Mohamed Ourya | ‫أوريا‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫السياسية:‬ ‫األنظمة‬ ‫في‬ ‫العربية‬ ‫الشعوب‬ ‫رأي‬ ‫الرئيسة‬ ‫المكونات‬ ‫تحليل‬ ‫منهج‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫مقارنة‬ ‫دراسة‬ Arab People's view on Political Systems: Comparative Study Using Principal Component Analysis

Abstract

The Arab Opinion Index (2019/ 2020) offers interesting data on public opinion about political regimes. Our study used Principal Component Analysis to evaluate the public opinion trends toward the suitability of some political regimes for Arab countries. It is clear from the the first conclusion that the Arab citizen adheres to the democratic priority, despite other priorities related to religious and security concerns. However, it seems that the political elite did not give much importance to this priority; this is why the Arab countries experienced a series of failures in the democratic process. The second conclusion is that some countries share similarities, which differ from other groups of Arab societies. Our method helps to better understand the factors and components behind the differences or similarities between Arab countries.

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@Mohamed Ourya | ﺎﻳروأ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ
@ @Hicham Raiq | ﻖﺋار مﺎﺸﻫ
:ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺔﻤﻈﻧا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا بﻮﻌﺸﻟا يأر
ﺔﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟا تﺎﻧﻮﻜﻤﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺞﻬﻨﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﺳارد
Arab People's view on Political Systems:
Comparative Study Using Principal Component Analysis
.          *
Professor of Political ought, Department of International Aairs, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University.
Email: mohamed.ourya@qu.edu.qa .             **
Professor of Quantitative Methods, Department of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University.
Email: hraiq@qu.edu.qa
بوﺎﺠﺗ ىﺪﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ءﻮﻀﻟا ﻂﻴﻠﺴﺗ ﺎﻬﻟﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ تﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ 2020 /2019 ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺮﺷﺆﻤﻟا ﺮﱢﻓﻮﻳ
ﺖﻣﺪﺨﺘــﺳا ،بﻮﻌــﺸﻟا هﺬﻫ تﺎﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻢﻬﻔﻟو .ﺔﻴــﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺔﻤﻈﻧا ﻊــﻣ ﺔــﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا تﺎــﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟا
ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا لوﺪﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺔﻤﻈﻧا ﺔﻣءﻼﻣ ىﺪﻣ ﻢﻴﻴﻘﺘﻟ ﺔﻴــﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟا تﺎﻧ ّﻮﻜﻤﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺔــﺳارﺪﻟا
،مﻮﻤﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻦﻃاﻮﻤﻟا ّنأ لّوأ جﺎﺘﻨﺘﺳا لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺢﻀﺘﻳ .ﻦﻴﻨﻃاﻮﻤﻟا ﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﻬﺟو ﻦﻣ
ﻢﻏرو .ﻲﻨﻣاو ﻲﻨﻳﺪﻟا ﻦﻴ ﱠﻤﻬﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﻣ ىﺮﺧأ تﺎﻳﻮﻟوأ ﻢﻏر ،ﺔﻴﻃاﺮﻘﻤﻳﺪﻟا ﺔﻳﻮﻟوﺎﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﻳ
ﺎﻣ ؛ىﺮﺒﻛ ﺔﻴﻤﻫأ رﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻا اﺬﻫ ِلﻮﺗ ﻢــﻟ ﺔﻴــﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺔﺒﺨﻨﻟا ّنأ وﺪﺒﻳ ،ﻲﻃاﺮﻘﻤﻳد مﺎﻈﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺔــﺒﻏﺮﻟا
ﻲﻓ ﻞّﺜﻤﺘﻴﻓ ﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا جﺎﺘﻨﺘﺳﻻا ﺎﻣأ .ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻲﻃاﺮﻘﻤﻳﺪﻟا رﺎﺴﻤﻟا تﺎﻗﺎﻔﺧإ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﺮﺴﻔﻳ
بﻮﻏﺮﻤﻟا مﺎﻈﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻨﻃاﻮﻣ ءارآ ﺺﺨﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺑرﺎﻘﺘﻣ لود ﻦﻣ ﺔﻧّﻮﻜﻣ تﺎﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ دﻮﺟو
فﻼﺘﺧا ءارو ﺔﻨﻣﺎﻜﻟا تﺎﻧﻮﻜﻤﻟاو ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻟا ﺎﻨﻟ ﺖﺣﺎﺗأ ﺪﻗو .ﺪﻌﺒﺘﺴﻤﻟا وأ ﻪﻴﻓ
.ﺎﻬﻬﺑﺎﺸﺗ وأ لوﺪﻟا
.ﺔﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟا تﺎﻧﻮﻜﻤﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ،ﺔﻴﻃاﺮﻘﻤﻳﺪﻟا ،ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟا :ﺔﻴﺣﺎﺘﻔﻣ تﺎﻤﻠﻛ
e Arab Opinion Index (2019/ 2020) oers interesting data on public opinion
about political regimes. Our study used Principal Component Analysis to
evaluate the public opinion trends toward the suitability of some political regimes
for Arab countries. It is clear from the the rst conclusion that the Arab citizen
adheres to the democratic priority, despite other priorities related to religious and
security concerns. However, it seems that the political elite did not give much
importance to this priority; this is why the Arab countries experienced a series of
failures in the democratic process. e second conclusion is that some countries
share similarities, which dier from other groups of Arab societies. Our method
helps to better understand the factors and components behind the dierences or
similarities between Arab countries.
Keywords: Religion, Politics, Democracy, Principal Component Analysis.
DOI ﻲﻤﻗﺮﻟا فّﺮﻌﻤﻟا
https://doi.org/10.31430//UYFT4222

