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Irrealis, aspect, and unanchoring in Slavonic and beyond

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Abstract

In this article a parallel is drawn between certain functions of irrealis and imperfective in evaluating contexts in Russian and Polish. The functions of irrealis in complementation are twofold: while in propositional complements it reflects irreality, in state-of-affairs complements it reflects temporal and situational unanchoring. This unanchoring function manifests itself also in complements of evaluative (commentative) predicates, where it extracts an event from its situational setting for the purpose of evaluating its intrinsic properties – intrinsic likelihood or desirability. It is argued that the representation of event tokens as event types by means of imperfective verbs in Slavonic performs a similar unanchoring function in evaluative contexts. The data of Slavonic languages, where both unanchoring devices cooccur, enable a coherent explanation of certain hitherto not fully understood phenomena in the domains of mood and aspect and shed a new light on the long-standing problem of the Romance so-called “factive” subjunctive.

Irrealis, aspect, and unanchoring in Slavonic and beyond
Summary:            
            
 !
!        
"# 
            
 $  %          
%          &  
        &   
          
!
!'()
Keywords:      
Prof. Dr. Axel Holvoet * +,   - +  .!/0010
* .2!34
1 Introduction0
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3&@ &1 
&G &-
2 The unanchoring function of irrealis
& 
 "0#"@#%1
"@# "#
Važno, čto ego priglasili.
2H  1::&93.,83.
<==
"1# Važno, čto-by ego priglasili.
2H ! 1::&93.,83.
<==
  %       
"@# "1#
 
'('(
" 0I;J -$J# '( '("H @//J @G$@-# '(
'!!( "H% K  0II0#  H%  =    
LM@/0JC2"M
KL@/0J#B
' %     "#  
&565656%("LKM @/0J
;0@#
       
  %
'("30II-1J;# C
'C(" K@//G1//#M'(
'(                
"C
 M0II;#
&
   
"G# "#
Ja ne dumaju, čto-by rešit’ ètu problemu
783 729 %&0&9 ! 7, ::&9,::&9
bylo očen’ složno
.,83&97 2H
<=%=
"-# Ja xoču, čto-by èto vse uslyšali
783 &0&9 ! ::7783. .,83.
<=
3A         
&"@//G#&'(')("
&@/0/#,')(

2
 "G#            
     
C
   ) "            
#"-#!!
            
C)
              
   
)C  
           
B3&N"@/0@#M
"0II;#
!
C          
"@/@/#   
!CC!C 
  !   B '( 
!!  '+(        
 '%
(!! 

    '(         
 "-# )   
 M"1#B"@#
"1# "@#
"1#) 
       važno O
               
!!
"J#"E# szkoda < =
'('("7@//E0@E$0@;#
               
  
, PIt’s a pity she left, though actually she didn’t
leave     &        
 "E# "J#
"J# 
5Niektórym wątkom poświęca on wiele uwagi, żeby później zamknąć je jednym zdaniem6
Szkoda, że się zmarnowały.
  ,. .,837*.
<5
6==G
"E# 
5I ja chętnie zostałabym w Polsce, aby popilnować demokracji, ale już kupiłam bilety
lotnicze6
Szkoda, że-by sięzmarnowały
 ! ,. .,837*.
4DD%D@/0-D/@D"F@/ @/@/#
3
<5%% 
=%6=-
"J#"E#  !
  
3  &  
"E#B";#  
";# 
PŽal’, čto-by bilety propali.
 ! %783. .,83.
<%=
  2
"E#3    
 C!
 B
"
7@//E00- ifC#
"I# "#
Bylo by žal’, esli by bilety propali
.,837     %783. .,83.
<%=
A"E#
  C   
A
  
   %

             
 %
:
"0/# ,"#
Il est dommage que les billets soient perdus
    H2, %. &MF*1. .3
<%=
2"0/#%
should
"00# It’s a pity the tickets should have been wasted
7&     O        
"0/#"00# 

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C!"F@/ @/@/#
4
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0@0$0@G#             !
        
