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https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5129.3.2
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:38886994-C718-49EE-B9FC-0EAFADD7D5D1
356 Accepted by G. Ruiz: 13 Apr. 2022; published: 28 Apr. 2022
Article ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
Zootaxa 5129 (3): 356–373
https://www.mapress.com/zt/
Copyright © 2022 Magnolia Press
Jumping spiders of the tribe Lapsiini Maddison (Salticidae: Spartaeinae) from
Colombia: new species and records
VALENTINA MUÑOZ-CHARRY 1, WILLIAM GALVIS 2 & LEONEL MARTÍNEZ 3*
1Laboratorio Biomics, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
�
v.munoz10@uniandes.edu.co; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1868-4108
2Grupo de Investigación en Aracnología y Miriapodología (GAM-UN), Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de
Colombia, sede Bogotá, Colombia.
�
wlgalvisj@unal.edu.co; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1980-4012
3Grupo de Investigación Biodiversidad del Caribe Colombiano, Semillero de Investigación Sistemática de Artrópodos Neotropicales,
Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia.
�
leonelmarbio@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4166-0561
*Corresponding author
Abstract
The spider subfamily Spartaeinae Wanless, with its only New World tribe Lapsiini (Araneae: Salticidae) is for the first
time recorded from Colombia. Six new species of the genera Lapsias Simon and Thrandina Maddison are described and
illustrated herein from the country. From the Andean region are described: L. iguaque sp. nov. (♂; Boyacá department),
Lapsias quimbaya sp. nov. (♂; Quindío, Risaralda, and Caldas departments), L. tequendama sp. nov. (♂; Cundinamarca
department), L. walekeru sp. nov. (♂; La Guajira department), and Thrandina colombiaenpaz sp. nov. (♂♀; Huila
department). From the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Magdalena department, Caribbean region, is described L. tayrona
sp. nov. (♂♀). In addition, new records of Galianora sacha Maddison and L. lorax Maddison for the country are presented,
and the female of L. lorax is described for the first time. Finally, a map with plotted distribution of the tribe Lapsiini from
South America is presented.
Key words: Faunistics, Basal salticids, Neotropics, Northern Andean region
Introduction
The subfamily Spartaeinae Wanless, 1984 (Araneae: Salticidae) is an early diverging monophyletic group of jumping
spiders that includes the tribes Cocalodini Simon, 1901, Spartaeini Wanless, 1984 and Lapsiini Maddison, 2015
(Maddison et al. 2014; Maddison 2015). The lapsiines and the subfamily Lyssomaninae Blackwall, 1877 are the
only groups of Salticidae restricted to the New World that fall outside Salticinae Blackwall, 1841, the most diverse
subfamily of jumping spiders. Currently, the group is known only from northern South America and southern North
America with 21 species in six genera: Amilaps Maddison, 2019 (1 species) from Mexico and Guatemala, Galianora
Maddison, 2006 (2 species) from Ecuador, Lapsamita Ruiz, 2013 (1 species) from Brazil, Lapsias Simon, 1900 (7
species) from Venezuela and Ecuador, Soesiladeepakius Makhan, 2007 (7 species) from Suriname and Brazil, and
Thrandina Maddison, 2006 (3 species) from Ecuador (World Spider Catalog 2022).
Herein we describe five new species of Lapsias (L. iguaque sp. nov., L. quimbaya sp. nov., L. tayrona sp. nov.,
L. tequendama sp. nov. and L. walekeru sp. nov.) and one new species of Thrandina (T. colombiaenpaz sp. nov.)
from the Andean and Caribbean regions of Colombia. Additionally, new records of Galianora sacha Maddison and
L. lorax Maddison are presented from Colombia, along with the description for the first time of the female of L.
lorax. These represent the first records of the jumping spider subfamily Spartaeinae from the country. These new
discoveries show that the lapsiine diversity is still poorly known, probably because of their narrow microhabitat
preference (Maddison 2006; Ruiz 2013), and that the high habitat diversity of the Andean region, which could be
linked to lineage diversification (Maddison 2012; Smith et al. 2014), is still poorly explored.
NEW LAPSIINI SPIDERS FROM COLOMBIA Zootaxa 5129 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press · 357
Material and Methods
The material examined is deposited in the Arachnological Collection of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia (ICN-Ar, E. Flórez); Instituto Alexander Von Humboldt,
Villa de Leyva (IAvH-I, J. C. Neita); Invertebrate Collection of the Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad de
Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia (ANDES-IN, E. Realpe). Multifocal photographs of the specimens were taken with
a Leica MC-170 HD digital camera attached to a Leica M205A stereomicroscope, and then combined with the
image stacking software Leica Application Suite version 4.6.0. Measurements were taken with an AmScope MU300
digital camera, attached to an Advanced Optics JSZ-6. The general format of descriptions follows Galvis (2015).
For visualization of female genitalia, the epigynal plate was dissected and digested in 10% KOH. Records without
coordinates in the label were approximated to locations and/or municipalities via the gazetteers GeoLocator© and
GeoNames©, and are given in square brackets. The map was prepared in the Geographic Information System QGIS
“Girona” (version 3.0, Sherman et al. 2012). Raster files from NaturalEarth© and DivaGis© were used to perform
the distributional map of the records.