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2021953

ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ
         
   2011       
       .  
        
       
         
 
.(1)2020 /2019    
           
       
         .
         
   .       
.(2)"      "  
          
  
       
         
        
      
   
         
.    
         
       
         
      .   
        
        
      .2020 /2019  
         
 .        
        
  2020 /2019       1
: 2021/11/30   (2020  /  :)  
https://bit.ly/3z0PooV
2Joseph Bahout et al., Arab Horizons: Pitfalls and Pathways to Renewal
(Washington, D.C: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2018), p. 41.
         
.  
         
         
       
    
          
        
        
      .   
          
          
       
   . 
        
  .       
:    
1 .       : 
        
        
2 .     :     
       
           

       
3 .   .      
       :  
       
         
     
ﻲﻔﻴﻨﺼﺘﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟاو ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻟا : ً
ﻻوأ
2020 /2019       
        
 )      27994  
      
      .(   
       .   
         

ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺮﺷﺆﻤﻟا
105 ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟا تﺎﻧﻮﻜﻤﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺞﻬﻨﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﺳارد :ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺔﻤﻈﻧا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا بﻮﻌﺸﻟا يأر
      .  
         
        (   )
       "  
   4  1      ."
." "  "   "    
         
         
.         
       
   (3)Principle Components Analysis 
6   .      
    
 ()    
 .        
         
    "  "  
       .

         
       .(4)
     )    
         (
          
.      
   
       
         
         
        
          
      .  
   (5)()    
      
.      ( 6)
3I.T. Jollie, Principal Component Analysis, 2nd ed. (New York: Springer,
2002), p. 1.
4Ganesh R. Naik (ed.), Advances in Principal Component Analysis:
Research and Development (New York: Springer, 2018), p. 59.
5Christian Hennig et al., (eds.), Handbook of Cluster Analysis (Boca
Raton/ London/ New York: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2016), pp. 104-107.
         
        
     .  
        
  .       
       
         .
         . 
          
     .     
.          
         
           
.      
          
      
       
         . 

         
       .   
         
         .
         
         
      .(6)      
        
   .   (1920-1864) Max Weber
         
   
  
       .
        
   .     
     "    
     .(7)"    
6W.I.L. Arts & John Gelissen, "ree Worlds of Welfare Capitalism or
More? A State-of-the-Art Report," Journal of European Social Policy, vol. 12,
no. 2 (2002), p. 139.
    :)        7
.33-32  (2008

106
2021953

       
 (8)         .
  .      
 )      
      ((9)    
.     
برﺎﻀﺗو ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺔﻤﻈﻧا :ﺎًﻴﻧﺎﺛ
ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ تﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳا
            
   .        
         
