Chapter 29. Effective Video Use in Online Learning

Abstract

In today’s online and blended classrooms, video use is essential for student and teacher success (Heilesen, 2010; Kay, 2012, 2014a). Using video has been proven to increase student engagement (Lowenthal et al., 2020), enhance instructor visibility (Martin & Bollinger, 2018), and improve student learning in online contexts (Hsin & Cigas, 2013). Using video can shift control over students, determining the pace (rewind, pause, forward) and regulating their information intake. Videos are typically used to present information to students about concepts, applications and procedures (Kay, 2012, 2014b). Students watch these videos to help them prepare for class (e.g., a flipped classroom) or review for assignments or tests. Sometimes videos inspire and motivate students (e.g., TED Talks). In addition to instruction-based videos, Kay (2012) identified four other areas where videos can support teaching and learning, including administration, student assignments, feedback, and building community.

Full text

CHAPTER 29
Effective Video Use in Online Learning
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<ODQ@GTNCJMOhIJGJIB@MOC<IHDIPO@NN@@JKODH<GQD?@JG@IBOC,JO@OC<ODATJP<??DIO@M<>ODQ@
LP@NODJINDITJPMQD?@J@B$?.PUUG@JM+@IODOC@T><I=@GJIB@M
 Instructional Pace2C@@SKG<I<ODJIK<>@><INDBIDp><IOGTDHK<>O G@<MIDIBK<MOD>PG<MGT>JI>@MIDIB
>JBIDODJI)@NO@M @O <G#@O@MHDIDIB OC@D?@<GK<>@ JA <QD?@J ><I =@>C<GG@IBDIB 1OP?@ION
RCJ<M@NOMPBBGDIBH<TI@@?<NGJR@MK<>@1OMJIB@MNOP?@IONHDBCOB@O=JM@?LPD>FGTuM@>JHH@I?
PNDIB<HJ?@M<O@GTNGJRK<>@<I?<NNPHDIBTJPM<P?D@I>@?J@NIJOPI?@MNO<I?TJPMQD?@J>JIO@IO
-OC@MRDN@RCTRJPG?OC@T=@QD@RDIBDO,JO@OC<OOC@DHK<>OJAK<>@><I=@K<MOD<GGT HJ?@M<O@?
=TOC@K<PN@M@RDI?A@<OPM@N<I?HJ?DATNK@@?A@<OPM@NJA<ITQD?@J
 Clear Layout)@@KDIBOC@G<TJPOR@GGJMB<IDU@?>G@<M<I?PI>GPOO@M@?DN@NN@IOD<G"MJR?@??@IN@
O@SOJQ@MIPH@MJPNN>M@@IN><IJQ@MRC@GH<IJQD>@NOP?@IO"G<MF+<T@M
 Use Visuals – Limit Text 2C@M@<M@A@R JIGDI@ G@NNJINOC<Ou><I OCDIF JARC@M@M@<?DIB O@SO Jt
OC@N>M@@IRJPG?=@@t@>ODQ@@S<HKG@NDIQJGQ@?M<H<OD>M@<?DIBNJMG<IBP<B@G@<MIDIBuIB@I@M<G
TJP>JPG?NDHKGTBDQ@NOP?@ION<RMDOO@IC<I?JPORDOCJPOOC@JIN>M@@IM@<?DIB0@<?DIBO@SOAMJH
