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Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch
Anthropogenic Pollution Journal, Vol 5 (2), 2021: 57-66
10.22034/AP.2021.1926893.1100
ISSN: 2783-1736- E-ISSN: 2588-4646
REVIEW PAPER
Impact of Climatic Changes and Global Warming on Water Availability
Mohsin Javed1, Muhammad Umer Aslam1, Shabbir Hussain*2, Manzar Zahra2, Haroon Ejaz2,
Khadeja-al-kubra1, Iqra Mushtaq1
1. Department of Chemistry, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
2. Department of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, DHA Phase VI, Lahore, Pakistan
*Corresponding author: mohsinjavedmohsin786@gmail.com; Mob # +92-3329033142
Received: 4 April 2021/ Accepted: 25 August 2021/ Published: 15 September 2021
Abstract: The present study was performed to review the past 20 years literature regarding the impact of global warming
and climatic changes on water availability, its quality/quantity/yield and consequent effects on nutrients, freshwater and biota.
Water resources are susceptible to changes in climate. The water holding capacity of the atmosphere has increased with the
rise of temperature. Global warming will cause increased sea levels due to the spreading of oceans and melting of glaciers.
The flow of affected freshwater into the oceans will cause variations in stratification, nutrient availability, salinity, and
turbidity, which will affect tourism, agriculture, and industry. The total amount of organic carbon availability varies from
winter to warming, and there are also changes in enzymes' activities. There is a vast shift in rainfall due to climate changes.
The intense precipitation, runoff, erosion, and transfer of a vast number of pollutants into the groundwater affect drinking
water quality. Many organisms such as animals and plants spread to other regions, so the biological composition of natural
ecosystem agriculture is modified. We cannot measure these complicated processes precisely, yet we roughly estimate these
processes through the extinction of species and variation in productivity. The temperature has a pronounced effect on the
distribution of various species in different geographical regions. Warming shows an impact on interspecific and intraspecific
interaction. It also has an impact growth period and yield of crops. The use of future climate models enables us to understand
the environmental issues and future climate changes thoroughly.
Keywords: Temperature; Water resources; Ecosystem; Pollution
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
1. Introduction
Water is a necessary element of life. Resources of water
are directly related to climate and are greatly sensitive to
climate change (Döll, 2009). Impact of human activities
causes the exacerbation of the effects of climate change
phenomenon, variations trend intensity and changing the
period of climate changes sequence (Sameenezhad et al.,
2014). The changes in climatic events, mostly
precipitation and evaporation handled by the atmosphere's
processes, cause changes in water resources' hydrological
properties (Nováky). A sufficient water supply is required
for all living organisms' survival; for that reason, our
planet is called a blue planet. It is well known that most of
the parts of our earth are occupied by water. About 2.5%
is fresh water present in deep groundwater and glaciers,
and only a minute amount of water is readily available
(Chen and Xu, 2005). Freshwater is required for irrigation,
recreation, drinking, industry, transportation, and fisheries
(Fataei et al., 2010; Fataei et al., 2011). Marine and
terrestrial biodiversity were reduced at a slow rate
compared to freshwater biodiversity, according to
investigations carried about 30 years ago, which impart
negative feedback in the future (Zabel, 2016).
In recent decades, climate change, dam constructions,
unsustainable industrial development and excessive
exploitation of groundwater for agriculture have been the
main cause of drying of Lake Urmia. It has been proven
that in the case of lakes drying up, this change has an
effect on the global climate (Valiallahi et al., 2019).
By keeping in view the importance of water for life, the
present review focuses the water availability and its direct
link with global warming; the effects of global climate
change on water availability in different biota. The
purpose of this review is to gather research from all over
the world in the past twenty years about the effects of
climate change and global warming on water availability.
This review will help to understand the dire need for steps
that must be taken about global warming.
Anthropogenic Pollution Journal, Vol 5 (2), 2021: 57-66
58
2. Materials and Methods
Current studies are focused on reviewing the literature
regarding the impact of global warming on water
availability. The reported studies were consulted to
discuss and evaluate water and climate, climate change
and hydrological cycle, and global warming effects on
water quality/quantity/yield, nutrients, freshwater, and
biota. The studies also demonstrate the effects of water
availability on an ecosystem and climatic changes on
water availability.
