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Le pollen : outil pour comprendre les relations entre les hommes préhistoriques et leurs environnements

Authors:
“Le pollen : outil pour comprendre”, in : Imagination et construction mentale, p.77-87

OUTIL POUR COMPRENDRE LES RELATIONS
ENTRE LES HOMMES PRÉHISTORIQUES
ET LEURS ENVIRONNEMENTS
Tifanie Fourcade
Introduction
La disparition d’une espèce, les changements technologiques et culturels des groupes de

fig.1)


    
Homo neanderthalensis

Homo sapiens)
1

sous la dénomination de Moustérien
2

 


fig.1


d’une occurrence de la modernité en Europe
Homo sapiens5
 
 
 
 
 et al.
Imagination et construction mentale
78

fig.1
territoriale des groupes Homo sapiens
technologique, culturelle ou une acculturation des groupes néandertaliens au contact d’Homo
sapiens






10

chronologiquement, notamment en raison des incertitudes chronologiques des enregistrements
 
 
 et al.
 
10 et al.et al.et al.


18

“Le pollen : outil pour comprendre”, par Tiffanie Fourcade
79

fig.1) et dont
Homo sapiens11






de l’Atlantique Nord
12









qui compliquent la comparaison des enregistrements climatiques et archéologiques









fig.2



fig.3


fig.3
11 Higham et al.et al.et al.et al.
12 Dansgaard et al.
 Discamps et al.et al.
Imagination et construction mentale
80




processus taphonomiques


15









Les séquences sédimentaires océaniques contenant les grains de pollen et spores sont




i.e.micro-organisme marin) et de
i.e.ice rated debris


 et al.
15 Moore et al.
 Hooghiemstra et al.
 Morales-Molino et al.
 Schémas représentant (a

“Le pollen : outil pour comprendre”, par Tiffanie Fourcade
81








spores modernes issus d’atlas photographiques



 Moore et al.

a) Pin
(Pinus) Épicea (Piceacd) Callune (Callunae) Bouleau
(Betulag) Charme (Carpinushi) Chêne
Quercus) Menthe (Menthal) Dahlia (Asterm) Tilleul
(TilianHelianthemumop) Pissenlit (Taraxacum
(q) Raisin de mer (Ephedra distachyar) Grande uvette (Ephedra fragilis
(st) Polypode commun (Polypodium vulgare
Imagination et construction mentale
82












20
Atlantique21


de l’Homme de Néandertal




22





anatomiquement moderne en Europe de l’Ouest ont été déterminés d’après des études se
 







 
20 et al.
21 Cacho et al.
22 et al.
 Higham et al.et al.et al.
 et al.
“Le pollen : outil pour comprendre”, par Tiffanie Fourcade
83

25
H. sapiens


fig.4
Artemisia, Amaranthaceae, E. distachya
et fragilis


fig.4


fig.4



25 et al.
 et al.
 Comparaison des changements environnementaux et climatiques avec les intervalles de temps


Imagination et construction mentale
84
























Conclusion








A


 
“Le pollen : outil pour comprendre”, par Tiffanie Fourcade
85


PLOS ONE

Cambridge Archaeological Journal
Annu. Rev. Anthropol.


Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports

Science

L'Anthropologie
Bulletin de la Société préhistorique
de France
Science
TaphonomieS

Paleoceanography


Climate
Processes and Climate Sensitivity

L'homme de Néandertal
Néandertal

Quaternary Science Reviews


Quaternary Science Reviews


Quaternary International
An introduction to pollen analysis

Trends in Ecology& Evolution


Quaternary Research


Imagination et construction mentale
86
  

Current Anthropology

Sci Rep

Quaternary Research







Nature


Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
Review of Palaeobotany
and Palynology


Le pollen : outil d'étude de l'environnement et du climat au quaternaire


PLOS ONE,


Geoscience and Man

Pollen Analysis

Review of
Palaeobotany and Palynology
Pollens d'Europe et d'Amérique du Nord


PLOSONE

Zephyrus


Quaternary Science Reviews

Quaternary Science Reviews
“Le pollen : outil pour comprendre”, par Tiffanie Fourcade
87

Earth and Planetary Science
Letters



Journal of Quaternary Science

PALEO. Revue d'archéologie préhistorique

World Archaeology



PNAS

Quaternary Science Reviews
Tianie Fourcade
Université Bordeaux Montaigne,
Archéosciences Bordeaux, UMR 6034;
Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805
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Evaluating synchronies between climate and cultural changes is a prerequisite for addressing the possible effect of environmental changes on human populations. Searching for synchronies during the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition (ca. 48–36 ka) is hampered by the limits of radiocarbon dating techniques and the large chronological uncertainties affecting the archaeological and paleoclimatic records, as well by their low temporal resolution. Here, we present a high-resolution, pollen-based vegetation record from the Bay of Biscay, sea surface temperature changes, additional ¹⁴ C ages, and a new IRSL date on the fine-sediment fraction of Heinrich Stadial (HS) 6. The IRSL measurements give an age of ca. 54.0 ± 3.4 ka. The paleoclimatic results reveal a succession of rapid climatic changes during the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition in SW France (i.e. D-O 12–8 and two distinct climatic phases during HS 4). Comparison of the new paleoclimatic record with chronologically well-constrained regional archaeological changes shows that no synchronies exist between cultural transitions and environmental changes. The disappearance of Neanderthals and the arrival of Homo sapiens in SW France encompassed a long-term forest opening, suggesting that Homo sapiens may have progressively replaced Neanderthals from D-O 10 to HS 4 through competition for the same ecological niches.
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The grand abri at La Ferrassie (France) has been a key site for Palaeolithic research since the early part of the 20th century. It became the eponymous site for one variant of Middle Palaeolithic stone tools, and its sequence was used to define stages of the Aurignacian, an early phase of the Upper Palaeolithic. Several Neanderthal remains, including two relatively intact skeletons, make it one of the most important sites for the study of Neanderthal morphology and one of the more important data sets when discussing the Neanderthal treatment of the dead. However, the site has remained essentially undated. Our goal here is to provide a robust chronological framework of the La Ferrassie sequence to be used for broad regional models about human behaviour during the late Middle to Upper Palaeolithic periods. To achieve this goal, we used a combination of modern excavation methods, extensive geoarchaeological analyses, and radiocarbon dating. If we accept that Neanderthals were responsible for the Châtelperronian, then our results suggest an overlap of ca. 1600 years with the newly arrived Homo sapiens found elsewhere in France.
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Neanderthals are often considered as less technologically advanced than modern humans. However, we typically only find faunal remains or stone tools at Paleolithic sites. Perishable materials, comprising the vast majority of material culture items, are typically missing. Individual twisted fibres on stone tools from the Abri du Maras led to the hypothesis of Neanderthal string production in the past, but conclusive evidence was lacking. Here we show direct evidence of fibre technology in the form of a 3-ply cord fragment made from inner bark fibres on a stone tool recovered in situ from the same site. Twisted fibres provide the basis for clothing, rope, bags, nets, mats, boats, etc. which, once discovered, would have become an indispensable part of daily life. Understanding and use of twisted fibres implies the use of complex multi-component technology as well as a mathematical understanding of pairs, sets, and numbers. Added to recent evidence of birch bark tar, art, and shell beads, the idea that Neanderthals were cognitively inferior to modern humans is becoming increasingly untenable.
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