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Verbascum birjandense and V. urumiense (Scrophulariaceae), two new endemic species for Flora of Iran
Abstract
Verbascum birjandense and V. urumiense are described as new endemic species of Verbascum from eastern and northwestern Iran. It was not possible to assign the samples of these two taxa to any of the known Verbascum species in Iran and adjacent
regions. Collating the morphological characters of the samples against the specialized and pertinent literature of the genus led us to propose them as new species. Both belong to section Bothrosperma, subsection Fasciculata.
These new species are morphologically close to V. erianthum and V. songaricum based on some key characteristics, but show some differences in basal leaves shape, pedicel size, the ratio of pedicel to calyx, presence of hairs inside the corolla, and the hair color of the stamen’s filaments. Distribution map and details of important characters are also presented.
... The region is situated on the ecotone border of the Irano-Turanian (IT) and Saharo-Sindian (SS) regions, with a maximum elevation of 2111 meters and an average annual rainfall of 102 mm. (Yousefi, 2006;Zhu et al., 2019 Ceballos et al., 1998;Crosby, 1994;Jetz et al., 2004;Linder, 2001;Myers et al., 2000 Komarov, 1968Komarov, -2001 اﯾﺮان ﻓﻠﻮر ،( ) Assadi et al., 1989Assadi et al., -2023 ،( ﻓﻠﻮر اروﭘـﺎ ) Tutin et al., 1964Tutin et al., -1980 ( ، ﻓﻠﻮر ﻋﺮاق ) Townsend et al., 1966Townsend et al., -1980 ،( ﻓﻠﻮر ﺗﺮﮐﯿﻪ ) Davis, 1965Davis, -1988 ( ، ﻓﻠﻮر ـﺮق ﺷ ) Boissier, 1984Boissier, -1988 ﻓﻠﻮر ،( ; Ezazi et al., 2014 ;Breckle, 2007Ghahremaninejad et al., 2012a, 2012bGhahremaninejad et al., 2017;Leonard, 1989 Abbasi et al., 2012;Aliabadi, 1997Aliabadi, , 2019Eftekharnejad, 1980;Ghasempour et al., 2011;Sotoodeh et al., 2022;Stocklin, 1968 1989Leonard, 1988Takhtajan, 1986;Zohary, 1973 ...
Estand protected region, situated in the south of South Khorassan province, is the overlapping point of part of the flora of eastern Iran with western Afghanistan. The main characteristics of the region representing high biodiversity, next to the Lut desert, maximum height of 2111 meters, average annual rainfall of 102 mm and serving as a transitional zone between the Irano-Turanian (IT) and Saharo-Sindian (SS) regions. Samplings were taken randomly between 2019 and 2022 in an area of 101000 hectares. The flora, Life form and Chorology of the species were investigated and the conservation status was determined by GeoCAT software. In this study, 114 taxa belonging to 102 species, 78 genera and 30 families and Angiosperms, with 28 dicotyledonous families & one monocotyledon family and Gymnosperms, with one family were identified. The most important plant families & genera in terms of species richness were Asteraceae (20), and Amaranthaceae (18) species, and Artemisia, Cousinia genera each with 3 species. Chamaephytes and Throphites were dominant life forms in the region with 30% and 26%, respectively. Among them, 21 Endemic species, 30 medicinal species & 14 Critically Endengered species (CR) were identified and chorologically, most of the species belong to the Irano- Turanian (IT) (55%) region.
... Four new endemic species from northern Iran have recently been described: Verbascum birjandense Sotoodeh and Verbascum urumiense Sotoodeh based on morphology (Sotoodeh et al. 2022), Verbascum parsana Sotoodeh, Attar & Civeyrel considering a combination of morphology and ITS and plastid DNA data Sotoodeh et al. (2015); and Verbascum shahsavarense Sotoodeh, Attar & Civeyrel based on the presence of bicoloured hairs on the stamen filaments and the unique characteristics of anthers and pedicels (Sotoodeh et al. 2016). ...
Verbascum zerdust Fırat (Sect. Bothrosperma Murb.), is described as a new species from Bitlis province, Turkey. From a morphological point of view, the new species appears to be similar to Verbascum ponticum (Boiss.) Kuntze and Verbascum bornmuellerianum Hub.‐Mor., but it differs from both in several morphological features including plant height, indumentum, leaf and flower size, filament indumentum, seed and pollen morphology. A comprehensive description of the new species illustrated with detailed photographs, distribution map, habitat and ecology, vernacular name and IUCN conservation status is provided.
As part of the nomenclatural revision of the genus Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in Iran, we noted that seven names are still untypified. Thus, we have carried out a nomenclatural investigation which led to the designation of seven lectotypes for V. cheiranthifolium var. asperulum, V. flavidum, V. macrocarpum, V. sinuatum var. adenosepalum, V. straussii, V. suwarowianum var. pseudopersicum and V. szovitsianum.
