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International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities
Available online at www.sciencescholar.us
Vol. 6 No. 2, August 2022, pages: 121-129
e-ISSN: 2550-7001, p-ISSN: 2550-701X
https://doi.org/10.53730/ijssh.v6n2.6441
121
Factors Related to the Involvement of Midwives in Childbirth
Assistance
Muldaniyah a, Miftakhur Rohmah b, Dian Rosmala Lestari c, Niken Bayu Argaheni d, Yetti Anggraini e
Manuscript submitted: 09 February 2022, Manuscript revised: 18 March 2022, Accepted for publication: 27 April 2022
Corresponding Author a
Abstract
The target of the government in the use of health care facilities for the birth
process (90% of the delivery process is conducted by health practitioners) has
not been reached. The research used a cross-sectional design. The population
included all mothers who have given birth process from April to July 2017. The
samples were selected using purposive sampling (with a data collection sheet).
They were 89 mothers who had previous delivery experience. This study used
the chi-square test. The data were presented in the form of frequency
distribution and percentages followed by narration. The results are: a
knowledge factor (ρ=0.000 less than α=0.05), habit factor (ρ=0.004 less than α=
0.05), the factor of distance to health care service (ρ=0.001 less than α= 0.05),
and midwife availability factor (ρ=0.003 less than α= 0.05). It is concluded that
there is a relationship between knowledge, habit, distance to health care
service, midwife availability, and requesting midwives to help in the birth
process.
Keywords
distance to health care
service;
habit;
knowledge;
midwife availability;
the use of midwives;
International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities © 2022.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Contents
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 121
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 122
2 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................................................................................... 123
3 Results and Discussions .................................................................................................................................................................... 123
4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 126
Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................................................................ 126
References ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 127
Biography of Authors ......................................................................................................................................................................... 129
a
Graha Edukasi College of Health Sciences, Makassar, Indonesia
b
IIK STRADA Indonesia, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Indonesia
c
Karya Persada Muna College of Health Sciences, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
d
Universitas Sebelas Maret, Central Java, Indonesia
e
Tanjungkarang Health Polytechnic Metro Midwifery Study Program, Indonesia
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1 Introduction
Maternal and Child Health (MCH) is one of the goals of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Mdg 2015
targets related to KIA include reducing maternal mortality (AKI) to 102/100,000 live births and lowering
infant mortality (AKB) to 23/1000 and maternity assistance by health workers by 90%.
According to a World Health Organisation (WHO) report published in 2014, the maternal mortality rate
(AKI) in the world reached 289,000. Divided into several countries, the United States reached 9300 people,
North Africa 179,000 people, and Southeast Asia 16,000 people. The Maternal Mortality Rate (AKI) in
Indonesia reaches 214 per 100,000 live births (WHO, 2014).
The same thing happened in the Sulawesi Selatan province in 2017 which is still quite high, which is 120
people, where the most cases are caused by bleeding and others due to preeclampsia and infection. And
among them occurred because of childbirth which was helped by shamans (Sul-Sel Provincial Health Office
2012). In Gowa Aki Regency as many as 12 people in 2015 and increased in 2017 to 14 people (Gowa Regency
Health Office). This is because there is still a delivery that is helped by shamans by 20% to 30%, especially in
rural areas (Casey et al., 2001; Rosero-Bixby, 2004). Childbirth assistance is a labor service process that
begins at the time of I to the IV period of labor. The achievement of maternity health efforts is measured
through the percentage of childbirth indicators assisted by trained health workers (PN coverage). This
indicator shows among others the level of the government's ability to provide quality maternity services
assisted by trained health workers (Kemenkes, 2017). The use of health facilities for maternity assistance is
still not following the target set by the government, namely, 90% of labor is helped by health workers. For this
reason, the government made a breakthrough with the Jampersal program, intended for all pregnant,
maternity, and nonfascious women and newborns who do not have health insurance or health insurance
(Depkes RI, 2012).
The goal of health development in Indonesia is directed to further improve the degree of health and quality
of human resources. This is demonstrated by efforts to increase life expectancy, reduce the mortality rate of
babies, children, and mothers giving birth, increase work productivity and increase public awareness to be
able to live clean and healthy lives (Citra, 2012).
One of the main factors contributing to the high maternal mortality rate is the limited place of adequate
delivery and the lack of health workers directly related to the labor process (Metti & Rosmadewi, 2019).
Maternity health efforts are carried out to encourage every delivery to be helped by trained health workers,
namely obstetrics and gynecology specialists (SpOG), general practitioners, and midwives and are sought to
be carried out in health care facilities (Amalia, 2013).
