Article classification: Conceptual paper

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to critically assess the common presupposition that fake news is
a) a threat to contemporary civilization;
b) something that appeared only recently or at least that recent examples of fake news present a more serious threat to civilization than those from the past.

Full text

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!
Is!real!really!impenetrable?!
Third draft: quantum mechanics / by many
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What!about!memetic!reality?!
Fourth+draft:+Susan+Blackmore+and+memetics+
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4",>'*(#0)#(40;*$%)&("')&$#;(,+(&$G/$1(%)&&'1('$#0'"(I'4*$(,"(K,%)(A'%,8'*(,-&;(
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O/#(#0$*(40;*$%)&("')&$#;(8)<'*(&$#'")&&;(-,(*'-*'(=$#0,/#(#0'(A")-1E(#0'(*#,";(
#0)#(8)<'*(#0)#(40;*$%)&("')&$#;(*,8'#0$-B(8')-$-B+/&(+,"(/*E(0/8)-*7(Q,#(#0)#(
8;#0*bA")-1*(=,/&1('C$*#($-(-,("'&)#$,-(#,(#0'$"(40;*$%)&("')&$#;E(#0';(%,-*#"/%#(

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+,"](S0)#($*(#0'(4/"4,*'(,+(8;#0(%"')#$,-()-1("'4'#$#$,-.(,/"(+$#-'**7(S0)#(8;(
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!&&(8;#0*(*'">'(,-'(4/"4,*'(,-&;.(#,(8)<'(/*(+$##'"($-(#0'(+$#-'**(&)-1*%)4'(
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"')&$#;E(-,#(#,(8)<'(/*(*/"'(,+(=0)#(0)44'-'1($-(#0'(4)*#7(S0,(%)"'*($+(Q'=#,-(
"')&&;(B,#(0$*(B")-1(B")>$#;($1')(=0$&'(*$##$-B(/-1'"()(#"''(*''$-B()-()44&'(+)&&$-B7(
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'C4&,")#$,-(#0)#(8)<'*(#0$*(8;#0($84,"#)-#7(:0'"'()"'(,#0'"($84,"#)-#(&'**,-*(
[$-%&/1'1\($-(#0'(Q'=#,-(8;#0E(A/#(-'>'"#0'&'**()&&(=0)#($*($84,"#)-#()"'(
&'**,-*E(-,#("')&$#;7(
(
What!is!then!the!nature!of!truth?!
Sixth+draft:+intersubjectivity+
(
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8$-'E(*,(!($*(-,#(,-&;(#0'(*)8'(+,"(A,#0(,+(/*(A/#($*()&*,(%0)-B'1(+,"(')%0(,+(/*7((
D*(*/%0(")1$%)&(*/A2'%#$>$#;(-'%'**)";](:0$*(G/'*#$,-($*($84,"#)-#(-,#(,-&;(
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• D+()&&(8'8'*(=,/&1(A'()B"''1(/4,-(8/&#$&)#'")&&;(5A;()&&9E(,-&;(#0'-(=,/&1(
+)<'(-'=*(%')*'(#,('C$*#7(J)<'($*('>'";#0$-B(#0)#($*(-,#()B"''1(/4,-7(J)<'(
-'=*($*(#0/*(#0'(A"')1()-1(A/##'"(,+(0/8)-('C$*#'-%'7(:0'(%,-%&/*$,-E(
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*/A2'%#$>'(5)"A$#")";9E(A/#(,A2'%#$>'E("')&7(H$-%'(='(%,F%,-*#"/%#("')&$#;(=$#0(')%0(
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Conclusion?!
Seventh+draft:+No+place+for+fake+in+blockchain?+
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3)-$'&(3'--'##(1'*%"$A'1(0$*(#0',";(,+(0,=(%,-*%$,/*-'**([0)44'-*\($-(0$*(A,,<(
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8)-;($-#'"4"'#)#$,-*(,+(3'--'##d*(#0',";()-1('>'-(0$*(,=-('&)A,")#$,-($*(-,#(
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O'%)/*'($#(=)*(4")%#$%)&&;(4",>'17(S0'"'](D-(#0$*(>'";(4)4'"7(^,=](O;()44&;$-B(

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,A2'%#$>'&;(/-%0)-B')A&'7(D+(-,(,-'("'4&$'*(#,(8;(A&,%<(5)44",>'*($#($-(#0$*(,"(
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4)"#$%/&)"(4)"#(,+(#,#)&(*%$'-%'E(*/%0()("/&'(*''8*(B,,17(O/#(#0'-.(D(1,(-,#(<-,=(
8/%0(8,"'()A,/#(A)*'A)&&(#0)-()A,/#(G/)-#/8(8'%0)-$%*7(S0;(=,/&1(D(A'(8,"'(
)&&,='1(5A;(=0,89(#,(%,F1'+$-'(A)*'A)&&("')&$#;(#0)-()-;(,#0'"("')&$#;7(a>'-($+(D(
=,/&1(1)"'(#,(+)<'(*,8'(4)"#(,+(G/)-#/8(8'%0)-$%*E(8;(A&,%<(=,/&1(-,#(A'(
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Lesson!for!public!relations!and!democracy?!