The impacts of climate change and socio-
economic driving factors (derived from the IPCC's A2 and
B2 scenarios) on potential global water stress are studied
using a global water model (Alcamo et al., 2007). Bates et
al., in their book, have linked data from different works
published about climate change with water availability
and water stress (Bates et al., 2008). Along with digitized
river networks, numerical studies integrating climate
model outputs, water budgets, and socioeconomic data are
being conducted (Vörösmarty et al., 2000). Richardson
and their fellows collected lake thermal profile data from
various sources, including provincial and state agencies
throughout the temperate deciduous forest region of
northeastern North America (Richardson et al., 2017).
3. Results and Discussions
Water and Climate
Water is found on earth in many different forms, such as
groundwater, lakes, rivers, and soil moisture (Walther et
al., 2002). Water availability is essential for economic
activity, human health, geophysical processes, and the
ecosystem's working. Climate change causes the most
significant changes invaluable and excess water
availability and has threatening effects (Shiklomanov,
1990). The essential climatic parameter is retaining the
time period of water in the ocean and atmosphere (Milly
et al., 2005). Hydrological retaining time period
undergoes dramatic short-term water level changes
mainly in the freshwater system (high surface to volume
ratio) (Alcamo et al., 2007). The water holding capacity
of the atmosphere is increased with the rise of
temperature; approximately 4 % of water is increased with
the rise in 10oF temperature (Bates et al., 2008). Various
physiographic situations occur in the coniferous forest and
elevated rangeland (Arnell, 2004). Affected fresh water is
poured into oceans causing variations in different
parameters such as stratification, nutrient availability,
salinity, and turbidity (Vörösmarty et al., 2000). Hypoxia
frequency rises when the Mississippi river discharge
increases. When the inflow of water is reduced in little
lakes, the dissolved organic carbon concentration is
reduced. Water becomes transparent, resulting in more
solar radiation absorption and an increase in thermoclines.
More transparent lakes have higher near-surface warming
and more significant increases in thermal stratification
strength than the less transparent lakes. Figure 1
represents the lake thermal profile data from different
sources (e.g., research stations, state and provincial
agencies) throughout the temperate deciduous forest
region of northeastern North America, from Maine to
Pennsylvania, USA, and southern Ontario, CA
(Richardson et al., 2017).
Figure 1: Location of study lakes for the northeastern North America (NENA) study. 1975 and 1985 cohort of lakes are
represented as dark blue (n = 85) and light blue (n = 226) circles, respectively (Richardson et al., 2017)
Anthropogenic Pollution Journal, Vol 5 (2), 2021: 57-66
59
The drinking water rate becomes high due to the diseases
caused by pathogens in the environment (Lake, 2003).
There are very few control and management systems to
ensure the availability of drinking water. Global warming
enhances changes in both regime seasonal runoff and
variability inter-annual runoff; these are essential for
water availability as variability occurs in average annual
runoff (Vörösmarty et al., 2000).
Lakes are critically essential sentinels of climate
change. However, the lake features, through the regions,
e.g., trophic status, geography, geomorphology, mixing
regime and transparency, etc., help in moderating the
magnitude of the signal through climate change.
Temperatures at the lake water surface are continuously
being increased worldwide, highlighting the concerns
about the lake ecosystem's future integrity. Homogeneous
warming of lake waters is most significant in polymictic
lakes, where frequent mixing distributes heat throughout
water bodies (Richardson et al., 2017). There must be the
use of various models in order to study and predict the
concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The
use of various future climate models enables us to provide
a complete understanding of these issues and future
climate changes (Huntington, 2006).
Availability of water is essential for economic
activity, human health, geophysical processes, and an
ecosystem's working. Air is saturated with water vapor
pressure, which depends on temperature and perturbations
of the global water cycle due to an increase in global
warming (Carpenter et al., 1992). Regional variables that
are changed by global warming cause complications in
hydrological cycles (Bates et al., 2008).