Background: Sclerorhachis leptoclada Rech.f. is endemic to the South Khorassan province in east of Iran. Although S. leptoclada has been widely used as medicinal and edible plant by indigenous people, its ethnobotanical uses have not been well documented yet. This study presents the results of an ethnobotanical survey and reviews phytochemistry and biological activities of S. leptoclada. Methods: The ethnobotanical study was conducted in Birjand and adjacent areas between March 2018 and December 2019. During this survey, 58 local people were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The ethnobotanical data were analyzed by using indices Fidelity Level (FL) and Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC). In addition, the available scientific literatures were reviewed to avail the information on phytochemistry and biological activities of Sclerorhachis leptoclada. Results: The present study revealed the folklore uses of Sclerorhachis leptoclada for different purposes such as increasing lactation, blood purification, treating digestive disorders, headache, body pains, herpes, and cold. The literature review showed that a total of 57 compounds have been isolated from S. leptoclada. Conclusions: Variety of ethnomedicinal uses of Sclerorhachis leptoclada highlights its notable pharmacological potential. However, further tests on its bioactivity, active phytochemicals, and their mechanisms of action are needed to ensure a safe use. The limited distribution of the plant and excessive harvesting of the aerial plant parts necessitate educating local people to conserve populations of this local endemic species. Keywords: Asteraceae, ethnobotany, Iran, medicinal plants, Sclerorhachis
Endemism is one of the most important concepts in biogeography and is of high relevance for conservation biology. Nevertheless, our understanding of patterns of endemism is still limited in many regions of high biodiversity. This is also the case for Iran, which is rich in biodiversity and endemism, but there is no up-to-date account of diversity and distribution of its endemic species. In this study, a comprehensive list of all endemic vascular plant species of Iran, their taxonomic composition and their geographical distribution are presented. To this end, a total of 2,597 (sub)endemic vascular plant species of Iran were documented and their distribution in three phytogeographical regions, two biodiversity hotspots and five areas of endemism were analysed. The Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region harbours 88% of the Iranian endemics, the majority of which are restricted to the Irano-Anatolian biodiversity hotspot (84%). Nearly three quarters of the endemic species are restricted to mountain ranges. The rate of endemism increases along an elevational gradient, causing the alpine zone to harbour a disproportionally high number of endemics. With increasing pastoralism, urbanization, road construction and ongoing climate change, the risk of biodiversity loss in the Iranian mountains is very high, and these habitats need to be more effectively protected.
We analyzed Verbascum kermanense Hub.-Mor., V. carmanicum (Bornm.) Hub.-Mor. and V. gabrielae (Bornm.) Hub.-Mor. (Scrophulariaceae) to resolve their classification using morphological traits and molecular evidence. Verbascum kermanense previously synonymized with V. gabrielae is presented as a subspecies of V. carmanicum, and V. gabrielae as a valid species based on morphological and molecular characteristics. The present article discusses morphological and hierarchical clustering analyses of key characters of these taxa, and provides their conservation status assessment and their distribution map for Iran.
Verbascum golawanense is described and illustrated as a new species from Van, Turkey. The diagnostic morphological characters of this taxon and the morphologically similar species V. lasianthum are discussed. A distribution map of the new species and V. lasianthum is also provided.
A new endemic species from north of Iran: Verbascum parsana Sotoodeh, Attar & Civeyrel, sp. nov. is described. Considering the combination of some characteristics like ebracteolate and single flowers, violet hairs on filaments, pedicel size between 3 to 10 mm and stellate-glandular indumentum, the new species is related to Verbascum punalense Boiss. & Buhse, but several differences have been observed between the two species: the shape of the anthers, the petiole of basal leaves, the corolla size and the calyx hairs. We investigate the genetic distance of the new species with close genera using ITS and plastid regions (trnS-G, trnL-F, trnH-psbA and partial matK). The new species showed significant molecular and morphological distance from closely related species. Photos and distribution map are presented.
A new species of the genus Verbascum (sect. Bothrospermae) is described and illustrated from Turkey. This species has been collected from Orhaneli region (Bursa Province) in West Anatolia. Verbascum ekicii sp. nov. is morphologically similar to V. latisepalum and V. alyssifolium from which it differs mainly in basal leaves, corolla, filaments and capsule features. In this study, comprehensive descriptions, ecology, conservation status, a distribution map, detailed illustrations, photographs of habitus, pollen morphology and comparison of the new species and the closely related species are given.
Verbascum aspinum is introduced as a new synonym of V. stachydiforme. V. songaricum subsp. subdecurrens (Scrophulariaceae) is reported for the first time from North and Northwest Iran. Distribution maps are provided for Iran.
