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Georgian Source-Studies 2021

February 2022

Publisher: Institute of History and Ethnology
ISBN: ISSN 1987 -9563

Authors:

Mariam Chkhartishvili

Tbilisi State University

Zurab Targamadze

Tbilisi State University

Interdisciplinary journal in humanities

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2021

qarTuli

wyaroTmcodneoba

XXIII

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

Georgian

Source-Studies

XXIII

2021

qarTuli

wyaroTmcodneoba

XXIII

2021

UDC (uak) 930.2

(051.2)

q – 279

ISSN 1987 – 9563

redaqtorebi

giuli alasania, mariam CxartiSvili,

zurab TargamaZe

saredaqcio kolegia

goneli araxamia

eka kvaWantiraZe

daviT merkvilaZe

nato sonRulaSvili

sofio qadagiSvili

qeTevan quTaTelaZe

giorgi WeiSvili

gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2021

Tbilisi, al. yazbegis 47, : 2-39-15-22

E–mail: meridiani777@gmail.com

redaqciis sakontaqto monacemebi:

el-fosta: source-studies@tsu.ge

mob.:577 62 21 34

Editorial oce contact details:

E-mail: source-studies@tsu.ge

Mob.: +995 577 62 21 34

Editors

Giuli Alasania, Mariam Chkhartishvili,

Zurab Targamadze

Editorial Board

Goneli Arakhamia

Sopio Kadagishvili

Ketevan Kutateladze

Eka Kvachantiradze

David Merkviladze

Nato Songulashvili

George Tcheishvili

– 5 –

Sinaarsi

CONTENT

redaqtorebisagan .........................................................................................................................14

EDITORIAL

milocva ..............................................................................................................................................16

CONGRATULATIONS

istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi kvlevebi ......................................................................17

RESERCHES IN FIELD OF HISTORY AND SOURCE-STUDIES

anuxvis monastris artefaqtebis istoriuli mniSvneloba .......................... 19

lia axalaZe

Historical Signicance of Artifacts of Anukhvi Monastery

Lia Akhaladze

undilaZeTa sagvareulos aRsasruli sefianTa iranSi sparsul

werilobiT wyaroTa Suqze ............................................................................. 27

nana gelaSvili

The End of the Undiladze Family in the Safavid Iran in the Light

of Persian Written Sources

Nana Gelashvili

amirani da tarieli („amiranianisa“ da „vefxistyaosnis“

urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis) .............................................................. 34

goCa kuWuxiZe

Amiran and Tariel (On the Issue of Interrelation between “Amiraniani” and “Knight

in the Panter’s Skin”)

Gocha Kuchukhidze

osebi da qarTuli identoba beWdur mediaSi („droeba“, „iveria“,

„cnobis furceli“) ...................................................................................................... 46

qeTevan mania

Ossetians and Georgian Identity in the Print Media (“Droeba”, “Iveria”,

“Tsnobis Purtseli”)

Ketevan Mania

– 6 –

religiuri sasamarTlo: warmarTuli, qristianuli kanonikuri

da muslimuri samarTali Sua saukuneebis samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTveloSi ...............................................................................................................55

beqa mgelaZe

Religious Court: Pagan, Christian Canon and Muslim Law in Medieval

South-West Georgia

Beka Mgeladze

georgievskis traqtatis Sefasebis sakiTxisaTvis .............................................69

daviT merkvilaZe

On the Issues of Georgievsk Treaty’s Evaluation

David Merkviladze

erTi epizodi mTis wm. giorgis monastris XVII saukunis istoriidan –

monasterSi „dadginebuli“ nikorwmindeli episkoposi svimon CxetiZe ....... 80

nikoloz JRenti

One Episode from the 17th Century History of Mtis (Mount) St. George Monastery –

the Appointment of Bishop of Nikortsminda Svimon Chkhetidze in the Monastery

Nikoloz Zghenti

„Savi Wiris“ epidemia saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis I naxevarSi .........................94

giorgi sosiaSvili

Outbreak of Plague Pandemic in Georgia during the First Half of the 19th Century

Giorgi Sosiashvili

Tamar-daviTis monetebi somxeTSi aRmoCenili upasporto ganZidan .......... 111

irakli faRava

Tamar-Daviti Coins from a Hoard with Unspecied Find Location in Armenia

Irakli Paghava

saerTaSoriso prezentacia .....................................................................................................121

INTERNATIONAL PRESENTATION

qoroRos reliefebi, rogorc adgilobrivi Temis mier eklesiis

agebisa da erToblivi flobis damadasturebeli pirveladi

istoriuli wyaro ........................................................................................................123

lado mirianaSvili

The Bas-Reliefs of Korogo as Primery Historical Sources Conrming the Fact of Joint

– 7 –

Construction and Shared Ownership of the Church by Local Community

Lado Mirianashvili

qarTlis samefos Crdilokavkasiuri politikis istoriis erTi

furceli .........................................................................................................................138

gaga SurRaia

A Page from the History of the North Caucasian Politics of the Kingdom of Kartli

Gaga Shurgaia

Tanamedrove eri Rrma eTnikuri fesvebiT: qarTuli identoba longue durée

perspeqtiviT ................................................................................................... 165

mariam CxartiSvili

Modern Nation with Deep Ethnic Roots: Georgian Identity over the longue durée

Mariam Chkhartishvili

Teoria istoriul kvlevaSi da istoriografia ..........................................................177

THEORY IN HISTORY RESEARCH AND HISTORIOGRAPHY

tao-klarjeTis qarTuli mosaxleobis naTesaobis terminologiuri

modeli (eTnokulturuli da sociolingvisturi problemebi) ....................179

nugzar mgelaZe

Terminological Model of Kinship of the Georgian Population of Tao-Klarjeti

(Ethnocultural and Sociolinguistic Problems)

Nugzar Mgeladze

Sua saukuneebis istoriis Seswavla saqarTveloSi (XX saukunis

50-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan 1991 wlamde) ............................................................. 196

merab kalandaZe

The Medieval History Studies in Georgia (from 1950s to1991)

Merab Kalandadze

wyaroTa Targmani da wardgineba ..........................................................................................209

TRANSLATION AND PRESENTATION OF SOURCES

nikolai dubrovini imereTis samefos Sesaxeb .............................................. 211

daviT merkvilaZe

Nikolay Dubrovin about the Kingdom of Imereti

David Merkviladze

– 8 –

giiom-antuan olivies misia iranSi (1796) da misi cnobebi

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb .................................................................................................. 224

irine naWyebia

Guillaume-Antoine Olivier's Mission in Iran (1796) and his Information

about Georgia

Irine Natchkebia

Teofil deirolis „mevenaxeoba kavkasiis dasavleT provinciebSi“ ..............236

ana WeiSvili

Viticulture in the Western Caucasus Provinces by Théophile Deyrolle

Ana Cheishvili

saarqivo masalebis publikacia ............................................................................... 247

PUBLICATION OF ARCHIVAL MATERIALS

„mTa qarTlze“ aRmoCenili ori berZnuli warwera ....................................... 249

guram mamulia

On Two Greek Inscriptions from the “Kartli Mountain”

Guram Mamulia

adresantebis TvaliT danaxuli gamoCenili sazogado moRvawe:

aleqsandre gvencaZe (1904-1993) .............................................................................. 260

TinaTin TuSabramiSvili

The Eminent Public Worker in the Eyes of His Addressants: Aleksandre Gventsadze

(1904-1993)

Tinatin Tushabramishvili

Tvalsazrisi ....................................................................................................................................273

STANDPOINT

akademiuri Tanamdebobebis dasakaveblad Catarebuli konkursebi:

qarTuli saganmanaTleblo da samecniero sivrcis didi problema ......... 275

zurab TargamaZe

The Competitions for Academic Positions: the Greatest Problem of Georgian

Academic Life

Zurab Targamadze

– 9 –

wignebis mimoxilva .......................................................................................................................281

BOOK REVIEWS

arkanjelo lambertis „wminda kolxeTis“ sruli qarTuli Targmanis

gamocema ........................................................................................................... 283

papuna gabisonia

The Publication of Arcangelo Lamberti’s “The Holy Colchis” full

Georgian Translation

Papuna Gabisonia

“Scientia” – axali samecniero Jurnali ........................................................... 287

manuCar guncaZe

“Scientia”– The New Scholarly Journal

Manuchar Guntsadze

kavkasia XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi. stefan burnaSevi da misi sami

naSromis qarTuli Targmani ........................................................................... 289

zurab TargamaZe

Caucasus in the Second half of 18th Century. Stephan Burnashev and Georgian

Translation of His Three Works

Zurab Targamadze

nato sonRulaSvilis monografia „saganmanaTleblo sistema

saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi (1918-1921)“ .............................. 292

zurab TargamaZe

Monograph by Nato Songulashvili “The Educational System in the Democratic

Republic of Georgia (1918-1921)”

Zurab Targamadze

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis

axali Jurnali ................................................................................................ 295

aleqsandre TvaraZe

New Journal of the Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

Aleksandre Tvaradze

recenzia profesor ioseb alimbaraSvilis wignze „Sida qarTlis

(goris mazris) mosaxleoba XIX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi rusuli

– 10 –

kameraluri aRwerebis mixedviT“ ............................................................................. 297

nikoloz oTinaSvili

On the Book of Professor Ioseb Alimbarashvili: “Population of Shida Kartli

(Gori County) in 1820s according of Russian Cameral Census”

Nikoloz Otinashvili

qronika ...............................................................................................................................................303

CHRONICLE

afxazeTis kulturuli faseulobani: ena, literatura, istoria,

kulturis Zeglebi ......................................................................................................305

lia axalaZe

Cultural Values of Abkhazia: Language, Literature, History, Cultural Monuments

Lia Akhaladze

IV qarTul-Turquli saerTaSoriso simpoziumi

„qarTul-Turquli urTierTobebi XX saukuneSi“ .............................................. 307

lia axalaZe

IV Georgian-Turkish International Symposium “Georgian-Turkish

Relations in the 20th Century”

Lia Akhaladze

adolf diris fotonamuSevrebis gamofena da katalogi ............................. 311

amiran basilaSvili

Exhibition and Catalog of Adolf Dirr’s Photographs

Amiran Basilashvili

Cerqezuli (adiRuri) kulturis centris saerTaSoriso samecniero

sesia „adiRur-qarTul humanitarul mecnierebaTa

aqtualuri sakiTxebi“ ................................................................................................. 315

amiran basilaSvili

International Scientic Session of the Circassian (Adighian) Cultural Center

“Topical Issues of the Adighian-Georgian Humanities”

Amiran Basilashvili

“Scientia” – pirveli saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia ........................ 318

manuCar guncaZe

– 11 –

“Scientia” – The First International Scientic Conference

Manuchar Guntsadze

lidsis medievistTa saerTaSoriso kongresi 2021 .............................................322

lado mirianaSvili

Leeds International Medieval Congress 2021

Lado Mirianashvili

ioseb (soso) alimbaraSvili – 60 ...............................................................................324

nestan sulava, lia axalaZe

Ioseb (Soso) Alimbarashvili – 60

Nestan Sulava, Lia Akhaladze

saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia „kavkasiis kari _ saqarTvelos

CrdiloeTi karibWe“ ....................................................................................................330

sofio qadagiSvili

An International Scientic Conference “The Caucasian Gates – Northern

Outpost of Georgia”

Sopio Kadagishvili

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sua

sa u kuneebis saqarTvelos istoriisa da wyaroTmcodneobis ganyofilebis

yovelwliuri samecniero konferencia ................................................................335

mariam CxartiSvili

zurab TargamaZe

Annual Conference of the Department of Medieval History of Georgia and Source-

Studies of the Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

Mariam Chkhartishvili

Zurab Targamadze

Jurnal „qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis“ XXII tomis prezentacia................ 338

mariam CxartiSvili

zurab TargamaZe

Presentation of Scientic Journal “Georgian Source-Studies” (Volume 22)

Mariam Chkhartishvili

Zurab Targamadze

wminda grigol feraZis II saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia miZRvnili

– 12 –

didgoris brZolis 900 wlisTavisadmi .......................................................... 341

mariam CxartiSvili

sofio qadagiSvili

Saint Grigol Peradze 2nd International Scientic Conference dedicated to the 900th

Anniversary of the Battle of Didgori

Mariam Chkhartishvili

Sopio Kadagishvili

informacia ....................................................................................................................................349

INFORMATION

daviT garejis satorgis qvabovani kompleqsis ucnobi gumbaTiani

eklesia (sainformacio statia) ................................................................................ 351

anzor mWedliSvili

Unknown Domed Church of the Rock-Cut Satorge Complex of David Gareji

(Informative article)

Anzor Mchedlishvili

istoriul-kulturuli Zeglebis portali www.novators.ge ........................... 357

vasil WiWaRua

Portal of Historical-Cultural Monuments www.novators.ge

Vasil Chichaghua

interviu ............................................................................................................................................361

INTERVIEW

axali statia qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis drois Sesaxeb evropaSi

gamomaval qarTvelologiur JurnalSi: interviu profesor

mariam CxartiSvilTan ..................................................................................... 363

New Article on the Time of Origin of Georgian Alphabet in the Kartvelological

Journal issuing in Europe: Interview with Professor Mariam Chkhartishvili

xsovna ..................................................................................................................................................367

IN MEMORIAM

giorgi oTxmezuris gamosaTxovari ............................................................... 369

eka kvaWantiraZe

– 13 –

In Memoriam of Giorgi Otkhmezuri

Eka Kvachantiradze

istorikosis, mecnierisa da megobris – hairapet margarianis

(1950-2021) xsovnas ........................................................................................... 372

azat bozoiani

Historian, Scientist and Friend – Obituary for Professor Hayrapet Margaryan

(1950-2021)

Azat Bozoian

gzamkvlevi avtorTaTvis ..........................................................................................................375

GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS

– 14 –

redaqtorebisagan

mkiTxvelebs vTavazobT Jurnal „qarTuli wyaroTmcodneobis“ XXIII toms.

rogorc yovelTvis, amjeradac Jurnali moculobiTia da warmoadgens Tematurad

da qronologiurad Zalian mravalferovan masalas.