Morphological abbreviations used throughout the text and figures are: dTa = dorsal tibial apophysis, OC = ocular
area, PME = posteromedian eyes, Ta = tegular apophysis, pTa = prolateral tegular apophysis, PvTa = proventral
tibial apophysis, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis, RvTa = retroventral tibial apophysis, cd = copulatory duct, co
= copulatory opening, d = dorsal, di = distal, e = embolus, fd = fertilization duct, m = meters above mean sea level,
ma = median apophysis, me = medial, mm = millimeters, p = prolateral, pr = proximal, r = retrolateral, sd = sperm
duct, sp = spermatheca, v = ventral. Museum abbreviations are as follows: QCAZ = Museum of Zoology, Pontificia
Universidad Católica, Quito, Ecuador; UBC-SEM = Spencer Entomological Collection at the Beaty Biodiversity
Museum, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. The measurements are in millimeters.
Salticidae Blackwall, 1841
Spartaeinae Wanless, 1984
Lapsiini Maddison, 2015
Lapsias Simon, 1900
Lapsias Simon, 1900: 383; type species L. estebanensis Simon, 1900: 383.
Note: New genera could be created for L. quimbaya sp. nov., L. tayrona sp. nov. and L. canandea Maddison, 2012
given that their palp conformation is very distinctive from the type species of Lapsias, L. estebanensis Simon, 1900,
and its close relatives L. lorax Maddison, 2012, L. tovarensis Simon, 1901, L. cyrboides Simon, 1900 and L. ciliatus
Simon, 1900. However, this differentiation is not clear in females, and epigynes of L. lorax, L. tayrona sp. nov.
and L. guamani Maddison, 2012 are all similar. On the other hand, males of L. tequendama sp. nov., L. iguaque sp.
nov. and L. walekeru sp. nov. seem to be more related to L. cyrboides and L. ciliatus because they share a robust
embolus that arises prolateraly and distally at the bulb. Based on that, it may be prudent to include the five new
species described herein in Lapsias to avoid creating uncertainty in the tribe until their phylogenetic relationships
are better understood.
Lapsias iguaque sp. nov.
Figs 1–7, 57
Type material. Holotype: ♂ from Sector Carrizales, Santuario de Flora & Fauna Iguaque, Boyacá, Colombia, 2810
m, [5.70°N, 73.45°W], 12.VI.2002, J. Cepeda (ICN-Ar 1848). Paratype: 1♂ from Villa de Leyva, Santuario de
Flora & Fauna Iguaque, 2300 m [5.633333, 73.483333°], 22.VII.1998, O. Díaz (IAvH-I-522).
Etymology. The specific epithet, a noun in apposition, comes from the type locality.
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358 · Zootaxa 5129 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press
Diagnosis. Males of L. iguaque sp. nov. differ from those of the other species by the trapezoidal RTA, which is
projected dorsally, and by the accessory prolateral tegular apophysis (pTa) curved retrolaterally (Figs 2–7).
Description. Male (holotype). Total length: 5.90. Carapace brown with dark brown and reddish-brown marks,
2.94 long, 2.33 wide, 1.62 high (Fig. 1). OC reddish brown with eyes on black marks, 1.28 long. Anterior eye row
1.93 wide and posterior 1.85 wide. Sternum brown, 1.23 long, 1.03 wide. Labium yellowish-brown, 0.61 long,
0.50 wide. Chelicerae yellowish-brown, with two retromarginal and three promarginal teeth. Palp brown, with
thick curved embolus, prolateral tegular apophysis (pTa) arising at the embolus base and with a hook-like median
apophysis surrounded by membranous area, retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) trapezoidal and projected dorsally
(Figs 2–7). Leg formula: 4312, all brown. Leg macrosetae: femur, I p 1 di, d 1-1-2; II p 1 di, d 0-1-2; III p 1 di, d 2
di; IV v 1 di, p 1 di, d 1-1-2; patella, I–II p 1 me; III–IV p 1 me, r 1 me; tibia, I–II v 2-2-2, p 1-1; III v 2-2, p 1-1, r
1-1; IV v 1-2-2, p 1-1, r 1-1; metatarsus, I v 2-2, r 1-1; II v 2-2, p 1-1, r 1-1; III v 2-2, p 1-1-2, r 1-1-2; IV p 2-1-2, r 2-
1-2. Abdomen light yellow with four anteromedial dark brown spots and posteromedial chevron marks surrounded
laterally by four dark brown spots (Fig. 1).
Female. Unknown.
FIGURES 1–7. L. iguaque sp. nov., male holotype (ICN-Ar 1848), 1 habitus; 2 left palp, ventral view; 3 same, retrolateral
view; 4 same, dorsal view; 5 same, ventral view; 6 same, retrolateral view; 7 same, dorsal view. Abbreviations: e=embolus,
ma=median apophysis, pTa=prolateral tegular apophysis, RTA=retrolateral tibial apophysis, sd=sperm duct. Scale bars = 1.0
mm (1), 0.2 mm (2–7).
