psychotherapy covers a wide range of treatment approaches: from child psychoanalysis (Sandier, Kennedy, & Tyson, 1980), through once-weekly individual therapy (Kernberg, 1995), group implementation (Rose, 1972), family-based implementations (Selvini Palazzoli, Boscolo, Cecchin, & Prata, 1978) and many others. Psychodynamic therapies in themselves differ in terms of the use made of expressive versus supportive techniques (Luborsky, 1984), the emphasis placed on play (Schaefer & Cangelosi, 1993; Simon, 1992), or drama (Johnson, 1982). In addition, there are major theoretical divisions that overlap in part with issues of technique originating from different understandings of the nature of development and psychopathology (King & Steiner, 1991).
This article explores points of intersection between the Christian tradition of spiritual direction informed by the contemplative spiritual tradition and contemporary psychoanalytic psychology and psychotherapy. These approaches share a common aim of helping persons move beyond current incomplete and distorted images of self and others - particularly God as ultimate "Other." Developmental processes and issues that persons moving from immaturity to maturity encounter throughout the life-course are highlighted. Three such relational/developmental issues explored in this article are nakedness, dis-illusioned awareness, and love. The end-point of spiritual formation, or the making of a soul from the perspective of the contemplative traditions, is "union in love" with Christ, powerfully illustrated in Scripture in the metaphor of Christ as Bride-groom and the Church (corporate and individual) as Bride. Finally, implications for 'facilitators' of this process, whether in the context of psychotherapy or pastoral care, will be offered.
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