n'*7(S'(=$&&(0)>'(#,(*#)"#(#,(&$>'(=$#0,/#(,/#*$1'()/#0,"$#;(#0)#(=,/&1(4&);()-(
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4"'*/84#$,-(5+,"#/-)#'&;(,-&;($-(#0'(='*#'"-(8'%0)-$*#$%(=,"&1(+,"(,-&;(#0'(&)*#(
ZVV(;')"*9(#0)#()-;(<$-1(,+(,/#*$1'()/#0,"$#;('C$*#*7(D#(%)--,#('C$*#($-(4"$-%$4&'7(
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J",8(#0$*(='(%)-(%,-%&/1'(#0)#(='(0)>'(,-&;('-#'"'1(#0'(+$'&1(,+(3'8,%")%;7(D+(
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#0'"'($*()(%0)-%'(#,("'&)#'(#,(,-'()-,#0'"(=$#0,/#(,A*#)%&'*7(`-&;(#0'-(')%0(
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$-#'"*/A2'%#$>'7(O/#(#,(0)>'($#(1,'*(-,#(8')-(#0)#(='(/-1'"*#)-1($#()-1(#,()%%'4#(
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8)<'*()-($&&/*$,-(,+(/*()*(-,#(-'%'**)"$&;("'*4,-*$A&'7(
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Conclusion in respect to this thesis
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4",1/%#$,-(,+(-'=("')&$#;(,+(+')"()A,/#(+)<'(-'=*7(
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4",1/%'*(+)<'(-'=*E(*$-%'(+)<'(-'=*(0)*(A''-()(-'%'**)";(4)"#(,+(0/8)-(
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8'8'($*(/*'1()*()(<$-1(,+(4",#'%#$,-(,+(#0'(*%$'-#$+$%(%,88/-$#;()B)$-*#(
/-=$&&$-B(,/#*$1'(4''"*7(!*(8/%0()*()-;(%,88/-$#;(0)*()&&("$B0#*(#,(/*'()&&(
)>)$&)A&'(&'B)&("'*,/"%'*(+,"($#*(,=-(4",#'%#$,-E(*,(1,'*()&&(,#0'"(%,88/-$#$'*(#,(
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!-1(+$-)&&;E()+#'"(0$*#,"$%)&()-1('>,&/#$,-)";(%,-*'G/'-%'*()"'(%,84"'0'-1'1E($#(
$*(#"$>$)&(#,(/-1'"*#)-1(#0)#(#0'(4",1/%'1(8'8'#$%("')&$#;($*(,A2'%#$>'()-1()*(
*/%0(/-)>,$1)A&'(=$#0$-(1'8,%")#$%(,"()-;(,#0'"(*,%$'#;7(`-(#0'(%,-#")";@(
A&,%<%0)$-()*()(4"$8'('C)84&'(,+(1'%'-#")&$?'1E($-#'"*/A2'%#$>'("')&$#;(
$-#",1/%'1()-($84,"#)-#(/4B")1'(,+(*,%$)&(8'%0)-$*8*(#0)#(%)-('-+,"%'(
$-1$>$1/)&(+"''1,8*()-1("'*4,-*$A$&$#;()-1(#0/*(/4B")1'1(1'8,%")%;@()*(#0'(
"'*/&#(,+(%"')#'1(8'8'#$%("')&$#;()-1b,"(+)<'(-'=*7(

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Bibliography
(
O&)%<8,"'E(H7E(5WXXX9(:0'(_'8'(_)%0$-'E(`C+,"1(T-$>'"*$#;(I"'**E(Q'=(n,"<E(Qn(
3)=<$-*E(N7E(5WXYZ9(:0'(H'&+$*0(P'-'E(`C+,"1(T-$>'"*$#;(I"'**E(Q'=(n,"<E(Qn(
3'--'##E(37K7E(5WXXW9(K,-*%$,/*-'**(aC4&)$-'1E(L$##&'E(O",=-(p(K,84)-;E(Q'=(
n,"<E(Qn(
3")4)&E(!7E(5UVWZ9(O")-1&$+'E(!-1"'21")4)&7%,8(17,7,7E(L2/A&2)-)E(H&,>'-$)(
R)/++8)-E(H7E(5WXXh9(:0'(`"$B$-*(,+(`"1'"E(`C+,"1(T-$>'"*$#;(I"'**E(Q'=(n,"<E(Qn(
I$-<'"E(H7E(5UVWc9(a-&$B0#'-8'-#(Q,=E(I'-B/$-(N)-1,8(^,/*'(LLKE(Q'=(n,"<E(
Qn(
H%0"g1$-B'"E(a7E(5WXZY9(S0)#($*(L$+'()-1(_$-1()-1(_)##'"E(K)8A"$1B'(T-$>'"*$#;(
I"'**E(Q'=(n,"<E(Qn(
:)&'A(Q7E(5UVWc9(H<$-($-(#0'(B)8'E(N)-1,8(^,/*'E(Q'=(n,"<E(Qn(
T&)-,=$%?E(N7a7E(5UVVX9(!(:0$"1(S$-1,=E(:'84&'#,-(J,/-1)#$,-(I"'**E(S'*#(
K,-*0,0,%<'-E(I!(
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