NEW LAPSIINI SPIDERS FROM COLOMBIA Zootaxa 5129 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press · 359
Distribution and Comments. Known only from its type locality in the Colombian Andes (Fig. 57). The
holotype male was collected during the day, under a decaying trunk, in a secondary high-Andean moist forest.
FIGURES 8–11. L. quimbaya sp. nov., male holotype (ICN-Ar 9217), 8 habitus; 9 left palp, ventral view; 10 same, retrolateral
view; 11 same, prolateral view. Abbreviations: dTa= dorsal tibial apophysis, e=embolus, ma=median apophysis, RTA=retrolateral
tibial apophysis, sd=sperm duct. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (8), 0.20 (9–11).
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360 · Zootaxa 5129 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press
Lapsias quimbaya sp. nov.
Figs 8–11, 57
Type material. Holotype: ♂ from Granja Bengala, Filandia, Quindío, Colombia, 2015 m, [4.68ºN, 75.61ºW],
17.II.2017, V. Muñoz-Charry (ICN-Ar 9217). Paratypes: 1♂ from Risaralda, Santa Rosa de Cabal, Vereda Campo
Alegrito, Finca La Albania, Parque Natural Municipal Campo Alegre, 2490 m, [4.8675°, 72.546667°], 22-24.II.2004,
A. Pulido, Y. Martínez, E. Henao (IAvH-I-521); 1♂ from Caldas, Marulanda, Vereda El Páramo, Sector El Vergel,
3416-3436 m, [5.244803°, 75.351336°], 30.V. 2014, J. Moreno (IAvH-I-522).
Etymology. The epithet honors an extinct indigenous civilization from the Andean region of Colombia, which
inhabited the Caldas, north of Valle del Cauca, Quindío and Risaralda departments. Noun in apposition.
Diagnosis. Males of L. quimbaya sp. nov. can be recognized from those of the remaining species in the genus by
their rounded bulb, the long embolus (e) that is projected prolaterally and dorsally, with the final portion returning
ventrally in front of the cymbium tip, the long and slender median apophysis (ma) that extends over the embolus
base, the tibia with a large dorsal apophysis (dTa) and the retrolateral apophysis (RTA), both projected dorsally (Figs
9–11). This is also one of the smallest Lapsias species known.
Description. Male (holotype). Total length: 2.90. Carapace light brown, 1.49 long, 1.23 wide, 0.95 high (Fig.
8). OC dark brown, 0.80 long. Anterior eye row 1.26 wide and posterior 1.21 wide. Sternum yellowish, 0.61 long,
0.57 wide. Labium yellowish, 0.23 long, 0.22 wide. Chelicerae brown, with two retromarginal and two promarginal
teeth. Palp brown, rounded bulb with a long embolus (e) projected dorsally, membranous and slender median
apophysis (ma), tibia with a long dorsal apophysis (dTa) and a retrolateral apophysis (RTA), both projected dorsally
(Figs 9–11). Leg formula: 4132, all dark brown with yellow marks. Leg macrosetae: femur, I d 1 di; II d 2 di; III p
1 di; patella, III–IV p 1 me, r 1 me; tibia, I v 2-2-2; II v 1-1-1, p 0-1-1; III v 1-1-2, r 1-1; IV v 1-0-2, p 1-1, r 1-1;
metatarsus, I v 2-2; II p 1-1-2, r 1-0-2; III v 1 di, p 2-0-2, r 2-0-2; IV v 1-0-2, p 1-0-2, r 1-0-2. Abdomen light yellow
with dark brown spots and posteromedial chevron marks (Fig. 8).
Female. Unknown.
Distribution and Comments. Known only from its type locality in the Colombian Andes (Fig. 57). The
holotype male was collected in a well-conserved Andean moist forest, beating low vegetation during the day.
FIGURES 12–13. L. tayrona sp. nov., male holotype (ICN-Ar 9974), 12 habitus; female paratype (ICN-Ar 9975), 13 dorsal
view. Scale bars = 1.00 mm (12–13).
NEW LAPSIINI SPIDERS FROM COLOMBIA Zootaxa 5129 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press · 361
Lapsias tayrona sp. nov.
Figs 12–19, 57
Type material. Holotype: ♂ from Hacienda Hierba Buena, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, San Pedro de la Sierra,
Ciénaga, Magdalena, 2104 m, 10.895138°N, 73.99961°W, 3.III.2017, L. Martínez (ICN-Ar 9974). Paratypes:
3♀1♂, the same data as holotype (ICN-Ar 9975–9976); 1♂ from same locality, El Chuscal, 2300 m, 10.8°N,
73.65°W, 16.VI-1.VII.2001, J. Cantillo (IAvH-I-3116).
Etymology. The epithet honors an extinct indigenous civilization from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta,
Caribbean region of Colombia, which inhabited the Cesar, Magdalena and La Guajira departments, and whose
descendants currently correspond to the Arhuaco, Kankuamo, Kogui and Wiwa peoples. To be treated as an arbitrary
combination of letters, and hence without the need to agree in gender with the genus.
