Review Article Ethnobotanical Uses, Chemical Constituents, and Application of Plantago lanceolata L

Abstract

The medicinal benefits of P. lanceolata L. have been acknowledged worldwide for hundreds of years. The plant is now distributed worldwide, especially in temperate zones. This review gives an overview of ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and other potential application of P. lanceolate L. Several effective chemical constituents such as polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, iridoid glycosides, fatty acids, and polysaccharides are found in P. lanceolata L., which contribute to its exerting specific therapeutic effects. Correspondingly, studies have found that P. lanceolata L. has different biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antiulcerogenic activity. The plant also treats various diseases related to the skin, respiratory organs, digestive organs, reproduction, circulation, cancer, pain relief, and infections. The plant has many applications in cosmetics such as lotion and creams; it is also used as an excellent indicator to know the presence and absence of heavy metals and the accumulation in industrial and urban areas. The plant suppresses soil nitrogen mineralization in agriculture due to allelochemicals such as aucubin. The biological activities, medicinal properties, and industrial application of P. lanceolata mainly depend on the activities of the responsible, active chemical constituents. However, this field still needs more study to determine the exact mechanisms and the main bioactive compound activity accountable for these activities. Also, most of the studies have been performed in vitro, so further in vivo studies are recommended for the future.

Full text

Review Article
Ethnobotanical Uses, Chemical Constituents, and Application of
Plantago lanceolata L.
Limenew Abate ,
1,2
Rakesh Kumar Bachheti ,
1,2
Mesfin Getachew Tadesse,
2
and Archana Bachheti
3
1
Centre of Excellence in Nanotechnology, Ethiopia
2
Department of Industrial Chemistry, Addis Ababa Sciences and Technology University, P.O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
3
Department of Environment Science, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun-248002, Uttarakhand, India
Correspondence should be addressed to Rakesh Kumar Bachheti; rkbachheti@gmail.com
Received 6 December 2021; Revised 11 February 2022; Accepted 5 March 2022; Published 27 March 2022
Academic Editor: Jayant Kumar Patra
Copyright © 2022 Limenew Abate et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
The medicinal benefits of P. lanceolata L. have been acknowledged worldwide for hundreds of years. The plant is now distributed
worldwide, especially in temperate zones. This review gives an overview of ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, pharmacological
activities, and other potential application of P. lanceolate L. Several effective chemical constituents such as polyphenols, tannins,
flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, iridoid glycosides, fatty acids, and polysaccharides are found in P. lanceolata L., which contribute
to its exerting specific therapeutic effects. Correspondingly, studies have found that P. lanceolata L. has different biological
activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antiulcerogenic activity. The
plant also treats various diseases related to the skin, respiratory organs, digestive organs, reproduction, circulation, cancer, pain
relief, and infections. The plant has many applications in cosmetics such as lotion and creams; it is also used as an excellent
indicator to know the presence and absence of heavy metals and the accumulation in industrial and urban areas. The plant
suppresses soil nitrogen mineralization in agriculture due to allelochemicals such as aucubin. The biological activities,
medicinal properties, and industrial application of P. lanceolata mainly depend on the activities of the responsible, active
chemical constituents. However, this field still needs more study to determine the exact mechanisms and the main bioactive
compound activity accountable for these activities. Also, most of the studies have been performed in vitro, so further in vivo
studies are recommended for the future.
1. Introduction
Under the plant kingdom, medicinal plants have been
mainly used by local peoples found in developing countries,
especially in resource-limited areas. Many peoples in this
region directly or indirectly use medicinal plants to satisfy
their primary health care needs [1]. Consumers’interest in
using herbal products for personal and health care has
grown worldwide [2]. From the World Health Organiza-
tion’s (WHO) perspective, medicinal plants (MP) have
become popular. Approximately 4000 million people utilize
herbal remedies regularly [3]. Phytomedicines, derived from
seeds, roots, leaves, fruits, bark, seeds, and flowers of medic-
inal plants, can treat diseases [4]. Many researchers have
given more attention to medicinal plants because they can
generate many uses and applications in medicine and phar-
macy [5]. It is estimated that half of the pharmaceutical
drugs are derived from medicinal plants due to their capacity
of the chemical constituents that bring therapeutic effects [6].
Plantago is a genus of medicinal plants belonging to the
Plantaginaceae family [7]. It has around 275 species that
grow annually and permanently [8]. Its name comes from
the Latin “planta,”meaning “sole,”to represent the broad
leaves lying touching the ground [9]. It is known for its
pharmaceutical activities [10]. Plantago has a wide range of
uses, including raw materials for salads, soups, baking, and
animal feed to improve health and reduce antibiotic use
Hindawi
Journal of Chemistry
Volume 2022, Article ID 1532031, 17 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1532031