Jurnali ixsneba ganyofilebiT „milocva“. saredaqcio kolegia saiubileo TariRebs

ulocavs ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis sam TanamSromels, sam

qalbatons. romlebic Jurnalis didi gulSematkivarni da misi erTguli mkiTxvelebi arian.

milocvas mosdevs ganyofileba „istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi kvlevebi“, romel-

Sic warmodgenilia cxra, xolo momdevno ganyofilebaSi „saerTaSoriso prezentacia“ war-

modgenilia sami statia.

ori statia ibeWdeba momdevno ganyofilebaSi „Teoria istoriul kvlevaSi da isto-

riografia“.

amas mosdevs ganyofileba „wyaroTa Targmani da wardgineba“, romlis mizania ucxour

wyaroTa monacemebi gaacnos qarTvel mkvlevrebs. aq qveyndeba sami statia.

momdevno ganyofilebaa „saarqivo masalebis publikacia“. aq ibeWdeba masala ori

Rvawlmosili mecnieris piradi arqividan.

ganyofileba „Tvalsazrisi“ warmodgenilia erTi statiiT, romelSic saubaria qar-

Tul akademiur sivrceSi momxdari erTi sagangaSo faqtis Sesaxeb.

ganyofileba „wignebis mimoxilva“ mkiTxvelebs awvdis informacias oTxi samecniero

wignisa da ori axali samecnero perioduli gamocemis gamosvlis Sesaxeb. ganyofile baSi

„qronika“ qveyndeba TerTmeti statia. maTSi gaSuqebulia sxvadasxva samecniero forumi,

rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise sazRvargareT.

ganyofilebaSi „informacia“ warmodgenilia saintereso masalis Semcveli ori mok-

le statia, xolo ganyofileba „interviu“ beWdavs informacias sazRvargareT gamomaval qa-

rTvelologiur JurnalSi dabeWdili erTi gamokvlevis Sesaxeb.

samwuxarod, amjeradac aqvs Jurnals ganyofileba „xsovna“, sadac axlaxan Sesven-

ebul or Zvirfas kolegas mivagebT pativs.

Jurnali sruldeba „gzamkvleviT avtorTaTvis“, romelic ganaxlebulia.

rogorc vxedavT, nawili zemoT aRniSnuli ganyofilebebisa tradiciulia Cveni Jur-

nalisaTvis, nawili saxecvlilia, nawili ki sruliad axalia. masalis sxvadasxva ganyofile-

bebSi ganawileba da saredaqcio kolegiis mudmivi zrunva am ganyofilebaTa raodenobis

gasamravleblad, imiT ixsneba, rom arc erTi faqti, romelic ukavSirdeba saqarTveloSi is-

toriuli da, ufro farTod, humanitaruli mecnierebebis ganviTarebas, ar darCes Jurnalis

yuradRebis miRma.

gamoqveynebuli kvleviTi statiebis Tu sainformacio werilebis Tematika da qro-

nologia mravalferovania, avtorebi warmoadgenen saqarTvelos da sazRvargareTis sxva-

dasxva saswavlo da samecniero kvleviTi centrebis TanamSromlebs, agreTve, damoukidebel

mkvlevrebs, studentebs.

Cveni Jurnalis winamdebare nomeri, vfiqrobT, kidev erTi naTeli dadasturebaa imi-

sa, rom „qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba“ aris namdvilad saerTo erovnuli mniSvnelobis same-

cniero media saSualeba, romelic Tavs uyris humanitarebs mTeli qveynis masStabiT.

giuli alasania

mariam CxartiSvili

zurab TargamaZe

Tbilisi, 2021 weli, 8 dekemberi

redaqtorebisagan

– 15 –

EDITORIAL

In their editorial notes the editors of “Georgian Source-Studies” Prof. Giuli Alasania, Prof. Mariam

Chkhartishvili, Dr. Zurab Targamadze give a brief description of the contents of the volume XXIII.

The resent issue publishes the research papers and the papers containing information on new publica-





also the papers show diversity: they concern facts from premodernity until very recently. The authors are

representatives of many academic centers and independent researchers, well experienced as well as young

scientists. According to the editors the resent volume shows that, “Georgian Sourse-Studies” is an academic

media which ensures an opportunity for humanitarians to exchange ideas and prepare soil for national and

international collaborations.

– 16 –

milocva

2021 წელს ივანე ჯავახიშვილის ისტორიისა და ეთნოლოგიის ინსტიტუტის სამ თანამშრომელს

სალომე ბახიას, ლია ბითაძეს და მარინა ქადაგიძეს დაბადებიდან 80, 70 და 60 წელი შეუსრულდათ.

დამატებით დიდ პიროვნულ მომხიბვლელობასა და ინსტიტუტის ცხოვრებაში მნიშვნელოვანი როლისა, ამ

კოლეგებს გამოარჩევთ დამოკიდებულება ჟურნალ „ქართული წყაროთმცოდნეობისადმი~: ისინი არიან

ჟურნალის ერთგული მკითხველები და ამ სამეცნიერო მედიას დიდად გულშემატკივრობენ.

ძვირფასო ქალბატონო სალომე! ძვირფასო ქალბატონო ლია! ძვირფასო ქალბატონო მარინე!

`ქართული წყაროთმცოდნეობის~ სარედაქციო კოლეგია გულითადად გილოცავთ საიუბილეო

თარიღებს და გისურვებთ ყოველივე საუკეთესოს: ჯანმრთელობას, დღეგრძელობას, ბედნიერებას და

შემოქმედებით წარმატებებს!

გვიყვარხართ და ძალიან გაფასებთ!

ჟურნალ `ქართული წყაროთმცოდნეობის~ სარედაქციო კოლეგია

In 2021 three sta members of the Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology

Salome Bakhia, Lia Bitadze and Marine Kadagidze turned 80, 70, 60 years old, respec-

tively. In addition to their very attractive personal features and important role in the institute’s

life, these colleagues of ours are distinguished by their attitude to “Georgian Source-Studies”:

all of them are the journal’s regular readers and they always cheer for this academic media.

Dear Qalbatono Salome, Dear Qalbatono Lia, Dear Qalbatono Marine!

Editorial board of the “Georgian Source-Studies” cordially congratulates you with your

round anniversary dates and wishes all the bests: health, longevity, happiness and creative

success!

We love and value you very much!

Editorial board of the “Georgian Source-Studies”

istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi

kvlevebi

RESERCHES IN FIELD OF HISTORY AND

SOURCE-STUDIES

– 19 –

anuxvis monastris artefaqtebis istoriuli mniSvneloba

lia axalaZe

anuxvis monasteri mdebareobs saqarTveloSi, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis

gudauTis municipalitetis sofel anuxvaSi, anakofiis cixe-simagridan sami kilometris

manZilze, gudauTidan aRmosavleTiT, mTiswina zolze Sefenil sofelSi. erT Zvel wyaroSi,

romelic XI saukuniT aris daTariRebuli, sofeli da monasteri dasaxelebulia rogorc

„monasteri aჲnaxჳsaჲ“ (CxaiZe 2017: 61-65); (CxaiZe da sxvebi 2019: 273).

jer kidev XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi anuxvaSi gamovlinda taZris nangrevebi qarTuli

epigrafikuli ZeglebiT. cnoba amis Sesaxeb daculia arqimandrit leonides1 wignSi „axali

aTonis simon kananelis monasteri afxazeTSi“ (leonide 1885). anuxvis monastris nangrevebi

moinaxules sxva rusma da qarTvelma siZveleTmoyvarulebmac, romlebic saubroben didi

zomis eklesiis nangrevebze, mis sidides, CuqurTmaTa daxvewil harmoniasa da ornamentTa

proporciulobas dResac gancvifrebaSi mohyavs mnaxveli. arqiteqturisa da maRalmxatvru-

li CuqurTmis xasiaTiT taZari erTiandeba saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis im nimuSTa ricxvSi,

romelic aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis qarTul ar-

qiteqturul Zeglebs enaTesaveba. taZris irgvliv da axlomaxlo arsebuli sxvadasxva zomis

nagebobani da maTi nangrevebi anuxvaSi samonastro cxovrebaze miuTiTebs.

anuxvis monastridan SemorCenili sxvadasxva epoqis artefaqtebi yuradRebas iqceven

natifi dekoriTa da maRalmxatvruli gemovnebiT. maT Sorisaa anuxvis qvajvari vazis or-

namentebiT, anuxvis sveti, anuxvis jvarcma, anuxvis wm. giorgis reliefi, anuxvis beWedi da

sxva. artefaqtebis umravlesobaze SemorCenilia qarTuli asomTavruli warwerebi, rom-

lebic etapobrivad gaxda cnobili samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis.

anuxvis monastris ori warweris fotosuraTi, jer kidev XIX saukinis 80-ian wlebSi

gamoqveynda arqimandrit leonides naSromSi. aRniSnuli warwerebi mxareTmcodne ioseb aZ-

inbam sxva artefqtebTan erTad xelmeored ipova XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi da orive maTgani

soxumSi, d. gulias saxelobis afxazeTis saxelmwifo muzeumSi2 ganaTavsa, sadac 1989-1992

wlebSi muzeumis fondebis gamofenaSi iyo warmodgenili. afxazeTSi damwerlobis istori-

is ganviTarebis kvlevisas xuxuti bRaJbam gamoaqveyna anuxvis ori warweris fotosuraTi,

aqedan erTis mxedruli transliteracia leon ServaSiZis wakiTxviT (bRaJba 1967: 15-17).

anuxvis warwerebidan sami warwera valeri silogavam Seitana qarTuli lapidaruli warw-

erebis korpusis II tomSi (silogava 1980: 64-65, 66, 142-143). afxazeTis saxelmwifo muzeumSi

daculi jvarcmis filis identificirebis Semdeg, anuxvis oTxi lapidaruli warweris is-

toriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi da paleografiuli Rirebuleba dazustebuli daTariRebiT

warmodgenilia Cvens sadisertacio naSromSi (axalaZe 1998: 101-108); ixileT aseve (axalaZe

2005: 154-164). warwerebis rusuli Targmani gamoqveynda 1999 wels (axalaZe 1999: 366-367, 371),

2005 wels oTxive warweris arqeografiuli aRweriloba Sevida valeri silogavas naSromSi

„samegrelo-afxazeTis epigrafika“ (silogava 2004: 260-264, 280-281, 283).

anuxvis artefaqtebi da maTze daculi istoriuli Sinaarsis warwerebi saSualebas gva-

Zlevs Tvali gavadevnoT kidev erTi samonastro kompleqsis istorias afxazeTSi.

anuxvis qvajvari (sur. 1) warmoadgens kirqvis stelas, romelic gaTlilia oTxkuTxad

da moCuqurTmebulia geometriuli, zogan foTlovani ornamentebiT, romlebic stelas

oTx registrad yofen. stelis zomebia: sigrZe – 220 santimetri, sigane – 28 santimetri da 23

santimetri (ServaSiZe 1974: 176). qvajvris qvemodan pirveli registri, romelzec foTlo-

van ornamentSi Casmuli rvaqimiani jvaria warmodgenili, dazianebuli da motexilia, asea

warmodgenili qvajvari arqimandrit leonides mier gamoqveynebul fotosuraTze da aseve

inaxeboda afxazeTis saxelmwifo muzeumSic. meore registrSi amokveTilia aTstriqoniani

qarTuli asomTavruli saamSeneblo qtitoruli Sinaarsis warwera, romelic warmodgenilia

kidurwaisruli xelovnebiTi damwerlobiT (sur. 2). warwera mogviTxrobs:

– 20 –

s(a)x(e)liTa R(mr)Tis(a)ჲTa, a(R)v(a)S(e)ne ju(a)ri ese s(a)x(e)lsa z(ed)a R(mrTi)sa m(a)misa,

Zisa, s(u)lisa w(mi)d(i)ssa. me, g(iorg)i b(a)s(i)lis Zem(a)n. aw, vinca evedr(e)b(o)d(e)T, C(ue)

n, g-nive Zmani l(ocvasa moguiPseneniT. a(me)n, iy(a)vn3 (bRaJba 1967: 15-16); (ServaSiZe 1974:

183). 4

anuxvis stela-qvajvris mesame reestrSi amokveTilia pirveli reestrisagan gansxvave-

buli tolmklava jvari, romelic dgas ornamentul sadgamze da misi fuZidan vazis rqis

rva Sto simbolurad miemarTeba da uerTdeba qvajvris geometriul ornamets. jvris toli

mklavebis qvemoT qarTuli asomTavruliT amokveTilia „w(mida)¡ g(iorg)i“. jvris toli

mklavebis zemoT, mesame registris marjvena da marcxena kuTxeSi venaxis simboluri gamosax-

uleba warmodgenilia savse mtevniT. qvajvris meoTxe reestri Tlili araornamentirebuli,

momrgvalebuli filebis saxiTaa SemorCenili da misi Tavi gadatexilia. sayuradReboa, rom

qvajvaris oTxive gverdze amokveTilia jvrebi sxvadasxva wmindanis ganmartebiTi qarTuli

asomTavruli warwerebiT: „w(mida)¡ b(a)s(ili)“, „w(mida)¡ T(eodor)e“, „w(mida)¡ d(e)m(e)tre“,

