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Chemical compounds, anti-aging and antibacterial properties of Rosa rugosa Purple branch
Abstract
Rosa rugosa Purple branch is a rare continuously flowering variety of R. rugosa and also is one of main cultivar varieties of R. rugosa in China. Although R. rugosa has been successfully used in the field of cosmetics, there are also many reports on its chemical components. The chemical composition and application value in cosmetics of R. rugosa Purple branch are still limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical components in the petals of R. rugosa Purple branch as well as evaluate their skincare and antibacterial potentials through DPPH radical scavenging, tyrosinase inhibition, elastase inhibition and antibacterial bioassays. Two new compounds, isorhamnetin-3-O-(2"-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-(6''-O-trans-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) and thirteen known compounds (3-15) were isolated and identified from the petals by bioassay-guided fractionation. All the compounds were isolated and reported from R. rugosa Purple branch for the first time, in which twelve of them are discovered from R. rugosa for the first time. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of 1, 2, rosarugoside B (3), kaempfero-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), astragalin-2'',6''-di-O-gallate (8), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), 2-phenylethyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (13), 2-phenylethyl-6-O-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (14), and 2-phenylethyl-D-rutinoside (15) were firstly reported here, in which 8 showed strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC50 of 187.32 ± 0.18 μg/mL. There were eight compounds (1, 6-12) showed strong antioxidant activity, with the scavenging rates of DPPH radical ranging from 88.59% to 94.30% and the IC50 ranging from 4.22 to 13.85 μg/mL, among them, 1 and quercetin-3-O-(6''-O-Z-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (11) exhibited antioxidant activity for the first time. 3 exhibited moderate elastase inhibitory activity with IC50 of 148.67 ± 0.11 μg/mL. In addition, seven compounds (2, 5-8, 10-11) showed varying degrees of antibacterial activity. These results indicated that R. rugosa Purple branch had anti-aging, whitening and antibacterial activities, which can be further applied to the development of functional cosmetics.
... Rosa rugosa may have both flowers (petals) and fruits (hips) simultaneously. According to Xie & al. (2022), Rosa rugosa purple lines flowers from spring to autumn. Medveckienė & al. (2023) call Rosa rugosa purple line a genotype 'Rubra.' ...
... According to Åhlberg (2020a Xie & al. (2022), the hips of rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa) contain the following 100 health-promoting substances in addition of the 65 health-promoting substances that all green vascular plants contain: 1) 2-hexenoic acid methyl ester, 2) 2-octenal, 3) 3-feruloylquinic acid, 4) 24-methylenecycloartanol, 5) afzelin, 6) alpha-amyrenone, 7) alpha-amyrin, 8) alpha-cryptoxanthin, 9) alpha-farnesene, 10) alphaglucans, 11) alpha-pinene, 12) apigenin, 13) astragalin, 14) avicularin, 15) beta-amyrin, 16) betacryptoxanthin, 17) beta-glucans, 18) beta-ionone, 19) beta-myrcene, 20) betulinic acid, 21) butyric acid, 22) campesterol, 23) caprylic acid methyl ester, 24) catechin, 25) cholesta-3,5-dien-7-one, 26) cis-3hexenal, 27) corosolic acid, 28) cyanidin-3-glucoside, 29) decanal, 30) decanoic acid, 31) docosane, 32) dodecanoic acid, 33) edulan, 34) ellagic acid, 35) ellagic tannins, 36) erythrodiol, 37) essential oils, 38) farnesyl acetone, 39) flavanols, 40) flavanols, 41) fumaric acid, 42) gallic acid, 43) gammaterpinene, 44) geranial, 45) geraniol, 46) guaiacol, 47) heneicosane, 48) hexadecanoic acid, 49) hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, 50) isofucosterol, 51) juglanin, 52) kaempferol, 53) lauric acid methyl ester, 54) limonene, 55) linalool, 56) linolenic acid methyl ester, 57) lupeol, 58) luteolin, 59) lycopene, 60) maslinic acid, 61) methyl caprate, 62) myristic acid, 63) naringenin, 64) neral, 65) nonanal, 66) obtusifoliol, 67) octanal, 68) oleanolic acid, 69) oleanolic aldehyde, 70) palmitic acid methyl ester, 71) p-cymene, 72) pentacosane, 73) phloridzin, 74) phytoene, 75) pomolic acid, 76) procyanidins, 77) quercetin, 78) quercetin-3-O-sophoroside, 79) quercitrin, 80) quinic acid, 81) rutin, 82) safranol, 83) scutellarin, 84) sitostenone, 85) steroids, 86) stigma sta-3.5-dien-7-one, 87) stigmasterol, 88) stilbenoids, 89) tannins, 90) terpinolene, 91) tetracosane, 92) trans-geranyl-acetone, 93) tricosane, 94) triterpenoid acids, 95) triterpenoids, 96) ursolic acid, 97) ursolic aldehyde, 98) uvaol, 99) vitexin, and 100) Z-nerolidol. ...
In Åhlberg (2021, 2022b), I presented evidence for 57 health-promoting substances that all green vascular WEPs contain. I continued searching for health-promoting substances in the plant cells' basic structures and processes. While reading research reports of five invasive species, I found eight more health-promoting substances all green vascular wild edible plants have. This article adds eight new substances to the earlier 57, bringing the total to 65. This is a novel finding for which I provide research evidence. I present the latest research on five invasive wild edible plants (WEPs) species. Each contains at least the same 65 health-promoting substances and a varying number of species-specific health-promoting substances. Each WEP has 1) shared health-promoting substances that all green vascular plants have and 2) species-specific health-promoting substances. I also present how many of these substances prevent Alzheimer’s disease, according to experimental research.
... Ferulic acid from several plant origins has been reported to enhance skin elasticity; astragalin-2″,6″di-O-gallate from Rosa rugosa Thunb., Rosaceae, has shown significant antioxidant, antibacterial, and elastase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Batatasin III from Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe, Orchidaceae, was found to increase collagen synthesis (Taofiq et al. 2016;Xie et al. 2022;Costa et al. 2022). Products with safety and efficacy based on natural bioactive compounds in cosmetics remain scarce; other natural anti-skin agents need to be investigated. ...
... This compound contains hydroxyl and carbonyl groups known to interact with the active site of tyrosinase enzyme and contributes to its inhibitory activity demonstrated (Chunhakant and Chaicharoenpong 2019). Although the IC 50 obtained in this study for 3 and 1 were lower than those obtained from compounds reported by Jing Xie et al. (2022) from Rosa rugosa, the anti-elastase and antityrosinase activities observed in this study were higher than those obtained from compounds isolated from R. rugosa. ...
The hexane fraction of Psorospermum aurantiacum Engl., Hypericaceae, was found to prevent photo aging in skin cells lines. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the anti-skin aging potentials of compounds isolated from the most bioactive fraction using in silico and in vitro models. Compounds were isolated by column chromatography, and their structures were determined using spectroscopic techniques such as 1D and 2D NMR analysis coupled to mass spectrometry. Molecular docking was conducted to determine the interactions between compounds and selected targets: elastase, 15-lipoxygenase, activator protein-1, and nuclear factor kappa B involved in skin aging processes. Furthermore, the in vitro anti-elastase and anti-tyrosinase activities of compounds as well as their anti-inflammatory effect were evaluated on 15-lipoxygenase and nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Chromatographic purification of P. aurantiacum yielded three known compounds namely 3-geranyloxyemodinanthrone, 3-geranyloxyemodine, and lupeol. The in silico study showed that lupeol (− 12.83 kcal/mol) had high affinity with elastase while 3-geranyloxyemodine (− 8.98 kcal/mol) effectively interacted with lipoxygenase. The in vitro assays revealed that 3-geranyloxyemodinanthrone significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited tyrosinase (IC50 65.00 µg/ml) and lipoxygenase (IC50 35.35 µg/ml) with lower activities as compared with vitamin C (IC50 41.85 µg/ml) and quercetin (IC50 26.79 µg/ml), respectively, used as positive controls. Additionally, lupeol showed a high percentage of elastase inhibition (88.09%) at 10 µg/ml and significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited nitric oxide production with IC50 of 28.74 µg/ml compared to quercetin (IC50 15.13 µg/ ml). Compounds 3-geranyloxyemodinanthrone and lupeol showed anti-elastase, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-inflammatory properties through in vitro study. Molecular docking results confirmed the elastase inhibitory activity demonstrated by lupeol. These compounds demonstrated prominent inhibitory activities and could be incorporated into skin care products after further studies.
... Rose (Rosa rugosa) is a kind of important plant with ornamental and economic value, characterized by drought resistance, barrenness resistance, cold resistance, and wide adaptability to harsh natural environments Xie et al., 2022;Zang et al., 2021). In the realm of ornamental plants, the commercial value of roses is significantly influenced by their vibrant array of colors. ...