[8]. Phytochemicals derived from root, leaf, and stem of
genus Plantago have shown medicinal potential [11]. P.
major L., P. halepensis Miller, P. lentiscus D., P. trimula L.,
and P. lanceolata L. are the most common species [12].
P. lanceolata L. is a well-known species of the genus
Plantago; it is widely distributed in meadows, roadside
strips, pastures, and green areas in the temperate world
800 m above sea level [13, 14]. It has been used for medicinal
purposes to treat diseases such as wound healing, inflamma-
tion, cancer, respiratory system disorder, blood circulation,
reproductive system, and digestive organs [13]. It has vari-
ous applications as cosmetics [15], as metal removal from
polluted areas [16], as an additive in foods [17], and as an
insecticide [18]. The extracts of the plant also showed
different properties as antioxidant [19], antibacterial [20],
anti-inflammatory [21], rheological [22], and viscoelastic
[22] (Figure 1). Phytochemicals in the root, leaf, and seed
of P. lanceolata L. include iridoid glycosides, polyphenols,
polysaccharides, and flavonoids, which have therapeutic
potential [11].
The available information about P. lanceolata L. is
scattered and not all in one site. There is much literature
on ethnomedicine, phytochemistry, and pharmacological
activities of P. lanceolata L. The current review brings
together all of the disparate information on the various pos-
sible applications of extracts and bioactive compounds
obtained from P. lanceolate L. in one location.
2. Materials and Methods
Published research papers, review papers, proceedings, short
communications, and book chapters describing P. lanceolate
L. or Ribwort plantain are the primary information for writ-
ing this article. More than 100 publications were obtained
from 1993 to 2021. In the search process, keyword phyto-
chemistry of P. lanceolata L, traditional medicinal use of P.
lanceolata L., ethnomedicinal use of P. lanceolata L., and
bioactive compounds isolated from the different parts of
the plant, history, and distribution about the plant were
used. We classified the data according to ethnomedicinal,
pharmacological activities, phytochemistry, and application
of P. lanceolata L. ChemDraw was used to draw the struc-
ture of bioactive compounds, while EndNote performed
reference writing. We use the Natural products database
for Africa (NDA) to write the botanical name and the local
name of the medicinal plant.
3. History and Distribution
P. lanceolata L.is an international species distributed in
European countries from Iceland found south and east of
Spain and Asia’s Northern and Central parts. Historically,
the plants originated from the Eurasia continent; however,
they slowly expanded worldwide, including the colonizers
from Europe. Historically, P. lanceolata L. for medicinal pur-
poses started from ancient Greeks and Roman peoples [21].
Also, in the country China, the plants were used 3000 years
ago [17]. Most of the time, this plant is considered a weed
and wild plant, but it is the most cultivated plant, and in
small amounts, it is also cultivated in Romania. However,
it is a new crop in the UK [15]. Even though the species
are common and native to Europe, the North part of Africa,
the south and west part of Asia, and Europe [23], currently,
they occur in every aspect of the world, such as the USA,
Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and in many countries of
Africa [23]. It became cultivated in temperate zones and nat-
uralized in many continents except Antarctica [24].
4. Ethnomedicinal Use of Plantago
lanceolate L.
Different people use P. lanceolata L. leaf as emollient, demul-
cent, and expectorant. It is effective for dysmenorrhea,
abdominal pain, laxatives, and astringents [10]. The inflamed
wounds can be treated by applying the leaf powder of P. lan-
ceolata L. [15]. It effectively stops bleeding and encourages
the treatment of damaged tissue [9]. In church ceremonies,
the leaves of P. lanceolata L. were utilized as incense smoke.
This plant’sinflorescences were combined with Helichrysum
stalks and burned to perfume clothes and rooms [17]. The
seeds of P. lanceolata L. are essential in treating parasitic
worms; the mucilage from the plant is used as a laxative
and alleviates irritated membranes. Eye lotion is highly
treated with distilled water obtained from the whole parts
of the plant [9]. Eye illness wound repairing, antibacterial,
anti-inflammatory, antiasthmatic, and diuretic properties
are also treated by the aerial parts of P. lanceolata L. [25].
Mixing juice from the plant with honey or wine relieves gout,
and arthritis can be treated by consuming crushed leaves
with salt. It is also used as a topical application for skin dis-
eases [8]. Ethnomedicinal uses of various parts of P. lanceo-
lata L. in different countries have been summarized in
Table 1.
5. Pharmacological Activities
Many studies have investigated the cytotoxic, antispasmodic,
antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound
healing effects of different portions of the P. lanceolata L.
(Table 2) [31–34]. Methanolic, 30% acetonitrile, 80% meth-
anol, 80% ethanol, and hot water extract of leaves, roots,
flowers, fruits, and seeds of P. lanceolata L. had been studied
for their bioactivities. These extracts showed strong, cyto-
toxic, antiobesity, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, anti-
oxidant, and antimicrobial effects [35].
5.1. Antioxidant Activities. Different studies were conducted
to test the antioxidant activities of the P. lanceolata L.
extracts using different antioxidant methods such as cupric
reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), oxygen radical
absorbance capacity (ORAC), dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine
(DMPD), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2, 2′
-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS),
oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and DPPH
(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) β-carotene bleaching method
[27]. Various extraction procedures were employed to get
extracts from the aerial portion of P. lanceolata L. including
supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), ultrasound-assisted
2 Journal of Chemistry

extraction (UE), and Soxhlet (SOX). The antioxidant activities
of these extracts were examined for antioxidant activities
according to linoleic acid/β-carotene and DPPH assays. The
results showed that the plant has a strong antioxidant poten-
tial [36]. In another study, the aerial part of the plant extract
was also performed for antioxidant activities using some anti-
oxidant assays such as reducing power (FRAP assay), lipid
peroxidation, superoxide anion and NO scavenger capacity,
hydroxyl radical, and DPPH radical. The findings suggest that
P. lanceolata L. has antioxidant properties comparable to the
synthetic antioxidant BHT [21]. Furthermore, using different
solvent extractions such as aqueous, methanol, and ethanol
leaf extracts of the plant also showed antioxidant activity
potential based on the result obtained from antioxidant assays
[36, 37]. Acidified methanol ((80%) and HCl (1%)) extracts of
root, stem, flower, and fruit parts of P. lanceolata L. exhibited
significantly higher antioxidant capacities compared to the
value of the plant M. neglecta. Methanol (60%) extracts from
the seeds of the plants also showed an antioxidant behavior
using assays like DPPH, OH radical scavenging, and cellular
antioxidant activity [4].
P. lanceolata L. antioxidant activity is influenced by sev-
eral factors. According to research, the extracted solvent
affects antioxidant activity. For example, in one study, etha-
nol extracts were found to have a stronger antioxidant
capacity than water and methanol extracts [28]. Parts of
the plant such as aerial, leaves, root, and flower also affect
the antioxidant behavior. The type and concentration of
phytochemicals responsible for antioxidant activities vary
from one part of a plant to another [8]. Different solvents
have different free radical scavenging activities on the same
part of the plant. For instance, methanol, acetone, ethyl ace-
tate, chloroform and n-hexane leaf extracts had the value of
IC50 1.81, 2.02, 0.56, 0.41, and 0.41 μg/m, respectively, based
on DPPH assay [1]. The antioxidant properties of herbal
products are mainly attributed to phenolic compounds such
as flavonoids and polyphenolic derivates (cinnamic acid,
p-coumaric acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, and salicylic
acid), compounds that are found in the leaves of P. lanceo-
lata L. [21]. Antioxidant behaviors of different parts of the
P. lanceolate L. with their assay are listed in Table 3.
5.2. Antimicrobial Activities. Medicinal herbs, shrubs, and
trees and their products have shown the potential with anti-
microbial agents [42]. A study was conducted to show the
effects of the extracts of P. lanceolata L. on antibacterial
activities against monocytogenes,Streptococcus,S. aureus,
Salmonella, and E. coli species. The agar disc diffusion
method showed that the leaf extracts of the plant have better
antibacterial activity against selected bacterial pathogens
[20]. P. lanceolata L. leaf extracts also showed antibacterial
activity against S. pneumoniae, MRSA, S. aureus,S. boydii,
E. coli, and K. pneumoniae using various solvents such as
water, methanol, and acetone [43]. The antibacterial tests
on leaf extracts of P. lanceolata L. were also done against
some bacterial species like K. pneumoniae, S. boydii, E. coli,
S. pneumoniae,MRSA, and S. aureus; the result showed that
a higher degree of antimicrobial activity was observed with
Cinnamic acid
Anthocyanins
Aerial part
Flavonoids
Iridoid
Flower Root
Leaves
Antioxidant activity
Antibacterial activity
Anticancer activity
Wound healing activity
Anti-inammatory activity
Cytotoxic activity
Antibacterial activity
Wound healing activity
Cytotoxic activity
Anti-inammatory activity
Antiparasite activity
Figure 1: Biological activity of P. lanceolate L.
3Journal of Chemistry