„w(mida)¡ m(e)rk(i)le“ (ServaSiZe 1974: 184).5

fasdaudebelia anuxvis qvajvris warwerebis, rogorc istoriuli mniSvneloba, aseve

paleografiuli Rirebuleba. saqarTveloSi taZris mSeneblobas win uZRoda jvris aRmarT-

vis procesi. garda religiuri daniSnulebisa, qvajvrebi da stelebi adrefeodalur saqa-

rTveloSi mamulis mflobelobis damadasturebel iuridiul aqtsac warmoadgendnen (ber-

ZeniSvili 1966: 156); (berZeniSvili 1975: 101). magram erTiani qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis

xanaSi stela-jvrebi kargaven aRniSnul Sinaarss da maT adgils ikavebs stela- Peli, samijne

stela da samlocvelo jvari (SoSiaSvili 1980: 19). Cvens SemTxvevaSi, anuxvis qvajvari sam-

locvelo xasiaTis stela unda iyos, romlis aRmarTva taZris mSeneblobis procesze miu-

TiTebs. sagulisxmoa, rom anuxvis qvajvris kompoziciis Tematikas leon ServaSiZe saqarT-

veloSi jvris aRmarTvis tradicias ukavSirebs da mohyavs paralelebi sveticxovlis, mcxe-

Tis jvris, svaneTis eklesiebis istoriidan (ServaSiZe 1974: 176).

anuxvis warwerebis Sinaarsidan irkveva qvajvrisa da taZris qtitorTa vinaoba.

dasaxelebuli istoriuli pirebi XI saukunis saqarTvelos erT-erTi msxvili feodaluri

saxlis warmomadgenlebi arian, romlebic afxazeTSi, sakuTar mamulSi ageben taZars, rasac

tradiciulad, win uZRoda jvris aRmarTvis procesi. saxlis ufrosi giorgi basilisZe da

misi Zmebi Tevdore, demetre da merkile, mamis xsovnisa da sakuTari sulis salocavad, uf-

lis saxelze jvris gamosaxulebian stelas aRmarTaven.

paleografiuli TvalsazrisiT, giorgi basilisZis warweraSi aisaxa qarTul damwer-

lobaSi mimdinare cvlilebebi, kerZod, anbanis kidurwaisrulobis procesi. mecnierebi gam-

oyofen qvis kaligrafiul skolebs, maT Soris kidurwaisruli damwerlobis qvis kaligrafi-

ul skolas, romlis qronologia Tavdapirvelad XI saukunes, xolo Tanamedrove kvlevebiT,

X-XII da XIII saukunis dasawyisamdec modis. maTi nimuSebi gvxvdeba rogorc aRmosavleT, ise

dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos istoriul warwerebSi.

anuxvis qvajvris warwerisTvis damaxasiaTebelia monumenturoba da mkacrad gansaz-

Rvruli grafemaTa Tanabari simaRle, rac uzrunvelyofda orxazovani saweri badis trdic-

iebs. ostatma asoebze wyvili isrebis damatebiT meti moZraoba da plastika, gamococxleba

Seitana qvaze Sesrulebul warweraTa monumenturobaSi. anuxvis warweris Sedareba kidur-

waisruli qvis kaligrafiuli skolis saukeTeso nimuSebTan – sveticxovlis, samTavisis,

alaverdis, nikorwmindis, mravalZalis, godoganis, kacxis warwerebTan, cxadyofs maT saer-

To maxasiaTeblebsa da identurobas (axalaZe 1998: 130-131); (axalaZe 2005: 190-197). am Tval-

sazrisiT, giorgi basilis Zis warwera qarTuli kidurwaisruli skolis erT-erT saukeTeso

nimuSad unda CaiTvalos.

kidurwaisrulobiT xasiaTdeba anuxvis stela-qvajvris oTxive gverdze amokveTili

ganmartebiTi xasiaTis warwerebi, romlebSic giorgi basilisZis da misi feodaluri sax-

lis warmomadgenelTa mosaxele wmindanebia dasaxelebuli: wm. basili, wm. giorgi, wm. Te-

odore, wm. demetre da wm. merkile. rogorc Cans, ostati gaurboda erTferovan ornamentebs

da cdilobda oTxive mxares mravalferovani motivebi amoekveTa. amitom qvajvris kideebi

gansxvavebuli ornamentiT aris warmodgenili. ornamentebsa da motivebs Soris yuradRebas

iqcevs venaxis simboluri gamosaxuleba savse mtevnis saxiT.

lia axalaZe

– 21 –

anuxvis monastris artefaqtebis istoriuli mniSvneloba

cnobilia, rom qvis Zeglebze gamosaxuli vazi, qarTvelTa warmarTuli religiisa da

qristianobis erT-erTi udidesi simboloa da qarTvelebisTvis, rogorc uZvelesi samiwaT-

moqmedo erisaTvis, vazi odiTganve Seadgenda Tayvaniscemis simbolos. vazisa da mtevnis

gamoxatva Cveulebriv movlenad iqca sayofacxovrebo xasiaTis sagnebze, memorialuri kul-

turis Zeglebsa da saeklesio arqiteqturaSi (nadiraZe da sxvebi 2011: 610). vazi axlo aRmo-

savleTsa da egvipteSic bunebis siuxvis uZvelesi simbolod iTvleboda. berZnul-romaul

samyaroSi igi Rvinis RvTaebas, baxusis (dionises) kults ukavSirdeba. qarTuli warmarTuli

samyaroc gajerebuli iyo vazis simbolikiT, romelic „sicocxlis xesTan“ asocirdeba (ko-

baxiZe 2015: 72). magaliTad, amiranis Tqmulebis fSaur variantSi amirani badris sTxovs ded-

is rZesaviT tkbil yurZens, romelic sicocxlis aRorZinebis ZalebTan ziarebis simboloa.

qristianobam axali Sinaarsi misca vazis gamosaxulebas. mcenaris simboluri xasiaTi

ganpirobebulia vazis saxarebiseuli ganmartebiT, ioanes saxarebaSi vkiTxulobT: „me var

vazi WeSmariti da mamaCemi mevenaxea“ da a.S. vazisa da mtevnis gamosaxuleba niSnavs ziarebas

qristesTan, igi mudmivobis garantiaa da asaxavs micvalebulTa kavSirs caTa sasufevelTan

(nadiraZe da sxvebi 2011: 610). bunebrivia, am Temas ukavSirdeba wminda ninos „jvari vazisa“,

romelic tradiciis Tanaxmad vazis xis rtosgan Sekrul jvars warmoadgenda.

qarTul reliefur xelovnebaSi venaxis, vazis simbolo gvxvdeba taZrebis fasadeb-

ze, qvajvrebze, stelebsa da svetebze. magaliTad, bolnisis, wilknis, mcxeTis jvris, ban-

as, bagratis taZris fasadebze. vazis gamosaxvis gansakuTrebul saxes qmnis sveticxoveli,

samTavisi da ananuri – qarTuli qristanuli xuroTmoZRvrebis sami ubrwyinvalesi taZari

(oqropiriZe 2010: 14-23). anuxvis vazis savse mtevnebi stilisturad Camogavs Tbilisis metex-

is samxreT kedlis dekoraciul TaRnarSi CarTul mtevans, martvilis taZris gare fasadis

msxmoiare vazis savse mtevnebs, samTavisis ayvavebuli vazis mtevnebs da a. S. anuxvis qvajvari

aseve paralels poulobs religiuri daniSnulebis stelebTan da qvajvrebTan, romlebic

yovelTvis gvirgvindeba Zlevis mimaniSnebeli jvriT. am maxasiaTebliT qvajvari hgavs pant-

ianis, dmanisis, bolnisis stelebs, Tumca, rogorc yvelgan, ostati aqac jvris originalur

kompozicias qmnis.

Tu SevajamebT zemoTqmuls, anuxvis qvajvari reliefuri kompoziciiT, vazis rqisa da

savse mtevnis araordinaluri gamosaxviT, kidurwaisruli xelovnebiTi damwerlobis varia-

ciebiT erTiandeba qarTuli saeklesio xelovnebis mravalferovan mozaikaSi.

anuxvis es unikaluri qvajvari sxva artefaqtebTan erTad, elena endolcevam 2008

wels afxazeTis saxelmwifo muzeumSi ixila, magram 2015 wels is afxazeTis istoriuli da

kulturuli memkvidreobis sacavSi aRmoCnda (endolceva 2019: 21).

anuxvis jvarcma (sur. 3) 1938 wlidan afxazeTis saxelmwifo muzeumSi inaxeba da elena

endolcevas mixedviT axlac am muzemSi aris warmodgenili (endolceva 2019: 19). qvis fila

sam nawilad iyo gatexili, amJamad Cans, rom restavrirebulia (endolceva 2019: sur. 12). fi-

lis dawvrilebiTi xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi aRweriloba, ikonografiuli da stilisturi

analizi Seasrula rene Smerlingma (Smerlingi 1962: 158), romlis mixedviT, adgilobrivi

kirqvisgan damzadebul filas irgvliv Semouyveba farTo, 15 santimetris siganis xveuli

CuqurTmebiani ornamenti, romelsac r. Smerlingi s-saxovan ornaments uwodebs (Smerlingi

1962: 158). filis centralur nawilSi warmodgenilia qristanul xelovnebaSi gavrcelebu-

li jvarcmis yvelaze cnobili scena. qristes marjvniv da marcxniv, mariam RmrTismSobe-

li da ioane RmrTismetyveli vedrebis pozaSi arian gamosaxuli. jvarcmis zemoT, marjvena

da marcxena kuTxeSi miqael da gabriel mTavarangelozebis reliefuri gamosaxulebebia,

xolo maT gaswvriv, jvarcmidan odnav marcxniv amokveTilia berZnuli asomTavruli warw-

era erT striqonad: „jvarcma“. qristes Tavs zemoT jvris zeda mklavze marTkuTxa filaze,

amokveTilia orstriqoniani ganmartebiTi warwera qarTuli asomTavruliT: „aha meufe hu-

riaTa“. jvris orive ganivi mklavis zemoT ki isev qarTuli asomTavruliT warwera ikiTxeba:

„jvarcma¡ qristesi“.

rogorc aRvniSneT, fila xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiT Seiswavla rene Smer-

lingma, misi kvlevis obieqti iyo ostatis mier arCeuli jvarcmis Tematikis gadmocemis real-

iebi, filis ornamenti da dekoratiuli wyoba. Zeglis daTariRebisas mkvlevarma wina planze

wamowia kankelis ornamentis xasiaTi, romelic pirobiTad meordeba X-XI saukuneebis mijnis

– 22 –

lia axalaZe

da XI saukunis dasawyisis arqiteqturul formebSi. kerZod, quTaisis bagratis taZris Crdi-

loeT fasadis erT-erTi sarkmlis formebSi, sofel exvevis eklesiis dasavleTis Sesasvle-

lis timpanis reliefze da a. S. rene Smerlingis azriT, maTi ornamentika iZleva qarTuli kan-

kelis dekorSi reliefuri kompoziciis TandaTanobiT danergvis suraTs (Smerlingi 1962:

106). TematikiT anuxvis jvarcma qarTuli xelovnebis sxva nimuSebsac enaTesaveba. qristes

jvarcmis mravalricxovani nimuSebi gvxvdeba rogorc monumentur, aseve mcire zomis qvis

reliefebze da Wedur xelovnebaSi. cnobilia svaneTSi daculi ferweruli xatebis jvarc-

mebi: zemo svaneTis XI-XII saukuneebis lenjeris eklesiis jvarcma, macxvariSis XII-XIII

saukuneebis jvarcma (alibegaSvili 1994: N10, N22, N23), raWis mravalZalis taZris jvarcmis

kompozicia, romelic XI saukuniT TariRdeba (sxirtlaZe 1982: 49), imave afxazeTidan, kodo-

ris xeobisa da samaTos mTis eklesiis reliefebi (yauxCiSvili 1951: 30); (yauxCiSvili 2004);

(axalaZe 1998: 29-37). jvarcmis kompozicia farTodaa warmodgenili Weduri xelovnebis Ze-

glebSic. magaliTad, XI saukunis I meoTxedis zarzmis xati „RmrTismSobeli yrmiT“, martvi-

lis 1644 wlis „Tormeti dResaswaulis xati“, Semoqmedis XVI saukunis II naxevris saeklesio

dResaswaulTa xati, afxazeTis kaTalikosis malaqia gurielis dakveTiT 1619 wels SeWedili

caiSis „Tormeti dResaswaulis xati“ (sayvareliZe 1994: N24, 72, 60, 80) da sxva. msgavsi Ze-

glebis mixedviT anuxvis jvarcma Tematikurad da damwerlobiT bizantiuri kulturuli

wris ZeglebSi erTiandeba.

anuxvis sveti (sur. 4) afxazeTis saxelmwifo muzeumSi 1938 wlidan inaxeba da warmoad-

gens qvis Tlili mrgvali formis arqiteqturul detals, mrgvali formis kvarcxlbekiT.

valeri silogavas aRwerilobiT svets qvemodan Semouyveba ganieri ornamentirebuli (wnu-

li geometriuli ornamenti) sartyeli. am ukanasknelis qveda naxevari sveti nawiliTurT

motexilia. svetis zeda diametri 15,5-13, 5 santimetria, qveda – 20 santimetri, simaRle 24-25

santimetri, zemoT gakeTebuli aqvs naxvreti, romlis siRrme 14 santimetria, xolo diame-

tri 4,5 santimetria. rogorc Cans, masSi Cadgmuli iyo an svetis gagrZeleba, an fila mTa-

varangelozebis gamosaxulebiT (silogava 1980: 142-143); (silogava 2004: 283). kvarcxlbekis

zemoT, svetze amokveTilia oTx striqoniani qarTuli asomTavruli warwera, romelic Si-

naarsiT memorialuri jgufis Zeglebs ganekuTvneba da warmoadgens miqael da gabriel mTa-

varangelozebisadmi mimarTul, savedrebeli xasiaTis epigrafikul Zegls. warweraSi ikiTx-

eba: „q w(mida)ni mT(a)vara(n)g(e)lozni m(i)q(ae)l da g(a)br(ie)l“ (warweris asomTavruli da

mxedruli teqstebi ixileT: (silogava 1980: 142-143); (silogava 2004: 283); (axalaZe 2004: 162);

warweris rusuli Targmani (axalaZe 1999: 366).

anuxvis svetis warwera pirvelad 1967 wels gamosca xuxuti bRaJbam da XI saukuniT daa-

TariRa (bRaJba 1967: 16). valeri silogavam warwera orjer gamoaqveyna da XII saukunis Ze-

glad miiCnia (silogava 1980: 142-143); (silogava 2004: 283), xolo elena endolceva, warweris

bRaJbaseul daTariRebaze dayrdnobiT, anuxvis svets X-XI saukuneebis mijniT aTariRebs

(endolceva 2019: 21).

