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Open Data Influence on Digital Governance
Abstract
Data is becoming a powerful tool for both businesses and governments. Data can be public, open, government, and even linked. In several countries, including the United States, England, and France, open data has made it possible to open digitized public data explicitly to the general public. These data help strengthen relations between governments, businesses and citizens through greater transparency and the possibility of using them in several areas, including digital governance.
The purpose of this work is to study open data influence on digital governance across four dimensions applied to some case studies related to several activity sectors, all to enhance its use.
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This article aims to describe the experience of the course “Open Data and Social Movements”, conceived as a tool for research on open data engagement. While it focuses on training activists to understand and use open data, it enables observation on why people want to use open data, the main impediments to it, and the desired improvements, configuring as research method on community informatics. The pedagogic inspirations of this research and course lie in Popular Education and Participatory Action Research.
This paper analyses the implementation of the Open Government Data strategy and portal of the City of Vienna. This evaluation is based on qualitative interviews and online polls after the strategy was implemented. Two groups of users were involved in the evaluation: internal target groups (employees and heads of department in the City of Vienna's public administration departments) and external stakeholders (citizens, business representatives, science and research, journalists). Analyzed aspects included the present organizational processes, the benefits (to business and society), and requirements for future Open Government Data initiatives. This evaluation reveals success factors which accompanied the implementation: the clear definition of responsibilities and the implementation along a process model, the integration of the Open Government Data platform into existing Content Management Systems, the evaluation of the Open Government Data initiative very shortly after its inception. Based on the theoretical and empirical findings, recommendations for future Open Government Data strategies are made which target the local authority and would require action on the federal level such as Creative Commons Attribution License as the default for subsidy funds or public relation measures carried out directly by the data providing departments.
The concepts of transparency and accountability are closely linked: transparency is supposed to generate accountability. This article questions this widely held assumption. Transparency mobilises the power of shame, yet the shameless may not be vulnerable to public exposure. Truth often fails to lead to justice. After exploring different definitions and dimensions of the two ideas, the more relevant question turns out tobe: what kinds of transparency lead to what kinds of accountability, and under what conditions? The article concludes by proposing that the concept can be unpacked in terms of two distinct variants. Transparency can be either 'clear'or 'opaque', while accountability can be either 'soft'or 'hard'.
Public administration's reliance on software algorithms brings the risk of obfuscating the factual and legal basis of administrative decisions. In accordance with the principles of open data, new rules have been introduced to preserve the transparency of algorithmic decisions, yet nothing has been said concerning the data that will influence these algorithms. This article investigates the issues stemming from the use of algorithms in the public administration, and underlines the need to guarantee not only access to the source code of these algorithms, but also access to the databases on which they have been trained. © Ecole nationale d'administration. Tous droits réservés pour tous pays.
Public sector bodies maintain a large amount of data from various domains. This data represents a potential resource that organizations and individuals can use to enhance their own datasets or which can be used to develop new and innovative products and services. In order to foster the reuse of the data held by the public sector bodies a number of countries around the world has started to publish its data according to the Open Data principles. In this paper we present a set of benefits that can be achieved by publishing Open Government Data (OGD) and a set of risks that should be assessed when a dataset is considered for opening up. Benefits and risks presented in this paper were mostly identified during two of our OGD activities.
In this article, based on data collected through interviews and a workshop, the benefits and adoption barriers for open data have been derived. The results suggest that a conceptually simplistic view is often adopted with regard to open data, which automatically correlates the publicizing of data with use and benefits. Also, five “myths” concerning open data are presented, which place the expectations within a realistic perspective. Further, the recommendation is provided that such projects should take a user's view.
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