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Student Perspectives on Implementation and Impact of Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) in Their Middle Schools
Abstract
Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) is an evidence-based framework for promoting positive school climates and improving student social and behavioral outcomes. Yet secondary schools have lagged behind elementary schools in their adoption and implementation of PBIS. The transition from elementary to middle school is marked by a host of developmental and environmental changes that creates a critical window for establishing supportive school environments. We conducted a series of focus groups with middle school students ( n = 45) attending PBIS schools to learn about their views and understandings of PBIS, the perceived impact of these programs, the extent to which they were involved in PBIS, and their recommendations for improving their school’s program. Although middle school students’ understanding of PBIS was often focused on their acknowledgment system, students identified a range of impacts beyond improving student behavior. Students also expressed a desire for more transparent communication between staff and students, and more opportunities for students to be actively involved in their school’s program. We discuss the implications of these findings with respect to increasing the uptake and impact of PBIS in secondary schools.
... To understand the working strategy of positive intervention programs, researchers have taken inferences from using the positive behavioral intervention support framework, to develop initiatives for enhanced positive psychology in organizations (Lloyd et al., 2023). However, below mentioned initiatives help the organizations to reinforce positive employee behavior in the workplace, which include: 1. Timely routines for employees to avoid burnout. ...
... Experts agree that students should participate in shaping their school's culture (Horner & Macaya, 2018;Swain-Bradway et al., 2014). Moreover, secondary school students have expressed a need for more involvement in their school's PBIS practices (Lloyd et al., 2023). Since students in the same school can have dramatically different experiences and perceptions (Wang & Dishion, 2011), engaging them in identifying and resolving issues related to teacherstudent relationships, home-school dissonance, schoolwide PBIS procedures and policies, and disciplinary inequity can lead to stronger behavior support practices and outcomes. ...
Implementation of a culturally responsive positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) framework is associated with positive outcomes for secondary students when implemented schoolwide. Yet, educators often report more implementation challenges in secondary school as compared to elementary school settings. Difficulties obtaining student buy-in may make PBIS implementation more challenging. Secondary student input on school climate and discipline systems could be an integral source of information for educators who are working to establish more effective behavioral support systems. Using authentic student voice data from an example secondary school, the authors provide a research-based approach to amplifying student voice and increasing student involvement in culturally responsive PBIS.
... This was revealed in an interview with the following quote "... the transition from PAUD to elementary school will automatically mean that the children are ready to enter elementary school...". This opinion is contrary to the opinion put forward by Chen (2024); Garrity et al. (2021); and Lloyd et al. (2022) who have the view that a quality transition process is a transition that involves cooperation between families, schools, and communities. So that children cannot be left alone in facing the transition period. ...
This study addresses the critical transition from Early Childhood Education (PAUD) to Elementary School (SD), focusing on the development of a mobile application to support parents during this phase. The transition significantly impacts children’s social, emotional, and cognitive readiness. Conducted in Babakan Ciparay, Bandung, the study employs the Research and Development (RD) method using the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) framework. The sample consists of 150 parents of children in group B kindergarten/RA/equivalent and grades 1–2 SD/MI/equivalent, representing the transition phase. In-depth interviews were conducted with six parents to gather qualitative insights. Over 50% of parents demonstrated awareness of the PAUD-SD transition, but their understanding highlighted a need for accessible digital guidance, often sourced from the internet. These insights informed the creation of the PAUD.int application. Evaluation using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and System Usability Scale (SUS) indicated high usability and acceptance of the app, confirming its effectiveness in supporting parents during this transition. The PAUD.int application has the potential to improve children's readiness and enhance parental engagement during the transition. However, challenges such as device compatibility and registration processes suggest opportunities for technical and functional enhancements. The development of the PAUD.int application demonstrates the value of digital tools in facilitating smoother PAUD-SD transitions. Future studies should explore further technical improvements and interactive features to expand its impact on parental support and child readiness.
... Thus, it is important to implement intervention programs that extend into middle and high school to support children with the greatest need for self-regulation development. Programs like Emozi (PATHS Program LLC, 2023), an expansion of PATHS for older children, or whole-school tiered intervention programs, such as the Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports model (PBIS; Bradshaw et al., 2015;Gagnon et al., 2020;Lloyd et al., 2023) could extend social-emotional skill building into adolescence. Teachers can provide scaffolding through this process by modeling routines, providing consistent feedback around expectations, and offering children tools to support their regulatory skills (Korinek & deFur, 2016). ...