Climate change; the changes in the earth climate
over long periods of time; mainly occur when the
atmosphere's temperature is changed. Water resources and
crop production suffer a lot due to climate changes, and it
is a burning issue in the 21st century (Ficke et al., 2007).
There is a significant relationship between agriculture,
water, energy, and climate changes. It can never be denied
that climate change has the worst effects on water
availability. About 50% of freshwater is received from
snowmelt and mountain runoff. Climate change causes
threatening changes invaluable and excess water
availability and quality (Xenopoulos et al., 2005).
Drinking water quality and quantity are declined because
of the municipal sewer system; glacier mountains are
threatened, and it causes an increase in sea level. Climate
warming enhances the melting of ice, converting
freshwater into seawater; it has little effect on water
supply (Araújo and Luoto, 2007). According to the United
Nations Environment Programme, it should be
highlighted that increase in population causes more
requirements for agriculture.
As a result, a large amount of water is needed for
irrigation which in turn increases pollution. Generally, it
is estimated that greenhouse gases' rise badly affects the
hydrological cycle (T. P. Barnett et al., 2005). The
hydrological cycle is also known as the water cycle that
tells us about water flow the earth surface. About 97% of
water is stored on our planet, and 0.001% in the
atmosphere and the rest of the water is stored in ice caps,
snow, and underground surfaces. In the hydrological
cycle, water is exchanged between continents and the
ocean. Because of that, it is termed the global hydrological
cycle (Chahine, 1992). Due to the evaporation of oceans,
the precipitation level is increased, contributing to the rise
in the precipitation over land ratio. As a result, the large
amount of water is transferred back as runoff (Oki and
Kanae, 2006). Global warming, the elevated temperature
of the earth because of increased greenhouse gases in the
troposphere, significantly impacts water availability.
Human activities release a large amount of CO2 into the
atmosphere. As a result, the temperature is increased from
2.6 oC to 4.8 oC (Zhu et al., 2017). The modification in the
freshwater ecosystem is related to spatial and temporal
scale because this effect is measured. It is known that
global warming, which is one of the prime causes of
climate change and very harmful for the freshwater
organization. It is estimated that the worst adverse effects
of global warming will arise in future for example heat
stock through which longer drought or flooding will
occur. Hydrological retaining time period may undergo
dramatic short term changes in water level mostly in fresh
water system (high surface to volume ratio) (Schindler,
2001). Due to the increase of solar radiation and
decrease of water level, the temperature is increased. As a
result, aquatic life as fishes, phytoplanktons, corals, reefs,
and other biota are badly affected by these changes, and
tolerance factor becomes low, leading to the change of
complete organization freshwater (Winder and Schindler,
2004). Due to the water system's increased temperature,
cyanobacteria's unwanted growth will occur, so irrigation
and drinking water become toxic, so there must be a
planned system for the utilization of water (Wagner et al.,
2016).
Climate change and hydrological cycle
Climate is the earth's variation over a long time,
mostly when the variation in temperature of the
atmosphere has occurred. Anything that causes changes in
the incoming and outgoing solar radiation and energy
distribution in the atmosphere, land, and oceans will
change the climate (Houghton et al., 1992). Increased
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will affect the
parameters that contribute to cool and warm biz on the
earth's surface. The amounts of each greenhouse gas will
cause the climate's direct warming and consequent
adverse effects on temperature, density, wind, particle
count, and precipitation (Change, 2014).
The hydrological cycle is the water cycle that
tells us about the flow of water throughout the earth's
surface. The hydrological cycle starts with water
evaporation from the ocean surface; when the moist air
rises, vapors condense to form clouds (Chahine, 1992).
When water comes on the ground, two types of
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mechanisms occur; one is that a small amount of water is
transferred back to the air, and other water is absorbed by
the earth's surface and acts as groundwater. To attain
equilibrium, the water moves towards lakes and rivers and
again moves back to oceans, and the process is repeated
several times. When the hydrological cycle performs its
work efficiently, the best out is snowfall (Lettenmaier et
al., 1999). Conversion of energy in the water cycle leads
to a change in temperature. Water absorbs energy from the
surrounding during evaporation, and a cooling effect is
observed. When water condenses, it gives off much
energy. As a result, warming occurs, directly affecting the
climate (Ramanathan et al., 2001).