<N>M@@IDHK@?@NTJPMH@NN<B@AJM>DIBOC@<P?D@I>@OJAJ>PNJIOC@RMDOO@IRJM?N<I?TJPMQJD>@
NDHPGO<I@JPNGT"G<MF+<T@M"M@<ODIBNDHKG@@<NTOJAJGGJRJIN>M@@IQDNP<GNRDGG=@HJM@
@t@>ODQ@ "J>>DJGJ  1@@ OC@ 4D?@J .MJ?P>ODJI >C<KO@M AJM APMOC@M DIAJMH<ODJI <=JPO PNDIB
QDNP<GNDBI<GN<I?NDBIKJNONDITJPMQD?@J>JIO@IO
 Add Closed-Captioning 5C<O DN @NN@IOD<G AJM NJH@ NOP?@ION DN JAO@I NPDO<=G@ AJM HJNO NOP?@ION
"GJN@?><KODJIDIBC@GKNNOP?@IONPI?@MNO<I?TJPMH@NN<B@K<MOD>PG<MGTDAOC@TC<Q@C@<MDIB>C<G
G@IB@NuO<GNJ<GGJRNNOP?@IONOJR<O>CTJPMQD?@JNDIKP=GD>NK<>@NRC@IDODNDI<KKMJKMD<O@OJKG<T
<P?DJ I?DO DN IJO OC<OC<M?OJ ?J 7JPOP=@?J@NDO <POJH<OD><GGT RC@I PKGJ<?DIB< QD?@J <I? DN
<=JPO OJ <>>PM<O@#@N>MDKODN@Q@IHJM@KM@>DN@<I?>M@<O@N ><KODJIN LPDO@ LPD>FGT 8JJH
C<N<POJH<OD>><KODJIDIBDATJPR<IOOJM@>JM?<QD?@J
 Limit Distractions"G<MF+<T@MKMJQD?@>JIND?@M<=G@@QD?@I>@OJNPBB@NOOC<O?DNOM<>ODJIN
DI ?M<H<OD> NOJMD@N KD>OPM@N <I? =<>FBMJPI? HPND> C<Q@ < ?@OMDH@IO<G DHK<>O JI PI?@MNO<I?DIB
QD?@JNuA TJP R@M@ O@<>CDIBDI<A<>@OJA<>@@IQDMJIH@IODODNPIGDF@GTOC<OTJPRJPG? OPMI HPND>
JIRCDG@TJPR@M@O@<>CDIB=@><PN@DORJPG?=@?DNOM<>ODIB2C@N<H@DNOMP@AJM=<>FBMJPI?HPND>
DI<QD?@J
ACTIVITIES
"2u4u27  u,1203"2u-, * 4u#$- g .0$1$,2u,&  "-,"$.2 -0 .0-"$#30$
Overview
uINOMP>ODJI<G QD?@JN <M@ @NN@IOD<G AJM <IT JIGDI@ JM =G@I?@? G@<MIDIB >JPMN@ 'JR@Q@M <>>JM?DIB OJ )<T
 >M@<ODIB <I @t@>ODQ@ QD?@J DN >C<GG@IBDIB <I? DIQJGQ@N <O G@<NO  >JHKJI@ION N@@ BPD?@GDI@N
C@M@9.#%:'JR@Q@MDATJPAJGGJROC@B@I@M<GBPD?@GDI@N<=JQ@TJPNCJPG?>M@<O@<C@GKAPGN@MD@NJANCJMO
R@GGJMB<IDU@? QD?@JN 2C@N@ QD?@JN ><I =@ PN@? DI < qDKK@? >G<NNMJJH NPKKG@H@IO<G H<O@MD<G JM @S<H
M@QD@R,JO@OC<OTJP?JIJOC<Q@ OJ >M@<O@ TJPM QD?@JN gH<IT<GM@<?T@SDNOJIOC@R@= 7JP ?J I@@? OJ
M@QD@ROC@H=@AJM@TJPNC<M@OC@HRDOCTJPMNOP?@ION
$%%$"2u4$ 4u#$- 31$ u, -,*u,$ *$ 0,u,& 300

Description
uINOMP>ODJI<GQD?@JN><IC@GK=PDG?O@<>C@M KM@N@I>@&<MMDNJI=@><PN@OC@NOP?@IONC@<MTJPMQJD>@
<I?A@@GOC<OTJP<M@RJMFDIBRDOCOC@H?DM@>OGT<I?DI?DQD?P<GGT
-t@M<IJQ@MQD@RJAOC@<>ODQDOTDI>GP?DIBOC@G@<MIDIBKPMKJN@@?P><ODJI<GJPO>JH@2CDNOTK@JAQD?@J><I
<GNJ=PDG?>JBIDODQ@KM@N@I>@&<MMDNJI =T NODHPG<ODIB OCJPBCO @NK@>D<GGTDAAJGGJRPK<>ODQDOD@N=PDG?
JIOC@ QD?@J >JIO@IOuA TJP <NFNOP?@ION OJ >M@<O@DINOMP>ODJI<G QD?@JN?@@K@M G@<MIDIB ><I=@ @IC<I>@?
