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Hydrological Environment and Prospects of a Semi-Arid Region: A Case Study of Gwalior, India
Abstract
With rapidly growing water demand, arid and semi-arid regions face severe water shortages. The study district, Gwalior, is considered to be one of the vulnerable semi-arid districts in India. Due to the expansion of the city towards its surroundings within the plinth area of the city, low and declining vegetation cover and less precipitation, the district has faced extreme water scarcity in recent decades. Under extreme conditions, villagers in the Gwalior district are forced to temporarily move closer to the nearby river Chambal to fulfil their drinking water needs and support their livestock. This study is an investigation into the environmental conditions of Gwalior, mainly focusing on its hydrology. Methods such as the preparation of base maps from different satellite images and other conventional data sources and GIS techniques for interpretation have been used in the study. The database has been designed based on research gaps, and suggestions have been given based on the conceptual data model. Some suggestions proposed by the study are water conservation at the household level, rainwater harvesting and environmental awareness, maintenance of underground drains and construction of new drains to prevent contamination of the water used for domestic purposes.
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Purpose of the study: Paper introspects, the challenges encountered in the making of Gwalior city as Smart city. It compares the key bottlenecks of Smart City Mission as policy in urbanization landscape to the ground realities of implementation for a non -metropolitan city. The article also outlines the various way-forward which Gwalior city designed in its ambit for successful implementation of Smart city project. Methodology: Dealing with methodology, the paper has been drawn on policy documents analysis, city selection process, Indian Government promotional materials on smart city, several Indian Municipalities and a number of public-private partnerships Main Findings: It emphasizes the major challenges of debt financing, Institutional, market & business, community engagement, urban policy, land acquisition and quest for ideas, innovation in urban and IT landscape and desirable solutions. Paper emphasizes all these multiple challenges that were encountered and efforts which were made to meet the implementation of Smart and sustainable city for Gwalior citizens. Applications of this study: This study will be useful for all those agencies who are involved in transforming cities into smart cities. The study will provide a background of various challenges in regard to Indian smart city paradigm and how those can be dealt with. This study will help in the area of smart city, sustainability, urban governance, etc. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study explores how challenges can be met in Indian perspective with special reference to Gwalior.
Gwalior metropolitan city (India) comprises of three sub parts i.e. Murar, Lashkar and Gwalior itself. Owing to its central location and one of the biggest railway junctions of India, the spatial expansion and population growth of this agglomeration needs systematic and relevant study for environmentally sound and economically viable society. The paper deals with a trend of urbanization in Gwalior metropolitan city and its environs after independence based on the growth of urban population. Major characterization of the urbanization process in this city came after industrial restructuring and the undergoing transformation of the industrial society towards a full service and information society in terms of employment structure. Also, the construction of many new towns surrounding the Gwalior metropolitan city as the industrial towns, immigration and the rapid growth rate in the urban population contributed to post independent urbanization. The rapid economic development through an industrial oriented economy and the city's high urban growth rate has had a significant impact on the quality of the environment. This paper also reviews waste management, air, water and greenbelt environmental issues, transport network and discusses the major issues and actions that have been taken to address these problems.
An attempt has been made to evaluate the ionic and pathogen quality of sewage waters, used for agriculture in Gwalior. Some important ionic constituents including variables like per cent sodium and SAR were calculated. Various pathogens in municipal sewage were identified. On the basis of their transmission characteristics in environment these pathogens were categorized into five categories as proposed by Feacham (1983). The study revealed that the ionic quality of sewage waters was favourable as far as its agricultural use is concerned. The incidence of pathogen transmission by agricultural crops irrigated with sewage waters can be reduced by treating wastewater in stabilization ponds before reuse, sowing crops which bear fruits above ground level and by providing protective clothing to farm workers.
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Development and Management of Heritage Tourism in Gwalior Region
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