Climate change is the long-term seasonal
variation due to an increase in greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere. Water flows throughout the planets in
different paths; it is a complex mechanism called the water
cycle (Vörösmarty et al., 2000). Climate change has many
observed effects on the hydrological cycle; these effects
include varying the amount, timing, quality, and
allocation of accessible water. Water availability affects
various activities of the organism (Bala et al., 2008). The
water cycle activity is changed as the climate cycle
changes, such as climate become warmer when a large
amount of water is evaporated from the reservoir. The
water holding capacity of the atmosphere is increased
when the temperature is raised; approximately 4% of
water is increased with the rise in 1oF temperature.
Worldwide observation shows that global warming's
adverse effect is increased sea level based on two
conditions one is spreading of oceans due to warming;
secondly, the water level rises by melting glaciers. An
alarming situation for an ecosystem's infrastructure is that
salt water is added to freshwater used for an aquifer. To
overcome the salinity, we have to use some specified
energy techniques (Held and Soden, 2006). Conferring to
Intergovernmental Panel on changes in Climate, the rise
in the level of greenhouse gases; significantly carbon
dioxide increases the temperature of the atmosphere,
which produces warming due to this outgoing level of
infrared radiation is increased; it also results in the rise of
temperature of earth and change in hydrological activity
(Trenberth, 1999).
Impact of global warming on water quantity
Due to the dramatic increase in human activities
hydrological cycle and climate are badly affected; the
availability of resources in the geographical region is
reduced, especially in the Mediterranean parts. As a result,
severe water availability changes are observed because of
the reduction in precipitation and heavy rain patterns. The
lack of equilibrium between the water availability and its
usage causes drought and may affect water resources'
stability (Scanlon et al., 2007). Their outcomes are many
folds and directly affect the economic session, including
tourism, agriculture, and industry. Due to hydrological
imbalance in the chemical composition of water-
accessible systems, there is a scarcity effect on river
basin(Piao et al., 2010). Water that moves closer to the
surface has a greater quantity of nutrients and pollutants;
this amount is exceeded because of anthropogenic activity
and simply by low diluted water. This is mainly related to
several arid and partial arid river organizations (Navarro-
Ortega et al., 2012). Figure 2 shows changes in annual
surface soil moisture per year over the period 1988 to 2010
based on multisatellite datasets. Surface soil moisture
exhibits wetting trends in the Northeast, Florida, upper
Midwest, and Northwest, and drying trends almost
everywhere else.
Figure 2: Annual surface soil moisture trends from 1988-2010 (El Sharif et al., 2015)
Effects of global change on water yield
In the next few years, it is indicated that there
will be a temperature rise, but precipitation will change
from one region to the other. On crop productivity,
different climate change effects are related to the water
yield and water soil balance (Jha et al., 2006). Various
Anthropogenic Pollution Journal, Vol 5 (2), 2021: 57-66
61
physiographic situations are presented in the coniferous
forests and high rangeland. Time series input data and
global change scenarios are statistically measured by soil
water assessment tools (Middelkoop et al., 2001). The
most influential water yield parameter is precipitation and
temperature or water flow timing (Adam et al., 2009).
Water yield is also slightly affected by carbon dioxide,
humidity, and radiation (Stonefelt et al., 2000).
Impact of global warming on water quality
There is a reduction in the tolerance capacity of
freshwater as the flow of water is diminished. The water
input is essential to evaluate the amount and history of
pollutants in rivers and lakes (Schindler, 1997). The recent
climatic warming has resulted in marked regime shifts in
the biological communities of many Arctic lakes and
ponds, and high-latitude regions are particularly sensitive
to these threatening effects. Important drivers of these
limnological changes include the changes in the deltas,
and extent and frequency of spring floods in rivers and
lakes, and the duration and amount of ice and snow cover.
Other alterations include the disturbances in evaporation
and precipitation ratios, significant changes in the quantity
and quality of river and lake water because of increased
inflows of glacier melting from permafrost, and decreased
percentage of precipitation as snow. UV radiations prove
damaging as they deplete stratospheric ozone over the
north and reduce many Arctic lakes' turbidity.