Cveni azriT, samive daTariReba mcdari unda iyos, radgan anuxvis svetis warweris pa-

leografia arafriT ar iZleva misi X-XI an XII saukuniT daTariRebis saSualebas. pirvel

rigSi, xazgasasmelia, is faqti, rom paleografiuli niSnebiT erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad

gansxvavdeba anuxvis qvajvris, jvarcmisa da anuxvis svetis warwerebi. sxvaoba gansakuTre-

biT kargad Cans giorgi basilisZis warwerasa da miqael da gabriel mTavarangelozebis sa-

vadrebel warwerebs Soris: rogorc zemoT aRniSna, giorgi basilisZis warwera warmoad-

gens kidurwaisruli xelovnebiTi damwerlobis erT-erT saukeTeso nimuSs, sadac daculia

asomTarulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli monumenturoba, orxazovani saweri bade, daqaragmebisa

da gankveTilobis arsebuli normebi. ostati zedmiwevniT icnobs da icavs kidurwaisruli

damwerlobis qvis kaligrafuli skolisTvis damaxasiaTebel normebs, gulmodgined kveTs

TiToeul asos da grafemaTa boloebze tyupi isrebis damatebiT amaRlebul esTetikur gan-

wyobas avlens. Tanabaria TiToeuli grafemis kveTis siRrme, rac daculia qaragmisa da bo-

los dasmuli oTxwertilis kveTaSic. ostatisTvis mniSvnelovania ara mxolod warwera da

misi Sinaarsi, aramed warwera rogorc xelovnebis nimuSi. rogorc Cans, ostatis am ganwyo-

bas xels uwyobda anuxvis qvajvris mxatvruli esTetikac: ulamazesi foTlovani ornamenti,

savse yurZnis mtevnebi da jvris kompozicia.

– 23 –

anuxvis monastris artefaqtebis istoriuli mniSvneloba

qvajvrisgan gansxvavebuli paleografia ikiTxeba anuxvis svetis miqael da gabri-

el mTavaranelozebis savedrebel warweraSi, romelic aSkarad avlens gviani periodis pa-

leografiul niSnebs: oTxstriqoniani warweris grafemebi warmodgenilia araTanabari si-

maRliT. dasawyisi asoebi 4 Semdeg 2, 1 da 3 santimetria, Semdeg isev 2 da 3 santimetris si-

maRliTaa amokveTili. gansxvavebulia grafemaTa kveTis siRrme da sisqe, SesamCnevia erTi

da igive grafemis sxvadasxva moxazuloba, asoebi ar aris amokveTili erT xazze da ostats

darRveuli aqvs qarTuli asomTavrulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simetriuloba da orxazovani

saweri badis tradiciebi. bunebrivia, am ori epigrafikuli Zeglis paleografiuli niSnebis

Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom isini erTi da imave ostatis an erTi da imave kaligrafiuli skolis

da arc erTi da imave epoqis namuSevrebi ar unda iyos. cxadia, isini gansxvavebuli epoqis

warwerebia. anuxvis svetis miqael da gabriel mTavarangelozebisadmi miZRvnili savedre-

beli warwera SeuZlebelia qarTuli kulturisa da damwerlobis aRmavlobis xanaSi iyos

Seqmnili da misi paleografiuli niSnebi X-XI an XII saukuniT daTariRebis SesaZleblobas

gamoricxavs. aRniSnuli daTariRebis Sesaxeb eWvi jer kidev 1998 wels gamoiTqva (axalaZe

1998: 107), xolo mogvianebiT, 2005 wels, paleografiul niSnebze dayrdnobiT warwera XIV

saukuniT da ufro gviani periodiT davaTariReT (axalaZe 2005: 164-163). Tu gaviTvalis-

winebT qarTul lapidariumSi arsebul msgavsi paleografiis mqone epigrafikul Zeglebs

mocemuli warwera da svetic XIV an XV saukuniT unda davaTariRoT.

anuxvis tyviis beWedi (sur. 5) 2015 wels, sxva cxra bizantiur beWedTan da erT yal-

ibTan erTad, aRmoCnda zRvaSi, samxreT yirimis (sudakis?) sanapiros maxloblad, an ta-

manis akvatoriaSi. amJamad igi kerZo koleqciaSia (CxaiZe 2017: 62-63); (CxaiZe da sxvebi

2019: 273). anuxvis tyviis beWdis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb informacia savaraudo daTariRebiT pir-

velad viqtor CxaiZem rusulad gamoaqveyna (CxaiZe 2017: 61-66), xolo mogvianebiT, Sedare-

biT vrceli kvleva qarTul enazec gamoqveynda (CxaiZe da sxvebi 2019: 271-278). v. CxaiZis

mixedviT, tyviis beWedze, wertilovan arSiaSi gamosaxulia wm. giorgi aseve wertilovani

SaravandediT, uwveruli, didroni xveuli TmiT. mosasxami Sekrulia win, marjvena mxarze.

wmindans marjvena xelSi mkerdTan, mcire zomis jvari upyria, marcxenaSi – mrgvali fari.

wmindanis gamosaxulebis orive mxares daqaragmebuli warweraa (CxaiZe 2017: 63); (CxaiZe da

sxvebi 2019: 273). tyviis beWdis Sublze wminda giorgis gamosaxulebasTan asomTavruliT

Sesrulebuli ganmartebiTi warwera ikiTxeba „w(mida)Y g(iorg)i“, xolo zurgze „w(mida)Y

g(iorg)i, m/on(a)str(i)sa aYnaxKisaY“.6 vfiqrobT, asomTavruli teqstis wakiTxva viqtor Cx-

aiZis 2017 wlis rusul gamocemaSi gacilebiT zustia, vidre 2019 wlis qarTul gamocemaSi.

avtoris (avtorebis) daskvniT, anuxvSi wm. giorgis eklesiis garda, XI saukuneSi arsebob-

da agreTve qarTuli monasteri, saidanac SemogvrCa ganxiluli unikaluri beWedi7 (CxaiZe

2019: 274).

amrigad, anuxvis artefaqtebiT da maTze daculi istoriuli warwerebis Sinaarsidan

irkveva, rom afxazeTSi, gudauTis municipalitetis sofel anuxvaSi (aYnaxKSi) XI saukune-

Si adgilobrivi feodaluri saxlis warmomadgenlebma aRaSenes: „ju(a)ri s(a)x(e)lsa z(ed)a

R(mrTi)sa m(a)misa, Zisa, s(u)lisa w(mi)d(i)sasa“. am warweris mixedviT, anuxvis jvari da taZari

uflis saxelze iyo agebuli, razec iribad mianiSnebs imave taZarSi napovni uflis jvarcmis

gamosaxulebiani fila qarTul-berZnuli warwerebiT. stela-qvajvrisa da jvarcmis warwer-

ebis gansxvavebuli paleografia gvafiqrebinebs, rom isini XI saukunis sxvadasxva monakveT-

Si, gansxvavebuli kaligrafiuli skolis warmomadgenlebis mier amokveTili warwerebia. mi-

uxedavad amisa, orive erTi taZrisa da erTi didi samonastro kompleqsis nawili unda iyos.

savaraudod, XIV-XV saukuneebSi, taZris morigi ganaxlebis an Tavidan mSeneblobis dros is

miqael da gabriel mTavarangelozebis saxelze ekurTxa, rasac anuxvis stela-qvajvarisa da

anuxvis svetis warwerebis erTi da imave taZridan warmomavloba gvafiqrebinebs. anuxvis ar-

tefaqtebze daculi saamSeneblo da savedrebeli xasiaTis warwerebidan cxadia, rom monas-

tris daarsebidanve RmrTismsaxurebis ena qarTuli iyo.

vfiqrobT, XI saukuniT daTariRebuli kidev erTi artefaqti anuxvidan wm. giorgis

(sur. 6) gamosaxulebiT, imave samonastro kompleqsSi Semaval taZars ekuTvnoda, romelic

wm. giorgis saxelze iyo agebuli.8 2015 wels aRmoCenili tyviis beWedi da warwera am faqts

adasturebs da, Sesabamisad, is monastris sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. tyviis beWdis warweris

– 24 –

lia axalaZe

teqsti kidev erT mniSvnelovan cnobas gvawvdis istoriuli soflis „aYnaxKi“-s Sesaxeb, ro-

melmac „anuxvis“ odnav Secvlili formiT dRemde moaRwia da Semoinaxa saqarTvelos isto-

riisa da qarTuli paleografiisTvis mravalmxriv mniSvnelovani artefaqtebi.

SeniSvnebi

1 eriskacobaSi lev aleqsandres Ze kavelini.

2 axla afxazeTis saxelmwifo muzeumi.

3 statiaSi warwerebi warmodgenilia mxedruli transkripciiT.

 dazustebuli wakiTxvisaTvis ix: (silogava 1980: 62); (silogava, 2004: 261-262); (axalaZe 1999:

366).

 dazustebuli wakiTxvisaTvis ix. (silogava 2004: 263-264). warwerebis publikaciebisaTvis qar-

Tul da rusul enebze aseve ix.: (silogava 1980: 66-67); (axalaZe 1999: 366-367); (axalaZe, 2005:

158-161).

 warwerebi warmodgenilia mxedruli transkripciiT.

 kidev erTi taZris arsebobaze miuTiTeben a. vinogradovi, d. belecki naSromSi: (vinogradovi,

belecki 2015: 96-97). Sdr. (CxaiZe da sxvebi 2019: 274); (CxaiZe 2017).

 saqarTveloSi amis yvelaze cnobili magaliTia gelaTis monasteri, romlis mTavari taZari age-

bulia RmrTismSoblis miZinebis saxelze, xolo meore wm. giorgis saxelze.

damowmebani

alibegaSvili 1994: g. alibegaSvili. ferweruli xatebi, wignSi: qarTuli xatebi, Tbilisi.

axalaZe 1998: l. axalaZe. qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi afxazeTSi IX-XVII ss. disertacia istoriis

mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tbilisi.

axalaZe 2005: l. axalaZe. afxazeTis epigrafika rogorc saistorio wyaro, lapidaruli da freskuli

warwerebi, I, Tbilisi.

axalaZe 1998: l. axalaZe. warwerebi jvarcmis gamosaxulebian filebze, Tbilisi.

axalaZe 1999:Разыскания по истории Абхазии

bRaJba 1967: Из истории письменности в Абхазии

berZeniSvili 1975: d. berZeniSvili. javaxeTis istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebi, t. V. Tbilisi.

berZeniSvili 1966: n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi.

endolceva 2019:

Вопросы истории и теории

христианского искусства

vinogradovi, belecki 2015:       Церковная архитектура Абхазии в эпоху

Абхазского царства, Конец VIII-X в

kobaxiZe 2015: r. kobaxiZe. bibliur mcenareTa tipologiuri simbolika patristikul tradiciaSi,

filologiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili disertacia, Tbilisi.

leonide 1885: Абхазия и в ней Ново-Афонский Симоно-Кананитский монастырь

nadiraZe da sxvebi 2011: qarTuli materialuri kulturis eTnografiuli leqsikoni, proeq-

tis avtori da samecniero xelmZRvaneli eldar nadiraZe, avtor Semdgenlebi gvanca arCvaZe,

marina bokuCava, Tamar gelaZe da sxv. Tbilisi.

oqropiriZe 2010: a. oqropiriZe. vazi – sicoxlis xe, krebuli, Tbilisi.

sayvareliZe 1994: T. sayvareliZe. Weduri xatebi, qarTuli xatebi, Tbilisi.

silogava 1980: qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebis korpusi, dasavleT saqarTvelos warwerebi nakv.

I (IX-XIII ss), Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada valeri silogavam, Tbilisi.

silogava 2004: v. silogava. samegrelo-afxazeTis epigrafika, Tbilisi.

sxirtlaZe 1982: z. sxirtlaZe. mravalZalis wm. giorgis eklesia, Zeglis megobari, N60, Tbilisi.

yauxCiSvili 1951: T. yauxCiSvili. berZnuli warwerebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi.

yauxCiSvili 2004: T. yauxCiSvili. saqarTvelos berZnuli warwerebis korpusi, Tbilisi.

SoSiaSvili 1980: qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebis korpusi, lapidaruli warwerebi t. I, aRmo-

savleT da samxreT saqarTvelo (V-X ss), Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada nodar SoSiaSvilma,

Tbilisi.

ServaSiZe 1974: Труды Абхазского государственного Музея



Smerlingi 1962:Малые формы в архитектуре средневековой Грузии

– 25 –

anuxvis monastris artefaqtebis istoriuli mniSvneloba

CxaiZe 2017:    Грузинская печать Византийсского типа XI века, Нумизматические чтения

государственного исторического Музея 2017 года

CxaiZe da sxvebi 2019: v. CxaiZe, a. vinogradovi, S. guguSvili. ainaxvis wm. giorgis monastris XI sauku-

nis beWedi, mravalTavi, filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani, t., 26, Tbilisi.

sur. 1 anuxvis stela

_ qvajvari, XI s.

(leonides mixedviT)

sur. 2 giorgi basilis Zis warwera

anuxvis stela _ qvajvarze, XI s.

sur. 3 anuxvis jvarcma qarTul-berZnuli

warwerebiT, XI s.

sur. 4 anuxvis sveti asomTavruli warweriT,

XIV s.