Roses (Rosa rugosa) are a famous flower with high ornamental and economic value. But the petals of roses are usually pink and purple, which restricted its application in garden settings. Flavonols and anthocyanins are crucial secondary metabolites related to flower pigmentation in plants. While MYB transcription factors involved in the biosynthesis pathway of anthocyanins have been identified in roses, the functional characterization of the MYB transcription factor regulating flavonol synthesis in R. rugosa remains unexplored. In this study, we isolated and characterized the R2R3-MYB transcription factors RrMYB12 and RrMYB111 involved in regulation of the flavonol biosynthetic pathway from R. rugosa. The bioinformatics analysis indicated that both the RrMYB12 and RrMYB111 belong to the R2R3-MYB subgroup 7 family. qRT-PCR analysis showed that RrMYB12 and RrMYB111 were expressed at low levels in roots and flowers. And transactivation activity assay indicated that RrMYB12 and RrMYB111 were transcriptional activators. The overexpression of RrMYB12 and RrMYB111 in tobacco resulted in an elevation of flavonol levels and a reduction in anthocyanin levels in flowers due to the upregulation of structural genes involved in flavonol synthesis, while the biosynthesis genes for the anthocyanin pathway were significantly downregulated. The transient reporter assay demonstrated that RrMYB12 exhibited strong activation of the promoters of RrCHS and RrFLS in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves following transient transformation. Furthermore, it was observed that RrMYBs displayed binding specificity to the promoter region of CsFLS.The functional characterization of the flavonol synthesis regulatory factors RrMYB12 and RrMYB111 offers a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanism governing flavonol biosynthesis in roses, while also presenting an effective tool for genetic manipulation aimed at creating new varieties.
... Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was tested according to the method described by Xie et al. at room temperature (25 • C) (2022) [29] with slight modification. In brief, 585 µL tyrosinase solution (50 U/mL) was placed in a 1.5 mL centrifuge tube, and then mixed with 90 µL sample in MeOH/H 2 O 1:1 with different concentrations (2 Mm, 1 mM, 0.5 mM, 0.25 mM, 0.125 mM, 0.0625 mM). ...
Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. is an important undergrowth species in southern China. The fruits of A. oxyphylla are recognized as one of “the four famous south medicines” and are also used in the production of preserved fruit. However, as non-medicinal parts, their stems and leaves are unutilized. In order to promote resource recycling, the chemical components of such stems and leaves were investigated, and we evaluated their melanin inhibitory potential through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, tyrosinase inhibition, and melanin production inhibition in B16 cells. Five new compounds, aloxy A (1), kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1 → 2)-(3″,4″-diacetyl-β-D-glucuronate methyl ester) (2), quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1 → 2)-(3″,4″-diacetyl-β-D-glucuronate methyl ester) (3), kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1 → 3)-(4″-acetyl-β-D-glucuronate methyl ester) (4), and kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1 → 2)-(3″-acetyl-β-D-glucuronate methyl ester) (5), and seventeen known ones (6–22) were isolated and identified from the stems and leaves of A. oxyphylla. Among these compounds, 19 compounds presented tyrosinase inhibitory activities, among which aloxy A (1), hexahydrocurcumin (7), gingerenone A (8) and 4,4′-dimethoxy-3′-hydroxy-7,9′:7′,9-diepoxylignan-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (22) showed strong inhibitory activity, with IC50 values between 6.26 ± 0.42 and 22.04 ± 1.09 μM, lower than the positive control (Kojic acid, IC50 = 37.22 ± 1.64 μM). A total of 15 compounds exhibited varying degrees of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. In addition, 1, 2, and 7 showed melanin production inhibition activity in B16 cells, and the effects presented as concentration-dependent. The above results indicate that the stems and leaves of A. oxyphylla are rich with phenolic compounds, and display tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidant activities, which could lead to potential applications related to melanin production inhibition such as in the development of cosmetics.
... Previous research has reported that the ethanol extract of R. rugosa flowers has antioxidant characteristics owing to its bioactive phenolic components, as demonstrated by the DPPH radical scavenging assay and the inhibitory activity of tyrosinase [31]. In our preliminary investigation, hot water extracts of R. rugosa flower buds suppressed ROS production in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-stimulated normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs), suggesting potential anti-aging properties. ...
This present study investigated the anti-skin-aging properties of Rosa rugosa. Initially, phenolic compounds were isolated from a hot water extract of Rosa rugosa’s flower buds. Through repeated chromatography (column chromatography, MPLC, and prep HPLC), we identified nine phenolic compounds (1–9), including a previously undescribed depside, rosarugoside D (1). The chemical structure of 1 was elucidated via NMR, HR-MS, UV, and hydrolysis. Next, in order to identify bioactive compounds that are effective against TNF-α-induced NHDF cells, we measured intracellular ROS production in samples treated with each of the isolated compounds (1–9). All isolates reduced the level of ROS at a concentration of 10 μM. Particularly, two depsides—rosarugosides A and D (2 and 1)—significantly inhibited ROS expression in TNF-α-induced NHDFs compared to the other phenolic compounds. Subsequently, the production of MMP-1 and procollagen type Ι α1 by these two depsides was examined. Remarkably, rosarugoside A (2) significantly decreased MMP-1 secretion at all concentrations. In contrast, rosarugoside D (1) regulated the expression of procollagen type Ι α1. These findings collectively suggest that Rosa rugosa extracts and their isolated compounds, rosarugosides A (2) and D (1), hold significant potential for protecting against aging and skin damage. Overall, these findings suggest that Rosa rugosa extracts and their isolated compounds, rosarugosides A (2) and D (1), have the potential to prevent and protect against aging and skin damage, although more specific quantitative analysis is needed.
... Rosa rugosa may have both flowers (petals) and fruits (hips) simultaneously. According to Xie & al. (2022), Rosa rugosa purple lines flowers from spring to autumn. Medveckienė & al. (2023) call Rosa rugosa purple line a genotype 'Rubra.' ...
The Mediterranean diet, a widely studied and highly beneficial diet, underpins my research. Initially, the Mediterranean diet included Wild Edible Plants (WEPs). According to numerous research reports, this diet 1) promotes health and longevity and 2) prevents various modern diseases, including coronary and Alzheimer’s disease. A vital component of this diet is consuming locally available green plants, which are rich in health-promoting substances. In Åhlberg (2021, 2022b), I presented evidence for 56 health-promoting substances that all green vascular WEPs contain. While reading research reports of these five species, I found eight more health-promoting substances that all green vascular wild edible plants have. This article adds eight new substances to the earlier 56, bringing the total to 64. This is a novel and groundbreaking finding for which I provide research evidence. Each WEP has 1) health-promoting substances that all green vascular plants share and 2) species-specific health-promoting substances. I present the latest research on five invasive wild edible plants (WEPs) species. Each contains at least 64 health-promoting substances and varying species-specific health-promoting substances. I also present the experimental research results showing how many of these substances prevent Alzheimer’s disease. Keywords: wild edible plants (WEPs); wild food plants; Mediterranean diet; functional foods; good health, longevity; Alzheimer’s disease; alimurgic plants; invasive species; sustainability
... Typically, compounds such as citric acid and sodium borohydride, which can be toxic, are employed in the reduction process. However, recent studies have explored alternative methods, utilizing extracts from natural sources such as honey, polysaccharides, microorganisms, and plants like Rosa rugosa, Terminalia catappa, and Zingiber officinale for gold nanoparticle synthesis [5][6][7][8]. Interestingly, the concentration of the reducing agents in these methods has been shown to influence the size and shape of the resulting nanoparticles. ...
... There is now a growing preference for using plant extracts in skincare products due to their ecological friendliness, gentle nature on the skin surface, and ability to be easily incorporated into daily routines with minimal side effects. Moreover, herbal skincare products offer various benefits such as antioxidants, antimicrobial properties, and the ability to inhibit pigmentation, making them suitable for different skin conditions (Emerald et al., 2016, Ahmed et al., 2020, Xie et al., 2022. ...
Plant extracts and their individual components have been used to manage skin aging for several decades. Recently, the discovery of new natural bioactive agents, that not only enhance the skin health but also offer protection against various deleterious factors, such as free radicals, ultraviolet radiation, and microbial infections, has been a potential target by many researchers. The aim of the current work was to investigate the phytochemical profile of an ethanol bark extract from Pseudobombax ellipticum, and to evaluate its antioxidant, antiaging and antibacterial activities in vitro. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies were adopted to estimate and confirm the binding affinity of several compounds and explain their binding pattern at the binding sites of four target enzymes associated with skin aging, namely collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase, and hyaluronidase. HPLC-MS/MS analysis led to the tentative identification of 35 compounds comprising phenolic acids, and their glycosides, procyanidins and flavonoid glycosides. The extract demonstrated a promising in vitro antioxidant activity in the DPPH and FRAP assays (IC50 56.45 and 15.34 μg/mL, respectively), and was able to inhibit the aforementioned key enzymes with comparable results to the reference drugs. In addition, the extract (6.25 mg/mL) inhibited the biofilm production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and diminished the swimming and swarming motilities. The docked compounds revealed appreciable binding energy with the tested enzymes and were stable throughout the molecular dynamic simulations. In view of this data, P. ellipticum bark can be regarded as a good candidate for prospective application in derma-cosmeceutical preparations.