Likewise, transport of pollutants occurs at a long
range, and biomagnification in food chains leads to
prominent concentrations of many persistent pollutants,
either organic (e.g., insecticides) or metallic (e.g.,
mercury) in nature. Rapid industrialization, increased
human population, metallurgical activities (mining of
diamonds, metals, etc.), constructions of roads, seaports,
and hydroelectric dams stress the northern aquatic
ecosystems. Cumulative effects from these stresses are
more severe than the changing climate only (Schindler
and Smol, 2006). When the water movement is decreased
in little lakes due to anthropogenic activities, then the
absorption of solar radiation increases, which results in
rising thermoclines. Precipitation of chemicals and
pathogenic activity rises because of more excellent
retention time and solar radiation. When thermoclines,
warmer water, and ice-free periods rise, heat capacity will
be increased (Schindler, 2001).
Effects on the quality of drinking water
As the population dramatically rises, the water
flow becomes reduced, which minimizes the quality of
drinking water. When urbanization changes, then it
changes the quality of water (Wood et al., 2004). The
inflow of industrial effluents to oceans is increased on a
large scale, where they impart worse effects on the
drinking water. Large quantities of fertilizers are used in
the agricultural field for the treatment of erosion and
wetlands. In the past, virulence pathogens (e.g.,
Escherichia) were a significant issue in all the fields,
including meals and water (Delpla et al., 2009). Elevated
pathogens level has led to several species' death because
it has more significant potential to cause disease. Many
people think that that this problem is dealt with by using
chlorination technique more for the availability of better
drinking water, but that is not true; the side product that is
produced with the protein have various drastic health
effects such as mental disturbances, cancer of the bladder
(Cantor, 1997)and developed stress (Delpla et al., 2009;
LeChevallier et al., 1981). Gastrointestinal diseases are
produced on a global level by Cryptosporidium parvum
(Maass et al., 1962). The rate of drinking water becomes
high due to these diseases caused pathogens in the
environment diseases. There are the least control and
management systems for the availability of drinking water
(Schindler, 2001).
Effect on nutrient Cycle
With the increase of global warming, the soil
composition is also changed due to the rise of mean
average temperature. The total amount of organic carbon
availability varies from winter through summers, although
drought changes soil activity leads to the change in
activities of the enzyme. The process of nitrification well
handles a temperature rise. Warming drastically affects
the variability of water availability (Qin et al., 2010).
There are seasonal changes in the quality of water which
in turn affect the nutrient cycle. A maximum
mineralization quantity is achieved by elevated
temperature and the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and
organic matter. Due to the intense precipitation runoff,
erosion, and many pollutants transfer into the
groundwater, and drinking water availability becomes
affected (Delpla et al., 2009).
Impact of global warming on groundwater
The distributions of groundwaters are
dramatically changed by global warming. In dry
conditions, the groundwater sources become reduced
(Eckhardt and Ulbrich, 2003). Mainly reduction in the
alkalinity is observed, which leads to a rise in acidic levels
through precipitation in lakes. Its effects are dramatically
increased in contrast downstream lake; it increases the
sources of chemicals because drought enables
groundwater to remain in contact with sediments. The
direction and magnitude of water chemistry are evaluated
by path flow chemistry substrate, and critical model
processes are used (Taylor et al., 2013). However,
groundwater comprises a smaller percentage of total earth
water, and it is the primary source of water for over 1.5
billion people worldwide. The extinction of groundwater
may be an alarming threat to agriculture irrigation,
enhancing the buildup the salt in soil (Green et al., 2011).
Figure 3 shows the impact of climate change on renewable
groundwater resources by the 2050s, for a low emissions
scenario. The map also shows the human vulnerability
index, which is only defined for areas where the
Anthropogenic Pollution Journal, Vol 5 (2), 2021: 57-66
62
groundwater recharge is projected to decrease by at least
10% relative to 1961-1990.