– 26 –

lia axalaZe

sur. 5 anuxvis (ainaxvis) wm. giorgis

monastris beWedi. XI s. (v. CxaiZis,

a. vinogradovis da sxv. mixedviT)

sur. 6 anuxvis wm. giorgi (leonides mixedviT)

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ARTIFACTS OF ANUKHVI

MONASTERY

Lia Akhaladze

The aim of the paper is to study the cultural-historical value of the monastery “Anakhv” located in the

village on the foothills of Gudauta in Abkhazia and its artifacts. These artifacts have survived from the ruins



Anukhvi etc. Many of them have old Georgian Asomtavruli inscriptions of historical content, depicting vine

ornaments with grapes and carvings typical of Georgian art. The vineyard is considered to be the tree of life

in Georgia and is often found on ancient architectural monuments, as well as on small stone reliefs, frescoes

and engraved items. The vineyard ornament is also actively used on the stone slabs of medieval Georgian epi-

graphic monuments.



Georgian Asomtavruli inscriptions of the 11-14 centuries tell us about the history of the monastery, through

which we can somehow trace the history of the construction of the temple, the identity of the founders and its

re-renewal and restoration history in the following epochs. It is clear from the contents of the inscriptions that

in the XI century the builder of the temple was the head of the local feudal house Giorgi Basilisdze and his

brothers Tevdore, Demetre and Merkile. The brothers erected the Holy Cross in memory of their father and for

themselves to pray, and then the Church of St. George. According to the later inscriptions found in the same

temple, in the 14th century, during another renovation, the temple was named after the Archangels Michael and

Gabriel.

The paleographic analysis of the existing artifacts and epigraphic material reveals that the monastery

“Ainakhvisa” was one of the most important ecclesiastical centers and was not inferior to such recognized

cultural and educational centers of the Georgian Church as Mokvi, Likhni, Bedia and others.

– 27 –

undilaZeTa sagvareulos aRsasruli sefianTa iranSi

sparsul werilobiT wyaroTa Suqze

nana gelaSvili

sefianTa iranSi (1501-1722) undilaZeTa sagvareulos mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis Sesax-

eb cnobebi moipoveba rogorc qarTul, ise ucxour werilobiT wyaroebSi. undilaZeebma, up-

irveles yovlisa, saxeli gaiTqves samxedro da politikur asparezze, Tumca imavdroulad

isini aqtiurad iRwvodnen sefianTa saxelmwifos ekonomikuri da kulturuli aRmavlobi-

saTvis, axorcielebdnen masStabur samSeneblo da sairigacio proeqtebs, aseve cnobilni

iyvnen rogorc didi qvelmoqmedebi da mecenatebi (gelaSvili 2009: 233-234).

istoriidan cnobilia, rom undilaZeTa aRzeveba iranSi Sah abas I-is (1587-1629) saxels

ukavSirdeba, romelmac saxelmwifo interesebidan gamomdinare, zRvargadasuli ufle-

bebiT aRWurvil yizilbaSur tomTa Tavkacebs kavkasiuri elementi, maT Soris, qarTvelebi

daupirispira. swored amgvari politikuri kursis talRaze dawinaurdnen undilaZeebic. Sah

abasi gansakuTrebul pativs miagebda alaverdi-xan undilaZes – saxelovan mTavarsardals,

iranis pirvel yularaRass. aranakleb gandidebulni iyvnen alaverdi-xanis vaJebi: farsis

beglarbegi imamyuli-xani da ganja-yarabaRis beglarbegi daud-xani (gabaSvili 1972: 80-83);

(kucia 1963: 66).

xangrZlivi drois manZilze warmatebuli karieris miuxedavad, undilaZeTa sagvareu-

los aRsasruli metad savalalo da tragikuli aRmoCnda. amis mizezebsa Tu sababze azrTa

sxvadasxvaobaa werilobiT wyaroebSi da, Sesabamisad, samecniero literaturaSic calsaxad

gamokveTili Tvalsazrisi ar fiqsirdeba. warmodgenil naSromSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia

undilaZeebis moRvaweobis bolo etapze, gaanalizebulia maTi karieruli daRmasvlis mize-

zebi da garemoebebi. saamisod saukeTeso pirvelwyaroebad gvevlineba XVII saukunis sparsu-

li saistorio Txzulebebi, romelTa avtorebi maT mier aRweril movlenaTa Tanamedroveni,

zog SemTxvevebSi ki, TviTmxilvelebic iyvnen. aseT naSromTa Soris gansakuTrebiT aRsaniS-

navia isqander munSis „zeil“ („gagrZeleba“), mohammad ma’sumis „xulasaT as-siiar“ („cxovre-

bis mokle aRweriloba“), mohammad iusufis „xuld-e barin“ („samoTxe“) da abu al-mafaxer

TafreSis „Tarix-e Sah safi“ („Sah sefis istoria“), romelTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb

Cven mier iqna Targmnili sparsulidan qarTulad. gansaxilvel sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT

sayuradRebo informacia daculia aseve sparsul literaturul e. w. TezqereebSi anu an-

TologiebSi, romelTa Tanaxmad, sefianTa iranis literaturul asparezze nayofierad

moRvaweobdnen da didi pativiT sargeblobdnen alaverdi-xanis STamomavlebi.

undilaZeebis mimarT damokidebuleba iranSi radikalurad Seicvala Sah abas I-is

SviliSvilis – sam-mirzas gamefebis Semdeg, romelmac sefianTa samefo taxti Sah sefi I-is

saxeliT daikava (1629-1642). swored man, realur Tu mogonil mizezTa gamo, usastikesi

meTodebiT, TiTqmis mTlianad gaJlita alaverdi-xanis sagvareulo (Tavad alaverdi-xani

gacilebiT adre, 1613 wels gardaicvala da didi pativiT iqna dakrZaluli q. meShedSi). mov-

lenebis am mimarTulebiT ganviTareba daaCqara daud-xan undilaZisa da mefe Teimuraz I-is

(1606-1663) mier organizebulma ajanyebam 1632 wlis Semodgomaze, romelic sefianTa xeli-

suflebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.

aRniSnuli movlenebi detaluradaa aRwerili isqander munSis „gagrZelebaSi“

(„zeil“), romelic misi fundamenturi saistorio Txzulebis „abasis qveynis damamSvene-

beli istoriis“ gagrZelebas warmoadgens. is eZRvneboda Sah sefi I-is zeobis xanas, Tum-

ca isqanderis gardacvalebis mizeziT, masSi Txroba moyvanilia 1634 wlamde (gelaSvili:

1981: 14). SemdgomSi Sah sefi I-is zeobis istoriis dasrulebis mizniT, „zeil“-s anonimi

Semdgenelis mier daerTo sxva iranel mematianeTa naSromebi, kerZod, mohammad iusufis

„xuld-e barin“, mohammad ma’sumis „xulasaT as-siiar“, romlebSic Txroba motanilia Sah

– 28 –

sefis zeobis bolomde da aseve mirza mohammad Taher vahid yazvinis „abas name“ („abasis

wigni“), romelSic mogviano xanis movlenebia gadmocemuli1664 wlamde (akimuSkini 1976:

98-99).

isqander munSi undilaZeTa Sesaxeb naSromis calke TavSi mogviTxrobs, romlis

saxelwodebaa „Txroba alaverdi-xanis vaJis daud-xanis ajanyebisa da TeimurazTan misi

SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb“. Tavdapirvelad avtori gvauwyebs, rom daud-xanis TxovniT, Sahma

Teimuraz mefes adrindeli codvebi Seundo da mis saxelze patiebis firmani gamosca.

magram mogvianebiT Tavad daud-xani aujanyda Sahs. isqander munSi iqve ganmartavs, Tu

ram ubiZga saamisod mas. kerZod, yajari didebulebi, romlebsac daud-xani sZuldaT misi

cudi xasiaTis gamo, xSirad uCiodnen mas SahTan. amis Sedegi iyo is, rom erTxelac Sah se-

fim daud-xans usayvdura, uxeSobisa da Sepasuxebis gamo ki mejlisidanac gaaZeva. Tumca,

mamisa da Zmis erTguli samsaxuris gamo, Sahs is metad aRar dausjia. ganawyenebul daud-

xans es Seuracxyofa mosvenebas ar aZlevda da SurisZiebisTvis emzadeboda. am mizniT is

Teimuraz mefes SeuTanxmda, rom nadirobis sababiT ivris napiras Sexvedrodnen erTmaneTs,

Semdeg ki sanadirod miwveuli yajari didebulebi amoexocaT. Teimurazma, Tavis mxriv,

saamisod asamde qarTveli aznauri SearCia, romlebmac „mTel Raziebs mowamebrivi sikv-

dilis SarbaTi agemes, ris Sedegadac maTi qoneba da aRWurviloba qarTvelebs CauvardaT

xelSi“ (gelaSvili 1981: 56). amis Semdgom amboxebulebma, dasaxuli gegmis mixedviT, ganja

da yarabaRi daarbies. isqander munSis gadmocemiT, rodesac am ambebma isfahanSi samefo

karamde miaRwia, ganrisxebulma Sah sefim daud-xans ganja-yarabaRi CamoarTva da mis Zvel

mflobels _ mohammad yuli-xan ziiad-oRli yajars daubruna, qarTli da kaxeTi ki xos-

ro-mirza qarTvels uboZa, romelsac rostomi uwoda. Sahis brZanebiT, uSualod ajanyebis

CasaxSobad, xosro-mirzas amalas win wauZRva spasalari rostom-begi (rostom-xan saakaZe

_ n. g.) yizilbaSTa didi laSqriT. am konteqstSi aRsaniSnavia, rom isqander munSi cdi-

lobs Teimuraz mefis gamarTlebas ajanyebaSi CarTvasTan dakavSirebiT. misi sityviT,

wyeulma daudma motyuebiTa da cbierebiT gzas aacdina Teimurazi da STaagona, rom Sahi

mis mimarT gulwrfeli ar iyo da rogorc ki xelsayreli SemTxveva miecemoda, mas Tavidan

moiSorebda (gelaSvili 1981: 57).

amasTanave daud-xanma Teimurazs gaumxila, rom mis ZmasTan farsSi imyofeboda Sah

abasis vaJi, romelsac imamyuli-xanma saxeli Seucvala da mis Svilad iTvleboda. axla ki

sinamdvilis gamJRavnebis Jami damdgariyo da imamyuli-xanis erTguli TanamebrZolebis

daxmarebiT, isini im ufliswulis gamefebas SeZlebdnen. isqander munSi dasZens, rom mi-

uxedavad gamWriaxobisa da saRi azrovnebisa, Teimurazi mainc motyuvda da xelisuflebis

winaaRmdeg ajanyda. ganja-yarabaRze laSqrobis win daud-xanma da Teimurazma mezobeli

olqebis amirebs Tanadgomisken mouwodes da zemoT xsenebuli ufliswulis Sesaxebac ac-

nobes. adresatebma pasuxad isini SahTan daasmines. es gaxda Sah sefis mier imamyuli-xanis

gamoZaxebis da Semdgom, ojaxis wevrebTan erTad, misi sikvdiliT dasjis mizezi.

naSromis momdevno TavSi isqander munSi ukve undilaZeTa mimarT ganxorcielebul

sadamsjelo RonisZiebebs aRwers. is imTaviTve xazs usvams, rom informacia zemoT xsen-

ebul ufliswulTan dakavSirebiT simarTles ar Seesabameboda. vinaidan damarcxebuli

daud-xani iranSi aRar dabrunebula (man mogvianebiT osmaleTs Seafara Tavi _ n. g.), Sah

sefim mis axloblebze iZia Suri: jer imamyuli-xanis sami vaJi _ sefiyuli-xani, faTali-be-

gi da aliyuli-begi gamoasalma sicocxles, imamyuli-xanis mosaklavad ki man eSikaRasi

qalbali-begi, daud-beg gurji da aliyuli-begi gaagzavna, romelTagan bolo orni xanis

siZeebi iyvnen (misi qaliSvilebis qmrebi _ n. g.). isqander munSi am tragikuli movlenebis

Txrobas Semdegi sityvebiT asrulebs:

erTi sityviT, umecari, wyeuli daudis ukadrisi saqcielis gamo alaverdi-xanis sag-

vareulo, romelic umaRles wertilamde iyo amaRlebuli da isfahanidan omanis sana-

piromde erTi Tvis savali gza misi mbrZaneblobisa da batonobis qveS iyo moqceuli,

sagvareulo, romelic fufunebaSi, simdidreSi da bednierebaSi cxovrobda, araraobis

qars mieca. maTi mamakacebi da qalebi _ yvela daxoces (gelaSvili 1981:59).

amrigad, isqander munSi daud-xanis amboxebis mizezad, yajar didebulTa `wyalobiT~,

nana gelaSvili

– 29 –

undilaZeTa sagvareulos aRsasruli sefianTa iranSi sparsul weril ob iT w yaroTa...

