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The Myth of the Blind
Watchmaker
The truth of SARS-CoV-2’s intelligent design was suppressed – at great
cost.
Charles H. Rixey 2/16/25 DRASTIC
Charles H. Rixey The Myth of the Blind Watchmaker
1 | P a g e
“If a ray of light falls into a pigsty, it is the ray that shows us the muck,
and it is the ray that is offensive.”
Ayn Rand, The Fountainhead, 1943
Preface
We don’t need to know the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to know the origin of the COVID-
19 pandemic.
The ‘Watchmaker’ argument in this document summarizes the evidence and implications of Dr.
Anthony Fauci's scientific censorship, narrative control and obstruction of justice upon the initial
expansion and ultimate scale of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the collateral damage which was
knowingly inflicted upon the American citizens he swore an oath to protect. Ultimately, it provides
evidentiary support for why Pradhan et al was so viciously attacked, what it was that Dr. Fauci and
Jeremy Farrar et al sought to hide [the Furin cleavage site and significant SARS-CoV-2 – HIV genomic
homology] and how enforcing those decisions led to tragic consequences for humanity.
This work remains, unequivocally, the most important thing I’ve ever written. It attempts to
synthesize the efforts of DRASTIC and numerous other independent researchers with whom I’ve
collaborated directly, as well as the outstanding research of those scientists who’ve fought against the
censorship and false narratives that obscured their findings:
Johanna Deinert, MD Fernando Castro-Chavez, PhD
Kevin McCairn, PhD Angus Dalgleish, PhD
Rossana Segreto, PhD Birger Sorenson, PhD
Ah Khan Syed [ps], MD, PhD Luc Montagnier, PhD
Jack Ward [ps], PhD Jean-Claude Perez, PhD
Dayou Zhang, PhD Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., JD
Jessica Rose, PhD Garth Nicolson, PhD
Igor Chudov Meryl Nass, MD
Richard Fleming, MD, JD, PhD Lynn Fynn, MD
Walter Chesnut Pradhan et al
Steven Quay, MD, PhD
In addition, all of us are indebted to the whistleblowers who risked much to stand up and bring us
the truth – Major Joseph Murphy, Andrew Huff, Brook Jackson, Theresa Long & Li-Meng Yan.
My findings and conclusions on Dr. Fauci’s scientific censorship, the similarities between the
SARS-CoV-2 genome & epitopes from prior vaccine designs, and how these threads interconnect are
based on several thousand hours of individual research. Most of the other findings related to the HIV
inserts in general, gp120, the furin cleavage site [FCS] and other aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 genome are
the product of those listed above.
The implications are profound, and profoundly disturbing; the scale of the response to the 1st &
2nd drafts and livestreams [#2] have clearly shown me that my intuition about their importance was
correct. I’ve published them here, now, because the evidence has become so overwhelming that I can’t, in
good conscience, withhold these conclusions from the public.
Major conclusions of the 'Watchmaker' hypothesis:
Charles H. Rixey The Myth of the Blind Watchmaker
2 | P a g e
The Apocryphal Origin of SARS-CoV-2
- Dr. Fauci & others knew, based upon the suspicious elements of the SARS-CoV-2 genome,
that the virus had almost certainly been manipulated; they knew that such manipulations
likely came from chimaeric/pseudovirus & insertion techniques very familiar to US &
Chinese viral vaccine & therapeutic/MCM programs.
- The 2/1 teleconference hosted by Fauci & Jeremy Farrar was convened specifically in
response to the publication of the Pradhan et al pre-print and the growing awareness of the
furin cleavage site [FCS].
- They immediately took steps to censor and control public & scientific discussions related to
the HIV inserts and FCS, respectively; these actions are more properly viewed as obstruction
of justice.
- Many of the scientists implicated in Fauci’s gain-of-function [GOF] research or the pandemic
origin cover-up were also involved in earlier origin-narrative efforts for HIV-1, Gulf War
Syndrome & the 2014 Ebola epidemic in West Africa, including 4 of 5 authors of “The
Proximal Origin of SARS-CoV-2.”
- Beginning on 2/3/2020, President Trump's science advisor and OSTP director, Kelvin
Droegemeier, worked with Fauci to withhold information about US GOF research ties with
the WIV from the Trump administration, as part of the stated goal of combating
“misinformation” related to the COVID-19 outbreak.
- This had major implications for both the early response to the pandemic [FCS], ongoing
treatment protocols, and the long-term impact on global public health [the HIV inserts &
‘Long COVID’ sequelae/antibody class-switching, etc].
The Early Response
- Dr. Fauci & his Vaccine Research Center [VRC, with Moderna] finished their vaccine
prototype on 1/13/2020, and knew of the FCS one week before human-to-human transmission
was confirmed by China. Thus, they knew that the virus was infectious enough to cause a
pandemic – yet took steps to suppress this information for two months – until they could
control the narrative via "Proximal Origin of SARS-CoV-2." The 2/1 teleconference
attendees authored 33 papers/articles during that same two-month period, never mentioning
the FCS. These actions intentionally enabled the largely unhindered spread of COVID-19.
- Dr. Fauci and his VRC's decision to retain the FCS within their vaccine prototype goes
against more than two decades of HIV, Flu, RSV and coronavirus vaccine research and
development practices; I went through 49 vaccine studies to confirm this trend.
- HIV-1 like elements in the SARS-COV-2 genome are very similar in form and function to
current HIV vaccine templates [Conserved epitopes, mosaic, consensus, multi-clade, etc.]
EXCEPT that the 'bad' parts were retained [the FCS, prion-like domains, DC-SIGN
receptors, etc]. Once again, these inclusions are antithetical to modern vaccine design.
- For these and other reasons, the SARS-CoV-2 virus does not appear to be a failed vaccine
prototype [Live Attenuated Vaccine/LAV, etc].
- Dr. Fauci & most global public health officials ignored aerosol transmission, even after the
disappearance of the flu & failure of lockdowns/masks. Their actions helped fuel the rise of
and impact of the Delta variant. Dr. Fauci actively worked to suppress any links between
SARS-CoVs & HIV-1, including awareness of a class of drugs Robert Garry & Bill Gallaher
had helped invent – fusion peptide inhibitors. He blocked many other proven or promising
treatments as well, like hydroxychloroquine, Vitamin D, protease inhibitors, and antibiotics.
Charles H. Rixey The Myth of the Blind Watchmaker
3 | P a g e
Meanwhile, China & others kept researching fusion inhibitors, and have found several which
work against HIV AND all major CoV’s [SARS/MERS/SARS-CoV-2] - including Omicron.
Functions Gained
- The SARS-COV-2 genome is mutating at unnatural rates in precisely the areas of the
suspicious inserts - exactly what you would see in a virus attempting to return to its natural
state [Part of Montagnier & Perez's argument, elucidated by Fleming, now born out
undeniably].
- The immune isotype IgG4 class-switching that has emerged within vaccinees who received
mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccinations is very similar to effects seen in certain previous HIV
vaccine trials; the HIV-like inserts within SARS-CoV-2 resemble parts of the gp120 protein
in HIV, which drove the unusual IgG4 responses in that earlier trial.
- Broad immune-suppression, especially amongst the vaccinated, is now fueling exponential
rises in early onset and/or fast-onset cancers & amyloid neurodegenerative diseases like
Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s & Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.
- The combined immune-dysregulation effects of furin, DC-SIGN, ENaC & the SEB-like
superantigen motif may also explain how SARS-CoV-2 can spread via aerosol transmission.
The unprecedented & consecutive overlapping of the SEB/FCS/ENaC elements exponentially
increases SARS-CoV-2’s ability to infect human lungs.
- Many of the features listed above have direct ties to historical bioweapons research, in the US
and abroad. Superantigens including SEB were stockpiled as part of the US offensive
bioweapons program until its closure by President Nixon in 1969. Furin Cleavage Sites are
even more ubiquitous, in all the wrong places/viruses
- The FCS, HIV-like inserts, immune dysregulation and chimaeric viral construction were four
key features that were described as project goals within the DEFUSE proposal that EcoHealth
Alliance submitted to DARPA in March 2018. Neither Dr. Fauci nor the US intelligence
community disclosed this proposal in testimony or in the “Biden Report” on the origin of
SARS-CoV-2; they covered up what is in fact proof of intent to produce a virus much like
the one that caused the COVID-19 pandemic.
These conclusions indicate that the potential human cost of Dr Fauci's pandemic decisions to
suppress information about the FCS and other inserts may exceed that of President Franklin Roosevelt's
decision to call for declarations of war against Japan and Germany in World War II.
Without hesitation, I will testify under oath to the veracity of the evidence in support of these
conclusions. They involve implications that are horrific regardless of which scientists, from which
country, may have been responsible for creating SARS-CoV-2; [their] actions constitute crimes against
humanity. I propose the list of questions that follows on behalf of the victims of the COVID-19 pandemic,
who cannot ask them themselves. I promise you, however, that all of them are waiting to hear the
answers.
Semper Fidelis,
Charles H. Rixey
Charles H. Rixey The Myth of the Blind Watchmaker
4 | P a g e
“We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark.
The real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of the light.”
― Plato
Contents
Graphical Summary ................................................................................................................................... 5
Original 2022 Version, with additional notes ......................................................................................... 12
APPENDIX A: Linked Topical Bibliography .......................................................................................... 22
APPENDIX B: Assessing SARS-CoV-2’s potential as a Bioweapon ...................................................... 27
APPENDIX C: Timeline of Key Censorship Events ................................................................................ 28
APPENDIX D: Timeline of Key FOIA Document Releases .................................................................... 29
APPENDIX E: Timeline of Key Discoveries ............................................................................................ 30
APPENDIX F: Timeline of Key Research Milestones on the probable path to SARS-CoV-2 ............... 31
APPENDIX G: Contents of the SARS-CoV-2 Origin Research Reference Project ............................... 32
APPENDIX H: Timeline of 49 Vaccine Construction Studies ................................................................ 33
APPENDIX I: Timeline of Suppression of the Furin Cleavage Site ...................................................... 35
APPENDIX J: Full Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 35
Charles H. Rixey The Myth of the Blind Watchmaker
5 | P a g e
Graphical Summary
- Dr. Fauci & others knew, based upon the suspicious elements of the SARS-CoV-2 genome,
that the virus had almost certainly been manipulated; they knew that such manipulations
likely came from chimaeric/pseudovirus & insertion techniques very familiar to US &
Chinese viral vaccine & therapeutic/MCM programs.
- The 2/1 teleconference hosted by Fauci & Jeremy Farrar was convened specifically in
response to the publication of the Pradhan et al pre-print and the growing awareness of the
furin cleavage site [FCS].