... Therefore, it may be used to stabilize body weight and the overall lipid metabolism [80]. A new derivative of isorhamnetin, namely isorhamnetin-3-O-(2"-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside, was identified in the petals of R. rugosa, which are used in various cosmetic products [81]; whereas isorhamnetin glycosides found in extracts of various Spiraea species (S. media, S. hypericifolia, S. salicifolia L.) in high probability are responsible for the antiviral activity of these extracts against viruses of influenza A and B [82]. Glycoside derivatives of isorhamnetin (isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside) were prepared by biotransformation of quercetin in the culture of Phytolacca americana [47]. ...
Mono- and poly-O-methylated flavonols and their glycoside derivatives belong to the group of natural plant polyphenols with a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. These compounds are known for their antioxidant, antimutagenic, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and antilipogenic properties. Additionally, they inhibit carcinogenesis and cancer development. Having in mind the multidirectional biological activity of methylated flavonols, we would like to support further study on their health-promoting activities; in this review we summarized the most recent reports on syringetin and some of its structural analogues: laricitrin, ayanin, and isorhamnetin. Natural sources and biological potential of these substances were described based on the latest research papers.
The hexane fraction of Psorospermum aurantiacum (PA) was found to prevent photoaging in skin cells lines. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the anti-skin aging potentials of compounds isolated from this bioactive fraction using in- silico and in- vitro models. Compounds were isolated by column chromatography and their structures were determined using spectroscopic techniques. A molecular docking was conducted to determine the interactions of compounds with selected targets: Elastase, 15-lipoxygenase, activator protein-1, Nuclear Factor Kappa B involved in skin aging processes. Furthermore, the in-vitro anti-elastase and anti-tyrosinase activities of compounds and their anti-inflammatory effect were evaluated on 15-lipoxygenase and nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Chromatographic purification of PA yielded three known compounds namely 3-geranyloxyemodinanthrone ( 1 ), 3-geranyloxyemodine ( 2 ) and lupeol ( 3 ) were identified, and in-slico study showed that ( 3 ) (− 12.83 kcal/mol) had high affinity with elastase while (2) (− 8.98 kcal/mol) effectively interacted with lipoxygenase. The in vitro assays revealed that (1) possessed high anti-tyrosinase activity (IC 50 = 65.00 µg/mL) and anti-lipoxygenase activity (IC 50 = 35.35 µg/mL) as compared with vitamin C (IC 50 = 48.85 µg/mL) and quercetin (IC 50 = 26.79 µg/mL) respectively. Additionally, ( 3 ) showed a high percentage of elastase inhibition (88.09%) at 10 µg/mL and also inhibited NO production with IC 50 of 28.74 µg/mL compared to quercetin (IC 50 = 15.13 µg/ mL). Compounds 1 and 3 showed anti-elastase, anti-tyrosinase and anti-inflammatory properties through in vitro study. Molecular docking results confirmed the elastase inhibitory activity demonstrated by 3 . These compounds could be incorporated skin care products after further studies.
Amaç: Gül (Rosa damascena Mill.) bitkisinin insan sağlığı açısından kullanım çeşitliliği ve fonksiyonel özelliklerinin arttırılması önemli bir konudur. Bu çalışmada bazı başlatıcı kültür ve asit dirençlilik özellikleri belirlenmiş laktik asit bakterilerinin (LAB) gül sirkesinin fermantasyonunda kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Materyal ve yöntem: Bu amaçla Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Enterococcus faecium ve Lactiplantibacillus plantarum suşları gül sirkesi örneklerine ilave edilerek 37°C’de 18 saat fermente edilmiş ve 7 gün depolanmıştır. Kontrol grubunda ve LAB ilave edilen gül sirkesi örneklerinde fizikokimyasal, mikrobiyolojik ve gaz kromatografi-kütle spektrometre (GC-MS) cihazı ile uçucu bileşen analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tartışma ve sonuç: Depolama sonunda pH ve toplam titrasyon asitliği içerikleri sırasıyla 3,58-3,65 ve %2,45- 2,74 aralığında tespit edilmiştir. Mikrobiyolojik analizlerde laktokoklar 5,15-6,33 log KOB/mL, laktobasiller 5,07-6,69 log KOB/mL, asetik asit bakterileri 4,73-6,62 log KOB/mL ve maya-küf 5,35-6,53 log KOB/mL düzeyinde belirlenmiştir. Gül sirkesi örneklerinde GC-MS ile öne çıkan uçucu bileşenler; asetik asit, 2-feniletil alkol, feniletil asetat, etil asetat, sitronelil asetat, β-sitronellol, metil öjenol ve gül-oksittir. Kontrol grubuna kıyasla LAB ilaveli gruplarda bazı ester ve terpen düzeyleri daha yüksek belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, seçilen LAB suşlarının gül sirkesini uygun bir substrat olarak fermente edebileceğini ve sirkenin fonksiyonel özelliklerini desteklediğini göstermiştir.
Konaklama ve yiyecek içecek işletmeleriyle ilgili akademik
kaynakların sınırlı olması, endişe verici bir durumdur ve bu alandaki
araştırmaların artırılması gerektiği düşünülmektedir. Bu sebeple, mevcut
çalışmaların durumunu hem kapsamlı hem de derinlemesine inceleyerek,
gelecekteki araştırmaları geliştirmek için eldeki bulguların bir araya
getirilmesi önem taşımaktadır. Ayrıca, konaklama ve yiyecek içecek
sektöründe tabak atığıyla ilgili akademik ilginin oldukça kısıtlı olduğu
gözlemlenmektedir. Bu bağlamda, tabak atığı konusundaki araştırma
boşluklarını doldurmak amacıyla alanyazının incelenmesi
gerekmektedir. Bu bölümün hedefi, konaklama ve yiyecek içecek
sektöründe tabak atığının miktarı, ölçüm yöntemleri, önemli etki
noktaları, demografik faktörlerle ilişkisi, tabak atığının nedenleri ve
azaltma stratejileri gibi konuları kapsayan akademik kaynakları
özetlemek ve incelemektir.
Antioxidants and tyrosinase inhibitory components were successfully screened and separated from Rosa rugosa cv. 'Plena' by HPLC microfractionation bioactive screening combined with several separation and purification methods. Ethyl acetate extract of Rosa rugosa cv. 'Plena' showed high antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity. High speed countercurrent chromatography, silica gel column chromatography and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography were used for preparative separation of four bioactive components from ethyl acetate extract. Two tyrosinase-inhibiting active substances, flavogallonic acid and N1 -N5 -N10 -tri-4-p-coumaroylspermidine, were isolated from Rosa rugosa cv. 'Plena', and they showed great monophenolase inhibition activity (half maximal inhibitory concentration: 664.60 μg/mL and 23.77 μg/mL, respectively) and excellent diphenolase inhibition activity (half maximal inhibitory concentration: 23614.61 μg/mL and 16.80 μg/mL, respectively). Meanwhile, gallic acid, flavogallonic acid and ellagic acid were shown to have excellent 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl antioxidant activity (half maximal inhibitory concentration: 6.66 μg/mL, 20.17 μg/mL and 13.45 μg/mL), and 2, 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) antioxidant activity (half maximal inhibitory concentration: 3.53 μg/mL, 3.83 μg/mL and 2.78 μg/mL). Molecular docking revealed that flavogallonic acid and N1 -N5 -N10 -tri-4-p-coumaroylspermidine had strong binding affinity (-9.3 kcal/mol and -10 kcal/mol, respectively) to tyrosinase through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Due to their richness of bioactive substances, rose hips are a valuable raw material for obtaining extracts with potential antimicrobial activity. The aim of the study was to determine the antagonistic potential of whole pseudo-fruit and flesh extracts of three Rosa sp. varieties against Staphylococcus spp. bacteria isolated as food contaminants. The biological material in this study consisted of seven strains of bacteria from the genus Staphylococcus. Two strains—Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Staphylococcus epidermidis DSMZ 3270—were used as reference strains. The other five strains were food-derived isolates—S. epidermidis A5, S. xylosus M5, S. haemolyticus M6, S. capitis KR6, and S. warneri KR2A. The material was the pseudo-fruits of Rosa canina, Rosa pomifera Karpatia, and Rosa rugosa. The polyphenols were extracted from the fleshy part and the whole pseudo-fruit for all rose varieties. The tested preparations differed significantly in their polyphenol composition. The sum of polyphenols ranged from 28 862 to 35 358 mg/100 g of lyophilisate. The main groups of polyphenols found in the preparations were flavanols and ellagitannins. All of the tested extracts inhibited the growth of staphylococci at a concentration of 500 mg/mL. Rosa rugosa fruit extract showed the strongest antimicrobial properties among the studied extracts. For all the strains, the growth inhibition had a diameter of 20.3–29.0 mm. Moreover, six out of the seven tested strains showed the highest inhibition with the use of this extract. The MIC of rose extracts was in the range of 3.125–500 mg/mL and was strictly dependent on the bacterial species, the species of the rose, and the part of the fruit from which the extract was obtained. Correlations were assessed between the main groups of polyphenols in the extracts and their inhibition of bacterial growth. In the case of pseudo-fruit extracts, the inhibitory effect on bacterial growth positively correlated with the content of ellagitannins, and this effect was observed for almost all the tested strains. The results presented herein follow the current trend of minimising the use of chemical preservatives in food; from this point of view, rose extracts are very promising.