Sahis mier mis mejlisidan gaZevebas Tvlis. es Tvalsazrisi savsebiT logikuria: cnobilia,

rom daud-xani ganja-yarabaRis beglarbegad Sah abas I-is mier dainiSna yajari didebulis

am Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis Sedegad (1625). Sahi amgvari RonisZiebebiT miznad isaxavda

yajarTa tomis Tavkacebis uflebamosilebis Sekvecas kavkasiuri eTnikuri elementis sa-

sargeblod (seivori 1980: 77-79). ase rom, savsebiT bunebrivia yajar didebulTa mtroba

da Suri daud-xanis mimarT, rasac Sedegad zemoT xsenebuli movlenebi mohyva. aqve unda

aRiniSnos, rom isqander munSi undilaZeTa amowyvetis sxva garemoebazec mianiSnebs, ker-

Zod, Sah sefis SiSze imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom undilaZeebs Sah abasis TiTqosda arsebu-

li vaJi ar gaemefebinaT.

ganxilul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa Sah sefi I-is karis mematianis

_ mohammad ma’sumis naSromi „cxovrebis mokle aRweriloba“, romlis xelnawersac gave-

caniT sanqt-peterburgis aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis xelnawerTa ganyofilebaSi,

mikrofilmi # 127. sxva mniSvnelovan istoriul movlenebTan erTad, avtori daud-xanis

da Teimurazis ajanyebis peripetiebis Sesaxebac mogviTxrobs. misi gadmocemiT, hijris

1041 wlis rabi as-sanis Tvis 4 ricxvSi (anu 1632 wlis 3 noembers _ n. g.) Sah sefim qarTlis

mmarTvelad isfahanis taruRa rostom-xani daniSna valis tituliT. avtori aqve saqebari

epiTetebiT amkobs xosro-mirzas (igive rostoms) da dasZens, rom mis daniSvnas am pos-

tze win uswrebda ganja-yarabaRis beglarbegis, daud-xanisa da Teimuraz mefis ajanyeba,

romelic imave wlis agvistoSi momxdara, ori Tvis Semdeg ki mRelvarebam saqarTveloSi

gadainacvla. mohammad ma’sumi am ambis Txrobas asrulebs imis dafiqsirebiT, rom ajanye-

bam marcxi iwvnia, daud-xanma Tanamdeboba dakarga, Teimurazis momxre 5-6 aTasi meomari

yizilbaSebs tyved Cauvarda, Tavad Teimurazma ki imereTSi gaqceviT uSvela Tavs (mikro-

filmi # 127).

TiTqmis analogiuria, Tumca ufro Sekvecili saxiT, mohammad iusufis saistorio

TxzulebaSi („xuld-e barin“) daculi cnobebi. misi naSromis bolo nawilSi calke CamoT-

vlilia iranSi moRvawe gamoCenili qarTvelebi, mocemulia maTi mokle biografiuli mo-

nacemebi. esenia: alaverdi-xani, misi vaJebi da SviliSvili, xosro-mirza, romlebsac avto-

ri qeba-didebiT moixseniebs (xansari 1939: 62-64). undilaZeTa aRsasrulTan dakavSirebiT

is gvauwyebs, rom moSurneebisa da mtrebis mcdelobiT, imamyuli-xani Sahma sikvdiliT

dasaja, xolo umadurma daud-xanma mas Semdeg, rac Teimurazis Tanamzraxveli gaxda da

sefianTa saxelmwifos ganudga, yarabaRis mflobeloba dakarga da is dawyevlil iqna.

am konteqstSi mohammad iusufi moixseniebs aseve imamyuli-xanis ufros vaJs _ sefi yu-

li-xans, romelic laris vilaieTis gamgebeli iyo. misi sityviT: „rodesac imamyuli-xanis

Zliereba sasjelis maxvilis elvarebiT qarma gaanadgura, naperwklebi am kvamlidan mTel

mis sagvareuloze wamovida. sefi yuli xanmac, romelic misi memkvidre iyo, mamis bedi

gaiziara“ (xansari 1939: 293); (gelaSvili 1981: 64-65).

CvenTvis saintereso movlenebis Sesaxeb cnobebi daculia kidev erT, SedarebiT ax-

lad moZiebul sparsul wyaroSi _ abu al-mafaxer TafreSis naSromSi „Sah sefis istoria“

(rota 2001: 185-186); (gelaSvili, arCvaZe 2016: 370-371). TviT naSromidan vityobT, rom

avtori Sah abas I-is da Sah sefi I-is zeobis xanaSi moRvaweobda. ase rom, iseve rogorc ze-

moT warmodgenili mematianeebi, isic aRweril movlenaTa Tanamedrove da, SesaZloa, TviT-

mxilvelic iyo. undilaZeebTan dakavSirebiT TafreSi gvauwyebs, rom daud-xani, romelsac

is araerTi sawyevari epiTetiT `amkobs~, WeSmarit rwmenas ganudga, Teimuraz mefes eaxla

da mis gulSi „cbierebiT da motyuebiT amboxebis marcvali Caagdo“. daud-xans dauxocavs

yajarebisgan Semdgari Tavisi laSqris nawili, ris Semdegac TeimurazTan erTad ganja da

barda daurbevia. adgilobrivma mosaxleobam ki saTanado Tavdacva ver uzrunvelyo im

martivi mizezis gamo, rom iqaurobis gamgebeli Tavad daud-xani iyo. sayuradReboa, rom

TafreSi daud-xanis zemoT naxseneb „rwmenisagan gandgomas“ kidev erTxel afiqsirebs.

misi sityviT, daud-xans eklesiaSi dauwyia siaruli (gelaSvili, arCvaZe 2016: 372). amgvar

informacias italieli misioneri don pietro avitabilec afiqsirebs. misi sityviT, daud-

xani maTTan (igulisxmeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelo) kidev cota xans rom darCeniliyo,

ueWvelad maT sarwmunoebas miiRebda, ris Sesaxebac is TiTqosda gansakuTrebul niSnebs

avlenda. amis dasturad avtors daud-xanis sityvebi mohyavs, kerZod: „oRond qristiani

– 30 –

nana gelaSvili

iyos da misTvis bevr rames gavakeTeb, radganac miyvars qriste da mas RmerTad miviCnev“

(giorgaZe 1977: 45-46). marTalia, am cnobidan naTlad Cans daud-xanis damokidebuleba

qrisitanobis mimarT, magram mis moqcevis perspeqtivaze saubari, vfiqrobT, zedmetia.

am konteqstSi kidev erTi italieli misioneris _ don qristeforo de kastelis cnobas

movixmobT, romelmac, rogorc cnobilia, daud-xanis portreti daxata 1633 wels. es im

periods ganekuTvneba, rodesac damarcxebuli daud-xani mcire xans gors afarebda Tavs.

kasteli aqebs mas, rogorc pirovnebas, xazs usvams mis keTilganwyobas padrebis mimarT,

materialur Tanadgomas da sxv. daud-xanze saubars avtori Semdegi sityvebiT asrulebs:

„imis SiSiT, rom isic misi ZmasaviT ar moekla sparseTis Sahs, TurqebTan gaiqca. gzad mi-

mavalma Cveni saxli inaxula da patrebTan iTaTbira, madlobis niSnad mowyaleba mogvca“

(giorgaZe 1976: 82).

samefo taxtis savaraudo pretendentad Sah abasis idumalebiT moculi vaJis arsebo-

bas adasturebs germaneli swavluli adam oleariusi, romelic 1635-1639 wlebSi imyofeboda

iranSi holStiniis elCobis SemadgenlobaSi. misi gadmocemiT, daxocili imamyuli xanisa da

misi sanaTesaos gvamebi sami dRe da Rame eyara moedanze. saSinel sanaxaobas warmoadgenda

maTze damxobili imamyuli-xanis moxuci deda, romelic mwared mosTqvamda. „rodesac amis

Sesaxeb Sahma gaigo, brZana miwaSi CaefloT gvamebi“ (oleariusi 1870: 865); (javaxia 2005: 71).

aRsaniSnavia, rom evropuli wyaroebi (justi prato, arqanjelo lamberti, judiCe milaneli,

don pietro avitabile, karmelitebis qronika da sxv.) gansakuTrebiT xatovnad, imavdrou-

lad TanagrZnobiT aRweren undilaZeTa tragikul aRsasruls (karmelitebis qronika 1939:

312-313); (natroSvili 1974: 154-155).

davubrundeT TafreSis Txzulebas, romelSic calke Tavi eZRvneba daud-xanis sana-

Tesaos gaJletas. avtoris gadmocemiT, daud-xanis amboxebas imamyuli-xanis Sahis karze

gamoZaxeba mohyva, romelic morCilebiT eaxla Sah sefis. misi mkvlelebis uSualo Sems-

ruleblebis CamoTvlisas, isqander munSis mier moxseniebul pirebs is umatebs vinme moyrab

al-zahraT al-aliaT al-alies saxels, romlebmac imamyuli-xani, misi Svili – laris mxaris

gamgebeli da danarCeni Svilebic sicocxles gamoasalmes (gelaSvili, arCvaZe 2016: 374).

saerTo jamSi, TafreSis cnobebi, mcire gansxvavebaTa gamoklebiT, TiTqmis mTlianad emTx-

veva isqander munSis naSromSi ufro vrclad warmodgenil informacias.

undilaZeTa Tavs datrialebul tragikul ambebTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia XVII

saukunis iraneli istorikosis haji mehdi-yuli yajaris naSromi „ukeTesTagan ukeTesi

istoria“, romelic kargadaa cnobili qarTul samecniero literaturaSi, amitom masze yur-

adRebas aRar vamaxvilebT. aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom sefianTa periodis movlenebis aRweri-

sas, is isqander munSis naSromiT sargeblobda. Sesabamisad, misi monaTxrobi mTlianad emTx-

veva misi winamorbedis cnobebs, oRond ufro Semoklebuli formatiT (fuTuriZe 1942: 85).

amrigad, sparsul wyaroTa Tanaxmad, 1632 wlis ajanyebis sulisCamdgmeli da organiza-

tori daud-xani iyo. mas, marTlac, dasWirdeboda Zalisxmeva Teimuraz mefis dasarwmuneb-

lad amboxebaSi CarTvis Taobaze, radgan am ukanasknels imxanad saamisod gamokveTili mizezi

ar hqonda. rogorc cnobilia, XVII saukunis 20-iani wlebis miwurulidan aRmosavleT saqa-

rTvelos mimarT sefianTa xelisufleba e. w. kompromisul politikas axorcielebda. aqedan

gamomdinare, yizilbaSTa mxridan qarTl-kaxeTis aoxreba dRis wesrigSi ar mdgara. xsen-

ebulma ajanyebam erTgvari katalizatoris roli Seasrula rostomis qarTlSi gasamefeb-

lad, romelic isedac qarTlis samefo taxtis kanonier memkvidred moiazreboda. Sah sefim

swored aseT daZabul viTarebaSi gadawyvita misi gamogzavna, rogorc misTvis yvelaze san-

do da erTguli, imavdroulad gamocdili politikuri moRvawisa (gelaSvili 2008: 50).

Tvali gavadevnoT qarTul saistorio wyaroTa cnobebs. farsadan gorgijaniZis

(romelic rostomma Tavis naibad anu moadgiled daniSna isfahanSi 1656 wels) (kucia 1972:

96-97) naSromSi daculi informacia, mcire gansxvavebaTa gamoklebiT, ZiriTadad isqander

munSis naSroms efuZneba. aRsaniSnavia, rom mis TxrobaSi gamokveTilad Cans daud-xanis

mimarT negatiuri damokidebuleba. rogorc Cans, xosro-mirzas Tanamedrove mematianes

daud-xansa da xosro-mirzas Soris arsebuli dapirispireba ganawyobda amgvarad. xsenebuli

mtroba ki motivirebuli iyo sefianTa samefo karze gavlenisaTvis mimdinare brZoliT or

politikur dajgufebas Soris, sadac erT mxares undilaZeTa klani idga Tavisi momxreebi-

– 31 –

TurT, meore mxares ki – xosro-mirza da Sah sefis samefo kari. aqedan gamomdinare, Sah sefi,

romelmac xosro-mirzas ZalisxmeviT daikava samefo taxti, Tavidanve undoblad uyurebda

undilaZeebs da moTminebiT eloda xelsayrel SemTxvevas maT Tavidan mosaSoreblad. Tavis

mxriv, xosro-mirzac marjve SemTxvevis molodinSi iyo, raTa Sah sefisaTvis qarTlis mefoba

gamoeTxova. miTumetes, rom is samefo taxtis erTaderTi pirdapiri memkvidre iyo. rogorc

ganusazRvreli uflebebiT aRWurvils Sah sefis karze, xosro-mirzas erTxelac sawade-

li ausrulebia da farsadan gorgijaniZis sityviT, „yaensac rostom mefis gulisaTvis“

mejlisidan gauZevebia daud-xani (kakabaZe 1925: 238). aqve SevniSnavT, rom zemoT ganxilul

sparsul wyaroebSi araferia Tqmuli xosro-mirzas monawileobaze am gaZevebaSi. amboxebis

peripetiebze da mis Sedegebze saubrisas, farsadani isqander munSis monaTxrobs imeorebs,

Tumca, misgan gansxvavebiT, is ar axsenebs Sah abasis vaJs, romlis gamefebasac TiTqos undi-

laZeebis klani apirebda. sayuradReboa aseve misi informacia somexTa kaTalikosis mzao-

baze, rom is TeimurazTan erTad, somexTa jariT CarTuliyo yarabaRze laSqrobaSi, Tumca

Teimurazma somexTa gegma ganuxorcieleblad miiCnia da, amdenad, molaparakebac ar Sedga

(kakabaZe 1925: 239).

gansxvavebulad aSuqeben undilaZeTa gvaris aRsasrulis ambebs beri egnataSvili da

vaxuSti batoniSvili. beri egnataSvilis gadmocemiT, undilaZeebi didi xnis manZilze erT-

gulad emsaxurebodnen Sah abass, magram bolos „sZlia Cveulebaman miundoblobisa maTisa-

man da siborotisaman, viTarca Tqmul ars: Cveuleba sjulsa umtkice ariso“ (yauxCiSvili

1959: 416). amis gamo Seupyria Sah sefis daud-xanis Svili, Zma, ZmisSvilebi da dauxocia. amis

gamgone daud-xani, yajarTa jaris TanxlebiT, ganjidan kaxeTisken gaemarTa Teimuraz mef-

esTan. misi TavxedobiT aRSfoTebulma Sahma sadamsjelo laSqari gagzavna saqarTveloSi

spasalar rostom-xan saakaZis meTaurobiT, qarTlSi gasamefeblad xosro-mirza gamogzavna,

kaxeTi ki selim-xans uboZa (yauxCiSvili 1959: 417). analogiuria vaxuSti batoniSvilis in-

formacia (yauxCiSvili 1973: 437, 594). amrigad, maTi monaTxrobidan gamodis, rom daud-xanis

ganawyenebis mizezi Sah sefis mier misi sanaTesaos amowyveta iyo, Tumca es versia movlenaTa

ganviTarebis mizez-Sedegobriv logikur kavSirs ar Seesabameba da naklebad damajerebelia.