- They immediately took steps to censor and control public & scientific discussions related to
the HIV inserts and FCS, respectively; these actions are more properly viewed as obstruction
of justice.
Charles H. Rixey The Myth of the Blind Watchmaker
6 | P a g e
- Many of the scientists implicated in Fauci’s gain-of-function [GOF] research or the pandemic
origin cover-up were also involved in earlier origin-narrative efforts for HIV-1, Gulf War
Syndrome & the 2014 Ebola epidemic in West Africa, including 4 of 5 authors of “The
Proximal Origin of SARS-CoV-2.”
- Beginning on 2/3/2020, President Trump's science advisor and OSTP director, Kelvin
Droegemeier, worked with Fauci to withhold information about US GOF research ties with
the WIV from the Trump administration, as part of the stated goal of combating
“misinformation” related to the COVID-19 outbreak.
Charles H. Rixey The Myth of the Blind Watchmaker
7 | P a g e
- This had major implications for both the early response to the pandemic [FCS], ongoing
treatment protocols, and the long-term impact on global public health [the HIV inserts &
‘Long COVID’ sequelae/antibody class-switching, etc].
- Dr. Fauci & his Vaccine Research Center [VRC, with Moderna] finished their vaccine
prototype on 1/13/2020, and knew of the FCS one week before human-to-human transmission
was confirmed by China. Thus, they knew that the virus was infectious enough to cause a
pandemic – yet took steps to suppress this information for two months – until they could
control the narrative via "Proximal Origin of SARS-CoV-2." The 2/1 teleconference
attendees authored 33 papers/articles during that same two-month period, never mentioning
the FCS. These actions intentionally enabled the largely unhindered spread of COVID-19.
- Dr. Fauci and his VRC's decision to retain the FCS within their vaccine prototype goes
against more than two decades of HIV, Flu, RSV and coronavirus vaccine research and
development practices; I went through 49 vaccine studies to confirm this trend.
Charles H. Rixey The Myth of the Blind Watchmaker
8 | P a g e
- HIV-1 like elements in the SARS-COV-2 genome are very similar in form and function to
current HIV vaccine templates [Conserved epitopes, mosaic, consensus, multi-clade, etc.]
EXCEPT that the 'bad' parts were retained [the FCS, prion-like domains, DC-SIGN
receptors, etc]. Once again, these inclusions are antithetical to modern vaccine design.
Charles H. Rixey The Myth of the Blind Watchmaker
9 | P a g e
- For these and other reasons, the SARS-CoV-2 virus does not appear to be a failed vaccine
prototype [Live Attenuated Vaccine/LAV, etc].
- Dr. Fauci & most global public health officials ignored aerosol transmission, even after the
disappearance of the flu & failure of lockdowns/masks. Their actions helped fuel the rise of
and impact of the Delta variant. Dr. Fauci actively worked to suppress any links between
SARS-CoVs & HIV-1, including awareness of a class of drugs Robert Garry & Bill Gallaher
had helped invent – fusion peptide inhibitors. He blocked many other proven or promising
treatments as well, like hydroxychloroquine, Vitamin D, protease inhibitors, and antibiotics.
Meanwhile, China & others kept researching fusion inhibitors, and have found several which
work against HIV AND all major CoV’s [SARS/MERS/SARS-CoV-2] - including Omicron.
- The SARS-COV-2 genome is mutating at unnatural rates in precisely the areas of the
suspicious inserts - exactly what you would see in a virus attempting to return to its natural
state [Part of Montagnier & Perez's argument, elucidated by Fleming, now born out
undeniably].
This particular paper points out the unusually long variable loops in SARS-CoV-2, without mentioning the
link to the 3 Pradhan et al inserts
Charles H. Rixey The Myth of the Blind Watchmaker
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- The immune isotype IgG4 class-switching that has emerged within vaccinees who received
mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccinations is very similar to effects seen in certain previous HIV
vaccine trials; the HIV-like inserts within SARS-CoV-2 resemble parts of the gp120 protein
in HIV, which drove the unusual IgG4 responses in that earlier trial.
- Broad immune-suppression, especially amongst the vaccinated, is now fueling exponential
rises in early onset and/or fast-onset cancers & amyloid neurodegenerative diseases like
Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s & Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.
- The combined immune-dysregulation effects of furin, DC-SIGN, ENaC & the SEB-like
superantigen motif may also explain how SARS-CoV-2 can spread via aerosol transmission.
The unprecedented & consecutive overlapping of the SEB/FCS/ENaC elements exponentially
increases SARS-CoV-2’s ability to infect human lungs.
- Many of the features listed above have direct ties to historical bioweapons research, in the US
and abroad. Superantigens including SEB were stockpiled as part of the US offensive
bioweapons program until its closure by President Nixon in 1969.
Charles H. Rixey The Myth of the Blind Watchmaker
11 | P a g e
Furin Cleavage Sites are even more ubiquitous, in all the wrong places/viruses:
- The FCS, HIV-like inserts, immune dysregulation and chimaeric viral construction were four
key features that were described as project goals within the DEFUSE proposal that EcoHealth
Alliance submitted to DARPA in March 2018. Neither Dr. Fauci nor the US intelligence
community disclosed this proposal in testimony or in the “Biden Report” on the origin of
SARS-CoV-2; they covered up what is in fact proof of intent to produce a virus much like
the one that caused the COVID-19 pandemic.
Charles H. Rixey The Myth of the Blind Watchmaker
12 | P a g e
Original 2022 Version, with additional notes
1 week to slow the spread [of uncomfortable narratives]: 1/29/2020 – 2/4/2020
On January 31st, 2020, an 80-page book titled Analysis of Wuhan Coronavirus: Déjà vu was
published as a free download on Amazon’s Kindle service. This was the first English-language
publication to discuss the existence and implications of the FCS [the only prior reference was a Chinese
research paper published as a pre-print on 1/21/2020 to the ChinaXiv server]. Gallaher’s first mention of
the FCS came 2 days earlier, in a post on the Virology.org professional message board.1
Also on January 31st, a 9-page scientific article titled “Uncanny similarity of unique inserts in the
2019-nCoV spike protein to HIV-1 gp120 and Gag” was uploaded to the pre-print server bioRxiv. The
authors, a group of researchers from India, listed a set of 4 short segments they’d discovered within the
then-2019-nCoV spike protein’s genome that matched portions of HIV-1 – the virus responsible for
AIDS.
That same day, Trevor Bedford [an expert
in viral evolutionary dynamics]2 began tweeting in
response3 to the paper’s claims, and Anthony Fauci
and Jeremy Farrar called for an emergency
teleconference to be held the next day – a Saturday
– with leading scientists & public officials from four
countries. By Monday afternoon, a second
teleconference had been held,4 with GOF-implicated
scientists, Trevor Bedford, Anthony Fauci, Tom
Inglesby, Gigi Gronvall and more attending at the
request of Kelvin Droegemeier, the Presidential
Science Advisor for President Trump and the
director of the White House Office of Science &
Technology Policy; the stated purpose of the event
was to “combat misinformation”5 surrounding the
origin of the 2019-nCoV virus.
One of the speakers was David “Chris”
Hassell, senior science advisor to Robert Kadlec, Assistant Secretary for Preparedness & Response
[AS/PR] at the Department of Health & Human Services; Hassell was also the chair of the P3CO
oversight committee created in 2017 to review gain-of-function research involving Potential Pandemic
Pathogens. Together, this group reached the decision to construct a specific narrative, meant to silence
1 William R. & Andrew D. Gallaher, "Analysis of Wuhan Coronavirus: déjà vu [findings on 1/29, 1st edition on 2/1],"
Virological.org, 2/1/2020.
2 Trevor Bedford, Ph.D, from the Fred Hutchinson Institute website, 5/1/2022.
3 Trevor Bedford, “https://twitter.com/trvrb/status/1223337991168380928?s=20&t=GjdGSZ8PbXB7fTscIxLAGw,” Twitter,
1/31/2020.
4 Charles Rixey, Who Watches The Watchmen? - Fauci's "Noble Lie" Exposed,” Zero Hedge, 7/24/2021.
5 Volume 11 of Ralph Baric’s emails, “Baric-Emails-2.17.21.pdf,” US Right-To-Know Biohazard FOIA collection, pages 115-
133, 2/17/2021.
Charles H. Rixey The Myth of the Blind Watchmaker
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any inquiries that might travel down a path that implicated many of the most prominent virologists and
vaccinologists in the world.
“They made a decision, almost a P.R. decision, that they were going to push one point of
view only” and suppress rigorous debate. They argued they did it in defense of science, but it
was antithetical to science.”6
- Robert Redfield, Director of the US CDC, 2018-2021 (from Eban, 2022)
“This is a tiny tiny sequence and in no way suggests engineering”
Trevor Bedford’s tweet [pictured above] of 2/1/2020 argued that “Insert 4 (QTNSPRRA) shares
GTNS with the bat virus RaTG13, while PRRA represents unique material in #nCoV2019. This is a tiny
tiny sequence and in no way suggests engineering.” It’s hard to overstate how disingenuous his statement
was, especially since the internet archive shows that Bedford had been active on the message board
during the period between Gallaher’s first post on 1/29/2020 and Bedford’s 2/1/2020 tweet.
The existence of the Furin Cleavage Site [FCS] couldn’t be suppressed forever, because its
crucial role in increasing the infectiousness of respiratory pathogens was widely understood7 within the
international scientific community. However, the existence of the FCS was not highlighted by any of the
scientists or public health officials convened by Anthony Fauci and Jeremy Farrar on 2/1/20 until the final
publication of “The Proximal Origin of SARS-CoV-2” on 3/17/2020 – in which the potentially unnatural
origin of the FCS was roundly rejected, and its relevance for infectivity [as compared to the ACE2
receptor] was minimized.
Much of what has been done to combat the pandemic – especially here in the United States – has
been the opposite of what would’ve been recommended, if all of the information available to Dr. Fauci by
February 1st 20208 been publicly known. Collateral damage from the decision to withhold this information
can be grouped into 6 primary topics:
1 & 2-COVID’s origin & Censorship of it:
Dr. Fauci and a few other senior scientists knew instantly that the discovery of HIV spike inserts9
within the SAR-CoV-2 viral genome made it almost impossible for the virus to be natural;10 mixing
6 Katherine Eban, “Inside the Virus-Hunting Nonprofit at the Center of the Lab-Leak Controversy,” Vanity Fair, 3/31/2022.
7 Exchanges between Ralph Baric, Mark Denison, Philip Dormitzer & David Relman, et al. Session 5: Potential Benefits of GOF
Research II: Treatment and Response - YouTube,” YouTube, December 2014.