The current study examined the developmental trajectories of behavioral self-regulation from early childhood to adolescence and linked them to adolescent domain-general (i.e., positive functioning and delinquent behavior) and school-specific (i.e., school connectedness and peer victimization) outcomes. Using data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 4009), Growth Mixture Models identified four behavioral self-regulation trajectory classes: early developer (n = 2096, 52.3%), moderate stable (n = 1500, 37.4%), lagged developer (n = 212, 5.2%), and regressor (n = 201, 5%). Child and family characteristics were used to distinguish these four trajectories. The early developer trajectory had the strongest protective effect on adolescent outcomes, showing the highest levels of positive functioning and school connectedness and the lowest levels of delinquent behavior and peer victimization. Conversely, the regressor trajectory was linked with highest risky adolescent outcomes. The findings underscore the importance of implementing targeted intervention programs that promote behavioral self-regulation during middle childhood.
... Of relevance here, is that although engaging key stakeholders was reported as a significant barrier for many practitioners, some practitioners reported the value of working with key stakeholders, with these experiences linked directly to when support teams understood the benefits of PBS and were more invested in process. This is in consensus with research discussing the benefits of working with and learning from key stakeholders to inform effective behaviour support practices (e.g., see Breeze, 2021;Fisher et al., 2021;Kruger & Northway, 2019;Lloyd et al., 2023;Steed et al., 2023). ...
This paper examines the experiences of behaviour support practitioners providing positive behaviour support (PBS) under the Australian National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS), including perceived barriers and enablers of practice, and ongoing support needs. It reports on data provided by NDIS PBS practitioners ( n = 392) in a cross‐sectional mixed methods survey employed to examine the characteristics and experiences of behaviour support practitioners working across Australia. Qualitative data from open‐ended questions were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. The key barriers to practice included “the current service systems,” “engaging and collaborating with stakeholders” and “limited PBS expertise across the sector.” Enablers of good practice related to “organisation systems and practice supports/tools,” “practice supervision” and “quality training and professional development opportunities.” Ongoing support needs identified included the need for “further PBS training,” “improved service systems” and “access to clinical supports and practice guidance.” Findings suggest that whilst some practitioners report positive experiences, a large majority experience significant barriers to their PBS practice. They describe potential supports to overcome these barriers, which emphasise the need for further PBS training, clinical supervision/oversight and more efficient service systems. Findings have implications for PBS practice, policy and research in Australia.
Middle schools bring considerable change for students, which can intensify risk for adverse middle school student experiences and performance. Yet, implementation of positive and proactive classroom-level strategies can improve student outcomes. However, middle school teachers may not have the repertoire to systemically implement such classroom-level strategies to fidelity, particularly in co-teaching arrangements. This U.S. study investigated the impact of a classroom-level interdependent group contingency model, Classwide FIT ( CW-FIT ) on middle school student behavior. Two single-case withdrawal designs were used to evaluate the effects across two co-taught middle school classrooms. Furthermore, teacher-selected modifications to the system were explored as well as teacher and student perceptions of social validity. Results indicated the intervention and intervention modifications improved student appropriately engaged behavior and demonstrated social validity. Limitations of the study and directions for future inquiry are presented.
The effectiveness of Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) in reducing major misbehavior has been demonstrated in many research studies. However, no research on the effects of PBIS on student behavior has been conducted in Quebec and other French-speaking regions. This study focuses on the results of PBIS implementation in Quebec schools in Canada. This article presents results following implementation in three secondary schools and one elementary school that recorded Office Discipline Referrals (ODRs) for the year preceding PBIS implementation and the following 3 years of PBIS implementation. An average annual rate of ODRs per student was calculated for each school and for each year. The results show a reduction in the average annual rate of ODRs per student in each of the 3 years following the implementation of PBIS. In total, there was a 78% reduction in the number of ODRs in Year 3 of PBIS across the four schools. The article also discusses the features of PBIS implementation in Quebec.