aq uTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom xsenebul qarTvel mematianeTa moRvaweobis periodi

(XVIII saukune) sakmaod daSorebulia Cven mier ganxiluli movlenebidan, sparsuli wyaroebi

ki, romlebic zog SemTxvevebSi TviTmxilvelis piriT afiqsireben faqtebs, gacilebiT adek-

vaturad asaxaven realobas. Tumca rogorc saerTod yvela wyaro, isinic kritikul anal-

izs saWiroeben. sparsul saistorio Txzulebebzea dafuZnebuli iranul garemoSi moRvawe

farsadan gorgijaniZis naSromSi warmodgenili informacia, kerZod, eWvs ar unda iwvevdes,

rom swored daud-xanis ajanyebis Sedegad amowyvita Sah sefim undilaZeebi. amasTanave ga-

saTvaliswinebelia is istoriuli realobac, rom Sah sefi gamefebisTanave Seudga Tavisi pa-

pis karTan daaxloebul didmoxeleTa Tavidan moSorebas. am siaSi liderTa Soris erT-erTi

yvelaze gavleniani undilaZeTa klani iyo, romelic upirispirdeboda meore politikur da-

jgufebas xosro-mirzas meTaurobiT. am ukanasknels ki, rogorc cnobilia, Tavad Sahi lobi-

rebda. ase rom, zemoT xsenebulma amboxebam katalizatoris roli Seasrula da Sah sefimac

es sagvareulo aRgava pirisagan miwisa. rac Seexeba imamyuli xanis CarTulobas amboxebaSi,

wyaroebi erTxmad afiqsireben mis udanaSaulobas, Tumca, savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom is Sina-

ganad TanaugrZnobda da gulSematkivrobda ajanyebulebs, magram garegnulad es arasodes

gamJRavnebula. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, romelime wyaroSi gakvriT mainc iqneboda miniSeba

amis Taobaze.

rogorc zemoT iTqva, Sah sefim TiTqmis mTlianad gaJlita daud-xanis sanaTesao,

Tumca zogierTi maTgani represiebs gadaurCa, romelTa saxelebi istoriam Semogvinaxa.

am kuTxiT sayuradReboa XVII saukunis iraneli avtoris mohammad Taher nasrabadis anTo-

logia „Tezqere-ie al-Soara“, romelSic moyvanilia iranuli kulturis rCeul moRvaweTa

biografiuli monacemebi da maTi nawarmoebebis nimuSebi, maT Soris, qarTuli warmoSobis

poetebisac. anTologiaSi daculi cnobebis Tanaxmad, iranis literaturul asparezze sa-

patio adgili ekavaT alaverdi-xanis STamomavlebs: aRurlu-xans, madhuSs, mosib-begs (fu-

TuriZe 1947: 289-295). sxva sparsuli anTologiebi – mir huseinis „Tezqere-ie hoseini“ da

seid-ali hasan-xan sahebis „sobh-e golSan“ ufro detalurad gviamboben maT Sesaxeb da maTi

undilaZeTa sagvareulos aRsasruli sefianTa iranSi sparsul weril ob iT w yaroTa...

– 32 –

nana gelaSvili

poeturi qmnilebebis nimuSebsac gvacnoben. maTi gadmocemiT, imamyuli-xanis zogierTi vaJi

Sah sefis represiebs gadaurCa, romlebmac literaturul moRvaweobas mihyves xeli. maT-

gan, upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia aRurlu-xani, romlis literaturuli fsevdonimi iyo

„Sola“. rodesac Sah sefis brZanebiT, imamyuli xani SvilebTan erTad daxoces, aRurlu-xan-

ic daupatimrebiaT, Tvalebi dauTxriaT da am yofaSi dalia man suli. „miuxedavad aseTi

mZime mdgomareobisa, mas leqsis werisa da poetobis survili mainc SemorCa“ (Todua 1971:

180-181); (suxiaSvili 2000: 79).

undilaZeTa gvaris STamomavali iyo seid mobaraq-xan Sirazeli, romelic „madhuSis“

fsevdonimiT moRvaweobda. nasrabadi gvamcnobs, rom poetis mama arabeTis vali iyo deda ki

„udidesi mxedarTmTavris imamyuli-xanis qaliSvili“. avtori maRal Sefasebas aZlevs mis

poezias, pirovnuli Tvisebebis warmoCenisas ki SeniSnavs, rom „finansebis Senaxvas ar cdi-

lobs da mudam fantavs“ (suxiaSvili 2000: 79). nasrabadi gvacnobs aseve mosib-begs, rome-

lic imamyuli-xanis STamomavali iyo da yorCiebis fenas ganekuTvneboda. misi papa sulTan

Tamaz-yuli yofila – imamyuli xanis SviliSvili (suxiaSvili 2000: 82). warmodgenili lit-

eraturuli anTologiebidan naTelia, rom xsenebuli poetebi nayofierad moRvaweobdnen

iranis literaturul asparezze da maT saTanado adgilic moipoves mdidari tradiciebis

mqone sparsul poeziaSi.

dabolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom Sah sefis mier undilaZeTa sagvareulos mimarT ganxor-

cielebuli sastiki RonisZiebebis miuxedavad, isini daviwyebas ar miscemian da mravalmxrivi

moRvaweobis wyalobiT, sapatio adgili daimkvidres iranis istoriaSi. amis sailustraciod

araerTi magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba, romelTagan mxolod ramdenimes davasaxelebT: sayov-

elTaodaa cnobili alaverdi-xanis xidi isfahanSi, sadac misi sulisCamdgmelis ukvdavsay-

ofad, misi biustia ganTavsebuli. alaverdi-xanis saxea aRbeWdili aseve isfahanis Cehelso-

Tunis sasaxlis cnobil kedlis uzarmazar freskaze, romelzedac Sah abass mxars umSveneben

yvelaze TvalsaCino saxelmwifo moRvaweebi, maT Soris, alaverdi xani. misi ufrosi vaJis

– imamyuli-xanis Zegli ki 1990 wels daidga kunZul qeSmze (sparseTis yureSi) misive saxelo-

bis moedanze, 1622 wels hormuzidan portugalielebis gandevnaSi misi didi damsaxurebis

ukvdavsayofad.

damowmebani

akimuSkini 1976         

Иран,

barsovi 1870: Подробное описание Голштинского посольства в Московию и Персию в 1633, 1636 и 1639 годах,

составленное секретарем посольства Адамом Олеарием,

gabaSvili 1972: v. gabaSvili. undilaanT feodaluri saxli XVI-XVII ss. iranSi, maxlobeli

aRmosavleTis istoriis sakiTxebi, II, Tbilisi.

gelaSvili 1981: isqander munSi. abasis qveynis damamSvenebeli istoriis gagrZeleba, sparsul

teqsts gamokvleva, qarTuli Targmani, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo nana gelaSvilma,

Tbilisi.

gelaSvili 2008: n. gelaSvili. qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi da Sah sefi I (1629-1642), axlo aRmosavleTi da

saqarTvelo,V, Tbilisi.

gelaSvili 2009: n. gelaSvili. undilaZeTa sagvareulo iranis kulturul asparezze, samecniero

paradigmebi, Tbilisi.

gelaSvili, arCvaZe 2016: n. gelaSvili, m. arCvaZe. XVII saukunis sparsuli saistorio wyaro iran-saqa-

rTvelos urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, aRmosavleTmcodneoba #5, Tbilisi.

giorgaZe 1976: don kristeforo de kasteli. cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, teqsti gaS-

ifra, Targmna, gamokvlevebi da komentarebi daurTo beJan giorgaZem, Tbilisi.

giorgaZe 1977: don pietro avitabile. cnobebi saqarTveloze (XVII s.), Sesavali, Targmani da komen-

tarebi beJan giorgaZisa, Tbilisi.

Todua 1971: m. Todua. qarTul-sparsuli etiudebi, I, Tbilisi.

kakabaZe 1925: farsadan gorgijaniZe. istoria, saistorio moambe, II, s. kakabaZis gamocema, Tbilisi.

karmelitebis qronika 1939: A Chronicle of the Carmelites in Persia and the Papal Mission of the XVIIth and the

XVIIIth Centuries, vol. I, London.

– 33 –

kucia 1963: k. kucia. kavkasiuri elementi sefianTa iranis politikur sarbielze, maxlobel

aRmosavleTis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi.

kucia 1972: k. kucia, isfahanis qarTveli taruRebi. maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriis sakiTxebi,

II, Tbilisi.

mikrofilmi: mohammad ma’sum. xulasaT as-siiar, sanqt-peterburgis aRmosavleTmcodneobis insti-

tutis xelnawerTa ganyofileba, mikrofilmi # 127 (sparsul enaze).

natroSvili 1974: T. natroSvili. maSriyiT maRribamde, Tbilisi.

rota 2001: G. Rota. Three Less Known Persian Sources of the 17th Century, Orientalist, I, Tbilisi.

seivori 1980: R. Savory. Iran under the Safavids, Cambridge University Press.

suxiaSvili 2006: m. suxiaSvili. sparsuli Tezqereebi, rogorc wyaro iran-saqarTvelos

urTierTobis istoriisaTvis (XVII s.), sakandidato disertacia, g. wereTlis saxelobis aRmo-

savleTmcodneobis instituti, Tbilisi.

fuTuriZe 1942: v. fuTuriZe. „ukeTesTagan ukeTesi (istoria)“ haji mehdi-yuli yajarisa, masalebi

saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 2, Tbilisi.

fuTuriZe 1947: v. fuTuriZe. qarTveli moRvaweni iranis kulturul asparezze, analebi, I, Tbilisi.

yauxCiSvili 1959: beri egnataSvili. axali qarTlis cxovreba, pirveli teqsti, qarTlis cxovreba,

teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II, Tbilisi.

yauxCiSvili 1973: batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti

dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV, Tbilisi.

xansari 1939: mohammad iusuf xuld-e barin, Ta’lif-e suheili xansari, Teirani (sparsul enaze).

javaxia 2005: b. javaxia. saqarTvelo da qarTvelebi adam oleariusis mogzaurobis wignSi, Tbilisi.

THE END OF THE UNDILADZE FAMILY IN THE SAFAVID IRAN

IN THE LIGHT OF PERSIAN WRITTEN SOURCES

Nana Gelashvili

In the present paper our conclusions are based on the comparativist review and critical analysis of infor-

mation kept in the Persian sources with the other sources containing parallel references. In particular, the revolt

organized by Daud-Khan Undiladze and King Teimuraz I in the autumn of 1632, which was directed against

the Safavid government, served as a catalyst for the brutal punitive operations against the Undiladzes’ fami-



informed that the Undiladze brothers were planning to enthrone the illegitimate son of Shah Abbas I, which



had a negative attitude towards the Undiladzes as soon as he had occupied the throne, who, together with their

supporters, opposed the second group of Georgians ascended in Iran, led by Khosro-Mirza (later Wali (i.e.



undilaZeTa sagvareulos aRsasruli sefianTa iranSi sparsul weril ob iT w yaroTa...

– 34 –

amirani da tarieli („amiranianisa“ da „vefxistyaosnis“

urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis)

goCa kuWuxiZe

naSromSi, romelic qarTuli folkloris personaJ amiranis saxelis geneziss, agreTve,

amiranisa da berZnuli panTeoniseuli promeTesa da kavkasiis sxva miTologiuri personaJeb-

is urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebs exeba, gamoTqmuli gvaqvs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, ami-

ranis Sesaxeb Semonaxul TqmulebebSi warmarTul taZarTa Soris brZolis kvalia SemorCeni-

li, Cven amiranisa da „vefxistyaosniseuli“ tarielis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxsac Sevex-

eT, axla, sanam ganvavrcobdeT am Temas, saWirod migvaCnia, mokled gavixsenoT, kidev ris

Sesaxeb iyo xsenebul werilSi saubari (ix. kuWuxiZe 2020).

Cven yuradRebas im garemoebaze vamaxvilebdiT, rom gaampartavnebis gamo dasjili

gmiris Sesaxeb Tqmulebebi kavkasiis vrcel regionSia cnobili (afxazuri eposis abrskili,

osuri narTebis baTraZi, adiRevelTa nasireni, somexTa mheri, megruli folkloris aramx-

utu... (kiknaZe 2001). zurab kiknaZes naTlad aqvs naCvenebi, rom gaampartavnebaa am gmirTa

saerTo niSani; promeTesTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSnavdiT, rom bolo wlebSi gavrcelda azri,

romlis Tanaxmad, amiranisa da promeTes dakavSireba ar aris gamarTlebuli imitom, rom ami-

rani ampartavnebis, promeTe ki xalxisadmi Tavganwirvis gamo isjeba. arsebobs mosazreba,

rom, radgan amirani ufro fizikur, promeTe ki inteleqtualur Zalas eyrdnoba, amirani

promeTesaze adreuli epoqis warmomadgenelia.