8 House E&C Committee, "House Energy & Commerce Committee letter to NIH, January 2022," US House of Representatives,
1/12/2022.
9 Prashant Pradhan et al, "Uncanny similarity of unique inserts in the 2019-nCoV spike protein to HIV-1 gp120 and Gag,"
bioRxiv, 1/30/2020.
10 Ah Kahn Syed, "Absolute proof: The Gp-120 sequences prove beyond all doubt that "COVID-19" was man-made," Substack,
4/10/2022.
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elements of HIV-1’s spike protein with CoV sequences and/or backbones11 [or vice versa] has been part
of HIV-1/CoV vaccine research12 since at least 200613 [at least 2007 for the WIV14, and at least as
recently as 201815]. They knew16 about the Furin cleavage site [FCS] – the single biggest genomic
contributor to SARS-CoV-2’s ability to become a pandemic virus17 – yet didn’t share that information18
with the rest of the world, even though medical professionals in particular needed to be warned.
3 & 4-Non-Parmaceutical Interventions [NPI] & Early Treatments:
They suppressed early treatments that were already available – including the very fusion
inhibitors implicated by the high homology [similarity]between the fusion peptides of HIV & SARS-like
coronaviruses19 – even after a pioneer in the field recommended their use so early in the outbreak.20 As a
career Marine in the field of CBRN defense, I know that early treatment & prophylaxis are vital for
WMD mitigation plans21 – why wouldn’t this be the case during a pandemic?
5 & 6-Vaccine Development & Implications of the FCS/HIV Inserts:
The QTNSPRRA that encodes for the FCS forms the bookends of the HIV gag motif – a feature
that, when combined with 3 other inserts resembling key portions of the HIV-1 gp120 motif, may be the
reason SARS-CoV-2 can infect human T-cells. Ignoring the need for early research into the antigenic
implications of the HIV inserts – and ignoring the potential risks of including the complete spike
sequence within most SARS-CoV-2 vaccine prototypes, directly contributed to many of the issues
associated [or soon to be associated] with “Long COVID.”
11 Qiuying Huang et al, "Preparation of a Chimeric Armored RNA as a Versatile Calibrator for Multiple Virus Assays," Clinical
Chemistry, 7/1/2006.
12 Vinu Arumugham, "Root cause of COVID-19? Biotechnology's dirty secret: Contamination. Bioinformatics evidence
demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 was created in a laboratory…," Zenodo, 4/25/2020.
13 Richard Fleming, Is COVID-19 a Bioweapon? A scientific & forensic investigation, 9/7/2021.
14 Zheng-Li Shi et al, "Difference in Receptor Usage between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus and
SARS-Like Coronavirus of Bat Origin," Journal of Virology, 12/12/2007.
15 Yu Jie, “The modification of vaccinia virus based on EEV egress related genes for potential application as vaccine vector,” a
dissertation submitted to the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 6/1/2018. In this dissertation, the env protein of
HIV-1 was inserted into a vaccinia virus backbone, producing a strong immune response in vitro and in vivo.
16 leopold-nih-foia-anthony-fauci-emails.pdf
17 Vineet Menachery et al, “Furin Cleavage Site Is Key to SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis,” BioRxiv, 8/26/2020.
18 Zheng-Li Shi et al, "ACE2-independent infection of T lymphocytes by SARS-CoV-2," Signal Transduction & Targeted
Therapy, 3/11/2022.
19 Yossef Kliger & Erez Levanon, "Cloaked similarity between HIV-1 and SARS-CoV suggests an anti-SARS strategy," BMC
Microbiology, 6/1/2003.
20 https://virological.org/t/analysis-of-wuhan-coronavirus-deja-vu/357/4
21 See numerous unclassified but restricted US & NATO Joint Publications on CBRN defense, mitigation, hazard prediction,
consequence management, etc [I am well-versed in the technical aspects of these publications, as a former Instructor &
Curriculum Developer at the United States Marine Corps CBRN School in Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.
Charles H. Rixey The Myth of the Blind Watchmaker
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Continuing to suppress research and discussion that questions the viability of the mRNA platform
& prototypes – given their partial epitope coverage and high recombination traits – as well as the decade
of prior failed attempts to produce a vaccine that overcame these challenges, will only exacerbate the
Long COVID challenges.
The true legacy of Anthony Fauci – the implications of censorship of
Intelligent Design
These questions are valid regardless of who created the SARS-CoV-2 virus, or for what purpose it was
created. The magnitude of their implications is such that simply refusing to answer them should itself be
considered obstruction of justice.
A) Key Questions & Considerations [sorted by topic]:
a. The origin of SARS-CoV-2
i. Why did Dr. Fauci react to the announced discovery of HIV-like inserts in the
2019-nCoV genome by immediately moving to neutralize the subject?
ii. He’d previously spent almost 4 decades being the world’s foremost advocate for
HIV-1/AIDS research – why would he not embrace the challenge of a capstone
pandemic with an HIV connection?
iii. Especially now, when we’re learning about how SARS-CoV-2 can infiltrate the
immune system22 [and so can his VRC-designed vaccines]?
iv. Why did the US intelligence community report called the Biden Report [both the
original announcement & the de-classified ‘full’ document] on the origin of the
SARS-CoV-2 virus make no mention of the CIA’s connections to EcoHealth
Alliance via the USAID, or the DEFUSE documents23 that were found stored
within a folder on JWICS, a shared, top-secret intelligence server?
v. Why did Anthony Fauci & Kelvin Droegemeier withhold highly relevant
information about gain-of-function research connections between the WIV & the
NIAID from President Trump’s administration, and potentially President Biden’s
as well?
b. Scientific censorship
i. Why did Anthony Fauci, Francis Collins & Jeremy Farrar immediately act to
curtail research24 [including pressuring the authors of Pradhan et al to withdraw
their paper] into the potential lab origin of SARS-CoV-2, despite their own
significant concerns?
ii. Why did Anthony Fauci & Kelvin Droegemeier – the Presidential Science
Advisor – withheld virtually everything from President Trump25 and his team
22 Zheng-Li Shi et al, "ACE2-independent infection of T lymphocytes by SARS-CoV-2," Signal Transduction & Targeted
Therapy, 3/11/2022.
23 23 PREEMPT Volume 1 no ESS HR00118S0017 EcoHealth Alliance DEFUSE
24 Charles Rixey, Glenn Beck & Jason Buttrill, “Crimes or Cover-Up? Exposing the World’s Most Dangerous Lie,” The Blaze
TV, 11/17/2021.
25 Charles Rixey, Glenn Beck & Jason Buttrill, “Crimes or Cover-Up? Exposing the World’s Most Dangerous Lie,” The Blaze
TV, 11/17/2021.
Charles H. Rixey The Myth of the Blind Watchmaker
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related to US-funded gain-of-function research being conducted with the Wuhan
Institute of Virology?
iii. Why was Bill Gallaher removed from any mention within Proximal Origin?26
His Déjà vu book was the only citation from the Virological.org version of
2/16/202027 that was removed from the final version, published on 3/17/20 in
Nature Communications.
1. This is despite the fact that Gallaher’s arguments regarding the origin of
the FCS and the SARS-CoV-2 virus itself were copied almost verbatim
from his book or the virological.org posts that discussed his findings.
iv. Why was Gallaher’s advice on therapeutics28 ignored/suppressed?29
v. Censorship30/Narrative31 & Top 6 journals,32
c. Non-pharmaceutical interventions [NPI’s]
i. Why did Anthony Fauci and the other attendees of the 2/1 teleconference not
warn the rest of the world of the existence33 and implications of the FCS?
ii. Why did Anthony Fauci continuously push back on President Trump’s travel ban
throughout the latter part of January, 2020, during this period of silence?
iii. Further, why has the aerosol34/airborne transmission35 of the virus been largely
ignored by the WHO36 and most public health agencies?
d. Early treatments
i. Why did Anthony Fauci, BARDA, AS/PR push Remdesivir but not other anti-
viral drugs; specifically fusion inhibitors,37 which had been invented in the US38
and showed strong potential39 in 2 decades’ worth of in silico,40 in vitro41 & in
vivo42 studies on Class 1 viruses including HIV-1/2 and CoV’s?
26 Kristian G Andersen et al, "The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2," Nature Medicine, 3/17/2020.
27 Kristian Andersen, “The Proximal Origin of SARS-CoV-2 - SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus / nCoV-2019 Evolutionary History -
Virological,” Virological.org post, 2/16/2020.
28 William R. & Andrew D. Gallaher, "Analysis of Wuhan Coronavirus: déjà vu [findings on 1/29, 1st edition on 2/1],"
Virological.org, 2/1/2020.
29 In Déjà vu, Gallaher described fusion peptide inhibitors, protease inhibitors, chloroquine to protect the endosomal pathway in
lung cells, potential immunosuppressive portions of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that should be avoided in any vaccines, etc.
30 Charles Rixey, “Gaslight of the Gods, part II: A 13% 'Consensus' of implicated scientists censored science - & then us - to
protect themselves,” Prometheus Shrugged, 3/28/2022.
31 Charles Rixey, “Gaslight of the Gods, part III: The Architects of COVID-19 #Consensuship,” Prometheus Shrugged, 4/1/2022.
32 Charles Rixey, “Ignoble Lies & Inconvenient Truths: Scientific collusion on COVID-19 comes from the top,” Prometheus
Shrugged, 8/14/2021.
33 Li Xin et al, "A furin cleavage site was discovered in the spike protein of the 2019 nCoV," Chinese Journal of Bioinformatics,
1/21/2020.
34 Robert Garry et al, “Persistence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Aerosol Suspensions,” Emerging
Infectious Diseases, 9/26/2020.
35 Evidence for lack of transmission by close contact and surface touch in a restaurant outbreak of COVID-19,” Journal of
Infection, 5/29/2021.
36 Webinar: The Science of COVID-19 Aerosol Transmission An Interview with Dr. Jose-Luis Jimenez,
https://youtu.be/bnEpEHWN1Ew,” YouTube, 4/6/2021.
37 Peptide-Based HIV Entry Inhibitors | SpringerLink
38 Bill Gallaher & Robert Garry, “SARS Press Release,” Virology.net, 5/1/2003.
39 Xinling Wang et al, "Pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitors as the hope for today and tomorrow," Protein & Cell, 1/9/2021.
40 Khadijeh Ahmadi et al, "Enfuvirtide, an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor peptide, can act as a potent SARS-CoV-2 fusion inhibitor: an
in silico drug repurposing study," Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, 1/13/2021.
41 Hongzhou Lu, “Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) (jst.go.jp),” BioScience Trends, 1/28/2020.
42 Huihui Chong et al, "A Lipopeptide HIV-1/2 Fusion Inhibitor with Highly Potent In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Antiviral
Activity," Journal of Virology, 5/12/2017.