Rose hips are the fruits of the beach rose (Rosa rugosa). To determine the optimal harvest time and to obtain the maximum functional compounds, rose hips at various stages of ripeness (immature, early, mid, and late) were harvested, and the flesh tissue and seeds were separated. The rose hip flesh showed the highest total phenolic content at the mid-ripeness stage (8.45 ± 0.62 mg/g gallic acid equivalent concentration (dry weight)). The early-, mid-, and late-ripeness stages of rose hip flesh did not show significantly different 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl antioxidant capacities. The elastase inhibitory activity of the 95% ethanol extract from the rose hip seeds was highest at the mid-ripeness stage; however, the elastase inhibitory activity of the rose hip tissue was not significantly different from that of the seeds. Pathway analysis using MetaboAnalyst showed that sucrose, fructose, and glucose gradually increased as the fruit ripened. Ursolic acid was detected in the seeds but not in the flesh. Of the fatty acids, linoleic acid concentrations were highest in rose hip seeds, followed by linolenic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. Fatty acids and ursolic acid might be the active compounds responsible for elastase inhibitory activity and can be utilized as a functional cosmetic material.
We investigated the qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic compounds in the fruit of Rosa L. cultivars grown in Lithuania. The highest total content of phenolic compounds (50.13 ± 4.17 mg GAE/g, p < 0.05) was determined in fruit samples of Rosapimpinellifolia L. cultivar “Single Cherry”. The highest levels of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were determined in fruit samples of Rosarugosa Thunb. cultivars “Dart’s Defender” and “Adam Chodun”. The highest flavonoid content was determined in fruit samples of Rosamultiflora Thunb. cultivar “Nana” and R.multiflora species. The strongest antioxidant activity evaluated by applying DPPH and FRAP assays was determined in fruit extracts of R. pimpinellifolia cultivar “Single Cherry” and R. rugosa cultivar “Adam Chodun”. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in Rosa L. fruit was performed by applying UHPLC. The following phenolic compounds were identified in fruit samples: caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, quercitrin, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, (−)-epicatechin gallate, rutin, phloridzin, and kaempferol-3-O-glycoside. A strong correlation was determined between the total amount of phenolic compounds determined in extracts of the fruit samples of Rosa L. cultivars and the radical scavenging and reducing activity of their extracts in vitro (R = 0.767 and 0.727, respectively, p < 0.05).
Rose (Rosa spp.) plants flower via two contrasting methods: once flowering (OF) and continuous flowering (CF). Purple branch is a rare continuously flowering variety of Rosa rugosa that is extensively cultivated in China. However, the genetic basis of its CF behavior is unknown. We demonstrated that Purple branch is heterozygous for the TFL1 homolog KSN. One KSN allele with a 9 kb Copia insertion was found to be identical to that from continuously flowering Rosa chinensis Old blush. The other allele was found to be a functional wild-type allele. The overall expression of KSN was closely linked to the floral transition, and it was significantly repressed in continuously flowering Purple branch compared with OF Plena. The promoter region of the normal KSN allele was hypermethylated, and histone methylation at H3H4, H3K9, and H3K27 of the KSN gene locus was modified in continuously flowering Purple branch. Silencing of the DNA methyltransferase genes MET1 and CMT3 and the histone methyltransferase gene SUVR5 in Purple branch led to enhanced KSN expression, but silencing of the histone demethylase gene JMJ12 suppressed KSN expression. Therefore, the CF habit of Purple branch may be due to reduced expression of KSN caused by the halved dose and may be associated with epigenetic modifications together with retrotransposon insertions along the chromosome. Our study revealed a novel mechanism underlying the CF behavior of rose plants.
Fast and reliable determination of polyphenols is a quite common goal during investigation of new plant materials and herbal products, their standardization, quality control, or chemo-taxonomical studies. The aim of this study was to develop and validate methods based on the application of reversed phase liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) for comprehensive quantitative and qualitative analysis of phenolic acids and flavonoid aglycones. LC-MS/MS-MRM protocols were applied for the determination of free and bound phenolics in a series of plant samples prepared from leaves and achenes (true fruits) of Japanese rose (Rosa rugosa Thunb.). The presence of large amount of phenolic compounds was detected in rose leaves (786.44 µg/g and 14.46 µg/g of phenolic acids and flavonoid aglycones, respectively). Isoferulic acid and five aglycones were revealed for the first time in this plant material. Moreover, 15 phenolic acids and six aglycones were found in the rose achenes, including eight phenolic acids and four aglycones that had not been previously reported in this rose organ. It was shown that leaves and achenes may constitute an industrially relevant source of phenolic compounds for potential commercial use in pharmaceutical, food, or cosmetic industry.
The deterioration of the skin morphology and physiology is the first and earliest obvious harbinger of the aging process which is progressively manifested with increasing age. Such deterioration affects the vital functions of the skin such as homeodynamic regulation of body temperature, fluid balance, loss of electrolytes and proteins, production of vitamin D, waste removal, immune surveillance, sensory perception, and protection of other organs against deleterious environmental factors. There are, however, harmful chemicals and toxins found in everyday cosmetics that consumers are now aware of. Thus, the natural beauty industry is on the rise with innovative technology and high-performance ingredients as more consumers demand healthier options. Therefore, the aims of this review are to give some critical insights to the effects of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors on excessive or premature skin aging and to elaborate on the relevance of natural beauty and natural anti-aging skincare approaches that will help consumers, scientists and entrepreneurs make the switch. Our recent investigations have shown the potential and relevance of identifying more resources from our rich natural heritage from various plant sources such as leaves, fruits, pomace, seeds, flowers, twigs and so on which can be explored for natural anti-aging skincare product formulations. These trending narratives have started to gain traction among researchers and consumers owing to the sustainability concern and impact of synthetic ingredients on human health and the environment. The natural anti-aging ingredients, which basically follow hormetic pathways, are potentially useful as moisturizing agents; barrier repair agents; antioxidants, vitamins, hydroxy acids, skin lightening agents, anti-inflammatory ingredients, and sunblock ingredients.
Graphic abstract
Halophyte plant (HPs), a salt-resistant flora, has been reported to provide several health benefits, but the knowledge of its cosmeceutical potential is still ambiguous. Here, 70% ethanol extracts of 22 HPs collected from along the coast of South Korea were investigated for their potentials of antioxidant, anti-aging, and whitening properties for use as materials in novel cosmeceuticals. Antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-pricrylhydrazyl) free radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays, and skin aging-related enzyme activities (anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, anti-hyaluronidase, and anti-tyrosinase) were evaluated by using the spectrophotometric method. Among the 22 HPs, we found that Ischaemum antephoroides f. coreana and Atriplex gmelinii extracts presented the strongest scavenging effects against DPPH free radical and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. Our finding additionally suggested that Salicornia europaea extract might provide a major source of anti-elastase and anti-hyaluronidase; meanwhile, Rosa rugosa extract showed the highest anti-collagenase effect. Furthermore, the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity was possessed by Spartina anglica extract. These findings may suggest that halophyte plants showing biological activities may be potent inhibitors of tyrosinase, elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase and could be useful for application in cosmeceuticals.
Covering: 2000 to 2019 According to a 2012 survey from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 18% of the U.S. population uses natural products (including plant-based or botanical preparations) for treatment or prevention of disease. The use of plant-based medicines is even more prevalent in developing countries, where for many they constitute the primary health care modality. Proponents of the medicinal use of natural product mixtures often claim that they are more effective than purified compounds due to beneficial "synergistic" interactions. A less-discussed phenomenon, antagonism, in which effects of active constituents are masked by other compounds in a complex mixture, also occurs in natural product mixtures. Synergy and antagonism are notoriously difficult to study in a rigorous fashion, particularly given that natural products chemistry research methodology is typically devoted to reducing complexity and identifying single active constituents for drug development. This report represents a critical review with commentary about the current state of the scientific literature as it relates to studying combination effects (including both synergy and antagonism) in natural product extracts. We provide particular emphasis on analytical and Big Data approaches for identifying synergistic or antagonistic combinations and elucidating the mechanisms that underlie their interactions. Specific case studies of botanicals in which synergistic interactions have been documented are also discussed. The topic of synergy is important given that consumer use of botanical natural products and associated safety concerns continue to garner attention by the public and the media. Guidance by the natural products community is needed to provide strategies for effective evaluation of safety and toxicity of botanical mixtures and to drive discovery in botanical natural product research.