MIC and MBC values in the range of 6.25 to 25%, respec-
tively [37]. In another research, methanol extract of leaves
of P. lanceolata L. was found to inhibit S. aureus and P. mir-
abilis more than ethanol extract. However, the ethanol
extract displayed better activity than the methanol extract
against E. coli and K. pneumoniae [31]. The value of antibac-
terial activities (inhibition zone) can be affected by the type
of solvent used to extract bioactive compounds, type of bac-
teria species, and parts of the plant (Table 4) [33].
5.3. Wound Healing Activities. Different practices have been
used for centuries to treat injuries due to burning. Among
those, 1/3 of medicinal plants have been used for wound
healing caused by burning. Studies performed on extracts
obtained from the leaves of P. lanceolata L. have shown a
wound healing effect [45]. Aqueous and methanol extract
of P. lanceolata L. showed wound healing potential by
reducing the levels of TBARs in mice and rats. Furthermore,
P. lanceolata L. was revealed to have the ability to enhance
tissue Zn
+2
and Cu
+2
levels, both of which are essential
indicators in the wound healing formation process [46].
The aqueous aerial parts of P. lanceolata L. also showed
wound healing activities on 48 injured rats. The burned sur-
face area of rats decreases by 10% when the extracts are
placed on the surface [47]. In another research, wound heal-
ing activities were also observed when P. lanceolata L.
extracts were applied to the skin of donkeys and Sprague-
Dawley rats [48, 49].
5.4. Anti-Inflammatory Activities. The biological answer for
the immune system caused by different factors such as path-
ogens, cell damage, cut, and compounds that cause toxicity
is termed inflammation [17]. The disorders like gastritis,
tumors, arthritis, atherosclerosis, and others involve inflam-
mation in their progress [34]. Different studies have been
carried out to assess the anti-inflammatory properties of
different parts of P. lanceolate L. The anti-inflammatory
efficacy of methanol extract aerial parts of the plant was
investigated using COX-1 and 12-LOX inhibition. The result
confirmed that COX-1 inhibitory activity (IC50) was 2.00,
and for that of 12-LOX, the inhibitory activity (IC50)
was 0.75 [21]. In vivo anti-inflammatory activities of P.
lanceolataL. dichloromethane extract were examined using
an in vitro enzymatic assay. The result indicated anti-
inflammatory characteristics in mice using 160 mg/kg,
80 mg/kg, and 40 mg/kg [34].
Table 1: Ethnomedicinal use of P. lanceolata L.
Parts of the
plant Ethnomedicinal use Country Reference
Aerial parts (i) Treatment of decoction internally, embolism, diarrhea for children, infusion cough,
expectorant Turkey [4]
Leaves
(i) Bath with the infusion of the plant with R. canina to treat infertility
(ii) Fresh leaves spread on a cloth and heated and put on the skin can reduce poultice wound
healing. The mixture of water plants, flour, and black pepper used for decoction internally
(iii) When the flour of the plant is added in boiled water, treat colds
(iv) Treat hemorrhoids, cancer, disorders like gynecological decoction if it is eaten cooked and
decoction as tea
(v) If the leaf is mixed in boiled milk, decrease muscle pain, stop diabetes, kyphos, coughs, and
menstrual aches
Algeria [25]
(vi) Small leaves are inserted in the nostrils to heal a headache South Africa [26]
(vii) Used for discontinuing too much bleeding and wound repairing, anti-inflammatory, cough
medication, antibacterial cause, sore throat treatment, and antidiarrheal South Africa [1]; [27]
(viii) Used to treat insect and snake bites, cervicitis, rectal fissures, hemorrhoids, cuts, and abscess
(ix) Used for wound repairing, intestinal and internal disorder, stomach pain, maturation of an
abscess, diabetes, burn treatment, shortness of breath
Duzce [28]
(x) Infusion is essential for emollient, expectorant, and demulcent
(xi) Burned wounds can be treated when powdered leaves are applied
(xii) The heated leaves are essential for wet dressing for wounds and swellings
Pakistan [10]; [9]
(xiii) To alleviate the problems on external animal skin parasites, use ground leaves or juice from
fresh leaves Poland [17]
(xiv) Prepare an infusion of the leaves; then, use it to wash the eyes Island of
Mauritius [3]
(xv)The juice of the freshly squeezed leaf is pasted with butter and made into ointment Ethiopia [29]
Root
(i) Root juices are used to cure earache South Africa [30]
(ii) The mixture of its root with the root of M. vulgare with equal amounts is a medicine for the
bite of rattlesnakes Not specified [9]
Seed
(i) Extracts used as purgative and laxative Pakistan [10]
(ii) Seeds were also commonly used as a natural laxative due to their high content of fibers, also
having external uses for skin inflammations and wound healing, and also used as a rubefacient Baghdad-Iraq [24]
4 Journal of Chemistry