FIGURES 14–19. L. tayrona sp. nov., male holotype (ICN-Ar 9974), 14–15 male palp, ventral view; 16 same, proventral
view; 17 same, retrolateral view; female paratype (ICN-Ar 9975), 18 epigynum, ventral view; 19 same, cleared, dorsal view.
Abbreviations: cd=copulatory duct, co=copulatory opening, e=embolus, ma=median apophysis, RTA=retrolateral tibial
apophysis, sp=spermatheca, Ta=tegular apophysis. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (14–19).
Diagnosis. Males of this species are distinguished from those of the remaining species in the genus by their long
embolus (e) which emerges prolaterally and has the final portion inserted in the concavity of the accessory tegular
apophysis (Ta), and a short and rectangular retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) (Figs 14–17). Females differ from
the others by the anteriorly placed spermathecae (sp), lateral copulatory ducts (cd), the posteromedial copulatory
openings (co) and the overhanging projection arising between the copulatory openings reaching the posterior margin
of the epigynal plate; the projection has an intermediate length between L. guamani and L. lorax (Figs 18–19).
Description. Male (holotype). Total length: 5.39. Carapace brown, 2.57 long, 1.91 wide, 1.46 high (Fig. 13).
OC brown with eyes on dark marks, 1.03 long. Anterior eye row 1.64 wide and posterior 1.64 wide. Sternum brown,
MUÑOZ-CHARRY ET AL.
362 · Zootaxa 5129 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press
0.98 long, 0.91 wide. Labium brown, 0.34 long, 0.44 wide. Chelicerae brown, with two retromarginal and three
promarginal teeth. Palp brown, with a slender and long embolus (e), small hook-like median apophysis (ma) located
centrally in the bulb and surrounded by membranous tissue and a small rectangular retrolateral tibial appophysis
(RTA) (Figs 18–19). Leg formula: 4132, all brown with yellow marks. Leg macrosetae: femur, I p 1 di; II p 1 di, d
1 di; III–IV d 2 di; patella, I p 1 me; II–IV d 2 me; tibia, I v 2–2–2, p 0–1–1, r 1 di; II v 1–2–2, p 0–1–1, r 1 di; III v
2–0–2, p 1 di, r 0–1–1; IV v 2–1–1, p 0–1–1, r 1–1–1; metatarsus, I v 2–2, p 1 di, r 1 di; II v 2–2, p 1–1–1, r 1–1–1;
III v 2–2, p 1–1–1, r 1–1–1, d 2 di; IV v 0–1–1, p 1–1–2, r 1–2–2, d 1 di. Abdomen dark brown with dispersed yellow
spots and posteromedial chevron marks (Fig. 13).
Female. (paratype, ICN-Ar 9975). Total length 4.40. Carapace brown, 1.95 long, 1.57 wide, 1.18 high (Fig.
13). OC brown with eyes on dark marks, 0.94 long. Anterior eye row 1.41 wide and posterior 1.38 wide. Sternum
brown, 0.88 long, 0.81 wide. Labium brown, 0.36 long, 0.38 wide. Chelicerae brown, with two retromarginal and
three promarginal teeth. Leg formula: 4132, all brown with yellow marks. Leg macrosetae: femur, I–II p 1 di; III d
3 di; IV 2 di; patella, II p 1 me; III–IV d 2 me; tibia, I v 2–2–2; II v 1–2–2, p 0–1–1; III v 1–0–1, p 1–1, r 1–1; IV v
1–0–2, p 1–1–1, r 1–1–1; metatarsus, I v 2–2; II v 2–2, p 1–1; III v 2 di, p 0–2–2, r 0–2–2, d 2 di; IV v 0–1–2, p 1–
1–2, r 1–1–2, d 0–1–2. Abdomen dark brown with a dispersed yellow spots and posteromedial chevron marks (Fig.
13). Epigynum (Figs 18–19) with copulatory openings (co) in a single posteromedial oval cavity, an overhanging
lobe that reaches the posterior margin of the epigynal plate arising between the copulatory openings.
Variation. (n=3 females) Total length 4.20–4.60. Carapace length 1.86–2.04.
Distribution and Comments. Known only from its type locality (Fig. 57). All the material examined was
collected in a secondary high-Andean moist forest.
FIGURES 20–26. L. tequedama sp. nov., male holotype (ICN-Ar 8268), 20 habitus; 21, 24 left palp, ventral view; 22, 25
same, retrolateral view; 23 same, dorsal view; 26 same, prolateral view. Abbreviations: e=embolus, ma=median apophysis,
pTa=prolateral tegular apophysis, RTA=retrolateral tibial apophysis, sd=sperm duct. Scale bars = 2.0 mm (20), 0.5 mm (21–
26).
NEW LAPSIINI SPIDERS FROM COLOMBIA Zootaxa 5129 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press · 363
Lapsias tequendama sp. nov.