The huge health-beneficial potential of polysaccharides encourages the search for novel sources and applications of these compounds. One poorly explored source of polysaccharides is the rose. The content and biological activity of polysaccharides in rose organs is an almost completely unaddressed topic, therefore, polysaccharide-rich extracts (crude polysaccharides, CPLs) from petals, leaves, hips, and achenes of Rosa rugosa Thunb. were studied for their composition and the influence on various cellular processes involved in the development of cancer and other civilization diseases. The study revealed the presence of water-soluble and-insoluble polysaccharides (including β-glucans) and protein-polysaccharide conjugates in rose organs. Rose hips were found to be the most abundant source of polysaccharides. Different polysaccharide-rich extracts showed the ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes (COX-1, COX-2, hyaluronidase), a radical scavenging effect (against DPPH • and ABTS •+), and antiproliferative activity (in the A549 lung and SW480 colon cancer cell lines) in in vitro assays. Therefore, rose crude polysaccharides are very promising and can potentially be used as natural chemopreventive agents.
Rosa rugosa is a widespread ornamental plant and generally utilized for food and medicinal purposes. The previous studies focused on the potent ingredients extracted from R. rugosa, such as essential oils, flavonoids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, pigments, vitamins and so on. Moreover, sufficient evidences and research data revealed that pharmacological effects of R. rugosa on various diseases were associated with these functional components. 19α-Hydroxyursane-type triterpenoids, such as euscaphic acid (EA) and tormentic acid (TA), are responsible for the anti-inflammatory action. Antioxidants such as flavonoids and polyphenols play a critical role against tumors and diabetes. Sesquiterpene and hydrolyzable tannins are essential for antimicrobial ability. Rosamultin reduces hepatotoxicity through enhancing the epoxide hydrolase activity. These studies suggest that R. rugosa has prospects of curing many diseases or assisting in traditional chemosynthetic drugs treatment.
Hosta plantaginea was a traditional Chinese medicinal plant used to treat inflammation-related diseases with little scientific validation. Twelve flavonoids, including two new compounds namely plantanones A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the flowers of Hosta plantaginea. Their structures were elucidated by NMR and HRMS as well as comparison with literature data. All of the isolated compounds showed significant inhibitory activities against ovine COX-1 and COX-2 at a concentration of 50 μM, with inhibition ratios from 53.00% to 80.55% for COX-1 and from 52.19% to 66.29% for COX-2. Further detailed testing showed that compounds 1, 2, 4 and 12 inhibited the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes with IC50 values 12.90–33.37 μM and 38.32–46.16 μM, respectively. Moreover, the antioxidant effects of these isolates against DPPH free radical-scavenging were also evaluated in vitro, and a tight structure-activity relationship was discussed. Our results suggested that the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of H. plantaginea flowers are partly attributed to these flavonoids.
Human skin exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) results in a dramatic increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The sudden increase in ROS shifts the natural balance toward a pro-oxidative state, resulting in oxidative stress. The detrimental effects of oxidative stress occur through multiple mechanisms that involve alterations to proteins and lipids, induction of inflammation, immunosuppression, DNA damage, and activation of signaling pathways that affect gene transcription, cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis. All of these alterations promote carcinogenesis and therefore, regulation of ROS levels is critical to the maintenance of normal skin homeostasis. Several botanical products have been found to exhibit potent antioxidant capacity and the ability to counteract UV-induced insults to the skin. These natural products exert their beneficial effects through multiple pathways, including some known to be negatively affected by solar UVR. Aging of the skin is also accelerated by UVR exposure, in particular UVA rays that penetrate deep into the epidermis and the dermis where it causes the degradation of collagen and elastin fibers via oxidative stress and activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Because natural compounds are capable of attenuating some of the UV-induced aging effects in the skin, increased attention has been generated in the area of cosmetic sciences. The focus of this review is to cover the most prominent phytoproducts with potential to mitigate the deleterious effects of solar UVR and suitability for use in topical application.
Rosa rugosa petals are a rich source of phenolic compounds, which determined their antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to determine the polyphenolic composition of not processed petals of Rosa rugosa collected from the commodity crops and to determine the variability of the contained therein polyphenols between harvesting seasons. Twenty polyphenols were identified by UPLC-ESI-MS. The main fraction of polyphenols was ellagitannins, which are 69 to 74% of the total polyphenols of the petals. In the petals of Rosa rugosa , four anthocyanins have been identified: cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside, peonidin 3-O-sophoroside, peonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside, and peonidin 3-O-glucoside, of which the predominant peonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside represented approx. 85% of all the determined anthocyanin compounds. It was found that the petals of Rosa rugosa are a valuable source of bioactive compounds and can be considered as a healthy valuable resource.
Teas and tinctures prepared from five rose organs were analyzed for their antioxidant, anti-hyaluronidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibiting activity. Moreover, analysis of phenolic acids and flavonoids was carried out by the use of LC-ESI-MS/MS. As a result, the presence of ten phenolic acids and ten flavonoid glycosides was shown. Significant antioxidant potential (0.26 to 4.25 mmol Trolox/g) and reducing power (1092.04 to 9258.70 mmol Fe²⁺/g) was revealed. Moreover, high anti-hyaluronidase activity demonstrated especially by tinctures and differentiated acetylcholinesterase inhibiting effects were observed. The investigated extracts may be considered as potential sources of phenolics and health-promoting ingredients in everyday diet.
A new compound, 2(S)-isobutanol 2-O-β-d-arabinopyranosyl(1→6)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), along with ten known compounds (2–11) were isolated from Piper aduncum L. leaves. The effects of these compounds on soluble epoxide hydrolase and tyrosinase inhibition were evaluated. Among them, compounds 3, 8, and 9 exhibited significant tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 39.3 ± 1.8, 41.3 ± 2.2, and 37.5 ± 2.7 µM, respectively. However, the effects of isolated compounds on soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition were weak or absent, and compounds 4 and 11 showed the highest inhibitory activity with values of 61.2 ± 4.3 and 60.6 ± 3.7 % at a concentration of 100 μM.
Background:
Tyrosinase is an oxidoreductase that is very important in medicine and cosmetics because the excessive production of melanin causes hyperpigmentation. The development of novel, effective tyrosinase inhibitors has long been pursued. In preliminary tests, we found that an extract of the wood of Artocarpus heterophyllous (AH) potently inhibited tyrosinase activity.
Results:
Two new flavonoids, artocaepin E (1) and artocaepin F (2), were isolated from the wood of AH, together with norartocarpetin (3), artocarpanone (4), liquiritigenin (5), steppogenin (6), and dihydromorin (7). Their structures were elucidated using one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. The absolute configuration of 2 was determined from the circular dichroism (CD) spectrum. Artocarpanone (4) had the most potent tyrosinase inhibitory effect, with an IC50 of 2.0 ± 0.1 μM, followed by artocaepin E (1) and steppogenin (6), with IC50 values of 6.7 ± 0.8 and 7.5 ± 0.5 μM, respectively. A kinetic investigation indicated that 1 showed competitive inhibition, with an inhibition constant (K i) of 6.23 μM.
Conclusions:
These results demonstrate that extracts of the wood of AH and its phytochemical constituents are potential sources for skin-whitening agents.Graphical abstractArtocarmin E (1) and artocarmin F (2) were isolated from the wood of Artocarpus heterophyllous. Their structures were elucidated using nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and mass spectrometric methods.
Essential oils from Rosaceae family are a challenge for scientists because of their wide range of pharmacological activities. The purpose of the present work was to determine chemical composition and to compare antiradical and antifungal activities of 6 essential oils from Rosa genus growing in Bulgaria, Moldova and China, and some of their ingredients against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. All of the tested oils are citronellol-rich, except the one distillated from rose water, since it has been found that it contains the most n-nonadecane. The most active superoxide scavenger was the essential oil from hybrid of Rosa damascena IX-4 from Bulgaria, followed by Rosa rugosa Thunb. from China, and Bulgarian Rosa alba L. The results obtained showed bigger resistance of Aspergillus niger against rose oils in comparison to Aspergillus flavus.
A new phenolic compound, 6'-O-sulfonyl-salidroside (1), together with fifteen known compounds, were isolated from the all parts of Limonium pruinosum. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR experiments including 1D TOCSY, DQF-COSY, HSQC and HMBC spectroscopy, as well as ESIMS analysis. The antioxidant activity of the extracts and all isolated compounds was evaluated by DPPH test.