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ii. Robert Garry recently informed us that Vitamin D is critical for our T-Cell
response,43 which is one of the bodily systems hit hardest44 during a severe
COVID-19 infection. [Why didn’t Anthony Fauci et al ever recommend/include
Vitamin D as a prophylactic/early treatment [or weight loss, exercise or healthier
diets]]?
iii. Why was Bill Gallaher’s note on the Chinese use of chloroquine45 [to block the
virus from using endosomal entry, especially in the lungs] during the Wuhan
outbreak never specifically addressed [pictured below]?
iv. Why was Remdesivir targeted for approval for the treatment of late-stage
COVID-19 infection, when its mechanism targets the virus itself – which has
already inflicted its damage by that point in the infection? Ralph Baric & Mark
Denison – who helped create and test it – reiterated this point in February 2020.46
v. Why didn’t we look at antivirals besides Remdesivir? You know, like…. fusion
peptide inhibitors, for instance?
vi. Why issue an EUA for an FDA-approved medication like Hydroxychloroquine?
What was so dangerous about Drs. prescribing anything off-label?
vii. China had a potent pan-CoV inhibitor prior to the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan
[EK1, published on 4/1/2019]; they literally pointed this out several times in Jan-
Feb 2020, before announcing an even more effective fusion inhibitor [EK1C4] on
3/30/2020.
viii. Some have suggested that SARS-CoV-2 is a Live Attenuated Vaccine [LAV]
reverting to its original form, something seen with LAV’s with Dengue Fever.
However, that makes no sense – why would China need an antidote for a
vaccine/vaccine trial?
e. Deformed Consent: Vaccine development
i. Why did the VRC drop the SARS-CoV-2 spike into their mRNA backbone
before its immunogenicity/risks were understood? Apart from the HIV inserts,
43 Jay Kolls & Robert Garry, "Role of the T cell vitamin D receptor in severe COVID-19," Nature Immunology, 12/20/2021.
44 Sonia Andre et al, "T cell apoptosis characterizes severe Covid-19 disease," Nature Cell Death & Cell Differentiation,
1/22/2022.
45 Gallaher & Gallaher, 2020.
46 Mark Denison, Ralph Baric, and Alan Embry, “NVAC l February 2020 l Day 1, Pt 3: Coronavirus Presentations,” The
National Vaccine Advisory Council meeting, Day 1 on YouTube, 2/13/2020.
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Bill Gallaher described 1 such immunosuppressive domain,
LQPRTFLLKYNENGTITDAVD, with similarity to strains of Ebola and HIV1.47
ii. Why did Dr. Fauci, the VRC, BARDA, and FDA remain silent about the poor
results of previous studies involving mRNA and other CoV vaccine attempts in
animals – especially those of Ralph Baric?48
iii. Why was the DoD forced to universally vaccinate our active-duty troops with a
partial-epitope-coverage49 spike protein vaccine less than 3 years after DARPA
rejected50 a very similar proposal – in bats?51
iv. Why were the vaccines mandated for many Americans just as evidence of escape
was emerging c. Fall 2021?
v. Why universally vaccinate ALL troops when the long-term effects of the mRNA
method are unknown – much less the long-term antigenic effects of the SARS-
CoV-2 spike itself?52 Why risk the operational readiness of the entire American
military by transfecting all troops with a ‘leaky’ vaccine?
vi. Why are Dr. Fauci et al still silencing any discussion of the potential immune
suppression of the vaccines,53 and stalling the clinical trial data from Pfizer54 et
al? The potential implications of massive immune damage55 supersede any FDA
deliberations about follow-on booster shots.
f. Why is the QTNSPRRA sequence that contains the furin cleavage site so important – and
so unique?
i. First, the insert should be viewed as two distinct 4 protein/12-nt segments, since
they actually form the book-ends of the full HIV gag protein;56 the latter half is
the PRRA that is more commonly referred to as the “Furin cleavage site.” This
particular FCS motif cannot function without the QTQTNS that precedes it.57
ii. When viewed as a group, the full set of 4 HIV inserts appears to form a
functional gp120 sequence that can infect T-cells, thus being the worst possible
thing anyone could add to an mRNA transfection that can only stimulate
antibody responses. No other than the WIV itself just published a study
demonstrating t-cell infection by spike proteins;58 thus, the wild & vaccine spikes
teach our cells to literally manufacture spikes with HIV-like antigens. Why
would this be a desirable outcome for a transfecting coronavirus vaccine?
47 Gallaher highlighted 1 particular potentially immuno-suppressive peptide in Déjà vu, on page 39:
LQPRTFLLKYNENGTITDAVD.
48 Ralph Baric et al, "SARS-like WIV1-CoV poised for human emergence," PNAS, 1/20/2016.
49 Charles Rixey, “PREEMPTive Spike: Scientific support for mandates is built upon a known false premise,” Prometheus
Shrugged, 10/6/2021.
50 DRASTIC, "PREEMPT - DRASTIC'S Analysis of the DEFUSE Rejection Letter," DRASTIC, 9/20/2021.
51 PREEMPT_HR00111880017_Notes_v1_b.docx
52 Rossana Roncato et al, “Lipid rafts as viral entry routes and immune platforms: A double-edged sword in SARS-CoV-2
infection?” Molecular & Cell Biology of Lipids 6/1/2022.
53 Stephanie Seneff et al, "Innate immune suppression by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations: The role of G-quadruplexes,
exosomes, and MicroRNAs," Food & Chemical Toxicology, 4/15/2022.
54 FDA Begins Releasing Pfizer COVID Vax Documents
55 Official U.S. Government data suggests Fully Vaccinated Americans are developing AIDS,” The Expose, 5/8/2022.
56 Jean-Claude Perez & Luc Montagnier, "COVID-19, SARS and Bats Coronaviruses Genomes Unexpected Exogeneous RNA
Sequences," OSF Pre-Prints, 4/25/2020.
57 Menachery et al, "QTQTN motif upstream of the furin-cleavage site plays key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and
pathogenesis," bioRxiv, 12/17/2021
58 Zheng-Li Shi et al, "ACE2-independent infection of T lymphocytes by SARS-CoV-2," Signal Transduction & Targeted
Therapy, 3/11/2022.
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iii. Why would extra steps be taken to stabilize the immunogenic elements of the
spike, including QTNSPRRA, which serves as an SEB toxin59 & contained the
FCS?60
iv. Furthermore, why would so much faith be placed in the use of lipid nanoparticles
to convey spike proteins that already exhibited broad tropism61 via the FCS?
v. Why would a prion-like domain be conserved62 within the vaccine’s genome63 at
all? There is no reason to risk transfecting any part of any genome that could
trigger amyloidogenesis64 – the creation and thus buildup of amyloid plaques
which drives the emergence of Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease and
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease [colloquially referred to as Mad Cow Disease], etc.
1. Can this amyloidogenesis be systemic? Is this related to the seemingly
irrational objection to Zinc, or to Vitamin D?
vi. The viral genome appears to be attempting to revert [de-attenuate] away from the
FCS & HIV inserts,65 further evidence that those mutations didn’t occur
naturally.
vii. Why does the region of the FCS match a reverse complement sequence66 from
Moderna, who partnered with the NIAID’s Vaccine Research Center [VRC] to
produce an mRNA vaccine?
viii. Why do the forward and reverse primers for PCR for SARS-CoV-2 match those
of Ralph Baric’s previous constructs67 SARS-CoV-M15, SARS-CoV-Rs3367 &
SHC014-CoV-MA15?
ix. The virus gains the functions of an efficient FCS AND a potentially effective
antidote target with the appropriate peptide fusion inhibitor68 [dozens of proposed
compounds, targeting various sequences of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, have
been developed or are currently being studied].69 In December, Chinese scientists
reported that their EK1C4 inhibitor also helps reduce the risk of Antibody-
Dependent Enhancement.70
59 Mary Hongying Cheng, et al, "Superantigenic character of an insert unique to SARS-CoV-2 spike supported by skewed TCR
repertoire in patients with hyperinflammation," PNAS, 9/28/2020.
60 B. Coutard et al, "The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV
of the same clade," Antiviral Research, 2/10/2020.
61 Rossana Roncato et al, “Lipid rafts as viral entry routes and immune platforms: A double-edged sword in SARS-CoV-2
infection?” Molecular & Cell Biology of Lipids 6/1/2022.
62 Judith White et al, “Structures & Membranes of Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins,” Critical Reviews in Biochemical &
Molecular Biology, 5/1/2009.
63 Richard Fleming, Is COVID-19 a Bioweapon? A scientific & forensic investigation, 9/7/2021.
64 Shin be Oh et al, “Associative Interactions among Zinc, Apolipoprotein E, and Amyloid-β in the Amyloid Pathology,”
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 1/25/2020.
65 Richard Fleming, “BASES2021 SARS CoVd2 Gain of Function Research Violations of Law,” YouTube, 7/16/2021 [minute
56].
66 Ah Khan Syed, “How to BLAST your way to the truth about the origins of COVID-19,” Substack, 12/28/2021.
67 Richard Fleming, “BASES2021 SARS CoVd2 Gain of Function Research Violations of Law,” YouTube, 7/16/2021 [minute
59].
68 Shuai Xia et al, "Peptide-Based HIV Entry Inhibitors," Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology, 4/11/2022.
69 Qiaoshuai Lan et al, “Coronavirus Entry Inhibitors,” Virus Entry Inhibitors, 4/13/2022.
70 Zai Wang et al, “ACE2 can act as the secondary receptor in the FcγR-dependent ADE of SARS-CoV-2 infection,” iScience,
1/21/2022.
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x. As with previous coronaviruses, Antibody-Dependent Enhancement [ADE]71 is a
realistic possibility, as Robert Malone himself also pointed out72 in early March
of 2020.
xi. The FCS increases the ability of the virus to infect via the inhalation route, which
has the added benefit of lowering the bar for the size of the viral load needed for
an infectious dose.73
xii. Jean-Claude Perez & Luc Montagnier [who was awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the HIV-1 virus in 1983] showed
that the location of the PRRA insert within the SARS-CoV-2 genome was
already an optimal cleavage site BEFORE this insertion.74
xiii. As oxygen levels decrease75 [hypoxia] in the lungs, furin expression increases,76
which can contribute to rapid declines in patient disposition as a snowball effect.
This also plays a role in reducing the suppression of cancerous cells.77
xiv. Even mild hypoxia [~10% reduction] was enough to allow SARS-CoV-2 to pass
through the Blood-Brain Barrier [BBB].78
xv. The existence of many arginine residues within a small region that contains the
FCS follows the pattern associated with the mechanism known as binding of cell
penetrating peptides.79 The goal of building up a high cumulative positive
charge80 is to enhance cell affinity towards the virus.81 SARS-CoV-2’s ability to
utilize the human sodium channel ENaC82 is unlikely to be fortuitous.