Figs 20–26, 57
Type material. Holotype: ♂ from El Refugio, Parque Natural Chicaque, San Antonio de Tequendama, Cundinamarca,
Colombia, 2320 m, 4.61499°N, 74.31194°W, 15–17.X.2016, V. Muñoz-Charry & W. Galvis (ICN-Ar 8268).
Paratype: 1♂, the same locality data as holotype, 2350 m, Estudiantes Curso Arañas Universidad Nacional de
Colombia & Estudiantes LAM-UN (ICN-Ar 8277).
Etymology. The specific epithet comes from the type locality, near the Tequendama waterfall, one of the most
important sacred places in the Muisca civilization, a Chibcha-speaking indigenous people who inhabit the central
highlands of the eastern Andes in Colombia. To be treated as an arbitrary combination of letters, and hence without
the need to agree in gender with the genus.
Diagnosis. Males of L. tequendama sp. nov. can be recognized from those of the remaining species in the
genus by their longer and stronger embolus (e), with several bumps/apophyses on it, a long median apophysis (ma),
a prolateral long and pointed accessory tegular apophysis (pTa) and the retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) curved
and projected outward (Figs 21–26).
Description. Male (holotype). Total length: 5.40. Carapace brown with a medial yellow arrow-shaped mark
and two yellow posterolateral lines, 2.52 long, 1.95 wide, 1.58 high (Fig. 20). OC brown-reddish with eyes on
black marks, 1.13 long. Anterior eye row 1.73 wide and posterior 1.73 wide. Sternum yellowish, 1.08 long, 0.94
wide. Labium yellowish, 0.48 long, 0.41 wide. Chelicerae brown, with two retromarginal and three promarginal
teeth. Palp brown-yellowish, with thick embolus (e) that emerge wide in base and has several irregularities along
accompanying by a knife-like accessory tegular apophysis (pTa), hook-like median apophysis (ma) surrounded by
membranous tissue, the retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) curved and projected ventral (Figs 21–26). Leg formula:
4132, all yellow with black marks. Leg macrosetae: femur, I p 1 di, d 1 di; II–IV p 1 di, d 2 di; patella, I–II p 1 me;
III– IV p 1 me, r 1 me; tibia, I v 2–2–2, p 1–0–1; II v 1–2–2, p 1–0–1; III v 2–0–2, p 1–0–1, r 1–0–1; IV v 1–0–2, p
1–0–1, r 1–0–1; metatarsus, I v 2–2, p 1–1; II v 2–2, p 1–1, r 1 –1; III–IV v 1–1–1, p 1–1–2, r 1–1–2. Abdomen light
yellow with an anteromedial dark brown spot and posteromedial chevron marks (Fig. 20).
Variation. (n=2 males) Total length 5.36–5.40. Carapace length 2.52–2.53.
Female. Unknown.
Distribution and Comments. Known only from its type locality in the Colombian Andes (Fig. 57). The type
specimens were collected beating a rotten trunk and manually in the night over low vegetation in a high-Andean
secondary moist forest.
Lapsias walekeru sp. nov.
Figs 27–31, 57
Type material. Holotype: ♂ from San Pedro Alto, Barrancas, La Guajira, Colombia, 1886 m, 10.83413°N,
72.66911°W, 3.III.2016, M. Gutiérrez (ICN-Ar 10813).
Etymology. Named after the Wayuu mythical character “Wale’kerü”, a spider that teach the art of knitting to
Wayuu womens. The Wayuu or Guajiro language, of the Arawakan family of languages, belongs to the Wayuu
people, a native American ethnic group that inhabits the region of the type locality. To be treated as an arbitrary
combination of letters, and hence without the need to agree in gender with the genus.
Diagnosis. Males of L. walekeru sp. nov. can be recognized from those of the remaining species in the genus
by their longer and thick dorsal tibial apophysis (dTa) that overpass two thirds of the cymbium, hook–like median
apophysis (ma) located posteriorly in the retrolateral side of the bulb (Figs 28–31).
Description. Male (holotype). Total length: 5.25. Carapace brown with a lateral stripe of white setae, 2.72 long,
1.93 wide, 1.90 high (Fig. 27). OC light brown with eyes on dark marks and white setae, 1.32 long. Anterior eye
row 1.74 wide and posterior 1.71 wide. Sternum yellow, 1.15 long, 0.93 wide. Labium yellow, 0.41 long, 0.57 wide.
Chelicerae dark brown, with a beard of white setae, with one retromarginal and three promarginal teeth. Palp brown,
with a strong embolus (e) arising prolaterally, median apophysis (ma) placed posteriorly, long and thick dorsal tibial
apophysis (dTa) (Figs 28–31). Leg formula: 4132, all brown with yellow marks. Leg macrosetae: femur, I–IV d 1 di,
p 2 di; patella, I–II p 1 me; III–IV d 2 me; tibia, I v 2–2–2, p 0–0–1; II v 1–2–2; II p 1–0–1; III v 2–0–2, p 0–0–1, r
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1–1–0; IV v 1–0–1, p 1–0–1, r 1–1–0; metatarsus, I–II v 2–0–2, p 0–1–1; II r 1–1–0; III v 2–0–2, p 1–1–2, r 1–1–2;
IV v 1–0–2, p 1–2–2, r 1–1–2. Abdomen yellowish with a disperse pattern of brown spots (Fig. 27).