Objective: To examine whether earthworms of Eisenia fetida, Lumbricus rubellus and Eudrilus
eugeniae extracts have elastase, tyrosinase and matrix metalloproteinase-1 activity. (MMP-1) inhibitory Methods: The earthworms extract was screened for elastase, tyrosinase and MMP-1 inhibitory accatpiavcitiyty a. nd compared with the positive controls. It was also evaluated for whitening and anti-wrinkle Results: The extract showed significantly (P<0.05) good elastase and tyrosinase inhibition aglnydc yelhxycderlolexnamt Mic MacPi-d1. inhibition compared to N-Isobutyl-N-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)- Conclusions: Earthworms extract showed effective inhibition of tyrosinase, elastase and MMP-1 awchtiicvhit imesa.y T bhee ruesfeofruel, athsi as ne xapnetir-imwerinntk fluer athgeern tr.
Rosa chinensis cv. ‘JinBian’, a cultivar of Rosa chinensis Jacq., is one of major raw material of rose tea and possesses sufficient plant resources in China. However, the studies on the chemical constituents and cosmetic activities of R. chinensis cv. ‘JinBian’ are almost blank. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-aging, skin-whitening, and antibacterial potentials of extracts and chemical constituents of the flower by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, elastase inhibition, anti-tyrosinase, and antibacterial assays. Bioassay results suggested both 95 % and 65 % ethanol extracts possessed significant antioxidant, elastase inhibition, and anti-tyrosinase activities. The combined active extract was studied with bioassay-guided fractionation to give a new compound, kaempferol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)-(2”,3”-O-digalloyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (1) and fourteen known compounds (2–15). All compounds were firstly isolated from this species and subjected to the above mentioned bioassays. Ten compounds exhibited antioxidant activities with DPPH radical scavenging rate from 63.40 %–94.04 % under the concentration of 100 μg/mL. The antioxidant activities of 1, 2-phenylethyl 1-O-β-d-(6'-O-galloyl)-glucopyranoside (12), vomifoliol (14), and 4, 4'-dimethoxy-3'-hydroxy-7, 9': 7', 9-diepoxylignan-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (15) were firstly found with DPPH radical scavenging rate of 83.24 %, 91.10 %, 63.40 %, and 77.75 %, respectively. The moderate elastase inhibitory activities of 12, ethyl gallate (13), and 15 were firstly found with the inhibitory rate of 43.69 %, 43.25 %, and 35.34 % at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. Multiflorin B (3), 12, and 13 showed strong tyrosinase inhibitory activities with the inhibition rate at 43.83 %–55.80 %, comparing with the positive control, α-arbutin (22.15 %). In addition, 1 showed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with the MIC50 of 8.51 ± 0.26 μg/mL. Compounds 2–4 and 12–14 showed moderate antibacterial activities against S. aureus. Compounds 6 and 13 also exhibited moderate inhibitory effects against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Above results manifested that R. chinensis cv. ‘JinBian’ possessed potential application values in the development of natural anti-aging, skin-whitening and antibacterial products.
The present study aimed to examine the composition of the essential oil extracted from the flowers of Algerian Artemisia judaica L. (ssp. sahariensis) and its possible used as a natural cosmetic preservative. The A. judaica essential oil (AJEO) was extracted by hydrodistillation and its composition was determined by gas chromatography (GS) and GC coupled with mass spectrometry. Twenty-nine compounds, corresponding to 93.2 % of the total composition of AJEO were identified, and piperitone was the dominant component (71.1 %). The antioxidant activity of AJEO was estimated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test and reducing power assay. These methods revealed a 50 % DPPH inhibition at 3.94 mg/mL and a 50 % reducing power of 0.125 mg/mL. The antibacterial activity and the antibacterial efficacy of AJEO were evaluated against three bacterial strains commonly found as contaminants of cosmetics, and studied in a shampoo model during 28 days of incubation. All bacterial strains showed sensitivity against AJEO but the most sensitive was Staphylococcus aureus (minimum inhibition concentration= 0.68 mg/mL). Overall, the results obtained here suggest that AJEO can be applied in cosmetics as an antibacterial and antioxidant preservative.
The flower buds of Rosa rugosa Thunb. have been commonly used as a source of rose oil and as an ingredient in tea in eastern Asia, including China, Japan, and Korea. Repeated chromatography of a hot water extract from the flower buds of R. rugosa led to the isolation and characterization of three new depside glucosides, rosarugosides A–C (1–3), along with three phenolic compounds, one ionone glucoside, four flavonoids, and two tannins having known chemical structures. Linarionoside A and 2-phenylethyl-(6-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside were isolated from R. rugosa for the first time in this study. The structures of the new compounds 1–3 were elucidated by interpreting 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data. Among the isolates, a new depside glucoside (1) and two major phenolic glucosides (4 and 5) improved MK-801-induced sensorimotor gating deficits, which were measured via an acoustic startle response test in mice.
The petal volatile components and their contents among five varieties of Rosa rugosa Thunb. Were assayed qualitatively and quantitatively by using Head Solid-phase Micro-extraction(HS-SPME)and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS). The compositions and relative contents were analyzed. Forty-nine volatile compounds were detected, including alcohols, esters, aldehydes, terpenes, phenols, ketones, alkanes, acids and ethers. The main volatile components including phenylethyl alcohol, citronellol, nerol, geraniol and their acetate esters were contributed to the first and second principal components in the principal component analysis. The releasing amounts(RA)of the major aromatic components were significantly different among the varieties. There were significantly higher RA of citronellol, citronellal, and citronellol acetate in R. Rugosa'Fenghua'than the other 4 varieties. Moreover, the higher RA of geraniol, geranial, nerol, neral, cis-ß-ocimene and ß-pinene were observedin the R. Rugosa f. Alba and R. Rugosa f. Plena than the other varieties. Five Rosa rugosa were clustered into two groups by clustering analysis. Among the first group, there were R. Rugosa'Zizhi'and R. Rugosa from Japan, while R. Rugosa f. Alba, R. Rugosa f. Plena and R. Rugosa'Fenghua'were clustered in the second group. © 2019 Editorial Office of Acta Horticulturae Sinica. All Rights Reserved.
Phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes. led to the isolation and characterization of eighteen compounds: one new polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived monoglyceride, (2S)-1-O-(4′Z,7′Z,10′Z-octadecatrienoyl) glycerol (1); four galloylglucoside derivatives (2–5), including one new named (2R)-methyl [(6′-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]phenylacetate (2), eleven phenolics (6–16), and two sterols (17–18). The structures of the isolates were determined by means of spectroscopic and spectrometric data, as well as by comparison with literature data. Galloylglucosides, especially cyanogenic constituents (3, 4) are described here for the first time in the genus. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of isolated compounds were investigated. None of the tested compounds showed growth inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 13276, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 3134 and Escherichia coli NBRC 3972 at 50 μM, while 1, 7, 9, 17, and 18 at 50 μM showed relatively weak to moderate decrease of viability against colon (DLD1), breast (MCF7) and gastric (MKN45) cancer cells. Furthermore, the chemotaxonomic significance of the isolated compounds was discussed.
The present study, we prepared polysaccharides from Rosa rugosa petals (RRPS) using hot-water extraction and purified the polysaccharides by chromatography to obtain RRPS-1 and RRPS-2. Preliminary structural features of RRPS were characterized by different instrumental methods, such as HPGPC, FT-IR, and GC analysis. The average molecular weights of RRPS-1 and RRPS-2 were 8.8 kDa and 443.8 kDa, respectively. Then, antioxidant and moisture-preserving activities of RRPS were determined in vitro. The analysis of antioxidant activities suggested that RRPS-2 had good potential for scavenging activity of radicals. We also found that the RRPS-2 has strong moisture-preserving activity in vitro. These results clearly indicated that RRPS-2 might have a good potential to be utilized in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industries.
The phytochemical profile of decoction and infusion, obtained from the dried leaves of M. nivellei, consumed as tea in Saharan region, was characterized by UHPLC-PDA-HRMS. Fourteen compounds were characterized and, to confirm the proposed structures a preparative procedure followed by NMR spectroscopy was applied. Compound 3 (2-hydroxy-1,8-cineole disaccharide) was a never reported whereas a bycyclic monoterpenoid glucoside (2), two ionol glucosides (1 and 12), a tri-galloylquinic acid (4), two flavonol glycosides (5 and 9), and a tetra-galloylglucose (7), were reported in Myrtus spp. for the first time. Five flavonol O-glycosides (6, 8, 10-11, and 14) togheter a flavonol (13) were also identified. Quantitative determination of phenolic constituents from decoction and infusion has been performed by HPLC-UV-PDA. The phenolic content was found to be 150.5 and 102.6mg/g in decoction and infusion corresponding to 73.8 and 23.6mg/100mL of a single tea cup, respectively. Myricetin 3-O-?-d-(6?-galloyl)glucopyranoside (5), isomyricitrin (6) and myricitrin (8) were the compounds present in the highest concentration. The free-radical scavenging activities of teas and isolated compounds was measured by the DPPH assay and compared with the values of other commonly used herbal teas (green and black teas). Decoction displayed higher potency in scavenging free-radicals than the infusion and green and black teas.