We examined how middle‐school students’ motivation, belonging, school climate, and grade point average (GPA) are affected by students experiencing developmental relationships—those that go beyond teachers being caring (e.g., showing warmth to students) and providing challenge (e.g., high expectations) to also include teachers providing support, sharing power, and expanding students’ sense of possibilities. We also examined variations in those associations by student socioeconomic status (SES). The study included 534 diverse Grades 6–8 students (51% female, 46% non‐White, 33% eligible for free and reduced price meals). Structural equation modeling and regressions showed that students with better developmental relationships with their teachers had better outcomes. Developmental relationships strongly predicted academic motivation at both the beginning and end of the school year, and also directly predicted students’ sense of belonging and school climate. Relationships indirectly predicted GPA, through motivation. Student–teacher relationship quality for low‐SES students was lower and declined more than for other students. The results both reflect current literature in showing the importance of strong student–teacher relationships, and extend it in showing the worsening relationships quality for low‐income students, and in suggesting that strengthening multiple facets of student–teacher developmental relationships may have important effects on motivation and achievement of middle‐school students.
School‐wide positive behavior interventions and supports (SWPBIS) is a multitiered support framework for preventing problem behaviors and increasing prosocial behaviors. There has been an increasing number of experimental group design research studies focused on the impacts of SWPBIS. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to update and extend prior reviews by including both published and unpublished studies and conducting a robust variance estimation meta‐analysis to examine the magnitude of the effect of SWPBIS on all available school‐level outcomes. A total of 29 studies were identified across the United States and Europe, including seven randomized controlled trials and 22 quasi‐experimental group design studies. Overall, statistically significant reductions in school discipline and increased academic achievement were found. Effect sizes were small to medium. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Following a review of the literature to identify core principles of schoolwide positive behavior interventions and supports (SWPBIS), this study employed coding methods to examine teacher concerns as expressed in their responses to an open-ended probe in five middle schools. Teachers in all schools expressed concerns for their colleagues’ support for implementation, Tier 2 and 3 supports, use of reinforcement and consequences, and student investment. Fewer teachers expressed concerns for prevention, structuring the environment to support positive behavior, using data to make decisions, teaching expectations, and the need to understand the function of behavior. Within and across schools, teachers expressed diverse views as they affirmed their support, expressed concerns for their colleagues’ non-support, and, in fewer cases, expressed misunderstandings or beliefs in opposition to the principles of SWPBIS. Overall, tensions seemed to stem not from opposition or resistance to SWPBIS but from poor application of the SWPBIS principles in their building—by the team, the administrators, and/or colleagues. Limitations, recommendations for practice, and future research are discussed.
http://www.pbis.org/Common/Cms/files/pbisresources/Status%20of%20High%20School%20PBIS%20Implementation%20in%20the%20U.S..pdf
Educational researchers and practitioners assert that supportive school and classroom climates can positively influence the academic outcomes of students , thus potentially reducing academic achievement gaps between students and schools of different socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. Nonetheless, scientific evidence establishing directional links and mechanisms between SES, school climate, and academic performance is inconclusive. This comprehensive review of studies dating back to the year 2000 examined whether a positive climate can successfully disrupt the associations between low SES and poor academic achievement. Positive climate was found to mitigate the negative contribution of weak SES background on academic achievement; however, most studies do not provide a basis for deducing a directional influence and causal relations. Additional research is encouraged to establish the nature of impact positive climate has on academic achievement and a multifaceted body of knowledge regarding the mul-tilevel climate dimensions related to academic achievement.
Full stakeholder support for any innovation can be difficult to achieve, particularly in complex systems such as middle and high schools. Increasingly, obtaining middle and high school teacher support for Schoolwide Positive Behavior Supports (SWPBS) is identified as a challenging yet crucial element of implementation. The reasons behind these challenges are not well understood; thus, the purpose of this study was to attain a better understanding of the SWPBS-related needs and concerns of middle and high school teachers. Thematic analysis was used to analyze open-ended concerns statements and statements of need from teachers working in 19 middle and high schools. Regardless of SWPBS implementation level, the most prevalent concerns pertained to staff support and consensus, and the most prevalent needs were related to collaboration. There were high levels of consistency in concerns and needs, with a few differences found in the concerns and needs statements of teachers in implementing and low-implementing schools. Full results, limitations, and implications for future research and practice are discussed.