Female. Unknown.
Distribution and Comments. Known only from its type locality (Fig. 57). The type specimens were collected
beating low vegetation, in a high-Andean moist forest.
FIGURES 27–31. L. walekeru sp. nov., male holotype (ICN-Ar 10813), 27 habitus; 28, 31 left palp, ventral view; 29–30
same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: dTa= dorsal tibial apophysis, e=embolus, ma=median apophysis, RTA=retrolateral tibial
apophysis, sd=sperm duct. Scale bars = 0.50 mm (27), 0.10 mm (28–31).
NEW LAPSIINI SPIDERS FROM COLOMBIA Zootaxa 5129 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press · 365
FIGURES 32–33. L. lorax Maddison, male (ICN-Ar 8324), 32 habitus; female (ICN-Ar 8324); 33 habitus. Scale bars = 1.00
mm (32–33).
Lapsias lorax Maddison, 2012
Figs 32–39, 57
Lapsias lorax Maddison, 2012: 53, figs 2–8 (male holotype from Bellavista Cloud Forest Reserve, Pichincha, Ecuador, deposited
in QCAZ, not examined); WSC, 2022.
Diagnosis. The placement of the embolus (e), tegular apophysis (Ta) and median apophysis toward the distal tip of
the palp is more extreme in L. lorax that in other Lapsias species (Maddison 2006). Males recorded from Colombia
(Quindio) do not present the yellow bars across the chelicerae. Females can be recognized by the semirounded
spermathecae (sp) placed posteriorly, the short and lateral copulatory ducts (cd), the anterior copulatory openings
(co), and the long overhanging projection that arise in the anterior edge of the epigynal plate and exceed the posterior
edge.
Material examined. COLOMBIA, Quindio: Salento, Valle de Cocora, camino Acaime, [2720 m, 4.6304°N,
75.4629°W], 4♂3♀ and 4 juveniles, 18.II.2016, V. Muñoz-Charry (ICN-Ar 8324, 8379). Valle del Cauca. La
Meseta, Parque Natural Nacional Farallones de Cali, [2200 m, 3.566667°N, 76.666667°W], 1♂, 10-25.II.2004, S.
Sarria & M. Lasso (IAvH-I-601).
Female. (ICN-Ar 8324). Total length 6.00. Carapace brown with a medial yellow arrow-shaped mark and two
yellow posterolateral stripes, 2.33 long, 1.78 wide, 1.24 high (Fig. 33). OC brown with eyes on dark marks, 1.06
long. Anterior eye row 1.67 wide and posterior 1.54 wide. Sternum brown, 0.95 long, 0.76 wide. Labium brown,
0.34 long, 0.39 wide. Chelicerae brown, with two retromarginal and three promarginal teeth. Leg formula: 4132, all
yellow with dark brown marks. Leg macrosetae: femur, I–II p 1 di; III p 1 di, d 1 di; IV p 1 di, d 2 di; patella, II p 1
me; III–IV p 1 me, r 1 me; tibia, I v 2–2–2, p 1 di; II v 1–2–2, p 1–1; III v 1–0–2, p 1–1, r 1–1; IV v 1–0–1, p 1–0–1,
r 1–0–1; metatarsus, I–II v 2–2, p 1–1; III v 2–0–2, p 1–1–2, r 1–1–2; IV v 1–1–2, p 1–1–1, r 1–1–1–2. Abdomen
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dark brown with some dispersed yellow spots (Fig. 33). Epigynum (Figs 36–39) with copulatory openings (co) in a
single anterior oval cavity, overhanging lobe that exceed the posterior margin of the epigynal plate and arises in the
upper side of the cavity, short copulatory ducts (cd) and semirounded spermathecae (sp) placed posteriorly.
Variation. (n=2 females) Total length 6.00–3.60. Carapace length 2.33–1.77.
Distribution and Comments. Ecuador (Pichincha) (Maddison 2012). New record from Colombia (Quindío)
(Fig. 57). The specimens were collected in a well-conserved high Andean ecosystem.
FIGURES 34–39. L. lorax Maddison, male (ICN-Ar 8324), 34 male palp, ventral view; 35 same, retrolateral view; female (ICN-
Ar 8324), 36, 39 epigynum, cleared, dorsal view; 37 same, lateral view; 38 same, ventral view. Abbreviations: cd=copulatory
duct, dTa= dorsal tibial apophysis, e=embolus sp=spermatheca. Scale bars = 0.50 mm (34–35), 0.25 mm (36–39).
Thrandina Maddison, 2006
Thrandina Maddison, 2006: 20; type species T. parocula Maddison, 2006.
Thrandina colombiaenpaz sp. nov.
Figs 40–50, 57
Type material. Holotype: ♂ from Parque Nacional Natural Cueva de Los Guácharos, Vereda La Mesura, Palestina,
Huila, Colombia, 1950 m, 1.61565°N, 76.10239°W, 16–21.X.2016, V. Muñoz-Charry (ICN-Ar 8263). Paratypes:
1♀, the same data as holotype (ICN-Ar 8264); 1♂, the same locality data as holotype, IX.2013, M. Fonseca
(ANDES-IN 3232).