Figure 3: Impact of climate change on groundwater resources by the 2050s (Change, 2014)
Impact of global warming on freshwater
There are many effects of climate change, but
fluctuation in the freshwater ecosystem's composition is
more pronounced (Woodward et al., 2010). Some effects
are that river, and lakes' level surface temperature reaches
an elevated point at a higher altitude. At a sizeable intense
lake, the hypolimnetic temperature will rise, ice cover on
the lake will decrease. Glaciers melt and cause change
regime discharge and downfall of pollutants and solute
concentration into the water surface (Ficke et al., 2007).
Trends will be preceded similarly, and it is predictable
that; there is variability in regime flow of rivers
concerning changes in intensity, quantity, seasonality, and
allocation of precipitation, it caused an increase in the
flow of sediments, pollutants and nutrients downfall to the
coastal region, variation in evaporation, dynamic flooding
and rainfall; it leads to the changes in composition,
functions, structure, distribution and water retention time
in wetlands (Schindler, 1997). Little lakes in a high global
warming period may be diminished, but streams'
movement becomes interlinked with lakes and even
saline. Climate change has a profound outcome of
restoring rivers, wetlands, streams, and lakes regarding its
effects on nutrient cycle, temperature, and hydrology
(Collins et al., 2010).
Impact of global warming on biota
Humans are directly related to the biosphere for
the sake of survival. The impact of climate change has a
significant influence on the ecosystem. Many organisms
such as animals and plants migrated to other regions to
attain a favorable environment because of global
warming. As a result, natural ecosystem agriculture's
biological composition is modified, and range variation
and effect on pathogenic organisms (Araújo and Luoto,
2007). We cannot correctly measure these complicated
processes, but we roughly estimated these processes by
the extinction of species and variation in productivity.
However, these changes will be secured if rapid measures
are adopted. Another biota affected by climate change is a
hardly worse condition due to a reduction in habitats
(Minville et al., 2010). The temperature has a known
effect on the allocation of various species in the different
geographical regions and the rates of growth and nutrient
competition (Kareiva et al., 1993). Warmer water causes
the toxicity of organisms and rises in the out brakes of
algal bloom. The above discussion on the global warming
scenario is not well investigated, but warming modifies
the aquatic organization and its impacts on interspecific
and intraspecific interaction (Pearson and Dawson, 2003).
Climate change and water availability
Global warming plays a vital role in modifying
the hydrological cycle in various parts of the world
through weather shift in water movement without any
consumption of water holding capacity; these
modifications will cause water shortages (T. P. Barnett et
al., 2005). So it is observed that that reduction of runoff
and the resources of water availability is predictable
mainly in the parts that at current climate have little
resources and most of the time affected from shortage
problem; there organization of precipitation in recent time
in many parts of the biosphere causes the decrease of
water flow near to the land in warm conditions and
increases during cold conditions and perhaps to rise of
severe peak discharge in most of the regions of the
biosphere the soil moisture will be minimized in warm
conditions which would cause to greater frequency of
droughts (Urama and Ozor, 2010).
High temperature and increase of variability of
rainfall would lead to raising irrigation demand for water
availability. The effect of climate change on the ideal
growth period and the maximum yield of water is utilized.
Global warming enhances changes in both regime
seasonal runoff and variability inter-annual runoff. These
are essential for water availability as variability occurs in
average annual runoff (Christensen et al., 2004). Global
change emphasizes the water management committee's
Anthropogenic Pollution Journal, Vol 5 (2), 2021: 57-66
63
critical challenge by taking the initiative in future
hydrological properties. Water managers should need to
adopt a scenario-based technique that can be easily
practiced in all biosphere regions (Arnell, 1999). There is
a need to focus on a change assessment and evaluation
initiative concerning the policy framework for the
effective development of global hydrologic cycle
adaptation. This study emphasizes global climate action
on river basins to integrate the global researcher's idea to
demonstrate a peculiar adaptation technique(Change,
2014). Humans are an interactive part of the biota
ecosystem; they respond to change in the fresh water
reservoir, causing dramatic change. The positive feedback
of climate change on water availability is only attained
when human-induced greenhouse gases concentration
should be declined (Grafton et al., 2013). Figure 4
compares the expected percent change in water demand in
the US from 2005 to 2060 with and without climate
change. ‘With climate change’ indicates a scenario where
current greenhouse gas emission trends continue and
‘without climate change’ indicates a scenario where
greenhouse gas emissions are reduced.