A new endemic species, Verbascum shahsavarensis, is described from north of Iran. Based on two unique characters of this species, these being two anterior longitudinally obliquely inserted anthers and an ebracteolate pedicel, we compared it to species described by Murbeck in 1933. The new species can be easily distinguished from the other Iranian species by having bi-colored hairs on the stamen filaments and the unique anther and pedicel characters. A distribution map is provided. The name of new species comes from Shahsavar, the ancient name of Tonekabon, an old coastal city on the Caspian Sea.
Verbascum oreophilum Koch var. oreophilum and Verbascum cheiranthifolium var. asperulum (Boiss.) Murbeck (Scrophulariaceae) are reported and illustrated for the first time from North-West of Iran. The diagnostic morphological characters from closely related taxa are discussed, and a distribution map of these taxa is provided for Iran.
Aim
The Irano‐Turanian ( IT ) floristic region is characterized by high levels of endemicity. Despite its potential role as a cradle of xerophytic taxa for neighbouring areas, its biogeographical history remains poorly studied. H aplophyllum , a diagnostic element of the IT region, was used as a model to discriminate between alternative biogeographical scenarios for the evolution of the region and, more specifically, to investigate whether it served as a source of xerophytes for the colonization of the Mediterranean Basin.
Location
Irano‐Turanian floristic region (Central Asia and West Asiatic areas) and Mediterranean floristic region (western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin).
Methods
Three chloroplast DNA regions were sequenced in 77 accessions of Haplophyllum and 37 accessions from other subfamilies of Rutaceae. To elucidate the temporal and spatial evolution of Haplophyllum in the IT and Mediterranean regions, we performed Bayesian molecular dating analyses with four fossil constraints and ancestral range reconstructions, respectively.
Results
Our molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction analyses suggest that Haplophyllum originated in the Central Asian part of the IT region during the early Eocene and started to diversify in situ during the early Oligocene, soon after the vanishing of the Tethys Ocean. Our results further imply that Haplophyllum later invaded the eastern Mediterranean Basin in the middle‐to‐late Miocene, concomitantly with the Paratethys Salinity Crisis and rapid palaeobiogeographical changes in the proto‐Mediterranean. Finally, Haplophyllum diversified in the western Mediterranean in the early Pliocene at the end of the Messinian Salinity Crisis.
Main conclusions
The IT floristic region can serve as a ‘donor’ of xerophytic taxa to ‘recipient’ neighbouring regions, including the Mediterranean floristic region. The climatic/geological processes during the Miocene–Pliocene, by increasing aridity and topographic heterogeneity, facilitated range shifts and allopatric speciation in the region.
Birjand is located near the Afghanistan border in eastern part Iran at the 57° 45´ to 50° 60´ latitude and 10° 31´ to 33° 15´ northern longitude with an altitude of 1419 m, and a surface area of 31704 Km. In this contribution some floristic and ethnobotanical aspects of the area are given according to the conventional methods used in taxonomical and ethnobotanical studies. All collected plants were identified using available flora. A total of 37 families, 128 genera and 160 species were identified from the area. The largest family is Asteraceae with 16 genera and 22 species and the largest genera are Salsola and Acanthophyllum with 4 species. About 40% of plants are used as medicinal plants, 47/8% pastural, 8/3% poisonous and 4% with industrial uses. The life form of plant species was determined using the Raunkier's method. Phanerophytes comprised 11/45%, chamaephytes 20%, hemicryptophytes 27%, chryptophytes 5/7% and therophytes 33% of the flora of the area. The most important medicinal plants of the area are: Achillea tenuifolia (Asteraceae), Berberis vulgaris (Berberidaceae), Ephedra procera (Ephedraceae), Crocus sativus (Iridaceae), Hymenocrater calycinus, Teucrium polium, Ziziphora clinipodiodes (Lamiaceae), Ziziphus jojoba (Rhamnaceae) and Pistacia atlantica (Anacardiaceae). The most important industrial species are: Ferula assa-foetida and Dorema ammoniacum (Apiaceae).
speciosum 3. Stem rounded, striated or a little angular. Calyx 6-10 mm long. Pedicel a little longer than the calyx
- .......................................................................................... . Petiole Winged
- X I Scrophulariaceae
- Verbascum
Petiole winged....................................................................................................................................................................................3
2.
Petiole unwinged................................................................................................................................................................................4
3.
Stem angular. Calyx 3-6 mm long. Pedicel 2 times longer than the calyx..................................................................... V. speciosum
3.
Stem rounded, striated or a little angular. Calyx 6-10 mm long. Pedicel a little longer than the calyx.......................V. songaricum
4.
Calyx 4-6 mm long, filament hairs orange..................................................................................................................... V. erianthum
4.
Calyx 2-4 mm long, filament hairs whitish-yellow...........................................................................................................................5
5.
Calyx 3-4 mm long; pedicel 5-7 mm (a little longer than the calyx).......................................................................... V. birjandense
5.
Calyx 2-3(-4) mm long; pedicel much longer than the calyx.............................................................................. V. cheiranthifolium
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