OCMJPBC >JGG<=JM<ODJI >JHHPID><ODJI >M@<ODQDOT <I? >MDOD><G OCDIFDIB %PGG<I  *<IBRJMOCT  1JH@
@S<HKG@NJADINOMP>ODJI<GQD?@JNHDBCODI>GP?@
m RJMF@?@S<HKG@JA<H<OC@H<OD>NJMN>D@I>@KMJ=G@H@B/P<?M<OD>%PI>ODJI@S<HKG@9:
m I<I<GTNDNJA<HPGODH@?D<DO@H @B R@=NDO@ KD@>@JA<MOHJQD@AM<H@RJMF@B "JHK<MDIB 
-IGDI@+@@ODIB2JJGN9:@S<HKG@
m '<I?NJI?@HJINOM<ODJINJA<ITOCDIBTJP>JPG?KM@N@IODI<A<>@OJA<>@>G<NN@B1>D@I>@#@HJI
NOM<ODJIN
m 'JROJPN@<NK@>Dp>NJAOR<M@OJJG@B.@MPN<GGuIOMJ9:
m &PD?@GDI@NAJMRMDODIB@B5MDODIB<I ><?@HD>.<M<BM<KC9:@S<HKG@
m 0@<?DIBDINOMP>ODJI@B'JROJ0@<?<0@N@<M>C MOD>G@9:LPD>FGT
m uINOMP>ODJIJIKCTND><GO<NFN@B'JROJ#MD==G@9:@S<HKG@
Possible Challenges
IPH=@MJAOC@>C<GG@IB@NAJM>M@<ODIBBJJ?DINOMP>ODJI<GQD?@JN<M@>JQ@M@?DIOC@B@I@M<GBPD?@GDI@NN@>
ODJIN2C@=DBB@NO>C<GG@IB@IJODI>GP?@?DNNOP?@IONIJOR<O>CDIBQD?@JNJMR<O>CDIBJIGTOC@pMNOHDI
PO@NRCD>C DN < NDBIDp><IO DNNP@DI < %GDKK@? "G<NNMJJH 2J<??M@NN OCDN>C<GG@IB@ TJP I@@? OJ <OO<>C<I
<>ODQDOTOJ @<>C QD?@J 1OP?@ION RDGG IJO G@<MI =T R<O>CDIB< QD?@J JI>@ g OC@ FIJRG@?B@ RDGG IJO NOD>F2J
DI>M@<N@DIO@M<>ODQDOTRDOCQD?@J>JIO@IONOP?@ION>JPG?
m AO@MOC@QD?@J>JHKG@O@<LPDUDI&JJBG@%JMHNJM/PDUG@OOJ<NN@NNPI?@MNO<I?DIB
m 1P=HDOKM<>OD>@KMJ=G@HN=<N@?JI<QD?@J
m "M@<O@<HDI?H<K=<N@?JIOC@F@TD?@<N>JQ@M@?DIOC@QD?@J
m INR@MDIBLP@NODJINRCDG@OC@QD?@JDNKG<TDIB@BRDOC$#.PUUG@JM+@IOD
m 5JMFRDOC<QD?@JDI<2$#$#+J?PG@RDOCHPGODKG@<>ODQDOD@NgODH@>JINPHDIB=PORJMOCDO
m "JHH@IOJIOC@QD?@J<I?<NFLP@NODJINPNDIB.@MPN<GG9:
m 0@NKJI?OJKJNOQD?@JM@q@>ODJIKMJHKON
Resources
m 1>M@@I><NO-+<OD> %M@@ <GOCJPBC DO ?J@N C<Q@ < K<D? Q@MNDJI @<NT OJ PN@ <I? K@MC<KN HJNO
DHKJMO<IOGT@<NTOJNOJM@DIOC@>GJP?<I?NC<M@QD?@JN
m 1I<BDO AJM $?P><ODJI =JPO  =PO Jt@MN NJH@ @?DODIB JKODJIN <I? KMJQD?@N < LPD>F PKGJ<? OJ
7JP2P=@
m /PD>FODH@AJM+<>PN@MNDNAM@@<I?Jt@MN=JOCN>M@@I<I?QD?@JM@>JM?DIBJKODJIN!<ND>@?DODIBDN
301 0-!u, ' ) 7 ,# *u1-, + ,,

<GNJKJNND=G@=PODODNGDHDO@?
"2u4u27  #+u,u120 2u4$ 4u#$- g "-301$ u,%-0+ 2u-,
Overview
OOC@=@BDIIDIB JA <>JPMN@< O@<>C@M C<N OJ<??M@NNN@Q@M<G <?HDIDNOM<ODQ@ DNNP@NDI>GP?DIB DIOMJ?P>DIB
OC@HN@GQ@NKMJQD?DIB<big pictureJQ@MQD@R<I?M@QD@RDIBOC@F@T>JPMN@OJKD>N2TKD><GGTOCDNJ>>PMN?PMDIB