        
 .          
   "       
         
          
    .(10)"      
        
         
          :
          
.     
           
 .        
           
 .(11)      
.          
         
         
      .   
8Dominique Schnapper, La compréhension sociologique: Démarche de
l'analyse typologique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2012), p. 63.
9Axel Van den Berg, "Quebec's Distinct Welfare State," Inroads: e
Canadian Journal of Opinion, no. 31 (Summer-fall 2012), p. 61.
.12  (1997   :)      10
: ) ( )      11
.48-44  (1995   
   .    

         
         
.        
           
         
         
     (12)     
         
          
  .(13)         
          
    .   
       
  - 
.      
       -    
 
         
         
      .   
"       -   
         "
        .(14)
          
     .   
   "     
     .   
       
 .       
 /       
[]   : "   "   12
.99  (2000    : )     
 "    :     13
(2014  /) 324   "     .. 
:     https://bit.ly/2WYif0d : 2021/11/30  
  2014/6/5   "!''  ..   "  
https://bit.ly/3h2zuV5 : 2021/11/30
 :      :    14
.189-107  (1994     :)  

ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺮﺷﺆﻤﻟا
107 ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟا تﺎﻧﻮﻜﻤﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺞﻬﻨﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﺳارد :ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺔﻤﻈﻧا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا بﻮﻌﺸﻟا يأر
      .(15)"  
          
        
     " "  
      .   
.      
.1979          
          
  .       
          
         
     .(16)" " : 
   .     
           
         
    .     
.        
        
        
     :  
       
        
     .(17)   
        
.(18)        
15Burhan Ghalioun, "L'arabisme par-delà nationalisme et islamisme,"
Conuences Méditerranée, vol. 2, no. 61 (2007), p. 105.
16Lawrence Olivier & Sylvain Labbe, "Foucault et l'Iran : À propos du
désir de révolution," Canadian Journal of Political Science, vol. 24, no. 2
(Juin 1991), p. 222.
  1991        17
  .%82     231     188    
   88       " " 
   
 ""     .2005  
         .2006   
.2007       
            18
2011             
    2021  / 9      .2016
.  
       
     
    
         
       . 
  
        
        
.     
ﺔﻴﻃاﺮﻘﻤﻳﺪﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺮﻟا :ﺎًﺜﻟﺎﺛ
ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺎﻬﺒﺨﻧو بﻮﻌﺸﻟا ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ
         
        
    .(19)" "    
        
  .    
         
.(20)         
           
          
  ""     ." "
       
        
          . 
.(21)     
(    )    
         
19Maxime Rodinson, La fascination de I'Islam (Paris: Maspero, 1982), p. 19.
          20
: 
Jean-Robert Henry & Franck Frégosi, "Variations françaises sur l'Islam
éternel: Pour une typologie des discours," in: Bruno Étienne (dir.), La France
et l'islam (Paris : Éditions du CNRS, 1990).
21Mohammed Arkoun, Pour une critique de la raison islamique (Paris:
Maisonneuve-larose, 1984), pp. 43-45.
 "   :    .     
 2007/12/10  "!'     '
https://bit.ly/3D2Jh6W : 2021/11/30 

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2021953

        
      . 
        
       
.          
"      
        "
 .      
           
  .     
        
        
  "     (22).    
.(23)"       

          
  .      
         
  .        
         
.          
         
        
    .(24)    
        :  
         
     .    
          
  .     
         
.      
         
        
22Arkoun, pp. 44-48.
23Mohammed Arkoun, Ouverture sur l'islam (Paris: Éditions Grancher,
1989), p. 8.
24Jamal Bouoiyour, "Les pays arabes et la démocratie: Une
équation impossible ?" Le Point, 19/8/2021, accessed on 30/11/2021, at:
https://bit.ly/3kgAp5a
  .       (25)
        
       .  
         
     .(26)   
       
      ئ  
       "
  ئ   .(27)"  
   ئ   .   
 
         
         ." :
   . .  
        .(28)"
         
        
        
      .   
 
 .         
       
  
  2011       
   .      
   