71 Jiong Wang & Martin Zand, "The potential for antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Translational
implications for vaccine development," Journal of Clinical & Translational Science, 4/13/2020.
72 Darrell Ricke & Robert Malone, “Medical Countermeasures Analysis of 2019-nCoV and Vaccine Risks for Antibody-
Dependent Enhancement (ADE),” SSRN, 3/2/2020.
73 Nancy Leung, “Transmissibility and transmission of respiratory viruses,” Nature Reviews Microbiology, 3/22/2021.
74 Jean-Claude Perez & Luc Montagnier, “HIV man-manipulated coronavirus genome evolution trends,” Zenodo, 8/5/2020.
75 Elisabeth Braun & Daniel Sauter, “Furin‐mediated protein processing in infectious diseases and cancer,” Clinical &
Translational Medicine, 8/5/2019.
76 Stephanie McMahon et al, "Hypoxia-enhanced Expression of the Proprotein Convertase Furin Is Mediated by Hypoxia-
inducible Factor-1," Journal of Biological Chemistry, 12/15/2004.
77 Dominique Arsenault et al, "Hypoxia enhances cancer cell invasion through relocalization of the proprotein convertase furin
from the trans‐golgi network to the cell surface," Journal of Cellular Physiology, 4/18/2011.
78 Iqra Pervaiz et al, “Assessing the effects of COVID‐19‐induced hypoxia and ACE2 signaling on the human blood‐brain barrier
in‐vitro,” The FASEB Journal, 5/13/2022.
79 Birger Sørensen, Angus Dalgleish & Andres Susrud, "Biovacc-19: A candidate vaccine," QRB Discovery, 6/2/2020.
80 From Birger Sorenson et al (2020): “The co-receptor dependent phagocytic general method of action of SARS-CoV-2 appears
to be specifically related to cumulative charge: please refer to SARS-CoV-2 peaks above pI = 8.24 (Fig.5) compared to human
SARS-CoV (Fig. 4). These basic domains – partly inserted and partly substituted amino acids – explain the salt bridges formed
between the SARS-CoV-2 spike and its co-receptors on the cell membrane. Indeed, these data suggest that the infectivity of
SARS-CoV-2 is best explained by this cumulative charge associated with these basic charged domains, enabling extra salt
bridges to attach to membrane components as well as to the membrane itself.”
81 Angus Dalgleish et al, "The evidence which suggests that this is no naturally evolved virus," Minerva, 7/2/2020.
82 Praveen Anand et al, “SARS-CoV-2 strategically mimics proteolytic activation of human ENaC,” eLife, 5/26/2020.
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xvi. How would someone investigate a SARS-like CoV’s ability to infiltrate dendritic
cells via the DC-SIGN pathway, as stated in the DEFUSE proposal?83 The virus
best known for utilizing this pathway is… HIV-1:
83 PREEMPT Volume 1 no ESS HR00118S0017 EcoHealth Alliance DEFUSE.
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APPENDIX A: Linked Topical Bibliography
Research into the HIV connections
1/30/2020 Uncanny similarity of unique inserts in the 2019-nCoV spike protein to HIV-1 gp120 and Gag
3/23/2020 WUHAN COVID-19 SYNTHETIC ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION
4/25/2020 Root cause of COVID-19? Biotechnology's dirty secret: Contamination
4/25/2020 COVID-19, SARS and Bats Coronaviruses Genomes Unexpected Exogeneous RNA Sequences
6/2/2020 Biovacc-19: A candidate vaccine…..
7/2/2020 The evidence which suggests that this is no naturally evolved virus
8/2/2020 HIV man-manipulated coronavirus genome evolution trends
8/5/2020 Anticovidian v.2 COVID-19: Hypothesis of the Lab Origin vs Zoonotic Event which can also be of a Lab Origin
7/1/2021 Dr. Richard Fleming discusses the HIV inserts
7/15/2021 BASES2021 SARS CoVd2 Gain of Function Research Violations of Law
9/20/2021 PREEMPT - DRASTIC'S Analysis of the DEFUSE Rejection Letter
9/20/2021 PREEMPT - DRASTIC's Analysis of the PREEMPT/DEFUSE Proposal
10/4/2021 Simon Wain-Hobson's analysis of the DEFUSE proposal
10/4/2021 Simon Wain-Hobson's annotated version of the DEFUSE proposal
12/17/2021 QTQTN motif upstream of the furin-cleavage site plays key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis
12/28/2021 How to BLAST your way to the truth about the origins of COVID-19
2/21/2022 MSH3 Homology and Potential Recombination Link to SARS-CoV-2 Furin Cleavage Site
4/10/2022 Absolute proof: The Gp-120 sequences prove beyond all doubt that "COVID-19" was man-made
5/28/2022 The Myth of the Blind Watchmaker
7/31/2022 Gaslight of the Gods, part VII: Allegory of the Plague
China & US HIV-CoV Vaccine & Therapeutics Research [by research focus]
HIV-SARS Pseudovirus etc.
1/28/2004 Expression cloning of functional receptor used by SARS coronavirus - ScienceDirect
7/1/2005 Evaluating the immunogenicity of a disulfide-stabilized, cleaved, trimeric form of the envelope glycoprotein
complex of HIV-1
7/1/2006 Preparation of a Chimeric Armored RNA as a Versatile Calibrator for Multiple Virus Assays
9/28/2021 The SARS CoV-2 spike directed non-neutralizing polyclonal antibodies cross-react with HIV-1 gp41
Spike Protein, other
9/16/2005 Structure of SARS Coronavirus Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Complexed with Receptor
4/1/2010 Recombination, reservoirs, and the modular spike: mechanisms of coronavirus cross-species transmission
7/14/2010 TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 facilitate trypsin-independent spread of influenza virus in Caco-2 cells
HIV Vaccine design
1/15/2000 A Recombinant HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Complex Stabilized by an Intermolecular Disulfide Bond between
the gp120 and gp41 Subunits Is an Antigenic Mimic of the Trimeric Virion-Associated Structure
12/16/2002 Rational design of a CD4 mimic that inhibits HIV-1 entry and exposes cryptic neutralization epitopes
4/16/2004 Synthetic Bivalent CD4-Mimetic Miniproteins Show Enhanced Anti-HIV Activity over the Monovalent Minipr.
5/1/2004 Structural sim. between HIV-1 gp41 & SARS-CoV S2 proteins sugg. an analogous membrane fusion mechanism
1/1/2005 Development of Mouse Hepatitis Virus and SARS-CoV Infectious cDNA Constructs
5/13/2005 Scorpion-toxin mimics of CD4 in complex with HIV gp120 crystal structures, molecular mimicry, and
neutralization breadth
7/1/2005 Evaluating the immunogenicity of a disulfide-stabilized, cleaved, trimeric form of the envelope glycoprotein
complex of HIV-1
9/16/2005 Structure of SARS Coronavirus Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Complexed with Receptor
7/1/2006 Preparation of a Chimeric Armored RNA as a Versatile Calibrator for Multiple Virus Assays
2/1/2010 Protease Cleavage Sites in HIV-1 gp120 Recognized by Antigen Processing Enzymes Are Conserved and
Located at Receptor Binding Sites
4/1/2010 Recombination, reservoirs, and the modular spike: mechanisms of coronavirus cross-species transmission
7/14/2010 TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 facilitate trypsin-independent spread of influenza virus in Caco-2 cells
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5/23/2012 A short segment of the HIV-1 gp120 V1/V2 region is a major determinant of resistance to V1/V2 neutralizing
antibodies
7/15/2012 Extended Follow-up Confirms Early Vaccine-Enhanced Risk of HIV Acquisition and Demonstrates Waning
Effect Over Time Among Participants in a Randomized Trial of Recombinant Adenovirus HIV Vaccine
12/7/2012 A bivalent recombinant protein inactivates HIV-1 by targeting the gp41 pre-hairpin fusion intermediate induced
by CD4 D1D2 domains
8/4/2014 Stabilizing the Native Trimer of HIV-1 Env by Destabilizing the Heterodimeric Interface of the gp41 Post fusion
Six-Helix Bundle
8/21/2017 Crystal structures of trimeric HIV envelope with entry inhibitors BMS-378806 and BMS-626529
5/15/2018 HIV-1 Vaccines Based on Antibody Identification, B Cell Ontogeny, and Epitope Structure
7/1/2019 Presentation of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimers on diver…
12/9/2020 Stabilized diverse HIV-1 envelope trimers for vaccine design
11/24/2021 Structure-guided envelope trimer design in HIV-1 vaccine development: a narrative review
IgG4 Class-Switching
4/1/2006 HIV-1 Envelope Triggers Polyclonal Ig Class Switch Recombination through a CD40-Independent Mechanism
Involving BAFF and C-Type Lectin Receptors
8/1/2007 Identification of the Optimal DC-SIGN Binding Site on HIV-1 gp120
5/7/2013 Full article: IgG4 antibodies and cancer-associated inflammation
3/19/2014 Polyfunctional Fc-Effector Profiles Mediated by IgG Subclass Selection Distinguish RV144 and VAX003
Vaccines
4/21/2020 The potential danger of suboptimal antibody responses in COVID-19 | Nature Reviews Immunology
3/4/2021 The Characterization of Disease Severity Associated IgG Subclasses Response in COVID-19 Patients
5/4/2021 Prevalent, protective, and convergent IgG recognition of SARS-CoV-2 non-RBD spike epitopes
10/27/2021 Disguised aspects of IgG4
3/23/2022 SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T-cell responses 1 year after infection in people recovered from COVID-
19: a longitudinal cohort study
6/25/2022 The kinetics of IgG subclasses and contributions to neutralizing activity against SARS‐CoV‐2 wild‐type strain
and variants in healthy adults immunized with inactivated vaccine
7/5/2022 Immune response and safety to inactivated COVID-19 vaccine: a comparison between people living with HIV
and HIV-naive individuals
7/11/2022 Dysregulation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection with
Delayed Viral Clearance
7/22/2022 Tolerance Cometh: IgG4 After Multiple-mRNA Doses
11/22/2022 Conserved longitudinal alterations of anti-S-protein IgG subclasses in disease progression in initial ancestral
Wuhan and vaccine breakthrough Delta infections
12/12/2022 Dr Stephanie Seneff: Why C19 Jabs Injure So Many People
12/19/2022 Analogous comparison unravels heightened antiviral defense and boosted viral infection upon
immunosuppression in bat organoids
12/21/2022 Unprecedented Global Respiratory Disease
12/22/2022 Class switch towards non-inflammatory, spike-specific IgG4 antibodies after repeated SARS-CoV-2 mRNA
vaccination
12/24/2022 The trainwreck of all trainwrecks: Billions of people stuck with a broken immune response
12/25/2022 Booster-Caused IgG4 Immune Tolerance Explains Excess Mortality and "Chronic Covid"
1/15/2023 Class switching to IgG4 - lessons learned from failed HIV vaccine trials
Peptide Fusion Inhibitors
5/1/2003 Model of the pre-insertion region of the spike (S2) fusion glycoprotein of the human SARS-
CoV: implications for antiviral therapeutics
6/1/2003 Cloaked similarity between HIV-1 and SARS-CoV suggests an anti-SARS strategy
1/28/2004 Expression cloning of functional receptor used by SARS coronavirus - ScienceDirect
5/1/2004 Structural similarity between HIV-1 gp41 and SARS-CoV S2 proteins suggests an analogous membrane fusion
mechanism
4/12/2006 Inhibition of SARS-associated CoV infectivity by peptides analogous to the viral spike protein
5/1/2009 Structures and Mechanisms of Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins
6/1/2012 Discovery of Critical Residues for Viral Entry and Inhibition through Structural Insight of HIV-1 Fusion
Inhibitor CP621–652
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12/7/2012 A bivalent recombinant protein inactivates HIV-1 by targeting the gp41 pre-hairpin fusion intermediate induced
by CD4 D1D2 domains
1/22/2013 HIV-1 Fusion Is Blocked through Binding of GB Virus C E2D Peptides to the HIV-1 gp41 Disulfide Loop
1/2/2015 Design of a highly potent HIV-1 fusion inhibitor targeting t...