Various efforts are made to improve public access to quality maternal health services, namely working for
adequate amounts of health workers with the best quality, especially midwives, providing the best health care
facilities following standards, especially the provision of Basic Neonatal Emergency Obstetric Services
(PONED) and Comprehensive Neonatal Emergency Obstetric Services (PONEK) for 24 hours in seven days
known as PONED and PONEK, moving all levels of society, especially for the implementation of the Maternity
Planning Program with Complication Prevention (Dinkes, 2014).
According to Amilda (2010), factors that have a meaningful relationship with the selection of maternity
assistance by baby shamans are the level of knowledge, economic status, and affordability of health facilities
(Mulyani et al., 2017). The factors of education level and perception have no meaningful relationship with the
selection of childbirth by the baby shaman. Research to Yenita (2011), some of the factors that influence the
selection of maternity assistance are maternal education, husband education, knowledge, socio-economic,
work, culture, costs, attitudes, the distance of service location, and decisions on the selection of childbirth
helpers are husband, family support, and access to health services (Malterud, 2001; Gazmararian et al., 2003).
Based on research Khaerudin (2012), shows that the coverage of maternity assistance by health workers at
Cijeruk Health Center Bogor Regency who has not met the target illustrates that the level of utilization of labor
assistance by health workers in the region is still low. According to the statement, the Palangga Health Center
has not met this target related to the still low public awareness about childbirth by health workers. In
addition, there is still a high level of confidence to carry out labor by the baby shaman (Mulyani, 2018).
IJSSH e-ISSN: 2550-7001 p-ISSN: 2550-701X
Muldaniyah, M., Rohmah, M., Lestari, D. R., Argaheni, N. B., & Anggraini, Y. (2022). Factors related to the
involvement of midwives in childbirth assistance. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 6(2),
121–129. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijssh.v6n2.6441
123
2 Materials and Methods
This research is quantitative. Researchers use the design of the study with a cross-sectional method because
in this study independent and dependent variables will be observed at the same time (period). The variables
are knowledge, attitudes/habits, distance to health services, and the availability of skilled personnel. The
dependent variable is the Involvement of Maternity Assisted Midwives (Notoatmodjo, 2012). The population
in this study is all mothers who have given birth in the Puskesmas Pallangga, districts Pallangga, district Gowa
this study used primary data obtained from filling out questionnaires and secondary data obtained from the
Health Profile of Pallangga–Gowa Health Center.
3 Results and Discussions
The results of this Univariate analysis are presented in the form of tables and explanations as follows:
Knowledge
Table 1
Distribution of the frequency of midwife utilization in aid delivery based on knowledge
No
Knowledge
F
%
1.
Enough
35
39,3 %
2.
Less
54
60,7 %
Total
89
100%
Source: Primary Data
Respondents' habits
Table 2
Distribution of the frequency of midwife utilization in aid delivery based on respondents’ habits
No
Habits
F
%
1.
Usual
33
37,1 %
2.
Unusual
56
62,9 %
Total
89
100%
Source: Primary Data
Distance to Health Care
Table 3
Distribution of the frequency of midwife utilization in aid delivery based on distance to health care
No
Distance to Health Care
F
%
1.
Far
47
52,8 %
2.
Close
42
47,2 %
Total
89
100%
Source: Primary Data
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Midwife Power Availability
Table 4
Distribution of the frequency of midwife utilization in aid delivery based on midwife power availability
No
Midwife Power
Availability
F
%
1.
Available
37
41,6 %
2.
Not Available
52
58,4 %
Total
89
100%
Source: Primary Data
Utilization of Midwife Services
Table 5
Distribution of the frequency of midwife utilization in aid delivery
No
Midwife Involvement
F
Prsentase
1.
Utilize
39
43,8 %
2.
Not utilizing
50
56,2 %
Total
89
100%
Source: Primary Data
The results of this Bivariate analysis are presented in the form of tables and explanations as follows: Bivariate
analysis is used to get an idea of whether there is a relationship between independent variables and
dependent variables. To assess whether there is a relationship between knowledge, habits, distance to health
services, and the availability of midwives with the involvement of midwives in maternity assistance at
Puskesmas Pallangga, the Chi-Square statistical test with a utilization rate of α = 0.05 or a mean interval of ρ <
0.05 using the help of the SPSS 20.0 program for windows.