      
          
 25          
        .(29)2011
     2012  / 30 
     
      
        
     ئ  
.   
2018/1/30   "    "  25
https://bit.ly/3ts9rMd : 2021/11/30  
    :     :26
.(2020      : /)
.416   27
.419   28
    :    :   29
.198-183  (2017      : /)

ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺮﺷﺆﻤﻟا
109 ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟا تﺎﻧﻮﻜﻤﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺞﻬﻨﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﺳارد :ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺔﻤﻈﻧا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا بﻮﻌﺸﻟا يأر
       
       . 
          
.(30) 
ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟا :ﺎ ً
ﻌﺑار
      2020 /2019   
         
     6     . 
:   (1 )       
(  )      
         
  (1836-1751) James Madison        30
: . e Federalist   
Alexander Hamilton et al., e Federalist Papers (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2008), pp. 54-55.
        
 .
           
     .    
  .(4  3.21 )    
  .%80          
         
.            %38.5
.4  2.18      
        
"       " :
 ."       "
        %34   
      .    
 %20      .4  2.07 2.10 
      "   
"( )       
         "
(1) 
             







 
1  
4 
     
        
 
        
         
.
%N%N
 80.3 0.95 3.21 18.9 4865 81.1 20894        
      
   
 54.5 1.12 2.18 61.5 15768 38.5 9864   /     
 52.5 1.06 2.10 65.9 16849 34.1 8724        
  
 51.8 1.00 2.07 65.8 16681 34.2 8674        
 
 44.5 0.89 1.78 80.2 20383 19.8 5033         
      
 44.5 0.92 1.78 78.3 19968 21.6 5496         
 
.SPSS         2020 /2019   :

110
2021953

(1) 
            
      
()          
         
.SPSS        2020 /2019   :

ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺮﺷﺆﻤﻟا
111 ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟا تﺎﻧﻮﻜﻤﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺞﻬﻨﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﺳارد :ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺔﻤﻈﻧا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا بﻮﻌﺸﻟا يأر
  .         "
.(  4  1.78)     
         
  (1)      
 .          
 )         
     .    ( 
 %50         
.            
     )    
        (
        
 .(%9.4)      .(%56 40 ) 
         
.  
       
  

  (%43.8)      
    )     
  (       
  ِ     .    
 (%79.3)        
           
    %50      
  .
.       
           
   (%43.7)     
 .           
/     )   
        ( 
     %50     
.         
      (2)  
        .
       (31)
   
 .   
31Naik, p. 59.
( +  )    ( )
  )       
)    
 .    (
        (
.     
         
(2)      .    
    
     
     .   
: 
•  : 4      
     .  
        
  
        
    .    
  (  )    
       
.(2      )  
•       
       . 
         
    .    
          
      
      
  .
  )     
(2   
•   .     
       ظ 
)        
     .  (
        
         
.      
        
     () 
   6)     

112
2021953

(3) 
( )            
.  :
(2) 
         
.2020 /2019      ْ
   :
• .               

ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺮﺷﺆﻤﻟا
113 ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟا تﺎﻧﻮﻜﻤﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺞﻬﻨﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﺳارد :ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺔﻤﻈﻧا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا بﻮﻌﺸﻟا يأر
)   (3)   .(  
)       ( 
      (  
         
.         
  5       
:  3   
•  : 4      
     )   
     .(   (2)
       
  .      
 .        

         
.    
 
•     .    
       
         
        .
          
    .   
         
      . 
.    10     
•       
       .
        ( )
     .    
         
  
   )     
    .(    
         
         
        . 
.    10  
ﺔﺻﻼﺧو ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ :ﺎ ً
ﺴﻣﺎﺧ
      2020 /2019   
  .     
        
 .      
       
        
.         
        
.        
1 .         
      
       
        
 .
 .       
        
        
.        
          
      .   
)       
 
.(        
     %80     
        . 
.        
        
        
      .
        
       
      
  
ئ     .(32)   
        
         .
         :32
1992/03/01   1412/08/27  90/     
https://bit.ly/3l4DGFb: 2021/11/30   1992/3/6

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2021953

       
    .    
         
 .(33)       
        
         
.       
2 .         
        
     .      

        
         
 .      
       
 ( )   .  
  
  .     
  .        
   
 (2)       
     .(3)    
  
        
    .1952      
    2011  25   
        
       .
  (1989-1975)      
    .    
(  )      
        
(2021-2020)       . 
        