We studied the transition from elementary to middle school for 74 fifth-grade students. Specifically, we examined how behavioral risk evident in the elementary years, as measured by the Student Risk Screening Scale (SRSS), impacts students transitioning from elementary to middle school. First, we examined how student risk status shifts as students transitioned from elementary to middle school, also exploring whether these shifts in risk were comparable with the shifts in risk occurring within the fifth-grade year. Second, we explored the degree to which these shifts in risk varied as a function of student gender, special education status, and initial behavioral performance. Although gender was not predictive of performance, there was a positive relation between special education status and initial behavioral risk when compared with risk evident during the sixth-grade year. Finally, we determined the extent to which risk at the end of elementary school was associated with academic and behavioral performance during the first year of middle school. Findings suggest a strong relation between grade point average (GPA) and course failures (CFs) with behavioral risk in sixth grade. As expected, there was a statistically significant, positive relation between CFs and sixth-grade SRSS scores and an inverse relation with GPA.
Attendance, behavior, and academic outcomes are important indicators of school effectiveness and long-term student outcomes. Multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS), such as School-Wide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS), have emerged as potentially effective frameworks for addressing student needs and improving student outcomes. Much of the research on SWPBIS outcomes has taken place at the elementary and middle school levels, leaving a need for a more thorough examination of outcomes at the high school level. The purpose of this study was to explore the links between implementation of SWPBIS and academic, attendance, and behavior outcome measures across a large sample of high schools from 37 states. Despite some of the difficulties of SWPBIS implementation at the high school level, evidence suggests positive relationships between SWPBIS implementation and outcomes in behavior and attendance for high schools that implement with fidelity.
An overview of the many types of studies that fall into the qualitative design genre is provided. Strategies that qualitative researchers use to establish the authors' studies as credible and trustworthy are listed and defined. So that readers will recognize the important contribution qualitative studies have made in the field of special education, a range of well-known and lesser known examples of qualitative research are reviewed. The quality indicators that are important in conducting and evaluating qualitative research are identified. Finally, as an example of the evidence that can be produced using qualitative methods, the authors provide a summary of how 3 studies have provided important information that can be used to inform policy and practice.
Objective:
School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS) is a universal prevention strategy currently implemented in >16,000 schools across the United States. SWPBIS intends to reduce students' behavior problems by altering staff behaviors and developing systems and supports to meet children's behavioral needs. The current study reports intervention effects on child behaviors and adjustment from an effectiveness trial of SWPBIS.
Methods:
The sample of 12,344 elementary school children was 52.9% male, 45.1% African American, and 46.1% Caucasian. Approximately 49% received free or reduced-priced meals, and 12.9% received special education services at baseline. The trial used a group randomized controlled effectiveness design implemented in 37 elementary schools. Multilevel analyses were conducted on teachers' ratings of children's behavior problems, concentration problems, social-emotional functioning, prosocial behavior, office discipline referrals, and suspensions at 5 time points over the course of 4 school years.
Results:
The multilevel results indicated significant effects of SWPBIS on children's behavior problems, concentration problems, social-emotional functioning, and prosocial behavior. Children in SWPBIS schools also were 33% less likely to receive an office discipline referral than those in the comparison schools. The effects tended to be strongest among children who were first exposed to SWPBIS in kindergarten.
Conclusions:
These findings provide support for the hypothesized reduction in behavior problems and improvements in prosocial behavior and effective emotion regulation after training in SWPBIS. The SWPBIS framework appears to be a promising approach for reducing problems and promoting adjustment among elementary school children.
A general inductive approach for analysis of qualitative evaluation data is described. The purposes for using an inductive approach are to (a) condense raw textual data into a brief, summary format; (b) establish clear links between the evaluation or research objectives and the summary findings derived from the raw data; and (c) develop a framework of the underlying structure of experiences or processes that are evident in the raw data. The general inductive approach provides an easily used and systematic set of procedures for analyzing qualitative data that can produce reliable and valid findings. Although the general inductive approach is not as strong as some other analytic strategies for theory or model development, it does provide a simple, straightforward approach for deriving findings in the context of focused evaluation questions. Many evaluators are likely to find using a general inductive approach less complicated than using other approaches to qualitative data analysis.