Table 6
Statistical analysis of knowledge relationship with midwife's involvement in maternity assistance
Knowledge
Midwife's Involvement in Maternity Aid
Total
Ρ Value
Yes
No
n
%
n
%
n
%
0.000
Enoght
25
28,1
10
11,2
35
39,3
Less
14
15,7
40
45,0
54
60,7
Total
39
43,8
50
56,2
89
100
Source: Primary Data
Table 7
Statistical Analysis of Habit Relations With Midwife’s Involvement in Maternity Assistance
Habits
Midwife's Involvement in Maternity Aid
Total
Ρ Value
Yes
No
n
%
n
%
n
%
0,004
Usual
21
23,6
12
13,5
33
37,0
Unusual
18
20,2
38
42,7
56
63,0
Total
39
43,8
50
56,2
89
100
Source: Primary Data
IJSSH e-ISSN: 2550-7001 p-ISSN: 2550-701X
Muldaniyah, M., Rohmah, M., Lestari, D. R., Argaheni, N. B., & Anggraini, Y. (2022). Factors related to the
involvement of midwives in childbirth assistance. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 6(2),
121–129. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijssh.v6n2.6441
125
Table 8
Statistical analysis of distance relationship to health services with midwife involvement in maternity
assistance
Distance to Health
Care
Midwife's Involvement in Maternity Aid
Total
Ρ Value
Yes
No
n
%
n
%
n
%
0,001
Far
13
14,6
34
38,2
47
52,8
Close
26
29,2
16
18,0
42
47,2
Total
39
43,8
50
56,2
89
100
Source: Primary Data
Table 9
Statistical analysis of the relationship of midwife availability with midwife involvement in maternity
assistance at Pallangga Health Center
Midwife Power
Availability
Midwife's Involvement in Maternity Aid
Total
Ρ Value
Yes
No
n
%
n
%
n
%
0.003
Available
23
25,8
14
15,7
37
41,6
Not Available
16
18,0
36
40,5
52
58,4
Total
39
43,8
50
56,2
89
100
Source: Primary Data
Knowledge relationship with midwife involvement in maternity assistance
One of the obstacles to midwives in providing maternity services is due to the lack of knowledge and ability of
mothers who cause late decisions in seeking help so that the community comes to the midwife if it is an
emergency.
Based on the results of statistical analysis there is an expected value of 0.000 so that the value of ρ = 0.000
is less than α = 0.05, thus Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. So it can be said that there is a relationship
between the mother's level of knowledge and the involvement of midwives in maternity assistance at
puskesmas Pallangga, districts Pallangga, district Gowa. Furi & Megatsari (2014), showed that the majority of
respondents who gave birth to baby shamans had low knowledge. This research is in line with the results of
Latifah's research (2010) which showed that there is indeed a relationship between knowledge and the
selection of childbirth assistance by baby shamans. The lower the mother's knowledge, the less she wants to
take advantage of health services.
Habitual Relationship with Midwife Involvement in maternity assistance
Based on the results of statistical analysis there is an expected value (expected value) of 0.004 so that the
value of ρ = 0.004 is less than α = 0.05, thus Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. So it can be said that there is a
relationship between mother's habits and the involvement of midwives in maternity assistance at Puskesmas
Pallangga, districts Pallangga, district Gowa.
Pregnancy and birth are natural phenomena in life, but various groups of people and cultures in the world
have a variety of perceptions, interpretations and behavioral responses in dealing with it with various
implications for health Cultural culture of our people, especially in the countryside, still believe more in
shaman lambing than midwives let alone doctors (Carden & Wood, 2018; Verplanken et al., 2008). With a
cultural attitude and most people in the countryside still choose shaman lambing as a helper in childbirth even
with a very high risk.
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In addition, labor assistance by shamans often causes cases of childbirth including the baby's head has
been born but the body has not come out, or the partus is stuck because the skills of the baby shaman are less
professional and only based on experience. This research is following research conducted by Anggorodi
(2009), who states that the role of baby shamans in the process of pregnancy and childbirth is very closely
related to local culture and customs. Mothers who already have a culture of childbirth in baby shamans will
certainly take a long time in changing the culture to give birth to health workers.
Distance link to health services with midwife involvement in maternity assistance
Based on the results of statistical analysis there is an expected value (expected value) of 0.001 so that the
value of ρ = 0.001 is less than α = 0.05, thus Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. So it can be said that there is a
distance relationship to health services with the involvement of midwives in maternity assistance at
Puskesmas Pallangga, districts Pallangga, district Gowa. Community affordability including the distance of
health facilities will affect the selection of health services. Distance is the second component that allows a
person to utilize treatment services (Dahlberg et al., 2016; McCourt et al., 2012). Some villages still have
difficulty getting access to health services, not all villages have health centers and medical personnel such as:
doctors, midwives, and nurses. Geographically there are still many people who live far from health facilities.