5/15/2016 Development of potent and long-acting HIV-1 fusion inhibitor...
5/12/2017 A Lipopeptide HIV-1/2 Fusion Inhibitor with Highly Potent In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Antiviral Activity
8/21/2017 Crystal structures of trimeric HIV envelope with entry inhibitors BMS-378806 and BMS-626529
4/10/2019 A pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting the HR1 domain of human coronavirus spike
2/11/2020 Fusion mechanism of 2019-nCoV and fusion inhibitors targeting HR1 domain in spike protein
3/2/2020 Medical Countermeasures Analysis of 2019-nCoV and Vaccine Risks for Antibody-Dependent Enhancement
3/30/2020 Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection by a highly potent pan-CoV fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that
harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion
6/1/2020 Coronavirus membrane fusion mechanism offers a potential target for antiviral development
9/1/2020 Opening the HIV envelope: potential of CD4 mimics as multifunctional HIV entry inhibitors
12/9/2020 Protein- and Peptide-Based Virus Inactivators: Inactivating Viruses Before Their Entry Into Cells
12/11/2020 Inhibition of Coronavirus Entry In Vitro and Ex Vivo by a Lipid-Conjugated Peptide Derived from the SARS-
CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein HRC Domain
1/9/2021 Pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitors as the hope for today and tomorrow
1/13/2021 Enfuvirtide, an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor peptide, can act as a potent SARS-CoV-2 fusion inhibitor
4/13/2021 Pan-CoV fusion inhibitors possess potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV
4/30/2021 Supercoiling Structure-Based Design of a Trimeric Coiled-Coil Peptide with High Potency against HIV-1 and
Human β-Coronavirus Infection
7/29/2021 Structural and functional basis for pan-CoV fusion inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants with
preclinical evaluation
9/28/2021 The SARS CoV-2 spike directed non-neutralizing polyclonal antibodies cross-react with HIV-1 gp41
12/31/2021 Discovery of Highly Potent Fusion Inhibitors with Potential Pan-CoV Activity That Effectively Inhibit Major
COVID-19 VOCs in Pseudovirus-Based Assays
3/30/2022 The Need for Speed and Efficiency: A Brief Review of Small Molecule Antivirals for COVID-19
4/11/2022 Coronavirus Entry Inhibitors
4/13/2022 Peptide-Based HIV Entry Inhibitors
Other Small Molecule Inhibitors
1/15/2000 A Recombinant HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Complex Stabilized by an Intermolecular Disulfide Bond between
the gp120 and gp41 Subunits Is an Antigenic Mimic of the Trimeric Virion-Associated Structure
12/16/2002 Rational design of a CD4 mimic that inhibits HIV-1 entry and exposes cryptic neutralization epitopes
4/16/2004 Synthetic Bivalent CD4-Mimetic Miniproteins Show Enhanced Anti-HIV Activity over the Monovalent
Miniprotein
5/13/2005 Scorpion-toxin mimics of CD4 in complex with HIV gp120 crystal structures, molecular mimicry, and
neutralization breadth
2/1/2010 Protease Cleavage Sites in HIV-1 gp120 Recognized by Antigen Processing Enzymes Are Conserved and
Located at Receptor Binding Sites
8/15/2021 Proposal and protocol for the construction of pEF1-ACE2-IGG2-SMAR vector for gene therapy of SARS-CoV-2
DC-SIGN, SADS-CoV, PEDV, FIPV
3/3/2000 DC-SIGN, a Dendritic Cell–Specific HIV-1-Binding Protein that Enhances trans-Infection of T Cells
5/1/2001 DC-SIGN interactions with HIV type 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus - PubMed (nih.gov)
1/1/2003 Viral Envelope-DC-SIGN Interactions in HIV Pathogenesis
1/15/2003 Differential N-Linked Glycosylation of HIV & Ebola Virus Envelope Glycoproteins Modulates Interactions with
DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR
4/7/2003 DC-SIGN (CD209) mediates dengue virus infection of human dendritic cells - PubMed (nih.gov)
2/16/2004 DC-SIGN Binds to HIV-1 Glycoprotein 120 in a Distinct but Overlapping Fashion Compared with ICAM-2 and
ICAM-3
7/25/2004 Mechanisms promoting dendritic cell-mediated transmission of HIV
11/1/2004 DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR interact with the glycoprotein of Marburg virus and the S protein of SARS CoV
8/1/2007 Identification of the Optimal DC-SIGN Binding Site on HIV-1 gp120
11/1/2007 Specific Asparagine-Linked Glycosylation Sites Are Critical for DC-SIGN- and L-SIGN-Mediated SARS CoV
Entry
11/20/2015 Experimental infection of a US spike-insertion deletion in PEDV in conventional nursing piglets and cross-
protection to the original US PEDV infection
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10/28/2016 HIV-1 gp120 Glycoprotein Interacting with DC-SIGN Down-Regulates Tight Junction Proteins to Disrupt the
Blood Retinal Barrier and Increase Its Permeability
9/19/2018 An alternative pathway of enteric PEDV dissemination from nasal cavity to intestinal mucosa in swine
10/23/2019 Dendritic Cells, the Double Agent in the War Against HIV-1
1/22/2020 Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus replication in primary human cells reveals potential susceptibility to
infection | PNAS
2/8/2020 Emerging novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)—current scenario, evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis
and recent developments (tandfonline.com)
5/14/2020 Novel ACE2-Independent Carbohydrate-Binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein to Host Lectins and Lung
Microbiota
7/30/2020 SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Interacts with Multiple Innate Immune Receptors - PMC (nih.gov)
8/10/2020 DC/L-SIGN recognition of spike glycoprotein promotes SARS-CoV-2 trans-infection and can be inhibited by a
glycomimetic antagonist
10/13/2020 Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection Impairs Dendritic Cell and T Cell Responses
6/3/2021 CD209L/L-SIGN and CD209/DC-SIGN Act as Receptors for SARS-CoV-2 - PubMed (nih.gov)
6/8/2021 SARS-CoV-2 exacerbates proinflammatory responses in myeloid cells through C-type lectin receptors and
Tweety family member 2 - PubMed (nih.gov)
11/10/2021 Epigenetic glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 impact viral infection through DC&L-SIGN receptors
2/21/2022 MSH3 Homology and Potential Recombination Link to SARS-CoV-2 Furin Cleavage Site
6/19/2022 Swine coronaviruses (SCoVs) and their emerging threats to swine population, inter-species transmission,
exploring the susceptibility of pigs for SARS-CoV-2 and zoonotic concerns
7/28/2022 Human surfactant protein D facilitates SARS-CoV-2 pseudotype binding and entry in DC-SIGN expressing cells,
and downregulates spike protein induced inflammation
9/24/2022 Antiviral Drugs Screening for Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus
SARS-CoV-2 2nd & 3rd order effects
12/15/2004 Hypoxia-enhanced Expression of the Proprotein Convertase Furin Is Mediated by Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1
4/18/2011 Hypoxia enhances cancer cell invasion through relocalization of the proprotein convertase furin from the trans‐
golgi network to the cell surface
4/3/2020 The Role of Autophagy in Respiratory Complications of COVID-19
4/13/2020 The potential for ADE of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Translational implications for vaccine development
5/6/2020 The anti‐HIV drug nelfinavir mesylate (Viracept) is a potent inhibitor of cell fusion caused by the SARSCoV‐2
spike (S) glycoprotein warranting further evaluation as an antiviral against COVID‐19 infections
5/14/2020 Novel ACE2-Ind. Carbohydrate-Binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein to Host Lectins and Lung Microbiota
6/29/2020 Superantigenic character of an insert unique to SARS-CoV-2 spike supported by skewed TCR repertoire in
patients with hyperinflammation
9/9/2020 Cross-reactivity of SARS-CoV-2 with HIV chemiluminescent assay leading to false-positive results
3/5/2021 Broad phenotypic alterations & potential dysf. of lymphocytes in ind. clinically recovered from COVID-19
7/16/2021 The mechanism behind flaring/triggering of autoimmunity disorders associated with COVID-19
12/20/2021 Role of the T cell vitamin D receptor in severe COVID-19
12/21/2021 How Does SARS-CoV-2 Affect the Brain and Its Implications for the Vaccines Currently in Use
1/22/2022 T cell apoptosis characterizes severe Covid-19 disease
3/11/2022 ACE2-independent infection of T lymphocytes by SARS-CoV-2
4/15/2022 Innate immune suppression by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations: The role of G-quadruplexes, exosomes, and
MicroRNAs
4/7/2022 New generation of cancer-preventing vaccines could wipe out tumors before they form
Investigations
1/27/2020 Coronavirus Exposed, Part 1: Communist Coverup, or Pandemic Bioweapon of Mass Destruction?