5.5. Cytotoxic Activity. A study was conducted to test the
cytotoxic activities of P. lanceolata L. extract using an
MTT assay. The result confirmed that chloroform leaf
extract of the plants showed a good cell feasibility report in
the range of 100% to 75.35% on the mouse leukemic macro-
phage cell line (RAW 264.7). The secondary phytocom-
pounds like terpenoids and phenols could be responsible
for this cytotoxicity effect [1]. The cytotoxicity activities of
aerial part of P. lanceolata L. extracts were also conducted
on human cell line such as MRC-5, HT-29, MCF7, and
HeLa. The result showed a stronger cytotoxic activity due
to some bioactive compounds such as gallic acid, luteolin-
7-O-glucoside chlorogenic, apigenin, and vanillic [21]. The
cytotoxic effects of aqueous leaf extracts of P. lanceolata L.
on MCF-7 cells were investigated, and the results revealed
that the plant’s leaf extracts decreased MCF-7 cell prolifera-
tion [50]. In another study, bioactive compounds from
methanol extract of the plant showed the cytotoxic activities
on MCF-7 with the value of GI50 = 114:45,TGI > 240, and
LC50 > 250 [32, 51]. This showed that methanolic P. lanceo-
lata L. leaf extracts exhibit cytotoxicity against breast cancer
cell lines. The result also showed that the leaf extract of P.
lanceolata L. decreased the proliferation of CAL51 triple-
negative breast cancer cells but had only a minor effect on
MCF7, AMJ13, and MDAMB breast cancer cells.
5.6. Antispasmodic Activity. Plantago species have been
found to have a wide range of biological activities, including
cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antispas-
modic properties [52]. The aerial parts of P. lanceolata L.
was examined for antispasmodic activity on isolated ileum
and trachea of the guinea-pig [21]. The result indicated that
the P. lanceolata L. extract suppressed the contractions of
the guinea-pig ileum generated by diverse compounds such
as acetylcholine, histamine, potassium, and barium ions.
The compounds aucubin, lavandulifolioside, isoacteoside,
catalpol peracetate, plantamajoside, acteoside, and luteolin
(Figure 2 and Table 2) inhibited the ACh-induced contrac-
tions of the guinea-pig ileum [31]. Flavonoids also possess
antispasmodic activities for P. lanceolata L. [21].
6. Phytochemistry of P. lanceolata L.
A study showed that different concentrations of bioactive
compounds such as flavonoids [58], coumarins [59], lipids
and cinnamic acids [60], and tannins [61] are found in the
whole or separated parts of P. lanceolata L. such as flowers,
leaves, and roots. For instance, in the whole part of the plant,
the average amount of the main classes of compounds: flavo-
noids, coumarins, lipids, cinnamic acid content, and pheno-
lic content were 358, 9, 1120, 200, and 1368 μg/g of DW,
respectively [54]. The levels of total phenolics and various
groups of phenolic compounds in P. lanceolata L. extracts
ranged from 12:2±1:7(stem) to 35:3±2:8(leaf) mg GAE/
g DW [4]. The following subsections explain some bioactive
compounds found in P. lanceolata L.
6.1. Phenolic Compounds. Different types of phenolic com-
pounds are recently reported in P. lanceolata L. Some of
these compounds are 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid,
(+)-catechin, pyrocatechol, vanillin, verbascoside, epicate-
chin, taxifolin, hesperidin, rosmarinic acid, pinoresinol,
Table 2: Antioxidant behaviors of different parts of the plant.
Plant’s
part (s) Solvent used Concentration
of solvent Response to antioxidant assay Reference
Whole
plant
Ethanol 80% 1100 μmol Fe
2+
/g DW in FRAP, and for ORAC, it is 3500 μmol TE/g DW [38]
Mixture of methanol
and hydrochloric acid 80%:1% For FRAP =201.4 μmol Fe
2+
/g DW and for ORAC = 930.5 μmol
TE/g DW, [4]
Aerial
Methanol 80%
IC
50
= 4.20 μg/ml in DPPH, IC
50
= 236.12 μg/ml in hydroxyl radical
scavenging, IC
50
= 23.85 superoxide anion scavenging IC
50
= 24.83 for
lipid peroxidation.
[21]
Ethanol 80% 1100 μmol Fe
2+
/g DW in FRAP and 3500 μmol TE/g DW for ORAC [38]
Mixture of methanol
and water 40%:1% IC
50
= 24.83 mg/mL in lipid
Peroxidation & FRAP= 109.80 mg of AAE/g of DW [21]
Leaves
Acetonitrile 30% DPPH radical inhibition at 25 μg/ml is 12.77% to 15.78% [39]
Mixture of methanol
with hydrochloric acid 80%:1% 130.4 μmol Fe
2+
/g DW [4]
Water and dilute
hydrochloric acid ….. 29.39 = DPPH in %, 137.83 in FRAP μM TE/5 mg [40]
Root Methanol and
hydrochloric acid
80%:1% 190.1 μmol Fe
2+
/g DW [4]
Fruit 80%:1% 255.2 μmol Fe
2+
/g DW
Seeds Methanol (60%) 60% 118.58 in μmol TE/g in DPPH 499.53 μmol TE/g in hydroxyl radical
scavenging assays 27.00 μmol QE/g in cellular antioxidant activity assay [41]
Flower Methanol and
hydrochloric acid 80%:1% 369.1 μmol Fe
2+
/g DW [4]
5Journal of Chemistry