Etymology. The epithet comes from the Spanish (“Colombia en paz” = “Colombia in peace”), in honor to the
recent peace process in the country of the authors, the country that almost all Colombians dream of, and which we
hope to construct in the near future. To be treated as an arbitrary combination of letters, and hence without the need
NEW LAPSIINI SPIDERS FROM COLOMBIA Zootaxa 5129 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press · 367
to agree in gender with the genus.
Diagnosis. Males of T. colombiaenpaz sp. nov. can be recognized from those of the remaining species in the
genus by their larger proventral apophysis of the tibia (PvTa), curved embolus (e), and their smaller median apophysis
(ma) (Figs 44–48). Females can be diagnosed by their bigger anterior copulatory opening of the epigynum, and the
ventral and posterior insertion of the copulatory ducts in their bigger and rounded spermathecae (Figs 49–50).
FIGURES 40–43. T. colombiaenpaz sp. nov., male holotype (ICN-Ar 8263), 40 habitus; 41 cephalothorax, lateral view; female
paratype (ICN-Ar 8264); 42 habitus; 43 cephalotorax, lateral view. Scale bars = 1.00 mm (40, 42), 0.50 mm (41, 43).
Description. Male (holotype). Total length: 4.56. Carapace dark brown, 2.18 long, 1.63 wide, 1.31 high (Figs
40–41). OC dark brown, 0.98 long. Anterior eye row 1.55 wide and posterior 1.42 wide. As in the remaining
species in the genus, the PME are unusually enlarged compared to the others. Sternum greenish-black, 1.00 long,
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368 · Zootaxa 5129 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press
0.79 wide. Labium yellowish-brown, 0.23 long, 0.30 wide. Chelicerae dark brown, with two retromarginal and
three promarginal teeth. Palp dark brown, with a curved embolus, small median apophysis (ma), tibia with a larger
proventral apophysis (PvTa), and the retrolateral apophysis together with the retroventral apophysis (RvTa) form an
extended concavity (Figs 44–48). Leg formula: 4321, all yellow with black marks. Leg macrosetae: I, III p 1 di; II
p 1 di, d 1 di; patella, I–III p 1 me; IV p 1 me, r 1 me; tibia, I v 2–2–2 , p 1 me; II v 1–2–2, p 1–0–1; III v 1–1–1, p
1–0–1, r 1–0–1, d 1 pr; IV v 1–2–2, p 1–0–1, r 1–0–1, d 1 pr; metatarsus, I v 2–1–2; II v 2–1–1, p 1–0–1; III v 2–0–2,
p 1–0–1, r 1–0–1; IV v 2–0–2, p 1–1–0–1, r 1–1–0–1. Abdomen greenish-brown with a disperse pattern of yellow
points, four dimpled spots in the medial area and posteromedial chevron marks (Fig. 40).
FIGURES 44–50. T. colombiaenpaz sp. nov., male holotype (ICN-Ar 8263), 44 male palp, prolateral view; 45–46 same, ventral
view; 47–48 same, retrolateral view; female paratype (ICN-Ar 8264), 49 epigynum, ventral view; 50 same, cleared, dorsal
view. Abbreviations: cd=copulatory duct, co=copulatory opening, e=embolus, ma=median apophysis, PvTa=proventral tibial
apophysis, RTA=retrolateral tibial apophysis, RvTa=retroventral tibial apophysis, sd=sperm duct, sp=spermatheca. Scale bars
= 0.20 mm (44–48), 0.10 mm (49–50).
Female. (paratype, ICN-Ar 8277). Total length 4.95. Carapace dark brown, 2.09 long, 1.64 wide, 1.27 high
(Figs 42–43). OC dark brown, 1.01 long. Anterior eye row 1.55 wide and posterior 1.43 wide. Sternum greenish-
black, 0.97 long, 0.71 wide. Labium yellowish-brown, 0.31 long, 0.36 wide. Chelicerae dark brown, with two
retromarginal and three promarginal teeth. Leg formula: 4321, all brown with dark brown spots. Leg macrosetae:
femur, I, III p 1 di; II p 1 di, d 1 di; patella, I–II p 1 me; III–IV p 1 me, r 1 me; tibia, I v 2–2–2, p 1 me; II v 1–1–2,
p 1–0–1; III v 1–1–1, p 1–0–1, r 1–0–1; IV v 1–2–1, p 1–0–1, r 1–0–1, d 1 pr; metatarsus, I v 2–1–2; II v 2–0–2, p
1–0–1; III v 1–0–1, p 1–0–2, r 1–0–1, d 1 pr; IV v 2–0–1, p 1–1–0–2, r 1–1–0–2. Abdomen greenish-brown with
a dispersed pattern of yellow points and four dimpled spots in the medial area (Fig. 42). Epigynum (Figs 49–50)
NEW LAPSIINI SPIDERS FROM COLOMBIA Zootaxa 5129 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press · 369
with a big and posteriorly oval copulatory opening (co), short-wide copulatory ducts, with a ventral and posterior
insertion of the copulatory ducts (cd) in the bigger and rounded spermathecae (sp).