1/28/2020 Bats, Gene Editing and Bioweapons: Recent DARPA Experiments Raise Concerns Amid Coronavirus Outbreak
2/2/2020 Moderately Strong Confirmation of a Laboratory Origin of 2019-nCoV
2/10/2020 The spike glycoprotein of the new 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade
2/15/2020 Coronavirus Origins: Anatomy of a Scientific Inference
4/22/2020 Lab-made? SARS-CoV-2 genealogy through the lens of gain-of-function research
5/2/2020 SARS-CoV-2 is well adapted for humans: What does this mean for re-emergence?
2/1/2021 Vector sequences in early WIV SRA sequencing data of SARS-CoV-2 inform on a potential large-scale security
breach at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic
2/4/2021 Safety and security concerns regarding transmissible vaccines
2/17/2021 Another Potential Covid-19 Lab Leak Clue
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3/16/2021 Neutralizing antibody escape of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein: Risk assessment for antibody‐based Covid‐19
therapeutics and vaccines
3/18/2021 Letter from House Republicans to NIH Director Francis Collins seeking to advance an independent, scientific
investigation into the origins of the COVID-19 pandemic
6/29/2021 House Republican Hearing on COVID-19 Origin
7/3/2021 CONTAMINATION OR VACCINE RESEARCH? RNA Sequencing data of early COVID-19 patient samples
show abnormal presence of vectorized H7N9 hemagglutinin segment | Zenodo
7/22/2021 Who Watches the Watchmen? - Fauci's 'noble lie,' exposed
7/23/2021 Viral infection and transmission in a large, well-traced outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant
8/6/2021 SARS-CoV-2 spike and its adaptable furin cleavage site
10/1/2021 Global Diversification and Distribution of Coronaviruses With Furin Cleavage Sites
10/19/2021 Rapid Proliferation of Pandemic Research: Implications for Dual-Use Risks
10/21/2021 EcoHealth Alliance Conducted Risky Experiments on MERS Virus in China
10/26/2021 EcoHealth letter of clarification to Tabak & the NIH
10/27/2021 2021.10.27-Letter-to-NIH - House Energy & Commerce Committee
10/27/2021 In Major Shift, NIH Admits Funding Risky Virus Research in Wuhan
11/17/2021 Automated discovery of noncovalent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease by consensus Deep Docking of 40
billion small molecules
12/14/2021 The seminal paper from the WIV claiming SARS-CoV-2 probably originated in bats appears to contain a
contrived specimen...and the signature of laboratory-derived synthetic biology
11/1/2021 SARS-CoV-2's closest relative, RaTG13, was generated from a bat transcriptome not a fecal swab: implications
for the origin of COVID-19
11/3/2021 NIH Officials Worked With EcoHealth Alliance to Evade Restrictions on Coronavirus Experiments
11/12/2021 Emergence of the Spike Furin Cleavage Site in SARS-CoV-2
12/23/2021 Unique SARS-CoV-2 variant found in public sequence data of Antarctic soil samples collected in 2018 & 2019
12/31/2021 Joe Rogan Experience #1757 Transcript - Robert Malone
1/10/2022 USMC IG's whistleblower report: SARS-CoV-2 Origins Investigation with US Government Program
Undisclosed Document Analysis
1/12/2022 House Energy & Commerce Committee letter to NIH, January 2022
4/5/2022 House E&C Committee - 2nd letter to Lawrence Tabak, acting NIH director, concerning Daszak & EHA
1/25/2022 Close Relatives of MERS-CoV in bats use ACE2 as their functional receptors [NeoCoV]
3/4/2022 Luc Montagnier (1932–2022) - Obituary
4/1/2022 The Animal Origin of Major Human Infectious Diseases: What Can Past Epidemics Teach Us About Preventing
the Next Pandemic?
4/5/2022 Reviewing findings on the polypeptide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 protein to discuss the origins of the virus
Censorship & narrative construction
1/21/2020 An emerging CoV causing pneu. outbreak in Wuhan, China: calling for dev. therapeutic & prophylactic strategies
1/21/2020 A furin cleavage site was discovered in the spike protein of the 2019 nCoV
1/23/2020 Complete genome characterisation of a novel CoV assoc. with severe human respiratory disease in Wuhan, China
1/23/2020 Discovery of a novel CoV associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin
1/30/2020 Genomic characterization and epidemiology of 2019-nCoV: implications for virus origins and receptor binding
1/30/2020 Origins of MERS-CoV, and lessons for 2019-nCoV
2/1/2020 A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin
2/1/2020 The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel CoV to global health - The latest outbreak in Wuhan, China
2/1/2020 Analysis of Wuhan Coronavirus: déjà vu [findings on 1/29, 1st edition on 2/1]
2/2/2020 Quick retraction of coronavirus paper was good moment for science
2/3/2020 Accelerated viral dynamics in bat cell lines, with implications for zoonotic emergence
2/4/2020 HIV-1 did not contribute to the 2019-nCoV genome
2/6/2020 Tackling Rumors of a Suspicious Origin of nCoV2019 - SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus
2/7/2020 NASEM Response to OSTP re: Coronavirus, February 6, 2020
2/13/2020 No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2
2/14/2020 The First Disease X is Caused by a Highly Transmissible Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
2/16/2020 The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2
2/19/2020 Is SARS-CoV-2 originated from laboratory? A rebuttal to the claim of formation via laboratory recombination
2/19/2020 Statement in support of the scientists, public health prof., and medical prof. of China combatting COVID-19
5/1/2020 A Multibasic Cleavage Site in the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Is Essential for Infection of Human Lung Cells
8/28/2020 The Mutations that Caused Covid-19 Reinfection Explained
9/3/2020 COVID-19 futures: a framework for exploring medium and long-term impacts
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APPENDIX B: Assessing SARS-CoV-2’s potential as a Bioweapon
11/21/2017 Beyond the Dirty Dozen: A Proposed Methodology for Assessing Future Bioweapon Threats
5/16/2022 Analysis of the Virus SARS-CoV-2 as a Potential Bioweapon in Light of International Literature
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APPENDIX C: Timeline of Key Censorship Events
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APPENDIX D: Timeline of Key FOIA Document Releases
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APPENDIX E: Timeline of Key Discoveries
1/30/2020 Uncanny similarity of unique inserts in the 2019-nCoV spike protein to HIV-1 gp120 and Gag
3/15/2020 NerdHasPower’s analysis arguing RaTG13 is fake is released
4/14/2020 Josh Rogin’s WaPo story about Wuhan Diplomatic Cables published
4/29/2020 Petrovsky et al highlight the unnaturally high human ACE2 affinity of the RBD
5/11/2020 The ties between RaTG13 & the Mojiang mine are discovered
6/2/2020 Biovacc-19: A candidate vaccine…..
1/15/2021 Secretary of State Mike Pompeo releases report of 3 sick WIV researchers in Fall ‘19
3/30/2021 WHO Report is published over two days; the world rejects its conclusions
5/31/2021 Fauci’s emails published, detailing his efforts at cover-up/censorship
6/18/2021 Jeremy Bloom publishes a pre-print analyzing deleted early sequences from Wuhan
9/20/2021 DRASTIC releases our analysis of EcoHealth Alliance’s DEFUSE proposal
1/10/2022 The Project Veritas leak of Major Murphy’s IG whistleblower complaint
2/21/2022 The MSH-3 paper is published, announcing the discovery of a 19nt sequence
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APPENDIX F: Timeline of Key Research Milestones on the probable path to SARS-CoV-2
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APPENDIX G: Contents of the SARS-CoV-2 Origin Research Reference Project
Link to the public file on ResearchGate
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APPENDIX H: Timeline of 49 Vaccine Construction Studies
5/1/1990 Mutational analysis of the HIV type 1 env gene product proteolytic cleavage site
1/1/1991 Biological and immunological properties of HIV type 1 envelope glycoprotein: analysis of proteins with
truncations and deletions expressed by recombinant vaccinia viruses
1/15/2000 A Recombinant HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Complex Stabilized by an Intermolecular Disulfide Bond
between the gp120 and gp41 Subunits Is an Antigenic Mimic of the Trimeric Virion-Associated Structure
12/15/2006 Phase 1 Safety and Immunogenicity Evaluation of a Multiclade HIV‐1 DNA Candidate Vaccine
5/17/2011 Structural basis for immunization with postfusion respiratory syncytial virus fusion F glycoprotein (RSV F)
to elicit high neutralizing antibody titers
8/12/2013 A Protective and Safe Intranasal RSV Vaccine Based on a Recombinant Prefusion-Like Form of the F
Protein Bound to Bacterium-Like Particles
1/2/2014 Short Conserved Sequences of HIV-1 Are Highly Immunogenic and Shift Immunodominance
9/3/2015 A Highly Stable Prefusion Rsv F Vaccine Derived from Structural Analysis of the Fusion Mechanism
1/20/2016 SARS-like WIV1-CoV poised for human emergence
2/24/2016 Control of HIV-1 replication in vitro by vaccine-induced human CD8+ T cells through conserved
subdominant Pol epitopes
4/1/2016 Novel Conserved-region T-cell Mosaic Vaccine With High Global HIV-1 Coverage Is Recognized by
Protective Responses in Untreated Infection
4/1/2016 Supplementary figures5-v2.pptx [Novel Conserved Region]
5/5/2016 Trimeric HIV-1-Env Structures Define Glycan Shields from Clades A, B, and G
8/1/2016 Iterative structure-based improvement of a fusion-glycoprotein vaccine against RSV
8/29/2017 Immunogenicity and structures of a rationally designed prefusion MERS-CoV spike antigen
11/21/2017 Structure-based design of native-like HIV-1 envelope trimers to silence non-neutralizing epitopes and
eliminate CD4 binding
12/26/2017 Structural studies of Chikungunya virus maturation
1/1/2018 Epitope-focused immunogens against the CD4-binding site of HIV-1 envelope protein induce neutralizing
antibodies against auto- and heterologous viruses
5/15/2018 HIV-1 Vaccines Based on Antibody Identification, B Cell Ontogeny, and Epitope Structure
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5/24/2018 Codon optimization & improved delivery/jab regimen enhance the immune response against wild-type &
drug-resistant HIV-1 rev-trans, preserving its Th2-polarity
11/30/2018 Design and characterization of a fusion glycoprotein vaccine for Respiratory Syncytial Virus with improved
stability
10/25/2019 T cell-based strategies for HIV-1 vaccines
3/9/2020 Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein
3/16/2020 Don’t rush to deploy COVID-19 vaccines and drugs without sufficient safety guarantees
4/13/2020 The potential for antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Translational implications for
vaccine development
4/26/2020 Vaccines and Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Prevention
6/2/2020 Biovacc-19: A Candidate Vaccine for Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Developed from Analysis of its General
Method of Action for Infectivity
6/11/2020 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Development Enabled by Prototype Pathogen Preparedness
7/30/2020 Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques
9/11/2020 Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Subunit Vaccine With AS02 Adjuvant Elicits Balanced, Robust Humoral and
Cellular Immunity in BALB/c Mice
10/15/2020 Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety
of treating Healthcare Professionals with the Adsorbed COVID-19 (Inactivated) Vaccine Manufactured by
Sinovac
10/26/2020 Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry upon blocking N- and O-glycan elaboration
12/1/2020 A single-dose live-attenuated YF17D-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate
12/9/2020 Stabilized diverse HIV-1 envelope trimers for vaccine design
12/10/2020 Phase 1–2 Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine
12/17/2020 Phase 1/2 trial of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 with a booster dose induces multifunctional
antibody responses
12/31/2020 Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
1/21/2021 Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152: a double-blind, randomized,
phase 1 trial
2/2/2021 Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an
interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia
3/2/2021 Introduction of Two Prolines and Removal of the Polybasic Cleavage Site Lead to Higher Efficacy of a
Recombinant Spike-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in the Mouse Model
4/19/2021 Safety and immunogenicity of an MF59-adjuvanted spike glycoprotein-clamp vaccine for SARS-CoV-2: a
randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial
5/18/2021 Scalable live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate demonstrates preclinical safety and efficacy
8/3/2021 Antigen Presentation of mRNA-Based and Virus-Vectored SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines
1/27/2022 IAVI and Moderna launch trial of HIV vaccine antigens with mRNA technology
3/2/2022 A highly immunogenic live-attenuated vaccine candidate prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission
in hamsters
7/29/2022 Preclinical immunogenicity and efficacy of a candidate COVID-19 vaccine based on a vesicular stomatitis
virus-SARS-CoV-2 chimera
10/2/2022 Intranasal administration of cold-adapted live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccine confers protection
against SARS-CoV-2
11/10/2022 A variant-proof SARS-CoV-2 vaccine targeting HR1 domain in S2 subunit of spike protein
12/1/2022 Chimeric mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine induces protective immunity against Omicron and Delta variants
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APPENDIX I: Timeline of Suppression of the Furin Cleavage Site
APPENDIX J: Full Bibliography
Abdul-Jawad, Sultan, Beatrice Ondondo, Andy van Hateren, Andrew Gardner, Tim Elliott, Bette Korber, and Tomáš
Hanke. “Increased Valency of Conserved-Mosaic Vaccines Enhances the Breadth and Depth of Epitope
Recognition.” Molecular Therapy 24, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 375–84. https://doi.org/10.1038/mt.2015.210.