eriodictyol, and kaempferol (Figure 3) [62]. Different
concentrations of phenolic bioactive compounds such as gal-
lic acid (18 ± 1 μg/g), protocatechuic acid (92 ± 0:2μg/g),
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (9±0:2μg/g), caffeic acid
(156 ± 4 μg/g), vanillic acid (90 ± 1 μg/g), syringic acid
(31 ± 1 μg/g), and vanillin 26 ± 2 (μg/g) were found in the
methanolic extract of P. lanceolata L. [35]. In other studies,
the concentration of bioactive compounds like gallic acid
(2.73mg/g), protocatechuic acid (24.11mg/g), vanillin
(9.18mg/g), p-coumaric acid (61.16mg/g), kaempferol
(43.64mg/g), luteolin (5.35mg/g), apigenin (8.27mg/g) [63],
p-hydroxybenzoic acid (149.46 mg/g), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic
acid (16.20mg/g), protocatechuic acid (103.48mg/g), vanillic
acid (411.52 mg/g), gallic acid (212.01 mg/g), apigenin
Table 3: Antibacterial properties of different solvent extracts of P. lanceolata L. on gram-positive and negative bacteria species based on
inhibition zone response.
Microorganism Solvent used Concentration of solvent Inhibition zone(mm) Reference
S. aureus
Chloroform …… 8 [20]
Acetone 95% 16.3 [43]
Methanol 95% 17.3
Ethanol …… 14 [20]
Methanol ….. 15.8
Water …… 16.3 [43]
Methanol 70% 8
[5]Petroleum ether 20 μl23
Chloroform /methanol 20 μl23
E.coli
Methanol 70% 6 [20]
Chloroform /methanol 20 μl24[5]
Ethyl acetate extract ….. 8 [33]
Chloroform ….. 7.6 [44]
Petroleum ether 20 μl24[5]
Acetone 95% 12.7
[43]Methanol 95% 15
Water ….. 13.3
Ethanol ….. 15 [44]
S. pneumoniae
Acetone 95% 10.7
[20]Methanol 95% 10.3
Water ….. 13.6
S.boydii
Acetone 95% 16
[43]Methanol 95% 16.6
Water ….. 15.3
K. pneumoniae
Acetone 95% 17 [43]
Ethyl acetate ….. 8 [33]
Methanol 95% 26 [43]
Water ….. 15.7
C. albicans
Acetone ….. 8.7
[43]Methanol ….. 15.3
Water ….. 22
S. aureus Methanol 70% 9 [20]
L. monocytogenes Methanol 70% 16
S. agalactiae
Petroleum ether 20 μl17
[5]Chloroform /methanol 20 μl1
9
Methanol 20 μl16
P. mirabilis Methanol ….. 8 [33]
P. aeruginosa Chloroform 50mg 9 [5]
Ethanol 50mg 16
6 Journal of Chemistry

(184.38 mg/g), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (119.15 mg/g), and
quercetin-3-O-glucoside (34.67mg/g) [21] was found.
6.2. Flavonoids. Several flavonoid bioactive substances,
including luteolin-7-O-glucuronide, luteolin, apigenin,
luteolin-7-O-glucoside, and quercetin-3-O-D-galactopyra-
noside, were found in P. lanceolata L. Other flavonoids such
as 3, 5, 7, 4-tetrahydroxyflavonol, apigenin-6,8-di-C-gluco-
side, luteolin-7-Oglucoside, and 7-O-glucuronide-3′-gluco-
side, as well as quercetin-3-rutinoside, 7-O-glucuronide,
and apigenin-7-O-glucoside, were also identified in P. lan-
ceolata L. (Figure 4) [11, 64]. Some flavonoids like cinnamic
acids (Figure 5) are present in of P. lanceolata L. [30].
Aqueous extraction of the plant contains some flavonoids
such as catechin with its derivatives, epicatechin with its
derivative, and luteolin derivatives. The ethanol extracts of
the plant also contain epicatechin, luteolin, epicatechin,
and luteolin derivatives [21]. In the latest study, a new
flavonoid compound called isorhamnetin 3-O-α-L-
4
C
1
-arabi-
nopyranosyl-(1⟶2)-β-D-
4
C
1
-glucopyranoside) was isolated
from the leaves of P. lanceolata L. [65].
6.3. Iridoid Glycosides. Several iridoid glycosides are isolated
from the leaves of P. lanceolata L. Aucubin and catalpol are
the main iridoid glycosides present in it; asperuloside, globu-
larin, gardoside, geniposidic acid, mayoroside, melittoside,
and desacetylasperuloside acid methyl ester are also present
in the leaf of P. lanceolata L. [66]. The study that was per-
formed to know acteoside content in Plantago species using
the HPTLC method indicated that P. lanceolata L. has a sig-
nificantly higher acetonide than P. reniformis Beck, P. atrata
Hoppe, P. holosteum Scop, P. schwarzenbergiana Schur, and
P. coronopus L. [11]. The maturity of P. lanceolata L. leaves
affects the contents of iridoid glycosides; for instance, catal-
pol is found in the highest quantity in intermediate and
immature age leaves, while aucubin is found in them the less
amount [15]. Catalpol, aucubin, acteoside, and verbascoside
are the most important bioactive compounds obtained from
P. lanceolata L. These compounds gave the plant a potential
of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antineoplastic, and
hepatoprotective [67]. In another research, a new phenolic
compound, named phenylethanoid glycoside 2-(3, 4-dihy-
droxyphenyl) ethyl O-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1⟶2)-[α-
L1C4rhamnopyranosyl (1⟶3)] [E-caffeoyl-1⟶4]-β-D-
Table 4: Pharmacological activities of different parts of P. lanceolata L.
Part used Pharmacological activities Bioactive compounds Reference
Aerial part Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
and cytotoxic activities
P-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid,
apigenin, luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside [21]
Aerial parts Wound healing, eye infections Not identified [25]
Aerial parts and leaves Wound healing activity Iridoidglucosides [49]
Aerial parts and leaves Cytotoxic activity Flavonoids [21]
Aerial parts, leaves, seeds
and whole plan Anti-inflammatory activity –[21, 53]
Flowers Antimicrobial and antioxidant
activities Flavonoids and anthocyanin [54]
Flowers, leaves, and roots Antimicrobial activity Phenolics and flavonoid [21]
Flowers, leaves, and roots Antimicrobial activities Flavonoids, coumarins, lipids, cinnamic acids, lignans,
and phenolic compound [54]
Leave Cytotoxic activity Luteolin-7-O–glucoside [32]
Leave Anti-inflammatory Polyphenols [53]
Leave UV-protecting and fibroblast
growth-stimulating activity Phenolic and flavonoid compounds [55]
Leave Antimicrobial activity Polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids [8]
Leave Antioxidant activity Flavonoids, tannins and saponins [1]
Leave Anti-inflammatory activity Aucubin and flavonoids [53]
Leave Anti-ulcer activity Polyphenol and flavonoids [21]
Leave Free radical scavenging activities Polyphenolic compounds, iridoid glucosides, phenylethanoid
glycoside, aucubin and flavonoids [17]
Leave, flower, root Antioxidant activity Phenolic compounds [4]
Leaves Anti-ulcer activity –[56]
Seed Wound healing activity Catalpol, aucubin, and acteoside [57]
Seed Anti-inflammatory activity Iridoid glucosides [53]
Seed Parasite worms Iridoid glucosides [9]
Whole part Wound healing activity Iridoid glucosides [49]
Whole plant, leaves Anti-obesity –[4]
7Journal of Chemistry