OC@pMNO>G<NN<I?DN<M@G<ODQ@GT?PGGR<TOJ=@BDIG@<MIDIBuI<IJIGDI@>JPMN@>M@<ODIB<NCJMOQD?@JOJDIOMJ
?P>@TJPMN@GA<=DBKD>OPM@JQ@MQD@RJAOC@>JPMN@<I?<R<GFOCMJPBCJAF@T<M@<NJAOC@>JPMN@JPOGDI@DN<I
<GO@MI<ODQ@R<TOJ<??M@NNOC@N@<?HDIDNOM<ODQ@DNNP@N1OP?@ION><IM@QD@ROC@N@QD?@JN<I?<NFLP@NODJIN
=@AJM@OC@>JPMN@JM<CJH@<>ODQDOT<AO@MOC@pMNO>G<NN2CDN<KKMJ<>C<GGJRNOC@pMNO>G<NNOJ=@HJM@@S>DO
DIB<I?DI>GP?@HJM@@IB<BDIBG@<MIDIB<>ODQDOD@N
Description
uC<Q@H@IODJI@?OCM@@F@T<>ODQDOD@NOC<OHJNODINOMP>OJMN<??M@NN=@AJM@ < >JPMN@ NO<MON <I DIOMJ?P>ODJI
QD?@J<=DBKD>OPM@QD?@J<I?<R<GFOCMJPBCJAOC@>JPMN@JPOGDI@uINO@<?JA?@N>MD=DIBOC@QD?@JNuRDGGJt@M
GDIFNOJ<A@R@S<HKG@N
m .MJA@NNJMuIOMJ?P>ODJI9:
m !DB.D>OPM@4D?@J9:<I?!DB.D>OPM@4D?@J9:
m "JPMN@-POGDI@4D?@J9:<I?"JPMN@-POGDI@4D?@J9:
m uINOMP>OJMjN+J?@GJA2@<>CDIB9:
Possible Challenges
2C@H<DI>C<GG@IB@uAJPI?DNOC<ONOP?@IONHDBCO IJOR<O>COC@QD?@JN 2C<ODNOC@DM>CJD>@<I?JA>JPMN@
OC@T><IR<O>COC@QD?@JNG<O@M3GODH<O@GT@<>CNOP?@IOC<NOC@MDBCOOJQD@R<I?M@QD@R>JPMN@H<O@MD<GN
"2u4u27  #+u,u120 2u4$ 4u#$- g *$11-, .* ,1
Overview
*@NNJIKG<IQD?@JNJt@M<=MD@AJQ@MQD@RJARC<ORDGGC<KK@I?PMDIB<>G<NNNK@>Dp>DINOMP>ODJINAJMG@<MIDIB
O<NFN<I? BPD?<I>@ AJMCJH@<>ODQDOD@N5CDG@<=DOODH@>JINPHDIBOJ>M@<O@u pI? OC@N@QD?@JNC@GKAPGDI
MPIIDIB<I<NTI>CMJIJPN>G<NNJMBPD?DIBNOP?@IONRCJHDNN@?<>G<NNuC<Q@<GNJAJPI?OC@HPN@APGRC@I
O@<>CDIB< >JPMN@ HPGODKG@ODH@N =@><PN@ OC@QD?@JN M@HDI? H@JA RC<O uR<N KG<IIDIB<I? OC@ DIO@I?@?
G@<MIDIBBJ<GN
$%%$"2u4$ 4u#$- 31$ u, -,*u,$ *$ 0,u,& 302

Description
4D?@J@SKG<I<ODJIN><IDHKMJQ@O@<>C@MKM@N@I>@&<MMDNJI=TC<QDIBOC@DINOMP>OJMjNNPKKJMODQ@QJD>@
BPD?@N<>ODQDOD@N?PMDIB<NTI>CMJIJPN>G<NN@N ??DIB<=DOJACPHJPMC@GKNOJ@IC<I>@OC@O@<>C@MNOP?@IO
>JII@>ODJIAPMOC@M5MDOO@I DINOMP>ODJIN ><I=@ OMD>FT OJAJGGJR@NK@>D<GGT AJM HPGODNO@KG@<MIDIB <>ODQDOD@N
4D?@JN><I <PBH@IOOC@ LP<GDOTJA >JHHPID><ODJI <I? KJNND=GT HJODQ<O@ NOP?@ION OJ OCDIF HJM@ >MDOD><GGT
%PGG<I*<IBRJMOCT'@M@<M@<A@R@S<HKG@NJAQD?@JNPN@?DIG@NNJIKG<IN
m $SKG<I<ODJIJA'JH@ >ODQDOT9:
m 4D?@JOJ1PKKJMO<*@<MIDIB2<NF9:
m 'JROJ&@O%JMH<ODQ@%@@?=<>F9:
m 'JROJ"M@<O@<&JJ?!GJB.JNO9:
"2u4u27  #+u,u120 2u4$ 4u#$- g #$1"0u!u,& 11$11+$,21
Overview