Figure 4: Projected water demand from 2005 to 2060 (Pryor et al., 2014)
Water availability and its effects on an ecosystem
Changes in the rate of evaporation affect the
availability of water. Elevated temperature accompanied
by appreciable variation in precipitation results in a more
significant requirement of irrigation water. The
precipitation rate would be the same in the whole season,
and then there is a greater concentration of atmospheric
carbon dioxide (Change, 2001). At the global level, no
such tool was utilized that quantify the change of climate
concerning water irrigation; the influence of climate
change on optimum period of growth and yield of
irrigation water has only been assumed (Stakhiv, 1998).
Among all the ecosystems of the world, the
freshwater ecosystem occupies larger distribution of
organisms. It is an alarming situation for the entire
organisms to be extinct due to change in the climate. The
cold or snow-dominated river basin and freshwater
ecosystem are affected due to fluctuations occurring in
water flow (J. Barnett and Adger, 2007). Affected
freshwater moves into oceans; it will cause variation in
different parameters such as stratification, nutrient
availability, salinity, and turbidity. Hypoxia frequency
rises when the Mississippi river discharge increases. River
discharge reduces due to reforestation and climate change,
but there is a vast rainfall shift due to climate changes
(Morton, 2007). Freshwaters in different regions
demonstrate many differences and similarities in their
responses to climatic warming. Comparison is based on
reports from regional committees and long‐term records
for several sites where climate warming has been
observed during the past two decades.
Additionally, other human adaptations to
freshwaters also simulate some of the expected results of
climatic warming. Palaeoecological studies of freshwaters
may also be considered under climatic warming, and
differences in communities were also of interest under
different climatic regimes. Physical, chemical, and
biological variations in lakes occur majorly. It is essential
to consider land-water interactions and a link between
climatic warming and human stresses to predict climate
change lakes' effects (Schindler, 1997).
Future Aspects
Greenhouse gases concentration in the
atmosphere will rise continuously from the billions of
tones by anthropogenic emission (Leavesley, 1994).
These concentrations are increased due to rise in earth
surface temperature, influence the amount of
precipitation, snow cover reduction (permafrost),
increased sea level increase in acidity of oceans, alteration
in ecosystem properties, and alarming threats to human
health (Bellard et al., 2012). There should be
environmental, water, and reserve promotion to confirm
the receiving quality, quantity, and timing to strengthen
their ecological working and their services to society
(Waggoner, 1990). In order to study and predict the
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64
greenhouse gasses concentration in the atmosphere, we
must use models. The use of various future climate models
enables us to provide a complete understanding of these
issues and future climate changes (Jackson et al., 2001).
Conclusions
Regional variables that are changed by global
warming cause complications in hydrological cycles.
Global warming is one of the major causes of climate
change and very harmful for freshwater organizations. It
is estimated that the worst adverse effects of global
warming will arise in the future, for example, heat stock
through which longer drought or flooding may occur. The
activity of the water cycle is changed as the climate cycle
changes. Global warming's adverse effect is the elevation
in sea level due to the spreading of oceans and melting
glaciers by warming. The quality and quantity of fresh
water in different regions demonstrate many differences
and similarities in their climatic warming responses.
Many of the fluctuations in lakes and streams are due to
climatic warming on terrestrial water bodies. The
distributions of groundwaters are dramatically changed by
global warming. The more pronounced effect of climate
change is the fluctuation in the composition of the
freshwater ecosystem. Humans are directly related to the
biosphere for their survival. The impact of climate change
has a great influence on the ecosystem. Many organisms
such as animals and plants migrated to other regions to
attain a favorable environment because of global
warming. As a result, the biological composition of
natural ecosystem agriculture is modified. The
temperature has a known effect on the allocation of
various species in the different geographical regions and
the rates of growth and nutrient competition. Warmer
water causes the toxicity of organisms and rises in the out
brakes of algal bloom. Climate change also affects the
ideal growth period and maximum yield. Water managers
should need to adopt a scenario-based technique that can
be easily practiced in all biosphere regions. The use of
various future climate models enables us to understand
these issues and future climate changes.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of
interest.
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