.(34)      
        33
:    . 
Patrick Merloe, Promoting Legal Frameworks for Democratic Elections
(Washington, D.C: National Democratic Institute for International Aairs,
2008), pp. 1-9.
34Renaud Girard, "Ces jeunes qui préparent le Liban de demain," Le
Figaro, 7/6/2021, accessed on 30/11/2021, at: https://bit.ly/2VjIcGU;
24  "         "
https://bit.ly/38Wv7Xn : 2021/11/30   2019/10/18
         
       ِ
"  2003
       خ 
     (35)" 
        
        
        
  .(36)"   "     
       
        
.(37)    
       
  ِ
         
        
        .
.( 
   )   
       
       
)        
       (
  .(38)    
        
         
        
       
        .  
        
35Maha Yahya, e Summer of our Discontent: Citizens and Sects in Iraq
and Lebanon (Washington, D.C: Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, 2017), p. 19.
36Farhad Alaaldin & Kenneth M. Pollack, "Iraq's Economic Collapse
Could Be Biden's First Foreign-Policy Headache," Foreign Policy, 14/12/2020,
accessed on 30/11/2021, at: https://bit.ly/3jPyDsD
       "    37
"         " " 
.82  (2020  /) 46  8   
            38
           
   : .   2011  42 41   
: 2021/11/30   2011     
https://bit.ly/3tkAPeM

ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺮﺷﺆﻤﻟا
115 ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟا تﺎﻧﻮﻜﻤﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺞﻬﻨﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﺳارد :ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺔﻤﻈﻧا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا بﻮﻌﺸﻟا يأر
        
        1992 
. 10        
        
      2019   
        
.(39)  
        
        
   .      
   (  )  
      
  .      
       
 .         
          
        
    .    
 "        
.(40)"
3 .  .       
         
.        
        
 (     )  
.(  )     
    (2)     
  
   
      
          .
          
  
  .   
        
         .  
  .      
        ..  "39
https://bit.ly/3jOb7Mt : 2021/11/30   2021/3/5   "
 "     .. "  40
https://bit.ly/3tjRuzj : 2021/11/30   2019/12/9 
       
        
       
       
. 
         
.( )        
          
  .       
  (2010-1935)     
      
 ِ  
""       
   .(41)" "   
 .        
         
   .      
   .     
        
 .         
  
       
  
       (42)
     
   . 
       
.2020 /2019     
ﺔﻤﺗﺎﺧ
       
      .   
        
     .     
       .  
    :       41
   44-39  (1990     :) 
   :)        : 
    :     105-102  (1992 
.114-108  (1996     :)   
  :)       :42
 :)        44-42  (1997
.15-13  (2001 

116
2021953

   .        
        
        
. 
         
         .
  )      
        
       .( 
 .      
         
          
   .     
      .    
        
        
  .     
   
          
.     
          
 .        
        
   .       
          
      .   
         
    )    
        (
.    
ﻊﺟاﺮﻤﻟا
ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا
   :  . 
    : / .
.2017 
  :   .________
   : / . 
.2020  
     :  .  
.1992     : . 
: .   :   .________
.1994    
  : .    .________
.1996  
 :   .    
  : .   
.1990  
  ..   " .  
.(2014  /) 324  . ."  
https://bit.ly/2WYif0d :
     " .   
  ' '   
 ."      
.(2020  /) 46  8  .
.( )    .  
.1995    : 
.1997   : .   .  
 : .    .  . 
.2008   
 : .    . 
.1997 
 : .     ._______
.2001 

ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺮﺷﺆﻤﻟا
117 ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟا تﺎﻧﻮﻜﻤﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺞﻬﻨﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﺳارد :ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﺔﻤﻈﻧا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا بﻮﻌﺸﻟا يأر
 .     .[]  
.2000    :
  .    
:)     .2020 /2019
https://bit.ly/3z0PooV : .(2020   /
 .    .  
 90/      
: .1992/3/6 .1992/03/01   1412/08/27
https://bit.ly/3l4DGFb
.2011     .  . 
https://bit.ly/3tkAPeM :
  .      20
    : / .()
.2018 
ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟا
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