This brief discusses the importance of student voice, describes the unique features of high school settings that can make it challenging to include students, and offers strategies to address these barriers.
https://www.pbis.org/resource/high-school-pbis-implementation-student-voice
The three-tiered Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) framework promotes the development of systems and data analysis to guide the selection and implementation of evidence-based practices across multiple tiers. The current study examined the effects of universal (tier 1) or school-wide PBIS (SW-PBIS) in one state's scale-up of this tier of the framework. Annual propensity score weights were generated to examine the longitudinal effects of SW-PBIS from 2006–07 through 2011–12. School-level archival and administrative data outcomes were examined using panel models with an autoregressive structure. The sample included 1316 elementary, middle, and high schools. Elementary schools trained in SW-PBIS demonstrated statistically significantly lower suspensions during the fourth and fifth study years (i.e., small effect size) and higher reading and math proficiency rates during the first two study years as well as in one and two later years (i.e., small to large effect sizes), respectively. Secondary schools implementing SW-PBIS had statistically significantly lower suspensions and truancy rates during the second study year and higher reading and math proficiency rates during the second and third study years. These findings demonstrate medium effect sizes for all outcomes except suspensions. Given the widespread use of SW-PBIS across nearly 26,000 schools in the U.S., this study has important implications for educational practices and policies.
Many states have scaled up School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SW-PBIS) with the goal of improving student behavior and academic outcomes. Although the effects of SW-PBIS on behavioral and discipline outcomes have been promising, the findings for academic achievement have been inconclusive and are often limited to cross-sectional data. This paper examined the longitudinal effect of SW-PBIS on student behavioral problems and academic achievement growth in elementary and middle schools using propensity score matching. We found no statistically significant longitudinal effects of SW-PBIS on either student behavior problems or academic achievement among elementary and middle schools in this quasiexperimental design, even though the positive direction of longitudinal changes would identified. The result raised questions about the efficacy of SW-PBIS utilizing a statewide achievement test when scaled-up to a state-level. Additional research is needed to better understand the impact of SW-PBIS using rigorous scale-up designs.
This review summarizes the case for investing in adolescence as a period of rapid growth, learning, adaptation, and formational neurobiological development. Adolescence is a dynamic maturational period during which young lives can pivot rapidly-in both negative and positive directions. Scientific progress in understanding adolescent development provides actionable insights into windows of opportunity during which policies can have a positive impact on developmental trajectories relating to health, education, and social and economic success. Given current global changes and challenges that affect adolescents, there is a compelling need to leverage these advances in developmental science to inform strategic investments in adolescent health.
The definitive handbook on peer relations has now been significantly revised with 55% new material. Bringing together leading authorities, this volume presents cutting-edge research on the dynamics of peer interactions, their impact on multiple aspects of social development, and the causes and consequences of peer difficulties. From friendships and romance to social withdrawal, aggression, and victimization, all aspects of children's and adolescents' relationships are explored. The book examines how individual characteristics interact with family, group, and contextual factors across development to shape social behavior. The importance of peer relationships to emotional competence, psychological well-being, and achievement is analyzed, and peer-based interventions for those who are struggling are reviewed. Each chapter includes an introductory overview and addresses theoretical considerations, measures and methods, research findings and their implications, and future directions.
Schoolwide Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports (SWPBIS) is a framework for establishing a schoolwide positive social culture with a continuum of behavior supports and an effective learning environment for all students. This framework was initially implemented in elementary and middle schools and more recently in high schools. Coaches for high schools implementing SWPBIS often comment on how implementation looks different in high schools and takes longer. This article explores how the high school context (i.e., size of school and organizational culture, developmental age of students) impacts the foundational systems of the SWPBIS framework (i.e., leadership system, communication system, data system) and how coaches and others can take this into consideration when supporting high schools in implementation.