Access to health care facilities is related to several things including the distance of residence and travel
time to health facilities, as well as social - economic and cultural status, the location of the place of service that
is not strategic/difficult to achieve causes a lack of access to pregnant women who will give birth. Travel time
and ease to health facilities are not always related to the utilization of the Mother and Child Health program,
but there are marked differences in access to health services according to the area of residence (Hall et al.,
2012; Dalton et al., 2014).
Relationship of the availability of midwife energy with the Involvement of midwives in maternity assistance
With the availability of skilled personnel in the village makes it easier for mothers to get KIA services,
especially in childbirth assistance. The results of statistical analysis there is an expected value (expected
value) of 0.003 so that the value of ρ = 0.003 is less than α = 0.05, thus Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. So it
can be said that there is a relationship between the availability of midwives and the involvement of midwives
in maternity assistance at Puskesmas Pallangga, districts Pallangga, district Gowa. The existence of skilled
midwives in the village continuously and sedentary and the distance of residence with puskesmas determines
the effectiveness of its services. With the existence of Poskesdes / Puskesmas and midwives in the community,
it is expected that there will be an interaction between midwives and the community in carrying out and
providing convenience for KIA services, including improving the ability of baby shamans as partners in
providing health counseling for pregnant women and childbirth assistance both in terms of distance and in
terms of financing. The existence of midwives in the village will contribute to the use of health workers
because childbirth can occur at any time of the day and night so the presence of midwives in the place makes
it easier to ask for help quickly and affordably.
4 Conclusion
After the author conducts the study, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between maternal
knowledge, maternal habits, distance to health services, and the availability of midwives with midwife
involvement in maternity assistance at Puskesmas Pallangga, districts Pallangga, district Gowa.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on the earlier version of this paper.
IJSSH e-ISSN: 2550-7001 p-ISSN: 2550-701X
Muldaniyah, M., Rohmah, M., Lestari, D. R., Argaheni, N. B., & Anggraini, Y. (2022). Factors related to the
involvement of midwives in childbirth assistance. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 6(2),
121–129. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijssh.v6n2.6441
127
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Muldaniyah, M., Rohmah, M., Lestari, D. R., Argaheni, N. B., & Anggraini, Y. (2022). Factors related to the
involvement of midwives in childbirth assistance. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 6(2),
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Biography of Authors
Muldaniyah
She first entered the D3 College of Midwifery at the Faculty of Health in 2009-2012 at
UINAM Makassar University. Then after graduating, she continued to STIKES Abdi
Nusantata, Jakarta, majoring in D4 teaching midwife. And then she continued her studies at
Hasanuddin University, Makassar, majoring in midwifery, a postgraduate program and after
completing her studies she then worked at a health campus in Makassar as a permanent
lecturer at Stikes Graha Edukasi as a lecturer in midwifery.
Email: niamilda33@gmail.com
Miftakhur Rohmah
Completed D3 Midwifery at Akbid Pamenang Pare Kediri (2008), D4 Midwifery at
Tribhuwana Tunggadewi Malang (2010), Masters in Midwifery at Padjadjaran University
Bandung (2017), currently serving at IIK Strada Indonesia.
Email: m1111ftaa@gmail.com
Dian Rosmala Lestari
Take a Diploma III in midwifery education at the Indonesian Muslim University, then
continue her Diploma IV and Masters in Midwifery Studies at Aisyiyah University,
Yogyakarta. Now active as a lecturer in the Midwifery DIII Study program at the College of
Health Sciences (Stikes) by Persada Muna
Email: dianrosmala15@gmail.com
Niken Bayu Argaheni
She is a lecturer at Sebelas Maret University, actively doing research and community
service as a counselor in the EKSTRIM program in Yogyakarta Collaboration with Komisi
Penanggulangan AIDS Yogyakarta and awarded as Grant Recipients of the following
research: "Online Learning Research Group for Pregnant Women for Covid-19 Prevention
(2020)", “The effect of diaphragmatic breathing techniques and aromatherapy on anxiety
levels in third-trimester pregnant women during the covid-19 pandemic”, She was the
author of “Industrial Revolution 4.0 in Socio-Cultural Reform in ASEAN Countries” (2020),
and many others
Email: nikenbayuargaheni@staff.uns.ac.id
Yetti Anggraini
Worked at the Tanjungkarang Health Polytechnic, Metro Midwifery Study Program. A
midwife lecturer who is currently also a reviewer and editor in several reputable national
journals. Actively writes in several reputable national and international journals.
Email: yettianggraini@poltekkes-tjk.ac.id