Flavonoids are main polyphenolic groups widely distributed to fruits, vegetables and beverages we consumed daily. They exhibit many biological effects. We tested tyrosinase inhibitor potential of structurally related (1-9) flavonoids and found that all the tested materials possessed tyrosinase inhibitory effect compared to the positive control, kojic acid. 2 exhibited the strongest tyrosinase inhibitory effect with an IC50 value of 40.94 ± 0.78 µM in a competitive manner. According to kinetic analysis 1, 4 and 7 were found to be competitive inhibitors, 3, 5, and 6 noncompetitive inhibitors of tyrosinase. According to the docking studies, A and C ring of the flavonoid structure, hydroxyl substituent at the 7th position, and hydroxyl substituents at para or para and meta position of ring B play key role for competitive inhibition of the enzyme.
An HPLC-free radical-scavenging activity detection (HPLC-FRSAD) method was established to evaluate the antioxidant activity of each component in a mixed standard phenolics solution (MSPs). This method quickly displayed the differences in each composition in the MSPs with regard to their scavenging abilities by DPPH radical and ABTS radical cation. The relationship between the structures and the antioxidant activities of the compounds was discussed. Gallic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol in the MSPs’ compositions represented stronger scavenging activities of DPPH radical and ABTS radical cation. Furthermore, the developed method was successfully applied to screen major antioxidants from guava leaf tea extract (GLTE). The results revealed that the gallic acid, procyanidin B3, quercetin, and kaempferol in the extract had higher DPPH radical and ABTS radical cation scavenging activities than other components, which would be responsible for the antioxidant activities of GLTE. The present method provides a useful strategy for rapidly recognizing the key antioxidant components in complex natural products.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Leucosidea sericea is a southern African tree used for treating different diseases including microbial infections and inflammatory-related conditions.
Aims of the review:
To isolate and identify the chemicals in Leucosidea sericea which possibly account for the diverse therapeutic effects of the species.
Materials and methods:
Leaf material was extracted using 20% methanol and subsequently partitioned with different solvents (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanol). Resultant fractions were subjected to bioactive (antimicrobial)-guided isolation and the structural elucidation was conducted using NMR (1D and 2D) spectroscopic methods. Given the broad uses of Leucosidea sericea in traditional medicine, the extract, fractions and isolated compounds were evaluated in five (5) biological assays in vitro (antimicrobial, antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and anti-inflammatory inhibition as well as cytotoxicity effect).
Results:
As the most active fractions, from ethyl acetate yielded 5,7-dihydroxychromone (1); 1-hydroxy-2-oxopomolic acid (2); 3,5,7,3´,4´-pentahydroxyflavone (3) and Tiliroside (4). For the first time, these four (4) compounds were isolated from leaves of Leucosidea sericea. These aforementioned compounds demonstrated broad-spectrum antibacterial activity (1.95-125µg/mL) and noteworthy antifungal (3.9-250µg/mL) potential. In addition to its noteworthy antimicrobial activity, compound 3 also demonstrated significant antioxidant (EC50= 14µg/mL in DPPH assay) and anti-inflammatory (inhibited the level of ELAM by approximately 36% and decreased also the viability of endothelial cells) activities in vitro. Overall, AChE inhibition activity and cytotoxic response was generally weak for the extracts, fractions and isolated compounds.
Conclusion:
The pool of chemicals in Leucosidea sericea were enriched with the isolation and identification of four (4) compounds obtained from the leaf extract. Among these compounds, the significant antimicrobial activity of compound 3 provides strong evidence that support the use of Leucosidea sericea for microbial-related infections in folk medicine.
In this study, the antioxidant activities of hot water extracts of Rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa Thunb.) were evaluated. Total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total flavonoid compounds (TFC) were the highest in the leaf extracts at 107.29 mg/g and 24.28 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) radical scavenging activity was in the following order: flower extract > leaf extract > seed extract > fruit extract. The IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS of the flower extract were 0.87 mg/m?and 0.27 mg/m?, respectively. The amount of gallic acid was higher in the flower (4.51 mg/g) and leaf extracts (0.97 mg/g) than in the other extracts. Among the fraction (A-F) of each extract, antioxidant activity was the highest in the C fraction of flower extract. It is due to high TPC (3305.43 mg/g) and TFC (878.42 mg/g). Statistical analysis revealed a strong correlation between TFC (or TPC) and radical scavenging activity at p-value < 0.001. Collectively, these results suggest that the hot water extracts of rugosa rose have potential antioxidant effects, and can be used in food, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical industries.
Our investigation of phenolic constituents of fruits, flower buds, and leaves of Feijoa sellowiana led to the isolation of twenty-one phenolics including three new gossypetin glycosides 1–3, and also the purification of a proanthocyanidin fraction. A high-performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous analysis of phenolic constituents was established and then used to investigate the phenolic profiles of the parts of the plant species, to show the presence of characteristic flavonoids and ellagic acid derivatives or ellagitannins in the extracts from fruits, flower buds, and leaves. The branch extract profile also suggested the presence of alkylated ellagic acids as characteristic constituents. Inhibitory effects of feijoa flavonoids on mushroom tyrosinase were seen, although in some cases this may have resulted from direct interaction with the enzyme. Cytotoxic effect of the proanthocyanidin fraction was also shown.
Background:
Skin is a multilayer interface between the body and the environment, responsible for many important functions, such as temperature regulation, water transport, sensation, and protection from external triggers.
Objectives:
This paper provides an overview of principal factors that influence human skin and describes the diversity of skin characteristics, its causes and possible consequences. It also discusses limitations in the barrier function of the skin, describing mechanisms of absorption.
Methods:
There are a number of in vivo investigations focusing on the diversity of human skin characteristics with reference to barrier properties and body-dependent factors.
Results:
Skin properties vary among individuals of different age, gender, ethnicity, and skin types. In addition, skin characteristics differ depending on the body site and can be influenced by the body-mass index and lifestyle. Although one of the main functions of the skin is to act as a barrier, absorption of some substances remains possible.
Conclusions:
Various factors can alter human skin properties, which can be reflected in skin function and the quality of everyday life. Skin properties and function are strongly interlinked.
Three new C-alkylated flavones (1-3), together with three known C-alkylated flavones (4-6), were isolated from the flower of Rosa rugosa. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D- and 2D NMR techniques. Compounds 1-6 were evaluated for their anti-methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (anti-MRSA) activity. The results revealed that compound 1 showed good inhibition with inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 13.4 ± 1.0 mm. Compounds 2-6 also showed weak inhibition with IZD in the range of 7.6 - 11.2 mm, respectively. Compounds 1-3 were also tested for the antioxidant activity, and they shows good antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 4.2, 3.6 and 3.4 μg/mL, respectively.
Oxaloacetic acid (OA) is naturally found in organisms and well known as an intermediate of citric acid cycle producing ATP. We evaluated the effects of OA on tyrosinase activity and structure via integrating methods of enzyme kinetics and computational simulations. OA was found to be a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase and its induced mechanism was the parabolic non-competitive inhibition type (IC50 = 17.5 ± 0.5 mM and Ki = 6.03 ± 1.36 mM). Kinetic measurements by real-time interval assay showed that OA induced multi-phasic inactivation process composing with fast (k1) and slow (k2) phases. Spectrofluorimetry studies showed that OA mainly induced regional changes in the active site of tyrosinase accompanying with hydrophobic disruption at high dose. The computational docking simulations further revealed that OA could interact with several residues near the tyrosinase active site pocket such as HIS61, HIS259, HIS263, and VAL283. Our study provides insight into the mechanism by which energy producing intermediate such as OA inhibit tyrosinase and OA is a potential natural anti-pigmentation agent.
In present work, the strain of Grifola frondosa SH-05 was used as a vector of zinc biotransformation to produce the IZPS. The bioactivities including antioxidant and antibacterial activities in vitro and anti-aging properties in vivo of IZPS were investigated comparing with the IPS. The results which were in consistent with the results of histopathology assay demonstrated that the IZPS had superior antioxidant and anti-aging activities by scavenging the hydroxyl and DPPH radicals, increasing enzyme activities, decreasing the MDA contents and ameliorating the anile condition of mice. Besides, the IZPS also showed potential antibacterial activities. The IZPS with higher bioactivities was composed of were Rha, Ino and Glu with a molar ratio of 4.7:3.6:1. These conclusions indicated that the IZPS might be a potential source of natural antioxidant, antibacterial agent and anti-aging agent.