Variation. (n=2 males) Total length 4.56–5.09. Carapace length 2.18–2.57.
Distribution and Comments. Known only from its type locality in the Colombian Andes (Fig. 57). All the
material examined was collected in a well-conserved Andean moist forest, by beating in the day moss-covered
trunks and the mosses placed in rock-walls.
FIGURES 51–52. G. sacha Maddison, male (ICN-Ar 1101), 51 habitus; female (ICN-Ar 8265); 52 habitus. Scale bars = 1.00
mm (51–52).
Galianora Maddison, 2006
Galianora Maddison, 2006: 21; type species G. sacha Maddison, 2006.
Galianora sacha Maddison, 2006
Figs 51–56, 57
Galianora sacha Maddison, 2006: 23, figs 9–16 (female holotype from Estación Biológica Jatun Sacha, Napo, Ecuador,
deposited in UBC-SEM, not examined; two females and one male paratypes, in UBC-SEM, not examined); WSC, 2022.
Note. For diagnosis and further taxonomic information, see Maddison (2006: 23).
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370 · Zootaxa 5129 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press
Material examined. COLOMBIA, Putumayo: [Orito], Territorio Kofán, 1000 m, [0.761479°N, 77.073810°W],
1♂ 1♀, 18–20.IX.1998, V. Rodríguez (ICN-Ar 1101, 8265).
Distribution and Comments. Ecuador (Napo) (Maddison 2006). New record from Colombia (Putumayo) (Fig.
57). The specimens were collected in a highly-conserved Andean-Amazonian ecosystem. Known altitudinal range:
400–1000 m.
FIGURES 53–56. G. sacha Maddison, male (ICN-Ar 1101), 53 male palp, retrolateral view; 54 same, ventral view; female
(ICN-Ar 8265), 55 epigynum, cleared, ventral view; 56 same, ventral view. Abbreviations: cd=copulatory duct, co=copulatory
openings, e=embolusm ma=median apophysis, sp=spermatheca. Scale bars = 0.2 mm (53–56).
NEW LAPSIINI SPIDERS FROM COLOMBIA Zootaxa 5129 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press · 371
FIGURE 57. Distribution of jumping spiders of the tribe Lapsiini Maddison (Salticidae: Spartaeinae) in South America. The
figures with a dot inside represent the type species of each genus.
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372 · Zootaxa 5129 (3) © 2022 Magnolia Press
Comments on distribution and ecology
The currently known species of lapsiines are distributed in the Neotropics between latitudes 17°N and 12°S
corresponding with the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), with the highest species number
concentrated in the northern Andes of South America (Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador) between 80 m and 3000
m. The genus Lapsias is mainly distributed in high elevations of the Andes and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
mountain systems, with the exception of L. canandea and L. estebanensis that are described from lower Andean
slopes; Thrandina is recorded from high elevations in the Andes between 1000 m and 2300 m; Galianora from
Andean foothills, between 400 m and 1000 m; Soesiladeepakius from lowland forests in the Amazonian region,
between 80 m and 380 m; and Lapsamita from the Atlantic forest region, in altitudes near to 480 m (Maddison,
2006; 2012; Ruiz & Maddison, 2012; Ruiz, 2013).
Little is known about the habitat preference of the species and genera of the tribe. Most of the species have
been collected inside well-conserved moist forests. Lapsias seems to inhabit moss-covered trunks and leaf litter.
The currently known Thrandina species appear to prefer moss-covered structures. Soesiladeepakius apparently are
ground dwellers. Species of Galianora are recorded from two localities that have the highest annual precipitations
(3000–4000 mm) within the localities where the tribe are currently known. Additionally, most species have been
described from few specimens. This could mean that these species have low abundance, or that the accurate
microhabitat of each species has not been well explored.
Based on the many newly described species of jumping spiders from the Andean region (Galvis, 2017; Maddison,
2012; 2006; 2016; Ruiz & Maddison, 2015), we assume that the diversity of salticids could be significantly
increased through further studies in the Andes, especially in high altitudes. The above is a strong argument for the
establishment of the Andean mountain region as a priority area for biodiversity studies and to promote the research
of unexplored areas in the Andes that now are available due to the Colombian peace process (Wilson & Rhemtulla,
2018; Baptiste et al. 2017).
Acknowledgments
To Eduardo Flórez D., Andrew Crawford, J. C. Neita, and Emilio Realpe and for their support and guidance in
the study of spiders. To Pablo Stevenson and the Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología
(LEBTYP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, for their teachings in the field. To Miguel
Gutiérrez for having allow us to examinate the its own jumping spider material where one species was described.
To Dr. Wayne Maddison and the Salticidae editor Dr. Gustavo Ruiz for their help in improving the text. Finally,
to the Laboratorio de Equipos Ópticos Compartidos (LEOC), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, for help in photographing the material here presented.
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