-I@JA OC@ =DBB@NO ODH@ N<Q@MN DN>M@<ODIBQD?@JR<GFOCMJPBCNAJM<GGTJPM<NNDBIH@ION2C<OR<TNOP?@ION
><IM@QD@R OC@ <NNDBIH@IO @SK@>O<ODJIN<O <IT ODH@EPNO DI ODH@2CDN OTK@ JA QD?@JDN < ODH@N<Q@M AJM <I
JIGDI@>JPMN@=@><PN@TJP?JIJOB@O<qJJ?JA@H<DGNEPNO=@AJM@<I<NNDBIH@IODN?P@'<QDIB<RMDOO@I
@SKG<I<ODJIRDOC<NPKKJMODIBQD?@JM@?P>@?OC@IPH=@MJA@H<DGN=T<OG@<NO4D?@J?@N>MDKODJIN<GGJR
TJPOJKMJQD?@>MTNO<G>G@<MDINOMP>ODJIN<I?DHKMJQ@ OC@LP<GDOTJARJMFNP=HDOO@?+JM@DHKJMO<IOGTKMJ
QD?DIBHPGODHJ?@NJA>JHHPID><ODIBOC<OQ<GP<=G@DIAJMH<ODJIDNBM<NK@?=T<GGNOP?@ION
Description
*DF@JOC@M <?HDIDNOM<ODQ@QD?@JN <NNDBIH@IOQD?@JN C@GK TJP >JHHPID><O@ DINOMP>ODJI <I? G@<MIDIB BJ<GN
>G@<MGTOC@M@=TDHKMJQDIB>MDOD><GOCDIFDIB%PGG<I*<IBRJMOCT<I?>JBIDODQ@KM@N@I>@%PGG<I*<IB
RJMOCT5C@INOP?@IONPI?@MNO<I?@SK@>O<ODJINOC@T><INCDAOOC@DM>JBIDODQ@GJ<?OJOC@G@<MIDIBO<NF
<OC<I?'@M@<M@<A@R@S<HKG@NJAQD?@JNu>M@<O@?OC<OR<GFNOP?@IONOCMJPBC<I<NNDBIH@IONO@K=TNO@K
m #@N>MDKODJIJA"JHHPIDOT"JIOMD=PODJIN9:
m #@NDBIDIB<2JJG0@QD@R9:
m *@<MIDIB2C@JMD@N NNDBIH@IO9:
m 2@<>CDIB<I?*@<MIDIB NNDBIH@IO9:
Possible Challenges
2C@ H<DI >C<GG@IB@ DI >M@<ODIB <I <NNDBIH@IO QD?@J DN >G<MDOT 2J DI>M@<N@ >G<MDOT >M@<O@ < >G@<M RMDOO@I
?@N>MDKODJIJAOC@<NNDBIH@IO7JPI@@?OJ=@>MTNO<G>G@<MJOC@MRDN@TJPMDI=JSRDGGpGGPKRDOC@H<DGN2C@I
H<F@TJPMQD?@JBJDIBJQ@M@<>CNO@KDI?@O<DG1JH@ODH@NOC@N@QD?@JN<M@GJIB@M=PONOP?@ION<KKM@>D<O@
OC@@SOM<?@O<DGRC@IOC@T<M@PKG<O@>JHKG@ODIB<I<NNDBIH@IO?P@OC@I@SO?<T
303 0-!u, ' ) 7 ,# *u1-, + ,,

ACTIVITY 5: ASSESSMENT – STUDENTS CREATING VIDEOS
Overview
1OP?@IO>M@<O@?QD?@JN><I=@PN@?OJ @SKG<DI<>JI>@KOJMCJROJNJGQ@<KMJ=G@H KMJQD?@<I<I<GTNDNJA
<HPGODH@?D<<MODA<>O <MOD>PG<O@ <NK@>Dp><KKMJ<>C JM K@MNK@>ODQ@ JMM@QD@R < =JJF JMNJAOR<M@OJJG 2C@
G@<MIDIBBJ<GNJATJPM>JPMN@JIGTGDHDOOC@KJNND=DGDOD@N2CDNOTK@JAQD?@J<GGJRNNOP?@IONOJHJQ@=@TJI?
OC@NO<I?<M?RMDODIB<NNDBIH@IO<I?HJQ@OJ<HJM@>M@<ODQ@@IB<BDIB<I?q@SD=G@AJMH<O-=QDJPNGTNOP
?@IONI@@?OJG@<MICJROJRMDO@R@GG=POOC@T<GNJI@@?OJG@<MICJROJ>JHHPID><O@OC@DMD?@<NRDOCDI<
QD?@JAJMH<O QD?@JDN<>MDOD><G>JHHPID><ODJIH@?DPHRDOCJQ@MCJPMNJA>JIO@IOPKGJ<?@??<DGT
JI7JP2P=@<GJI@-=@MGJ
Description
1OP?@IOQD?@J >M@<ODJI ><IDI>M@<N@NJ>D<GKM@N@I>@&<MMDNJI<I? >JGG<=JM<ODJI AJMO@<H?@Q@GJK@?