This article addresses the effects of 3-tiered comprehensive reading and behavior interventions on K-3 student outcomes in 7 urban elementary schools with a high prevalence of students considered difficult to teach. Specific features of each level of the implementation are described including screening and tier placement procedures, scheduling and personnel supports, procedures for ensuring strong implementation with fidelity, procedures for student progress monitoring, and guidelines for instructional decision making. Early literacy skill outcomes for students were the primary dependent measures in reading; schoolwide office discipline referral rate was the dependent measure in behavior. Significant improvement was evident in phoneme segmentation and nonsense word fluency in reading and significant decreases were documented in office discipline referrals across treatment and comparison schools. Significantly higher outcomes were also recorded on required statewide end-of-grade assessments in treatment schools. Implications and caveats concerning effective implementation of the model in other settings are provided. The article emphasizes that changing schoolwide reading and behavior risk requires effective intervention, instruction, and support in both areas.
The present study investigates links between early adolescents’ subjective experiences of stress associated with the middle school transition and their academic outcomes. Seventh and eighth grade students (N = 774) were surveyed about their experiences during their transition to middle school. Students answered questions about stress associated with the transition to middle school, the extent to which their friendships had changed over the course of the transition, and a variety of academic outcomes including academic performance, school bonding, and academic motivation. Results indicate that higher amounts of middle school transition stress predict lower grades, higher school anxiety, and lower school bonding. Moreover, transition stress predicted academic outcomes regardless of whether adolescents were in a stable friendship group across the transition to middle school. Results are discussed in light of implications for promoting positive social and academic development across the transition to middle school.
School environments offer a particularly difficult setting for fostering youth-adult partnerships because of the sharp power and status distinctions among students, teachers, and administrators. Drawing on interview and observational data examining 13 student-voice initiatives in northern California, this research examines the type of supports that can enable the development of strong school-based youth-adult partnerships. The data demonstrate that efforts to reshape student roles face great resistance and require intentional effort on the part of adults and youth to sustain partnerships. Specifically, the institutional constraints of schools required extra attention to fostering more equitable relationships between youth and adults within school walls, establishing the legitimacy of these new relationships through the completion of specific and yet meaningful objectives established by the partnership, and finding sufficient time to engage in the work of building these partnerships.
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and No Child Left Behind emphasize the use of scientifically based research to improve outcomes for students. From this emphasis, response-to-intervention has evolved. We present one perspective on the defining features of response-to-intervention and application of those features to school-wide positive behavior supports (SWPBS). We suggest that the initial purpose of response-to-intervention has expanded from a focus on screening and improved outcomes for students with learning disabilities to a general approach for improving instructional and intervention decision making for all students. We describe a similar evolution of SWPBS, only with a focus on the (a) social culture within the whole school and (b) behavior supports for those students with problem behavior. We conclude by suggesting that the response-to-intervention approach offers an excellent umbrella of guiding principles for improved assessment and intervention decision making, and that SWPBS is an example of the application of these principles to the challenge of establishing formal systems of behavior support for all students' school- and classroom-wide. To guide SWPBS implementation, we offer a self-assessment protocol for school and leadership implementation teams to improve the development of an integrated continuum of behavioral interventions and practices that is effective, efficient, relevant, and durable.
• “I want my children to receive the Response-to-Intervention program.”
• “We've got a Response-to-Intervention team that meets on the 2nd Tuesday of each month, and a School-wide Positive Behavior Support committee that meets on 3rd Wednesday of each month.”
• “Response-to-Intervention is about closing the achievement gap. School-wide Positive Behavior Support is about improving school discipline and classroom management.”
• “We are required to use Response-to-Intervention to identify students with learning disabilities.”
Implementation of SWPBIS in high school: Why is it different? Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth
- K B Flannery
- M M Kato
Flannery, K. B., & Kato, M. M. (2017). Implementation of SWPBIS
in high school: Why is it different? Preventing School Failure:
Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 61(1), 69-79.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1045988X.2016.1196644
Building positive behavior support systems in schools: Functional behavior assessment
- D A Crone
- L S Hawken
- R H Horner
Crone, D. A., Hawken, L. S., & Horner, R. H. (2015). Building
positive behavior support systems in schools: Functional
behavior assessment. Guilford Press.
Lessons learned on implementation of PBIS in high schools: Current trends and future directions
- K B Flannery
- P Hershfeldt
- J Freeman
Flannery, K. B., Hershfeldt, P., & Freeman, J. (2018). Lessons
learned on implementation of PBIS in high schools: Current
trends and future directions. Center on PBIS.