In the course of our search for antitumour constituents from the traditional Mongolian medicinal herb Clematis aethusifolia Turcz., 11 flavonoids were isolated for the first time from the dried aerial parts of the plant by flash C18 column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 and reversed phase preparative HPLC. The planar structures of these flavonoids were established based on 1D and 2D NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 showed moderate cytotoxicity against a panel of five human solid tumour cell lines, including A-375, a human melanoma cell line; SK-OV-3, a human ovarian cancer cell line; A549, a human lung cancer cell line; HCT-15, a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line; and SH-SY5Y, a human neuroblastoma cell line (with IC50 values of 20–70 μM). The obtained cytotoxic apigenin and its derivatives may be useful as standard compounds for the quality control of the crude drug and its preparations.
Oxygen in biology is essential for life. It comes at a cost during normal cellular function, where reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by oxidative metabolism. Human skin exposed to solar ultra-violet radiation (UVR) dramatically increases ROS production/oxidative stress. It is important to understand the characteristics of human skin and how chronological (intrinsic) aging and photo-aging (extrinsic aging) occur via the impact of ROS production by cascade signaling pathways. The goal is to oppose or neutralize ROS insults to maintain good dermal health. Botanicals, as active ingredients, represent one of the largest categories used in dermatology and cosmeceuticals to combat skin aging. An emerging botanical is equol, a polyphenolic/isoflavonoid molecule found in plants and food products and via gastrointestinal metabolism from precursor compounds. Introductory sections cover oxygen, free radicals (ROS), oxidative stress, antioxidants, human skin aging, cellular/molecular ROS events in skin, steroid enzymes/receptors/hormonal actions and genetic factors in aging skin. The main focus of this review covers the characteristics of equol (phytoestrogenic, antioxidant and enhancement of extracellular matrix properties) to reduce skin aging along with its anti-aging skin influences via reducing oxidative stress cascade events by a variety of biochemical/molecular actions and mechanisms to enhance human dermal health.
Rugosa rose provides one of the largest hips frequently used in the preparation of pharmaceutical and food products. The aim of work was to conduct multidirectional study of biological activity and chemical composition of Rosa rugosa hips. Antiradical, cytotoxic (against cervical and breast cancer cell lines), antibacterial (against eight bacterial strains) and antifungal potential of the species in question was evaluated. Total contents of phenolics, phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, carotenoids and ascorbic acid were determined. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis was performed in order to investigate closely phenolic acids and flavonoid glycosides. As a result, interesting selective cytotoxic effects on cervical (HeLa) and breast cancer (T47D) cell lines, significant antiradical activity (EC50 2.45 mg mg(-1) DPPH(•)) and moderate antimicrobial potential (MIC 0.625-1.25 mg mL(-1)) were observed. Nine phenolic acids and 11 flavonoid glycosides were qualitatively and quantitatively determined, including 7 compounds previously not reported in R. rugosa hips.
The active constituents of Korean Papaver rhoeas bee pollen conferring neuraminidase inhibitory activities (H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1) were investigated. Six flavonoids and one alkaloid were isolated and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data. These included kaempferol-3-sophoroside (1), kaempferol-3-neohesperidoside (2), kaempferol-3-sambubioside (3), kaempferol-3-glucoside (4), quercetin-3-sophoroside (5), luteolin (6), and chelianthifoline (7). All compounds showed neuraminidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values ranging from 10.7 to 151.1 µM. The most potent neuraminidase inhibitor was luteolin, which was the dominant content in the ethyl acetate fraction. All tested compounds displayed noncompetitive inhibition of H3N2 neuraminidase. Furthermore, compounds 1-7 all reduced the severity of virally induced cytopathic effects as determined by the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell-based assay showing antiviral activity with IC50 values ranging from 10.7 to 33.4 µM (zanamivir: 58.3 µM). The active compounds were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the total amount of compounds 1-7 made up about 0.592 g/100 g bee pollen, contributing a rich resource of a natural antiviral product.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.
This study aimed to determine the biological activity of Rosa rugosa Thunb. extracts in the four versions: methanolic (ME), diethyl ether (EE), ethyl acetate (EA) and water (WE). We studied the antioxidant activity of the extracts in relation to phospholipid membranes, their association constants with the membrane, and antiradical and anti-inflammatory activity. Percentage of their liposomal encapsulation was also assessed. R. rugosa ME and EA extracts were observed to decrease peroxidation of PC liposomes (UVC-induced) to similar levels (ME) or lower (EA) compared with the activity of Rosa canina L. The other two extracts (EE and WE) of R. rugosa showed significantly lower antioxidant activity than extracts of R. canina. R. rugosa quenched DPPH• and inhibited COX activity. R. rugosa EA has the highest association constant, whereas the association constants of EE, ME, and WE are approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude smaller. EA extract also showed the highest percentage of encapsulation in liposomal carriers.
A methanol extract of the flowers of Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis Roem. (Amaryllidaceae) demonstrated inhibitory effects on melanogenesis in theophylline-stimulated murine B16 melanoma 4A5 cells. From the extract, four new phenylethanoid glycosides, tazettosides A-D (1-4), and a new phenylpropanoid glycoside, tazettoside E (5), were isolated along with 23 known compounds (6-28). Of the isolates, 1 (IC50 = 22.0 μM) and 4 (82.5 μM), 3-methoxy-8,9-methylenedioxy-3,4-dihydrophenanthridine (13, IC50 = 28.5 μM), 5,6-dihydrobicolorine (14, 23.7 μM), tazettine (16, 60.8 μM), benzyl β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (18, 27.8 μM), 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (21, 74.6 μM), 3-phenylpropyl β-D-glucopyranoside (22, 59.0 μM), and cinnamyl β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (24, 88.0 μM) showed inhibitory effects without notable cytotoxicity at the effective concentrations.
In order to find new tyrosinase inhibitors and antioxidant materials, we investigated 44 plants, which were evaluated for the anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities. The mushroom tyrosinase inhibition assay and 2, 2-Diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay were conducted to evaluate these activities. Among all tested plant extracts, Morus alba L. (positive control), Rhodiola crenulata (Hook. f. et Thoms.) H. Ohba, Momordica charantia L., Cuminum cyminum L. et al. exhibit higher tyrosinase inhibition. Rhodiola crenulata (Hook. f. et Thoms.) H. Ohba, Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. perform the highest antioxidant activity, similar to vitamin C (the positive control). A low positive correlation is found in the DPPH radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibition assay. Considering these factors, the extracts of Rhodiola crenulata (Hook. f. et Thoms.) H. Ohba, Alpinia officinarum Hance and Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. exhibit high anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities and could be used in the cosmetic industry. Further studies are warranted to characterize the compounds responsible for the anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant properties of these plant extracts.
Eleven new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the aerial parts of Schefflera kwangsiensis (1-11), together with nine esters (12-20) of known saponins. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis and chemical evidence. Furthermore, in in vitro assays, compounds 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 11-13, 15, 17 and 18 (10 μM) exhibited moderate hepatoprotective activity against d-galactosamine-induced HL-7702 cell damage. © 2014 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Roots of rugosa rose are often treated as by-products obtained in industrial amounts during renovation of cultivations. In this work, we attempted to examine their chemical composition and biological activity, to evaluate whether they can provide an interesting material for further use. As a result, the first such a detailed report on Rosa rugosa roots is presented. Total phenolic, flavonoid, phenolic acid, tannin, and carotenoid contents were determined using spectrophotometric methods. Additionally, LC–ESI–MS/MS was used for identification and quantification of phenolic acids and flavonoid glycosides in the methanolic extract and its fractions. Moreover, the antiradical, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial potential of R. rugosa root was evaluated. A significant decrease (up to 90%) in the number of viable cells in cervical (HeLa) and breast cancer (T47D) cell lines was demonstrated. Extremely high antiradical potential of extracts (comparable with the activity of Trolox and ascorbic acid) was revealed (EC50 0.28–0.85 mg/mg DPPH). Furthermore, moderate antimicrobial activity against eight bacterial (i.e., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis) and two yeast strains (i.e., Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis) was showed. According to our results, rugosa rose roots constitute a potential source of phytochemicals of multidirectional biological potential, which are easily available in industrial amounts.
The aim of this study was to isolate the chemical constituents of the aerial parts of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. and to determine their antioxidant activities. Ten flavonoids were isolated and purified by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and ODS column chromatography, and semipreparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and identified as isorhamnetin-3-O-ß-Dglucopyranoside (1), isorhamnetin-3-OßD-galactopyranoside (2), quercetin3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)-ß-Dgalactopyranoside (3), quercetin-3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (4), linarin (5), quercetin-3-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (6), 5,7-dihydroxy-8methxoyflavone-7-O-ß-D-glucuronoside (7), isorhamnetin (8), kaempferol (9) and quercetin (10). All these compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time, and compounds 1-5 and 7 were isolated from the genus of Polygala for the first time. The antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging assay, and compounds 3, 4, 6, 8, 9 and 10 showed potent antioxidant activities. © 2013 Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University.
