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Exploitation and Exclusion: A Socio-Cultural Analysis of Child Labour in Iran
Abstract
Abstract
Poverty and unemployment in families may produce child labour. These and other factors, such as uneven development, may deprive parts of society from social privileges. Indeed, uneven development is the main cause of poverty and unemployment, especially in a country’s marginal, ethnic and religious areas. Following the Revolution, Iranian society was confronted with a rising population – it has doubled over the four decades. Unlike the population, the country’s economy has not experienced a boom; instead, there has been a downward turn in the economic-development rate under sanctions and macro-level policies, leading to higher levels of unemployment and poverty. Under these circumstances, families use their children’s labour to make up part of their expenses. Families without caretakers or with irresponsible caretakers also cause child labour. Some heads of families are unable to work and support their families for reasons such as addiction, illness and disability, while others have already died. Thus, families are faced with rising poverty, and this prompts children to enter the work cycle. Poverty in families without caretakers or with irresponsible caretakers proves the ineffectiveness of the country’s protection policies. This article is an excerpt from the book Traces of Exploitation in Childhood (A Comprehensive Research on Forms, Causes and Consequences of Child Labour in Iran).2
Keywords: Child labour, harms, community, culture, childhood study
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The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between attitude and first language attrition, defined as the non-pathological decrease in a language that had previously been acquired by an individual. The studies on L2 acquisition have shown the strong impact of attitudes, motivations and other affective factors on linguistic learning. This dissertation, therefore, hypothesizes that attitude has a decisive influence on language attrition and maintenance. Both quantitative and qualitative data have been employed during the process of data-gathering. We used Personal Language Attitude Questionnaire for Bilinguals (PLAQ-B) developed by our research team to assess the attitudes of 134 adolescents' attitude towards their first language. Finally, Think Aloud Protocol was applied to 14 participants to learn more about the reasons of attrition and to validate all the information obtained from the questionnaire and the tasks. The results have shown that there is a significant correlation between attitude , motivation and such variables as language maintenance, language choice.
When assessing task difficulty, teachers perceive, interpret, and integrate information about relevant features of the task by applying their topic-specific pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). These assumptions on the processes underlying diagnostic judgements on tasks have rarely been modeled and investigated systematically. In an experimental study, we assume two processes (identifying relevant task features and integrating information on multiple features) and predict the influence of PCK and available time on the accuracy of task judgments of 212 student teachers. The results support that PCK is required for both processes and that time pressure only affects the complex process of integrating information.
Hanuer’s Meaningful Literacy has been used as a major justification for including poetry writing as part of pedagogical practices in second and foreign language contexts. Unfortunately, within the EFL context, many teachers are still reluctant to include poetry writing in their teaching practices due to the common assumption that writing poems in a second language is too difficult for students to deal with and therefore will be out of their reach and interest. This qualitative study, which collected data through observations, documentation and surveys, investigated how 171 Indonesian EFL students successfully write their poetry books in creative writing classes. Employing an ethnographic case study approach, the findings showed that students use the following strategies in writing their English poems: (1) Using popular poem templates as idea starters; (2) Creating a vocabulary bank for writing rhyming poems; and (3) Building emotions through personal story sharing and later channeling them through poetry writing. This study concludes that EFL students could enjoy poetry writing as expressive pedagogy and thus, debunks the negative assumption related to EFL students’ lack of interest and appreciation in poetry writing. Keywords: Creative writing, English as a Foreign Language (EFL), expressive pedagogy, poetry writing, Indonesian students
Before gothic first emerged as an important fiction genre in literature in the eighteenth century, it was predominantly used in architecture in the Medieval Period, and in fine arts in the following centuries. Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto (1764) is considered as the earliest gothic fiction example in English Literature. Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar is considered as one of the pioneers of gothic fiction in Turkish Literature. Ali Rıza Seyfi Bey is another remarkable Turkish novelist who used gothic elements in his work Drakula İstanbul'da (Dracula in Istanbul, 1930). The influence of gothic fiction and its elements cannot be adequately felt in the twentieth and twenty-first-century Turkish Literature. When the gothic genre is mentioned, primarily the literary works produced in Western literature comes to mind. In this context, Lanetli Genler (Cursed Genes, 1995) written by Elif Karakaş in 1995 appears as a significant novel with gothic elements in Turkish Literature in the twentieth century. In this study, after giving some brief information about the definition of gothic as a term and its emergence in some visual arts, some brief information about the emergence of gothic fiction in English Literature and the influence of gothic fiction in Turkish Literature will be given. The main aim of this study is to focus on the effects of gothic fiction in Elif Karataş's novel Lanetli Genler, after briefly mentioning the early influences of gothic images in Turkish literature. Lanetli Genler will be studied with the reader response method, and in this work, some gothic images, such as loneliness, colours, pessimism, fear, identity conflict, pain, gloomy settings, revenge, curse, murder and some supernatural characters, such as vampire, ghosts and ghoul will be examined.