QD?@JN%PGG<I*<IBRJMOCT2C@QD?@J >M@<ODJIKMJ>@NN><I<GNJDHKMJQ@>JBIDODQ@KM@N@I>@&<MMD
NJI>M@<ODQDOT>JHHPID><ODJINFDGGN<I?>MDOD><GOCDIFDIBG@<?DIBOJ?@@K@MG@<MIDIB%PGG<I*<IBRJM
OCT1JH@@S<HKG@NJAOC@OTK@JAQD?@JNNOP?@ION><I>M@<O@HDBCODI>GP?@
m .M@N@IO<ODJIJAOC@ 0"1+J?@GJA+JODQ<ODJI#@NDBI9:
m 2@<>CDIB'JROJ3N@.<?G@O9:
m -t@MDIB<2@<>CDIB1OM<O@BTRDOC$#.PUUG@9:
m MOD>PG<ODIBOC@+PGODH@?D<uINOMP>ODJI<G#@NDBI.MDI>DKG@9:
m #@N>MD=DIB*@<MIDIB+J?PG@JIOC@%DMNO.@JKG@N.MDI>DKG@NJA*@<MIDIB9:
Possible Challenges
2C@H<DI>C<GG@IB@AJMNOP?@IONDNG@<MIDIBCJROJ>M@<O@<I@t@>ODQ@@?P><ODJI<GQD?@J2C@HJNONOM<DBCO
AJMR<M?R<TOJ<??M@NNOCDNDNNP@DNOJM@A@MNOP?@IONOJOC@B@I@M<GBPD?@GDI@NGDNO@?<=JQ@2C@N<H@MPG@N
<KKGTOJO@<>C@M>M@<O@?QD?@JN<NOC@T?JOJNOP?@IO>M@<O@?QD?@JN
"2u4u27  4u#$- %$$#! ")
Overview
uI?DQD?P<GDU@?N>M@@I><NOA@@?=<>F DNOC@<>ODQDOTHJNOJAO@IPN@?=T@?P><OJMN !<CPG< 2CDNOTK@JA
A@@?=<>F><IC@GK@NO<=GDNCO@<>CDIBKM@N@I>@&<MMDNJI=T=PDG?DIB<NJGD?>JII@>ODJI=@OR@@ITJP
<I?TJPMNOP?@IONK<MOD>PG<MGTDI=G@I?@?<I?JIGDI@G@<MIDIB@IQDMJIH@ION-I@JAOC@F@T=@I@pONDNJt@M
DIB<HJM@?@O<DG@?>G@<M@MMD>C@MLP<GDOTJAA@@?=<>F<I?DI>M@<N@?PI?@MNO<I?DIB<I?CDBC@MJM?@MOCDIF
DIBNFDGGN G@<?DIB OJ<BM@<O@M>JBIDODQ@KM@N@I>@DITJPM >G<NN !<CPG< )<T%DI<GGTQD?@JA@@?=<>F
><IG@<?OJ<HJM@DIO@M<>ODQ@>JGG<=JM<ODQ@<NN@NNH@IO!<CPG<)<T/PDII@O<G
$%%$"2u4$ 4u#$- 31$ u, -,*u,$ *$ 0,u,& 304

Description
3NDIB < BJJ? C@<?N@O <I? N>M@@I M@>JM?DIB NJAOR<M@ OC@ DINOMP>OJM JK@IN PK < NOP?@IO <NNDBIH@IO <I?
M@>JM?N NCJMO QD?@JN AJ>PNNDIB JI F@T <M@<N JA NOM@IBOC JM JKKJMOPIDOD@N AJM BMJROC 5@ KMJQD?@ &@I@M<G
&PD?@GDI@NAJM>M@<ODIBOC@N@QD?@JN<=JQ@2C@=JOOJHGDI@OCJPBCDNOJDH<BDI@TJPMN@GAOPOJMDIBTJPMNOP
?@IO<NDATJPR@M@C<QDIB<K@MNJI<G>JIA@M@I>@<=JPOOC@DMRJMFuA<Q<DG<=G@OJTJP<C@GKAPGH@OCJ?AJM
QD?@JA@@?=<>F DNOC@PN@JAKD>OPM@DIKD>OPM@ .D.HJ?@RC@M@NOP?@IORJMF pGGNOC@N>M@@I<I?QD?@J JA
TJPNK@<FDIBDNDI<NH<GG@MqJ<ODIBRDI?JR1OP?@ION><I=@I@pOBM@<OGTAMJHTJPMB@NOPM<G<I?NJ>D<G>JH
HPID><ODJI<I?DOC@GKNDI>M@<N@TJPMQDND=DGDOTDIOC@>JPMN@7JP<GNJI@@?OJ?@Q@GJK<NTNO@HAJM>M@<ODIB
NOJMDIB<I?NC<MDIBQD?@JN+TNTNO@HDN<NAJGGJRN
 -K@IOC@NOP?@IOjN?DBDO<G<NNDBIH@IO<I?M@QD@R<??DIBNCJMO>JHH@IONJIOC@RJMFOJBPD?@HT
QD?@J
 -K@IQD?@JM@>JM?DIBN@OPK<I?O@NOOC@M@>JM?DIBpMNOOJ@INPM@DODNRJMFDIB
 .G<IOJ>M@<O@<HDIPO@QD?@JJIJI@KJDIOTJPRJPG?GDF@OJH<F@
 %@@?=<>FQD?@JN><I=@NOJM@?JI&JJBG@#MDQ@<I?<QD@RJIGTGDIF><I=@B@I@M<O@?<I?NC<M@?