Abdurrahman, Goran, Frieder Schmiedeke, Claus Bachert, Barbara M. Bröker, and Silva Holtfreter. “Allergy—A New
Role for T Cell Superantigens of Staphylococcus Aureus?” Toxins 12, no. 3 (March 2020): 176.
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12030176.
Adel, Kadri, Mosbah Amor, Redissi Alaeddine, Noumi Emira, Alreshidi Mousa, Aouadi Kaïss, Ghannay Siwar, et al.
“Comparative Computational Analysis of Dirithromycin and Azithromycin in Search for a Potent Drug against
COVID-19 Caused by SARS-CoV-2: Evidence from Molecular Docking and Dynamic Simulation.” Cellular and
Molecular Biology 67, no. 5 (2021): 371–86. https://doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2021.67.5.50.
Agha, Golareh, Michael M. Mendelson, Cavin K. Ward-Caviness, Roby Joehanes, TianXiao Huan, Rahul Gondalia, Elias
Salfati, et al. “Blood Leukocyte DNA Methylation Predicts Risk of Future Myocardial Infarction and Coronary
Heart Disease.” Circulation 140, no. 8 (August 20, 2019): 645–57.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039357.
Agrawal, Aditya, Rajat Varshney, Mamta Pathak, Shailesh Patel, Vishal Rai, Sourabh Sulabh, Rohini Gupta, Khushal
Solanki, Ritu Varshney, and Ramadevi Nimmanapalli. “Exploration of Antigenic Determinants in Spike
Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV2 and Identification of Five Salient Potential Epitopes.” VirusDisease 32 (September 7,
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Agrawal, Megha, Shyamasri Biswas, and Burcu Biterge Süt. Biotechnology to Combat COVID-19. Biotechnology to
Combat COVID-19. IntechOpen, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93713.
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Aguirre Chang, Gustavo, and Aurora Trujillo Figueredo. SARS COV-2 INFECTS T LYMPHOCYTES CAUSING THEIR
EXHAUSTION AND APOPTOSIS CONTRIBUTING TO IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION AND LYMPHOPENIA THAT
FAVORS VIRAL PERSISTENCE, 2022.
Aguirre Chang, Gustavo, and Aurora Trujillo Figueredo. THE ACTIVATION OR REACTIVATION OF A
ASYMPTOMATIC OR LATENT PERSISTENT INFECTION BY SARS COV-2 AND/OR BY OTHER
MICROORGANISMS IS CAUSE OF POST-VACCINE COVID SYNDROME (PVACS) AND POST-VACCINE
COVID PERSISTENT SYMPTOMS., 2022.
Ahmadi, Khadijeh, Alireza Farasat, Mosayeb Rostamian, Behrooz Johari, and Hamid Madanchi. “Enfuvirtide, an HIV-1
Fusion Inhibitor Peptide, Can Act as a Potent SARS-CoV-2 Fusion Inhibitor: An in Silico Drug Repurposing
Study.” Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 40, no. 12 (August 13, 2022): 5566–76.
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Ahmed, Tina, Nicola J. Borthwick, Jill Gilmour, Peter Hayes, Lucy Dorrell, and Tomáš Hanke. “Control of HIV-1
Replication in Vitro by Vaccine-Induced Human CD8+ T Cells through Conserved Subdominant Pol Epitopes.”
Vaccine 34, no. 9 (February 24, 2016): 1215–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.021.
Alibek, Ken, and Stephen Handelman. Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons
Program in the World, Told from the inside by the Man Who Ran It. 1st ed. New York: Random House, 1999.
Almazán, Fernando, Isabel Sola, Sonia Zuñiga, Silvia Marquez-Jurado, Lucia Morales, Martina Becares, and Luis
Enjuanes. “Coronavirus Reverse Genetic Systems: Infectious Clones and Replicons.” Virus Research 189 (August
30, 2014): 262–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2014.05.026.
Amanat, Fatima, Shirin Strohmeier, Raveen Rathnasinghe, Michael Schotsaert, Lynda Coughlan, Adolfo García-Sastre,
and Florian Krammer. “Introduction of Two Prolines and Removal of the Polybasic Cleavage Site Lead to Higher
Efficacy of a Recombinant Spike-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in the Mouse Model.” MBio 12, no. 2 (March 2,
2021): e02648-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02648-20.
Ambati, Balamurali K., Akhil Varshney, Kenneth Lundstrom, Giorgio Palú, Bruce D. Uhal, Vladimir N. Uversky, and
Adam M. Brufsky. “MSH3 Homology and Potential Recombination Link to SARS-CoV-2 Furin Cleavage Site.”
Frontiers in Virology 2 (2022). https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fviro.2022.834808.
Amormino, Carola, Valentina Tedeschi, Giorgia Paldino, Stefano Arcieri, Maria Teresa Fiorillo, Alessandro Paiardini,
Loretta Tuosto, and Martina Kunkl. “SARS-CoV-2 Spike Does Not Possess Intrinsic Superantigen-like
Inflammatory Activity.” Cells 11, no. 16 (August 15, 2022): 2526. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11162526.
Amraei, Razie, Wenqing Yin, Marc A. Napoleon, Ellen L. Suder, Jacob Berrigan, Qing Zhao, Judith Olejnik, et al.
“CD209L/L-SIGN and CD209/DC-SIGN Act as Receptors for SARS-CoV-2.” ACS Central Science 7, no. 7 (July
28, 2021): 1156–65. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.0c01537.
Andersen, Kristian G., Andrew Rambaut, W. Ian Lipkin, Edward C. Holmes, and Robert F. Garry. “The Proximal Origin
of SARS-CoV-2.” Nature Medicine 26, no. 4 (April 2020): 450–52. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9.
André, Sonia, Morgane Picard, Renaud Cezar, Florence Roux-Dalvai, Aurélie Alleaume-Butaux, Calaiselvy
Soundaramourty, André Santa Cruz, et al. “T Cell Apoptosis Characterizes Severe Covid-19 Disease.” Cell Death &
Differentiation 29, no. 8 (August 2022): 1486–99. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-022-00936-x.
Ardito, Lorenzo, Mario Coccia, and Antonio Messeni Petruzzelli. “Technological Exaptation to Support Innovation for
COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis.” SSRN Scholarly Paper. Rochester, NY, February 11, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3783806.
Arsenault, Dominique, Fabrice Lucien, and Claire M. Dubois. “Hypoxia Enhances Cancer Cell Invasion through
Relocalization of the Proprotein Convertase Furin from the Trans-Golgi Network to the Cell Surface.” Journal of
Cellular Physiology 227, no. 2 (2012): 789–800. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.22792.
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Arumugham, Vinu. “Root Cause of COVID-19? Biotechnology’s Dirty Secret: Contamination. Bioinformatics Evidence
Demonstrates That SARS-CoV-2 Was Created in a Laboratory, Unlikely to Be a Bioweapon but Most Likely a
Result of Sloppy Experiments.” Zenodo, April 25, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3766463.
Baric, R. S., and A. C. Sims. “Development of Mouse Hepatitis Virus and SARS-CoV Infectious CDNA Constructs.” In
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Barré-Sinoussi, F., J. C. Chermann, F. Rey, M. T. Nugeyre, S. Chamaret, J. Gruest, C. Dauguet, et al. “Isolation of a T-
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Barrett, Jordan R., Sandra Belij-Rammerstorfer, Christina Dold, Katie J. Ewer, Pedro M. Folegatti, Ciaran Gilbride,
Rachel Halkerston, et al. “Phase 1/2 Trial of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine ChAdOx1 NCoV-19 with a Booster Dose
Induces Multifunctional Antibody Responses.” Nature Medicine 27, no. 2 (February 2021): 279–88.
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Bastard, Paul, Sara Vazquez, Jamin Liu, Matthew T. Laurie, Chung Yu Wang, Adrian Gervais, Tom Le Voyer, et al.
“Vaccine Breakthrough Hypoxemic COVID-19 Pneumonia in Patients with Auto-Abs Neutralizing Type I IFNs.”
Science Immunology 0, no. 0 (June 14, 2022): eabp8966. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abp8966.
Becker, Michelle M., Rachel L. Graham, Eric F. Donaldson, Barry Rockx, Amy C. Sims, Timothy Sheahan, Raymond J.
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