"
B')( Q
@/0/@@I#M & 
C'(  
&B
.=
           
"0/#"E# 
%
! 
C+
               
O "#
A
 
    "HR @/0J @E;$@I/     
'(#,2should,
"0@# %"#%
"01# J"0G#
"0@# He should drink less coffee
"01# It is necessary that he should drink less coffee
"0G# It is strange that he should drink so much coffee
     M  "0IIG @0G$@@-#     
should  %%
  should 
  % it is clear. "0-# should 

"0-# It is clear that he should drink less coffee
Ashould  
   ) "0G#        
should        
CE
&   
             
 "E# 
   C    
%M%
  O  A     
6M"0IIG@0G$@0-#'(%".0IEE;/E#

%
77"@//E 0@;#       should      
C"Nelson regrets Perry’s getting the nod Nelson regrets that Perry got the nod#8
C C
5

"0J#""0##
"0J# "S+T% 0I1@ 7LF#
Czy to nie skandal, że=by=m ja musiał
Q 729 783&9 UU0&9 .,83&93
łazić bez grosza jak jakiś
%7,  927&9 % 783&93
początkujący smarkacz?
783&93783&9
<=%%
V=
%"E# 
"# 
."0E# dziwne<
= 
O
"0E# "&Q Szklane gejsze )S% 9#
Czy to nie trochę dziwne, że-by dziewczyna
Q 729  783&97! 783&9
się wyniosła i zostawiła ubrania,
,. .,83&9, .,83&9,::.
a do tego pamiętnik?
  ::&9
<= 
V=
  ,stranno, čtoby 
7:0/ "0;#0I@;

"0;# "*%L 0I@; 7LF#
Ved’ stranno, čto-by molodaja xorošen’kaja
: 2H ! 783&9,783&9,
devuška vyšla za nego zamuž,
783&9 .,83&9, 1::&93
5kogda na svete stol’ko rebjat s krepkimi rukami i nogami6
<5
!6=
M%"
 !  bylo by stranno, esli <  D   W=
# 
  
    "
)#OA 
%A
"%# 
6
   
"O %2should#

"HR='(#  
               
 )
 & 
.= 
 
        
 M
M%
  '(
&
3 Other unanchoring devices
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'(  
%2
      

& "HK@///
1;;B3@/01B
%HX@/@/#
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O

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 
"0I# 
Kupował pan kiedyśjakieś
5,*6&3&9516 783&9  ::&97
auto zza oceanu?
::&9  927&9
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B          
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Ja podnjal trubku. ― Vy zakazyvali
0&9783 &3&9 ::&9 @&9783 5,*6&.
četyre porcii brendi?
:: ::. 59276
<%$'HV(=
&         &
  

 M  
%H"0I;-0G0#!
  '
"O #%
     ( 2      " 
 #              
& 
%Have you ever seen him? Had you ever seen him Did you ever see him?
H=  
% H3: &
               
H"@/0I# C. tikt
<=būt<=
"@0# ."HK@/0I01-#
Tiku Tev vakar rakstīj-is
L&0&9 @&9H  &!783&93
uz jauno dzīvokli
 ::&9H2, ::&9
5ja neesi saņēmusi, tad pameklē6
<5="# 
%6=
$C
 A
B  
%
               
)"it is strange she should have
said that#!"it is necessary that she should go there#A
! 
%A
!
! 
              