RDOC@<>CNOP?@IO ??OC@GDIF<N<>JHH@IOJIOC@<NNDBIH@IO
 0@K@<OPIODGpIDNC@?
 2<F@<OG@<NOHDIPO@N=@AJM@TJPNO<MOM@QD@RDIBOC@I@SONOP?@IOjN<NNDBIH@IO
Possible Challenges
 Set-up time.5@>JQ@MH<ITJAOC@>C<GG@IB@NDINOMP>OJMN@SK@MD@I>@DIOC@B@I@M<GBPD?@GDI@NN@>
ODJI<=JQ@.@MC<KNOC@=DBB@NO>C<GG@IB@DNOC@ODH@DORDGGO<F@OJN@OPK<I?G@<MITJPMQD?@JA@@?
=<>FNTNO@H-I>@ TJP C<Q@OC<ODI KG<>@ OCJPBCTJP NCJPG? pI?OC<OQD?@J A@@?=<>F DNLPD>F@M
OC<IRMDOO@IA@@?=<>F@NK@>D<GGTRC@I>JHHPID><ODIBDI?@KOCNPBB@NODJINOC<O<M@IP<I>@?
 Do we need to use video feedback?-I@ JOC@M >C<GG@IB@ DN OJ ?@O@MHDI@ RC@OC@M TJP I@@? OJ
PN@QD?@JA@@?=<>F1JH@ODH@NRMDOO@IA@@?=<>FJMMP=MD>NHDBCO=@<=@OO@MHJM@@r>D@IO>CJD>@
@NK@>D<GGTRDOC<NNDBIH@IONAJ>PNN@?JINFDGGN<I?KMJ>@?PM@NM<OC@MOC<ICDBC@MG@Q@GOCDIFDIB5@
AJPI?OC<OQD?@JA@@?=<>FDNLPDO@ @t@>ODQ@RC@IKMJQD?DIBDINDBCONJIRMDODIBNFDGGNuO><I<GNJ=@
LPDO@@t@>ODQ@RDOCNO<OD>HPGODH@?D<KM@N@IO<ODJINJMR@=NDO@N=POIJOQD?@JN
"2u4u27  "0$ 2u,& "-++3,u27! 1$# 4u#$-1
Overview
2CDNOTK@JAQD?@J><IC@GKDHKMJQ@>JHHPID><ODJI<I?>JII@>ODJIRDOC<IJIGDI@>JHHPIDOT%JM@S<HKG@
NOP?@ION><IM@>@DQ@ DINOMP>OJM QD?@J M@NKJIN@NJIHJM@ >JHKG@S DNNP@NH<FDIBDO A@@G GDF@ OC@DINOMP>OJM
DN<??M@NNDIBOC@HK@MNJI<GGT1OP?@ION><IBDQ@A@@?=<>FOJ@<>CJOC@MPNDIBQD?@JNK<MOD>PG<MGT DI K@@M
<NN@NNH@ION>@I<MDJN 1CJMO NOP?@IODIOMJ?P>ODJIQD?@JN ><I <GNJ=@ PN@? DI%GDK&MD? OJ =PDG?>JHHPIDOT
+<M>J.JGJDN< HJ=DG@ <KK RC@M@DI PN@MN><I M@>JM? QD?@J JM <P?DJ KJNON OC<O ><I =@ QD@R@? GDQ@ JM G<O@M
QD?@JKJNON <M@ NOJM@? N@LP@IOD<GGT1DHDG<M OJ OC@>C<O A@<OPM@ PN@MN><I >JHHPID><O@ RDOCOC@DM K@@MN
+<M>J.JGJDN<I@S>@GG@IOOJJGAJMDIAJMH<G >JPMN@?DN>PNNDJINLP@NODJI<I?<INR@MN@NNDJIN<I? NOP?@IO
DIOMJ?P>ODJIN
305 0-!u, ' ) 7 ,# *u1-, + ,,

Description
"JHHPIDOT=<N@?QD?@JKJ?><NONC@GK=PDG?DINOMP>OJMOJK@@MO@<>C@MKM@N@I>@<I?K@@MOJK@@M>JII@>
ODJIN NJ>D<G KM@N@I>@ RDOCDI <I JIGDI@ G@<MIDIB >JPMN@ !<CPG<  )<T  1K@>Dp> @S<HKG@N JA OC@N@
QD?@JNHDBCODI>GP?@
m K@MNJI<GDU@?QD?@J<INR@MNOJNOP?@IOLP@NODJIN
m NOP?@IOQD?@J@SKG<I<ODJINJA<KMJ=G@HOC@THDBCO=@C<QDIBOC<ODN?Dr>PGOOJ@SKG<DIDIRJM?N
m O@<>C@MQD?@J<IIJPI>@H@IO<=JPO<I@Q@IO
m LPD>FQD?@JM@NKJIN@OJOC@@IODM@>G<NN<=JPO<IDNNP@JM>JI>@MI
m QD?@JK@@MA@@?=<>FJM<NN@NNH@IO
m NOP?@IODIOMJ?P>ODJIQD?@J<I?