4C1 glucopyranoside (Figure 6) was isolated from P.
lanceolata L. leaves [65].
6.4. Volatile Oil and Essential Oils. The isolation of volatile
components from aqueous P. lanceolata L. extracts was
studied using hydrodistillation [68]. The findings confirmed
the presence of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, oxidized
monoterpenes, oxidized diterpenes, apocarotenoids, and
aldehydes. The other compounds present were ketones, phe-
nols, phenolic ethers, esters, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aro-
matic hydrocarbons, oxidized sesquiterpenes, alcohols, and
fatty acids [15]. The volatile oils in the fruits and leaves of
P. lanceolata L. were identified using GC-MS analytical tech-
niques. The result confirmed the presence of 6-(3-hydroxy-
O
ON
+
N
N
NH2
H
Acetylcholine Histamine
O
OH
HO
HO
OH
O
O
OH
OH
H
H
O
O
OO
OH
OH
O
O
HO
HO OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
Aucubin Plantamajoside
Figure 2: Structures of bioactive compounds used as antispasmodic activity.
O
O
O O
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
HO
HO O O
O O
OH
HO OH
HO
OH
OH
OH O
O
OH
Verbascoside Hesperidin
O
O
OH
O
OH
OH
HO
HO
O
O
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
OH
HO
O
HO
O
OH
O
OH
OH
HO
HO
Rosmarinic acid Hyperoside Chlorogenic acid
Figure 3: Major phenolic compounds of P. lanceolata L.
8 Journal of Chemistry

1-butenyl)-1,5,5-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo [4,1,0] heptane-3-ol
and (E),4(3-oxo-2,6,6-trimethylcyclo-hex-2-en-1-yl)-3-buten-
2-ol, benzoic acid, oct-1-en-3-ol, oct-1-en-3-ol, and vanillic
acid (Figure 7) [15].
Varicose fatty acid compounds present in the n-hexane
extract of P. lanceolate L. leaves were identified using GC-
MS. Some of the fatty acids observed in the GC-MS data
were palmitic acid, myristic acid, and stearic acid
(Figure 8) [24]. An investigation of the plant’s proximate
composition analysis also confirmed the presence of polyun-
saturated fatty acids in P. lanceolata L. leaf extract [69]. In
aqueous extracts on P. lanceolata L., some fatty acid compo-
nents, including capric acid, palmitic acid, and margaric
acid, were detected. Additional fatty acids such as linolenic
acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, and linoleic acid
were detected using GC-FID and GC-MS methods [68].
6.5. Phenolic Carboxylic Acid. Phenolic compounds are
important bioactive compounds in P. lanceolata L. [28].
From the leaves of P. lanceolata L., phenolic compounds
such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic, gentisic,
chlorogenic, and neochlorogenic acid were isolated [66].
Aqueous extracts of dried leaves of P. lanceolata L. contain
benzoic acid derivatives, gallic acid, and benzoic acid, and
ethanol extracts of the plant also contain some phenolic com-
pounds like caffeic acid derivatives, ferulic acid, benzoic acid
derivatives, ferulic acid, and benzoic acid (Figure 8) [65].
6.6. Terpenoids. Terpenoids are essential compounds in
the genus Plantago [70]. Different classes of terpenoids
were reported in P. lanceolata L. These include the (E)-
β-farnesene, (E)-α-bergamotene, and sesquiterpenes (E)-β-
caryophyllene. Also, other terpenoids like C11 homoterpene
(E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7 nonatriene (DMNT) and monoterpene
(E)-β-ocimene are also present in the plant [71]. Many terpe-
noids such as loliolide, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid
(Figure 9) are detected in petroleum ether and chloroform/
methanol extract P. lanceolata L. leaves [16].
OOH
HO O
OH
OOH
HO O
OH
OH
OH
OOH
HO O
OH
Apigenin Luteolin Flavonol
OH
OOH
HO O
OH
OH
OH
OOH
H3CO O
OH
OH
O
O
HO
OH
OH
O
O
O
OH
HO
OH
HO
HO
OH
O
O
OH
OH
OH
HO
O
O
HO
OH
OH
O
O
OH
HO
HO
OH
O
O
HO
OH
OH
O
Quercetin-3-rutinoside
Quercetin Rhamnetin
Quercetin-3-O-D-galactopyranoside Luteolin-7-O-glucoside
Figure 4: Structures of important flavonoids isolated from P. lanceolata L.
9Journal of Chemistry