)
"@@# "3)S%) Ryžaja plemjannica lekarja 9#
Raz zasov opustil tvoj djadja,
 ::&9 5,*6&3783&93783&9
8
to mne li ego podymat’?
 0&9H 7 1::&935,*67,
<&56 V=
) 
+,"0IE/# C
   ' 
 O<=
 <=)(",0IE/@;-$@;J#

%2 
%"@1# such a thing as 
"@1# When I met him afterwards, says I, Mr Arnold, why did you do such a thing as to take
my horse away?9

"@@#
  , "0IE/#    %   
%'
%(%
%'  )( ",0IE/;#
M%"0IE;#  %%"@@# 
%
C
.%
% 
         %  % 

4 Two unanchoring devices in evaluative contexts
 
% % 
 % 
 "0#
 "@G#
"@G# 
5I dobrze, że są mandaty, że trzeba się trzymać przepisów,6
no ale że-by-m ja dostawał mandat za
:  UU0&9 0&9783 5,*6.,833&9
%::&9 
jazdę 31 mph, gdzie jest ograniczenie do 30 mph,
::&9 10  &1&9 783&9  30 mph
to już przesada
 : 783&9
<5=% 6
9:=Complete Collection of State Trials 5W6 * .0;0@ E/J 9M%
9
101/ ==0/
              "%   
C   2 #        
       to, żeW <  =   

"@-# "#
To, że dostał=em mandat za jazdę
H23  5,*6&3&9U0&9 ::&9  ::&9
31 mph, to już przesada.
10  783&9
<10 ==
M"@G#"@-#)
"@-#
"0J#%"@G#
      M   
"0J# %
B%"@@#
!
%