This work analyzes the efficiency of innovative activity across countries and industries. The author offers his interpretation of the concept «model of innovation development». Tools for the quantitative assessment of level of innovative development of countries and formation of the vector of economic development based on indicators grouped under the following three components were developed: labor, productivity, and cost. This study also investigates the structure of domestic expenditure on innovation in the main sectors of investment (by country). Based on the testing of the developed tools, recommendations for the innovative development of the country are offered.
Pragmatic competence is gaining more and more importance in linguistics and language teaching. This paper starts with an introduction to the concept of pragmatic competence and it moves forward to defining the concept, referring to excessive literature review done in the field. This study aims to examine the importance of the concept, particularly, to analyze the relationship between language form and language function, thereby introducing the notions of “acceptability” and “grammaticality”, and explain to what extent these terms differ and are linked at the same time. The study is also concerned about the connection between cultural competence and linguistic competence. Finally, the study is followed by the one focused on the necessity of pragmatics in teaching, which, in its turn, is accompanied by how to teach pragmatics.
Keywords: Pragmatic Competence, Linguistic Competence, Communication, Foreign Language, Language Learners
The research purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the effects of technological readiness and innovation on logistics performance. To build up and maintain an important role in global supply chains, nowadays it is obvious that countries and logistics providers need to achieve competitive advantage in terms of digitalization. However, there is a lack of empirical studies about the impacts of information technologies and innovation potential on the logistics efficiency of countries. Hence, the study analyzes whether the corresponding pillars of the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) matter for the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) and its dimensions. For determining the effects, the pooled regression approach is applied. The results show that technological readiness and innovation are positively and statistically significantly correlated with logistics performance: competence and quality of logistics services, efficiency of customs clearance processes, ability to track and trace consignments, frequency with which shipments reach consignee within scheduled or expected time, and ease of arranging competitively priced shipments. The findings of this study suggest that investments in innovations and technology progress improve countries' logistics efficiency, which is an important prerequisite for enabling Logistics 4.0 and thus, Industry 4.0 and the digital transformation of the economy and society.
While the deployment of technological innovation was able to avert a devastating global supply chain fallout arising from the impact of ravaging COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, little is known about potential environmental cost of such achievement. The aim of this paper is to identify the determinants of logistics per-
formance and investigate its empirical linkages with economic and environmental indicators. We built a macro-level dataset for the top 25 ranked logistics countries from 2007 to 2018, conducting a set of panel data tests on cross-sectional dependence, stationarity and cointegration, to provide preliminary insights. Empirical estimates
from Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), and Quantile Regression (QR) model suggest that technological innovation, Human Development Index (HDI), urbanization, and trade openness significantly boost logistic performance, whereas employment and Gross Fixed Capital For-
mation (GFCF) fail to respond in such a desirable path. In turn, an increase in the Logistic Performance Index (LPI) is found to worsen economic growth. Finally, LPI exhibits a large positive effect on carbon emissions, which is congruent with a strand of the literature highlighting that the modern supply chain is far from being decar-
bonized. Thus, this evidence further suggest that more global efforts should be geared to attain a sustainable logistics.
Discussions about innovation in the organizational context were brought up between the mid 18th and 19th centuries; since then, concepts, definitions, and classifications of innovations have been created and incorporated into the academic and organizational contexts. The understanding of such concepts is fundamental for the agents involved to realize the different possibilities for the generation and management of innovation. This chapter, based on a literature review, develops a synthesis of concepts and classifications about innovation and presents a proposal for the analysis of innovative activity based on five dimensions: degree of novelty, object, focus, scope, and development. In addition, based on the assumption that universities are characterized as the most important producer of scientific knowledge in the context of innovation systems, it analyzes the modes of knowledge production and the respective role of scientific knowledge for the generation of innovation.