m QD?@JM@NKJIN@OJ<?DN>PNNDJIOJKD>
Possible Challenges
2C@H<DI >C<GG@IB@ DN OC<O NOP?@ION <I? O@<>C@MNI@@? OJR<O>C OC@DM OJI@ RC@I >M@<ODIBOC@N@ M@G<ODQ@GT
LPD>F<I?DIAJMH<GQD?@JNuODNO@HKODIBOJwing itRC@IH<FDIBOCDNOTK@JAQD?@JNJuRJPG?<?QDN@JPOGDIDIB
<=MD@AKG<I=@AJM@=@BDIIDIBOC@QD?@J>M@<ODJIKMJ>@NNuINOMP>OJMN<M@NOMJIBGT@I>JPM<B@?OJ@INPM@OC<O
OJJGN<I?<KKN<>>JHHJ?<O@<GGG@<MI@MN@B>GJN@?><KODJIDIB
GENERAL RESOURCES
m !@BDII@M4D?@J2DKNAJM+<FDIB.MJA@NNDJI<G4D?@JNDN<BJJ?BPD?@AJMNOP?@ION
m 1O@K&PD?@OJ+<FDIB7JPM-RIuINOMP>ODJI<G4D?@JNDN<ID>@LPD>FBPD?@OJDHKMJQDIBOC@LP<GDOT
JATJPM@?P><ODJI<GQD?@JN
m 'JROJ+<F@<IuINOMP>ODJI<G4D?@J$NN@IOD<G2DKNDN<>JHKM@C@INDQ@GDNOJA@<NTOJAJGGJRODKNg
RJMOCM@QD@RDIBRC@ITJPC<Q@ODH@
m 'JROJ+<F@&M@<O2M<DIDIB4D?@JNDN<>JHKM@C@INDQ@BPD?@OJ>M@<ODIBCDBCLP<GDOTOM<DIDIBQD?@JN
m 2JK%M@@-IGDI@4D?@J2JJGN%JM2@<>C@MN2J"M@<O@4D?@JNuI+DIPO@NJt@MNHJM@JKODJINAJMTJP
<I?TJPMNOP?@ION

REFERENCES
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NDOT<t<DMN><><M@@M<?QD>@OC@NFDGGN<B@I?<CJROJB@ONOP?@IONOJM@<?TJPMNTGG<=PN
!M<INAJM?(#!MJRI *"J>FDIB0"How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school.
2C@,<ODJI<G ><?@HD@N.M@NNCOOKN?JDJMB
"J>>DJGJ 2C@MDN@<I?A<GGJAO@SOJIOC@5@= LP<IODO<ODQ@NOP?TJAR@=<M>CDQ@NInformation
Research, 20K<K@MCOOKuIAJMH<ODJI0I@ODMK<K@MCOHG
$%%$"2u4$ 4u#$- 31$ u, -,*u,$ *$ 0,u,& 306

"G<MF0"+<T@M0$E-Learning and the science of instructionOC@?"@IO@MAJM"M@<ODQ@*@<?@M
NCDKCOOKN?JDJMB
%PGG<I+*<IBRJMOCT+Towards a new end: New pedagogies for deep learning"JGG<=JM<ODQ@
uHK<>O
&<MMDNJI#0E-learning in the 21st century: A community of inquiry framework for research and practice
M?@?2<TGJM%M<I>DN
'@DG@N@I1!5C<ODNOC@<><?@HD>@r><>TJAKJ?><NODIBComputers & Education, 55g
COOKN?JDJMBE>JHK@?P
'NDI5("DB<N(1CJMOQD?@JNDHKMJQ@NOP?@IOG@<MIDIBDIJIGDI@@?P><ODJIJournal of Computing
Sciences in Colleges, 28COOKN?G<>HJMB?JD
)<T0'$SKGJMDIBOC@PN@JAQD?@JKJ?><NONDI@?P><ODJI >JHKM@C@INDQ@M@QD@RJAOC@GDO@M<OPM@
Computers in Human Behavior, 28COOKN?JDJMBE>C=
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