6.7. Acteoside. Acteoside (Act), a phenylethanoid glycoside,
is an active compound in several plants and traditional
herbal medicines [72]. Acteoside (Figure 10) is one of the
main bioactive compounds in P. lanceolate L. [67, 73]. A
study indicated that the aerial parts of P. lanceolata L. had
much more acetonide than other Plantago species such as
P. atrata Hoppe, P. coronopus L., P. reniformis Beck, P.
holosteum Scop, and P. schwarzenbergiana Schur, according
to HPTL technique quantification data [11]. Acetonide is
also present in ethanolic extracts of P. lanceolata L. Anti-
spasmodic action was conferred by the presence of these
chemicals in the plant [31].
6.8. Polysaccharides. Some polysaccharides such as L-mannose,
D-glucuronic acid, D-glucose, D-galactose, D-galacturonic acid,
L-arabinose, D-mannose, and minor proportions of L-fructose
and D-xylose are present in different parts of P. lanceolata L.
[15]. Pectic, rhamnogalacturonan, arabinogalactan, and α-D-
glucan polysaccharides were also isolated from the leaves [40].
The leaves of P. lanceolata L. contain galacturonic acid from
62.64% to 70.58%, arabinose content from 37.36% to 29.42%,
galacturonic acid 35.8%, and glucuronic 21.9%. At the same
time, rhamnose was found only in traces [74].
6.9. Other Bioactive Compounds. A study was conducted for
isolating bioactive compounds from methanol extract of leaf
of P. lanceolata L. using silica gel column chromatography
techniques. The
1
H NMR and
13
C-NMR spectrum afforded
one important compound, 6″-O-ethyl-4″-acetyl verbasco-
side (Figure 10). This compound possesses the plant to have
antioxidant and antibacterial activities [5], and using DEPT-
135, FT-IR,
1
H-NMR, and
13
C-NMR spectra, a second bio-
active compound named as(E)-butyl 2-(4-(2-(2–hydroxyl-
2-methyl cyclohexyl)ethyl)-7-methyloctahydro-1H-inden-
1-yl)-5-methylhept-4-enoate was isolated using methanol
as a solvent [28]. Important phytochemicals such as hexahy-
dro-pseudo-ionone, diheptyl phthalate, and phytol were
extracted from leaves of P. lanceolata L. The plant leaf
extract also contains bioactive chemicals such as ditridecyl
phthalate, hexahydro farnesyl acetone, stigmasterol methyl
ether, stearyl aldehyde, alpha-bisabolene epoxide, and allan-
toin (Figure 11) [24]. Bioactive anthocyanins such cyanidin
glycoside, delphinidin glycoside, peonidin glycoside, and
petunidin glycoside were identified in the flower of P. lan-
ceolata L. [75].
6.10. Minerals. The Plantago leaf extracts possess different
metallic elements such as arsenic, cadmium, copper, and
cobalt. Metals such as iron, nickel, lead, zinc, magnesium,
sodium, calcium, and phosphorus are also found in the
leaves of the plant [44]. On other investigations, some metal-
lic elements like nickel and cobalt also found in the leaves of
P. lanceolata L.; however, the plant’s roots, on the other
hand, have the largest quantities of Ni and Co compared
to the leaves [76]. Cadmium concentrations in the leaves of
P. lanceolata L. ranged from 0.89 to 0.44mg/kg [76, 77]. A
study also indicated that from the washed leaves of P. lanceo-
lata L., some metallic elements like lead,iron, Manganese, cad-
mium, zinc, and lead were also analyzed [21, 69]. In a study
conducted on analyzing the nutritional requirements of graz-
ing livestock in P. lanceolata L. and other species, the highest
COOH
COOH
OH
HO
COOH
HO
HO
OH
Caeic Cinnamic Gallic acid
HO COOH
HO
OH
O
O
O
O
O
HO OH
OH
HO
HO
HO
O
HO
HO OH
O
O
O
O
O
HO
OH
OH
HO
HO
HO
HO
O
OH
OH
OH
HO
O
O
Chlorogenic acid 2,3-di-O-galloyl-D-glucose 3-O-galloyl-4,6-hexahydroxy-
diphenoxyl-D-glucose
Figure 5: Cinnamic derivatives isolated from P. lanceolata L.
10 Journal of Chemistry

O
OH
HO
OH
HO
O
O
H
H
HO
HO
O
OO
OH
H
H
O
HO
HO
HO
OH
HO
O
O
O
H
H
H
H
HO
HO
OH O
CH2
OH
OH
HOH
Aucubin Catapol Gardoside
O
O
O
H
H
H
H
HO
OH O
H
H
H
OH
OH
HO
O
O
O
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
OH
H
H
HO
H
H
H
H
HO
H
H
OH
HHHH
OH
OH
H
Geniposidic acid Melittoside
Figure 6: Iridoid glucosides and phenylethanoid glycosides isolated from P. lanceolata L.
OH
O
HO
OO
Oct-1en-3-ol, n(E) 6-(3-hydroxy-1-butenyl)-1,5,5,-trimethyl-7-
oxaicyclo[4,1,0]heptan-3-ol benzoic acid
Figure 7: Major volatile oils from P. lanceolata L.
O
HO
OH
HO
O
HO
P-hydroxy benzoic acid Salicylic acid
Figure 8: Some phenolic compounds from P. lanceolata L.
11Journal of Chemistry

phosphorus and potassium were found in P. lanceolata L.
before the flowering period [78].
7. Application of P. lanceolata L.
7.1. Cosmetics. P. lanceolata L.is included in the list of cos-
metic plants. It is used in the cosmetic industry in many
European industries [15]. Aqueous infusions and stabilized
fresh juice from leaves of Plantago species are used in cos-
metics [17]. The leaves of P. lanceolata L. can be used to
manufacture lotion, creams, and face masks in the European
industry. The presence of salicylic acid in the plant’s leaves
effectively reduces existent skin impurities and optimizes
the skin appearance due to its antibacterial, keratolytic, and
anti-inflammatory action [15].
7.2. Biological Activities. P. lanceolata L. leaves are used
externally to treat sores and wounds and internally treat
bronchitis, antibacterial, astringent, anti-inflammatory,
emollient, antitussive, furuncles, bug, and snake bites [79].
Ethanolic extract of the aerial portions of P. lanceolata L.
was examined for the antispasmodic activities against
guinea-pig ileum and trachea. The result showed that vari-
ous agonists such as acetylcholine, histamine, barium, and
potassium ions inhibited the guinea-pig ileum’s contractions
[31]. European manufacturers use P. lanceolata L. alone or
in combination with other plants for different medicinal
purposes: in Finland and Romania used for digestion expec-
torant; in Slovenia, Italy and Romania used as astringent,
soothing irritations, and antimicrobial; and in Poland and
Belgium used for various forms such as herbal tea, tablets,
and syrup [79]. Traditionally, coughs, dysentery, and diar-
rhea can be treated using tea from the plant’s leaves. Blisters,
rashes, swelling, and insect stings are also treated with leaves
of P. lanceolata L. Mucilage from P. lanceolata L. seed has
been shown to lower cholesterol levels in the blood [80].
7.3. Metal Removal. P. lanceolata L. can also be used as a
metal indicator and metal removal from the atmosphere
during air pollution [76]. P. lanceolata L. can be used as a
good bioindicator for heavy metal accumulation in urban
and industrial areas. Data on accumulative capacity allow
us to recommend this species to indicate the presence of
metals like lead, zinc, and cadmium [81]. Studies assessing
Cu resistance by a microorganism called rhizosphere of P.
lanceolata L. have shown potential agents for bioremoval
of Cu and bacterial stimulation of Cu bio adsorption by this
plant species [82]. P. lanceolata L. is the best indicator of
environmental pollution. A study on environmental pollu-
tion in an urban area of Poland using P. lanceolata L. as
HO
H
H
O
OH
H
HO
H
O
OH
H
Oleanolic acid Ursolic acid
Figure 9: Some terpenoids in the leaves of P. lanceolata L.
O
OH
OH
OH
O
OH
HO
OH
O
OH
HO
HO
O
Figure 10: Structure of acteoside.
12 Journal of Chemistry

