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A Selective Review of Lipid Autoxidation and Rancidity, Antioxidants, and Dithiooxamide
Abstract
Background: The authors had a research interest in antiaging, oxidation and antioxidants, and determined that lipids are some of the more common raw materials in foods, cosmetics, and in humans, and would be an area to explore autoxidation, whether in retarding spoilage, or to slow aging.
Objective: The authors selected a few lipids and tested them against common pro-oxidants, and documented the effects of common antioxidants as well as a proposed antioxidant candidate together with a short-term toxicity study.
Methods: The authors subjected the lipids to elevated temperatures, with a control, and various pro-oxidants, as well as some commercial antioxidants, and the antioxidant candidate. The authors subsequently tested the lipids for by-products of oxidation, and used mice for a short-term toxicity study.
Results: Lipids stored in iron, copper, and other heavy metals, or are contaminated with such metals, are prone to accelerated autoxidation. Aluminium seems to provide an induction period to lipids and does not accelerate autoxidation as other metals do. When compared to antioxidants such as vitamin E, BHA, BHT, and PG, the antioxidant candidate dithiooxamide appears to be a proficient antioxidant and free from short-term toxicity in a small sample study, which were far below the LDLo and LD50 conducted on rats and mice using dithiooxamide in other later published studies.
Conclusions: The authors determined that lipids should steer clear of iron, copper and other heavy metals, and suggest that the antioxidant candidate dithiooxamide in low quantities may be useful for external lipid applications.
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Ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death associated with inflammation, neurodegeneration, and ischemia. Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) has been reported to prevent ferroptosis, but the mechanism by which this occurs is controversial. To elucidate the biochemical mechanism of vitamin E activity, we systematically investigated the effects of its major vitamers and metabolites on lipid oxidation and ferroptosis in a striatal cell model. We found that a specific endogenous metabolite of vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol hydroquinone, was a dramatically more potent inhibitor of ferroptosis than its parent compound, and inhibits 15-lipoxygenase via reduction of the enzyme’s non-heme iron from its active Fe³⁺ state to an inactive Fe²⁺ state. Furthermore, a non-metabolizable isosteric analog of vitamin E which retains antioxidant activity neither inhibited 15-lipoxygenase nor prevented ferroptosis. These results call into question the prevailing model that vitamin E acts predominantly as a non-specific lipophilic antioxidant. We propose that, similar to the other lipophilic vitamins A, D and K, vitamin E is instead a pro-vitamin, with its quinone/hydroquinone metabolites responsible for its anti-ferroptotic cytoprotective activity.
This article describes the composition of vegetable oils by first of all making a distinction between the saponifiable fraction of the oil and the residue that is left after saponification. It gives the molecular structure of the main fatty acids, phosphatides, and many other minor components of vegetable oils, some of which are particular to specific oils. The article also reviews the analytic methods used to characterize vegetable oils and oil products.
Roots of current conceptions of the regulation of states of the body through negative feedback mechanisms are traced back to Bernard's ideas on active stabilisation of bodily states against disturbances from the outside, revived by Henderson and Haldane, and crystallised in Cannon's concept of homeostasis.
Synthetic and naturally occurring antioxidants have a wide variety of biological actions in rodents, in addition to their primary antioxidant activity. Many of these antioxidants are examined in the chapter for their ability to induce proliferative activity in the alimentary canal. These investigations reveal that the caffeic acid and sesamol are tumorigenic for rat fore-stomach epithelium, whereas catechol and p-methylcatechol induce neoplasia in rat glandular stomach epithelium. Chronic irritation is considered to be responsible for the induction of stomach cancer by antioxidants. The human risk assessment of phenolic antioxidant exposure, and the extrapolation from experimental data, takes into account the target organ, dose level, and route of administration. Some of the necessary characteristics for an ideal chemopreventer include lack of genotoxicity, lack of carcinogenicity, ability to inhibit initiation activity, ability to inhibit promotion activity, and ability to block nitrosamine formation. The fact that antioxidants may show opposite effects in different organs particularly in the promotion stage, implies that a total-body approach using different carcinogenic initiators is necessary for the reliable assessment of second-stage effects.
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