C

B00!
         %!!    
%
  !! 
 !%
5 In conclusion

"#%
  
         " %  #
  C   
 %
 !
"# 
%!!
%)
%             
  
10 DDD!%!!C)D@D"H0G @/0I#
11 8))B)
)  B
O"BO,  
'(#
10
& 
),   
%
&B  & "#
          "
!!#
Sources
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References
  K F  @//G :C!   
&!22M%V83R%
Z"# Balkan Syntax and Semantics @I1$10G.  K  F
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Slawistische Studien zum VIII. Internationalen Slawistenkongreß in Zagreb 1978 "U
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MH93
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Minor Grams in Baltic, Slavonic and Fennic Baltic Linguistics 0/0/I$
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chischen. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der „faktischen' Funktion sowie der Begriffe
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12
Thesis
Full-text available
This thesis addresses the question of what common features, visible in synchronic data, characterize the diachronic development of three BE (or quasi-BE) perfects in Lithuanian, Bulgarian, and Barese, and how their grammaticalization cline might differ from that of HAVE perfects. The study is based on data from Facebook comments for Lithuanian and Bulgarian, and from written texts in the Barese vernacular. The thesis includes detailed descriptions of the full spectrum of semantic values associated with the Lithuanian, Bulgarian, and Barese perfects, as they are used in the data, along with a comparative analysis of the three case studies. The outcome of the study is a proposed grammaticalization cline for BE perfects, which is based on conceptual connections between different values, and supported by quantitative data on the BE auxiliary usage.
Preprint
Full-text available
The goal of this paper is to put the semantic values of the Lithuanian and Bulgarian perfects into a perspective of specific BE perfect grammaticalization. The analysis is based on quantitative data from genre-parallel collections of Facebook comments and on the idea that diachronic conceptual shifts, symptomatic of grammaticalization, may coincide with points of ambiguity observed in synchronic data. I suggest a detailed grammaticalization cline that ranges from a likely lexical source of BE perfects in stative values, via resultative and experiential perfects to evidential values. Quantitative frequency data shows that in both doculects there is a clear tendency to drop the auxiliary more often with less grammaticalized perfect values, while with typical perfect values the auxiliary is more frequently present. In Bulgarian, the auxiliary-drop tendency resurfaces again with evidential values. I argue that this auxiliary usage curve is related to a grammaticalization cline specific to BE perfects.
Article
Full-text available
This article explores the connection between irrealis mood and type of complement clause. It is argued that irrealis performs different functions in propositional and state-of-affairs complements, reflecting either irreality (non-actualisation in a situation that often has a concrete location in time) or lack of temporal and situational anchoring. While these distinct functions could be viewed as different realisations of a general irrealis meaning, one must keep in mind that general irrealis meanings are generalisations of more specific meanings arising in particular contexts of grammaticalisation. It is argued that the functions defined above are useful intermediate generalisations enabling a coherent account of irrealis use in complementation. However, the distinction between propositional and state-of-affairs complements is not neat: functions characteristic of the propositional domain also occasionally spill over into the state-of-affairs domain (in the form of counterfactuality or non-factuality marking) and vice versa (as the unanchoring function of subjunctives with evaluative predicates).
Book
Full-text available
Complementizers may be defined as conjunctions that have the function of identifying clauses as complements. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that they have additional functions. Some of these functions are semantic in the sense that they represent conventional contributions to the meanings of the complements. The present book puts a focus to these semantic complementizer functions. © 2016 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. All rights reserved.
Chapter
A complement clause is used instead of a noun phrase; for example one can say either I heard [the result] or I heard [that England beat France]. Languages differ in the grammatical properties of complement clauses, and the types of verbs which take them. Some languages lack a complement clause construction but instead employ other construction types to achieve similar ends; these are called complementation strategies. The book explores the variety of types of complementation found across the languages of the world, their grammatical properties and meanings. Detailed studies of particular languages, including Akkadian, Israeli, Jarawara, and Pennsylvania German, are framed by R. M. W. Dixon's introduction, which sets out the range of issues, and his conclusion, which draws together the evidence and the arguments. This book will interest scholars of typology, language universals, syntax, information structure, and language contact in departments of linguistics and anthropology, as well as advanced and graduate students taking courses in these subjects.
Book
This book presents a stage in the evolution of a theory of modality meanings and forms. It covers exclusively complements. There are two questions that this book addresses. Can one find a small, finite set of meanings which systematically underlies the enormous variety of meanings found in complements? And can one make any predictions from this set of meanings about the variety of forms they take? The answer to both questions is yes. The author convincingly shows how a multiplicity of sentence meanings and forms can be accounted for by breaking down sentence meaning into a small set of modules and howing how these modules combine to express certain meanings and how complement forms are related to them and their combinations.
Book
Since the publication of F. R. Palmer's first edition of Mood and Modality in 1986, when the topic of 'modality' was fairly unfamiliar, there has been considerable interest in the subject as well as in grammatical typology in general. Modality is concerned with mood (subjunctive etc.) and with modal markers such as English modal verbs (can, may, must etc.) and is treated as a single grammatical category found in most of the languages of the world. In his investigation of this category, Palmer draws on a wealth of examples from a wide variety of languages. He discusses in detail familiar features in a number of mainly European languages, and also looks at less familiar features including 'evidential' systems and the contrast of realis/irrealis, both to be found in unrelated languages.
Article
The article is a contribution to the study of experiential and indefinite past-tense forms. It offers an analysis of the Latvian past-tense construction tikt + PPA, which is now a feature of the Latvian standard language though it was originally restricted to Eastern Latvia (probably mainly the High Latvian dialects). It can be characterised as an experiential but has a wider scope than the prototypical experiential, which refers to event types in the past without precise location in time. The Latvian construction with tikt can also refer to events that are more precisely anchored in time and then develops into a non-resultative and non-narrative past-tense form reminiscent of the factual imperfective in Russian. The question is also raised whether differences can be found between the use of the construction tikt + PPA in texts reflecting its distribution in the regional dialects where it used to be indigenous and in the modern standard language.
Chapter
This book is the first comprehensive survey of mood in the languages of Europe. It gives readers access to a collection of data on mood. Each article presents the mood system of a specific European language in a way that readers not familiar with this language are able to understand and to interpret the data. The articles contain information on the morphology and semantics of the mood system, the possible combinations of tense and mood morphology, and the possible uses of the non-indica­tive mood(s). The papers address the explanation of mood from an empirical and descriptive perspective. This book is of interest to scholars of mood and modality, language contact, and areal linguistics and typology.