indicators gives information about the concentration of
metal in the area [16, 83]. The studies were carried out to
determine the metal concentration in samples taken from
the metallurgical site. The result showed that some metals
such as Cd, Zn, and Pb had been detected in P. lanceolata
L. which exceeded the permitted limits (Zn > 300 mg kg
-1
,
Pb > 100 mg kg
-1
, and Cd > 4 mg kg
-1
). In the plant material,
unwashed samples had significantly more significant Zn, Cd,
Pb, Mn, and Fe than washed ones. This revealed the plant’s
ability to remove metals from highly contaminated environ-
ments [16]. Regardless of high concentrations of heavy
metals in soil, especially Ni, Zn, and Cr, P. lanceolata L.
showed remarkable tolerance to ecophysiological conditions
of serpentine soils. This indicates the potential application of
this species in the remediation of heavy metal–polluted
soils [84].
7.4. Additive in Foods. P. lanceolata L. is an edible plant in
Italy, and its leaves are used as an additive to some foods like
wine, salads, tea, tincture, and macerate, or it can be eaten
like lettuce. It is also used for animal nutrition like rabbits;
when given to porkers, it can enhance the taste of meat
and increase the number of unsaturated acids [17]. Leaves
of various species of Plantago are taken as cooked or raw.
Only young leaves are consumed in the form of salads
[85]. The leaves of P. lanceolata L. are significant as cooked
vegetables and soups. People used to eat the plants during
the spring when vegetables were in short supply. The leaves
are significant in preparing macerate, an infusion, juice,
wine, tincture, and tea [17]. Dried leaves of P. lanceolate L.
are used as a tea and appetizer and are good for digestion.
The fresh leaves are topically applied with cream from cows’
milk and bread or clay as a suppurative [86].
HO
O
–O
HO
Phytol Hydroxybenzoate
O
Stearyl aldehyde
O
–O
O
–O
O
Diheptyphthalate Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone
O
HN
N
HN
HNH2
O
OO
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
OH
O
O
OH
OH
OH
HO
OH
CH3
Allantoin Delphinidin glycoside Peonidin glycoside
Figure 11: Some other bioactive compounds from P. lanceolata L.
13Journal of Chemistry

7.5. Insecticide. P. lanceolata L. extracts can be used as an
insecticide to control insects. Secondary metabolites such
as glycosylated iridoids produced from the plant contribute
to these insecticide activities [18]. Specifically, plants attri-
bute the polar molecules aucubin and catalpol (Figure 3) to
this effect [87]. The concentration of catalpol in P. lanceolata
L. showed an increase under herbivore attack. Consequently,
the reduction in the oviposition of L. coffeella on leaves
treated with the methanol polar fraction of the P. lanceolata
L. extract may be induced by catalpol or aucubin [88].
7.6. Agriculture. P. lanceolata L. has a significant role in agri-
cultural application. The advantages of this plant in the agri-
culture sector lie in its high content of valuable substances
for human and grazing animals [14]. P. lanceolata L. has
emerged as forage with the ability to reduce reactive nitrogen
(N) losses, in particular N leaching, from grazing dairy sys-
tems [89]. It is most commonly used on farms as part of
mixed pasture swards. It has a more prominent contribution
when grass production decreases and gaps in the sward,
especially in low-fertility dryland pastures. Where the grass
or legume growth is poor, P. lanceolata L. contributes less
than 20% of the sward [90]. In P. lanceolata L., chemical
aucubin is responsible for nitrogen mineralization and nitri-
fication [91]. Fertilization may affect not only plant species
diversity but also insect dynamics by altering plant nitrogen
supplies. P. lanceolata L. is grown on the farm to improve
trophic levels and species interactions in managed grassland
ecosystems, which occurred due to fertilizer [91]. P. lanceo-
lata L. influences the distribution of soil mineral N in dairy
grassland on peat soil. It has been recognized as a potential
relief approach for reducing nitrogen (N) losses [92]. The
iridoid glycosides and catalpol, as well as the phenylpropa-
noid glycoside and verbascoside, may be responsible for
these effects [93].
8. Conclusion
P. lanceolata L. is one of the well-known species of the genus
Plantago. It is distributed in European countries and the
northern and central parts of Asia. P. lanceolata L. plays a
vital role in managing certain ailments and diseases such
as antimicrobial, wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, cyto-
toxic, and antispasmodic. It has many applications like cos-
metics, pharmaceutical, antibacterial, synergetic, insecticide,
metal indicators, heavy metal removal from the polluted
area, and food additives. Phytochemicals such as iridoid
glycoside, fatty acids, phenol, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids,
terpenoids, steroids, coumarins, saponins, glycosides, and
quinines are present in different parts of P. lanceolata L.
The biological activities and medicinal properties of P. lan-
ceolata L. mainly depend on the activities of the chemical
constituents. This field still needs more study to determine
the exact mechanisms and the main bioactive compounds
responsible for treating specific diseases. It is of great impor-
tance to investigate their chemical profile and biopotential.
Most of the research has been done in vitro; further in vivo
investigations of P. lanceolata L. are required.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’Contributions
LA and AB have drafted the review. MGT prepared different
tables and figures required for the manuscript, provided
guidance during the development of idea, and wrote and
revised the manuscript. The authors read and approved the
final manuscript.
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