Cveni azriT, kavkasiis personaJTagan promeTes gamoTiSva ar SeiZleba im ubralo mizezis

gamo, rom, berZnuli literaturis Tanaxmad, kavkasionis mTazea promeTe mijaWvuli da

warmoudgenlad gvesaxeba promeTesTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ise kvleva, rom ar gaviT-

valiswinoT kavkasiis vrcel regionSi arsebuli Tqmulebebi, romelTa araerTi variantis

mixedviT, adgilobrivi dasjili gmiric mTaSia datyvevebuli; ramdenadac isic naTlad

Cans, rom kavkasiaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli mijaWvuli gmiris saxe da saeWvoa, mxolod

literaturuli an saberZneTidan CamosulTa (vTqvaT, saqaravno gzaze mogzauri vaWrebis)

mier moTxrobili gadmocemebis gziT iyos igi aq fexmokidebuli, gamovTqviT mosazreba,

rom romeliRac iseTi Zalian mniSvnelovani movlena momxdara kavkasiaSi, rac berZnul

literaturaSic aisaxa; berZnebi titanad miiCneven promeTes, RvTaeba aris igi, aqedan ga-

momdinare, gveqmneba STabeWdileba, rom religiuri personaJi iyo kavkasielTa gmiri, rom

transformirebuli saxiTaa SemorCenili misi saxe, romlis genezisic erT-erT warmarTul

taZarTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.

Semdeg aRvniSnavdiT, rom warmarTul taZars ideologia, SesaZloa, siyvarulze

hqondes dafuZnebuli, magram zog taZarSi siyvaruls logika, gansja axlavs Tan, zogSi ki

ZiriTadad mxolod rwmena, xilva, orakuluri Wvretaa warmmarTveli; did siyvaruls logi-

kuri axsna ar sWirdeba, adamians uyvars, swams, TviTonac ar icis, ratom, magram Tavganwirva

SeuZlia siyvarulisTvis; oRond, amgvar siyvaruls meore mxarec aqvs: Tu moxdeba ise, rom

logikas gaeqceva adamiani, araa SeuZlebeli, misi siyvaruli fanatizmSi gadaizardos, rom

imgvarma rwmenam, rogorsac dRes brmas uwodeben, azrovnebis daqveiTeba gamoiwvios, aseT

adamians agresiac sZlevs xolme, Tavmoyvareoba advilad elaxeba, logikuri dafiqrebis

unari usustdeba da veRar xvdeba, rom gonierebas didi sikeTe moaqvs; adamiani, romelic

logikur gansjas ar uTmobs yuradRebas, cxovrebis dasawyisSi xSirad keTilia, borote-

basTan brZolaSic imarjvebs, magram, Tu gonierebisa da logikis naklebobaa masSi, Semdeg,

garda imisa, rom, SesaZloa, fanatikosad iqces, araa gamoricxuli, ampartavnebamac sZlios,

sakuTari Tavi yvelaze Zlierad moeCvenos, veRar mixvdes, vis unda ebrZolos da vis - ara

da Tavisianic gamoiwvios metoqed da es Tavisiani sakuTari mSobelic iyos; iqve naTqvami

gvqonda, rom ugono gznebas, aseT siyvaruls, ubedurebamdec mihyavs adamiani da rom, cxa-

– 35 –

dia, idealuri viTareba maSin iqmneba, roca harmoniuladaa Sezavebuli rwmena da logika da

calmxrivoba ar batonobs adamianSi.

Tu religiuri gmiri iyo amiranis winasaxe, safiqrebelia, rom taZarSi aRiarebuli

kulti iqneboda igi, Tqmulebebidan moCans mzisdari Wabuki, satrfos saZebnelad mimavali

arafers rom ar uSindeba, vinc cecxlovani gznebiTaa savse, vxedavT, rom veSapebsa da uamrav

devs xocavs gzaze, rom satrfos mamasac ebrZvis Semdeg, itacebs yamars da Cven winaSe nel

nela iseTi adamianis saxe ikveTeba, romelsac eCveneba, rom misi momrevi aravinaa qveyanaze da

male ki im kacad gvevlineba amirani, romelic RmerTs uwyebs brZolas... Tu kavkasiis erT-er-

Ti warmarTuli taZris kulti iyo amiranis „winapari“, igi da, saerTod, am taZris ideolo-

gia, miuRebeli iqneboda iseTi taZrisTvis, romelSic logikaze dafuZnebuli erT-erTi

elinuri, an misi msgavsi, filosofia iyo gamarjvebuli, romelSic miaCndaT, rom saSiSia

iseTi siyvaruli, gansja rom ar axlavs Tan, ugono cecxli da gzneba miuRebeli iqneboda

am taZrisaTvis, iq, albaT, miiCnevdnen, rom ugono siyvaruli ukeTurebasac akeTebinebs

adamians, rom aseTi siyvarulisgan gaSmagebuls, SesaZloa, arafrad uRirdes sulieris mok-

vdineba. zogjer arafris gamo waarTmevs mas sicocxles) da arc isaa moulodneli, imdenad

aitanos ampartavnebam, rom Tavad RmerTs gamoucxados brZola.

Cven vvaraudobdiT, rom taZarTa Soris brZolis kvali unda iyos amiranis miTSi

SemorCenili, rom iseTma sasuliero centrebma, romlebSic rwmenasTan erTad gansjis un-

ari da logikuri azrovneba iyo umaRles rangSi ayvanili, romelTa ideologiis safuZ-

vels erT-erTi elinuri, an msgavsi, filosofia warmoadgenda da romelnic saberZneTis

centrebTan iqnebodnen dakavSirebulni, im taZars gamoucxades brZola, romelic ZiriT-

adad intuitiur, orakulur Wvretaze iyo dafuZnebuli, dasaSvebad miviCnieT mosazreba,

rom zegavlena moaxdines maT orakulur taZrebze, rom amiraniseuli „ugono vneba“ Sez-

Rudes, rom religiuri Tu romelime Zlieri saxelmwifo Zalis CareviT Seicvala aseTi taZ-

ris ideologia, anu, sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, rkiniseburma logikam SezRuda, SeboWa cecx-

lovani da ugono vneba da, ideologiis cvlasTan erTad, damTavrda am taZarSi marad mgzne-

bare, magram „elinuri“ logikisagan naklulevani, uZleveli gmiris Sesaxeb ambebis Txroba

da rusTvelisebur gamoTqmas Tu mivmarTavT, „Smagi“ gzneba misabaZad aRar iqna miCneuli;

amis Semdeg iseTi gmiri warmodgeboda am taZarSi idealad, romelsac, did siyvarulTan er-

Tad, arc goniereba da logika aklia da swored amiT aRwevs sulier sarbielze gamarjvebas

xsenebul werilSi swored am sakiTxebze msjelobisas miiqcia Cveni yuradReba faqtma, rom

„vefxistyaosanSi“ „Smag“ tariels avTandilis goniereba daayenebs gadarCenis gzaze, rac

safiqrebels xdis, rom xalxSi SemorCenili iyo sxvadasxva saxiT arsebuli Tqmulebebi „Sma-

gi“ Wabukis Sesaxeb, rom am Tqmulebebs Semdeg rusTveli gaexmaura da isic aCvena poemaSi,

Zlieri goniereba rom sWirdeba aseT adamians gasamarjveblad; maSin gamovTqviT mosazre-

ba, rom amiranis gza tarielTan gagrZelda, rom „vefxistyaosanSi“ daixata amiraniseuli

problemidan gamosavali.Cveni azriT, swored es iyo kavkasiaSi momxdari is mniSvnelovani

movlena, romlis Sesaxebac zemoT vsaubrobdiT, vfiqrobT, rom am movlenisadmi yuradReba

kavkasiis farglebs gascdeboda da dasaSvebad miviCnevT varauds, romlis Tanaxmad, aseTi

msoflmxedvelobrivi reforma ganxorcielda kavkasiis im erT-erT Zlier taZarSi,

romelic manamde ar Rebulobda amgvar, elinurTan axlos myofsa Tu Tavad romelsame

elinur (im droisaTvis, iqneb, axal) swavlebas.

Cveni SexedulebiT, reformis Semdeg, rogorc iTqva, axali gmiri warmoCndeboda

taZarSi idealad, Zvelis qeba dasruldeboda, Tumc, xalxSi legendebad darCeboda istorie-

bi gmirze, albaT gavrcelda Tqmulebebi uZleveli Wabukis Sesaxeb, romelic bolos jaWviT

Seborka RmerTma, gmirobaTa ambebs Zveleburad moyvebodnen, magram Zvel ambebs daemateboda

axali istoriebi imis Sesaxeb, rom jaWviT Seiborka gmiri, savaraudoa, rom swored im taZarSi

gaCnda istoriebi, romlebic logikis aucileblobis maRiarebel berZnul filosofiur

skolebTan iyo axlos, iq, albaT, meore nawilTan erTad yvebodnen gaampartavnebuli

gmiris Sesaxeb ambebs, Cven migvaCnia, rom swored am taZridan gavrceldeboda saberZneTSi

ambebi cecxlovani Wabukis Seborkvis Sesaxeb, saberZneTis taZarSic gaCndeboda miTi kavka-

siis qedze mijaWvul gmirze, Semdeg ki berZen mweralTa wignebSi gadainacvlebda es gmiri

da, vfiqrobT, berZnul literaturaSi ase unda iyos aRmocenebuli promeTes istoria.

amirani da tarieli („amiranianisa“ da „vefxistyaosnis“ urTierTmimarTebis...

– 36 –

goCa kuWuxiZe

Cven migvaCnia, rom amirani da promeTe sakmaod gvanan erTmaneTs: ampartavnebis cod-

vaSi promeTec aris Cavardnili, mets Tu ara, amiranze aranakleb ampartavnebas amJRavnebs

maSin, roca zevss eurCeba da cecxls itacebs adamianTaTvis; arcerT kavkasiel personaJs

ar moutacia cecxli, magram, Tu taZris kulti iyo maTi arqetipi, cxadia, rom, rogorc mis-

abaZi gmiri, im cecxlovan gznebasTan da energiasTan aziarebda igi adamianebs, romlebsac

gansjis gareSe cxovrebis SemTxvevaSi daRupvis piras SeuZliaT adamianis miyvana; promeTe

da amirani mTavari niSnebiT msgavsni arian, SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom promeTe saberZneTis

filosofiuri samyarodan danaxuli is kavkasieli gmiria, romlis sulier mxareebsac kar-

gad kveTs berZnuli mwerloba, is filosofia, is simSvidisagan dauwmendeli cecxlovani

gzneba logikisagan SeuboWvelobis SemTxvevaSi saSiS formebs rom Rebulobs, Cans, sim-

bolurad promeTeseuli cecxlis saxiT Cndeba berZnul mwerlobaSi.

amrigad, xsenebul werilSi gamoTqmuli gvaqvs mosazreba, rom kavkasiaSi, mis taZrebSi,

unda iyos warmoSobili miTi, romelic, erTi mxriv, amiranisa da sxva msgavs personaJTa

Sesaxeb arsebulma Tqmulebebma da, meore mxriv, promeTes Sesaxeb dawerilma istoriebma

Semogvinaxa.

zviad gamsaxurdia miiCnevda, rom kavkasionze promeTes mijaWvis miTSi proto-iberTa

teritoriebze dasaxlebul indo-evropelTagan adgilobrivi RvTaebebis Seviwroeba da in-

tuitiur-naTelmxilveluri Wvretis SezRudvaaa simbolurad asaxuli (gamsaxurdia 1991a:

198-199); am sakiTxebis kvlevisas Cven xalxTa migraciis Sesaxeb ar gvimsjelia, magram is azri

gaviziareT, rom logikuri azrovneba da intuitiuri Wvreta, marTlac, aris asaxuli prom-

eTes miTSi da, rogorc vnaxeT, „amiranianisa“ da „vefxistyaosnis“ dakavSirebulobis Sesax-

ebac daviwyeT saubari (kuWuxiZe 2020: 150-162).

„amiranianisa“ da „vefxistyaosnis“ urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs araerTi mkvlevari

Sexebia:

k. kekeliZis Tanaxmad, literaturulma „amirandarejanianma“ axali xalxuri Tqmule-

bebi, zRaprebi, legendebi warmoSva, Tumc, rogorc igi aRniSnavda, Tavis mxriv, am yvelafer-

mac moaxdina „amirandarejanianze“ zegavlena (kekeliZe 1981: 82-84); mkvlevari wers, rom:

saqarTveloSi [...] Zalian popularuli yofila Tqmulebani amiranis Sesaxeb“, rom „ami-

randarejanianis“ avtoris mier gaerTianebulia erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli Tqmule-

bebi, romelTagan „zogi adgilobrivi, qarTuli warmoSobisaa“, misi TqmiT, „es unda iyos

zRapari mzeWabukis Sesaxeb“ da igive gansakuTebulad amiranis zRaparze iTqmis (kekeliZe

1981: 75-76).

k. kekeliZes paralelebi aqvs daZebnili „amirandarejaniansa“ da „vefxistyaosans“ So-

ris (kekeliZe 1981: 138-145) da mTeli misi msjeloba im azris ganmamtkicebelic xdeba, rom

„vefxistyaosans“ atyvia „amiranianis“ kvali.

m. Ciqovani „vefxistyaosnis“ sawyisebs folklorul „tarielianSi“ eZebda da am ukanask-

nels „amiranianis“ konteqstSi ganixilavda (Ciqovani 1959), Tumc, miaCnda, rom xalxurma

„tarielianma“ SemdgomSi „vefxistyaosnis“ zegavlena ganicada, ramac „tarielianis“ aRdge-

na gaarTula, aqedan gamomdinare, k. kekeliZes eeWveboda, rom „xalxurisa da literaturu-

li vefxistyaosnis urTierTobis Sesaxeb“ Ciqovaniseul msjelobas sargebeli mohqonda, ma-

gram k. kekeliZis naSromze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom igi ar gamoricxavda varauds, romlis

Tanaxmad, arsebobda Zveli eposic, romelSic tarielis, abesalomisa da eTeris, rostomisa

da sxvaTa Sesaxeb iyo moTxrobili; mkvlevari imasac aRniSnavda, rom „m. Ciqovanis Sromebi

sayuradReboa qarTuli folkloris siuJeturi paleontologiis TvalsazrisiT Seswavli-

saTvis“; _ kekeliZe 1981: 168-169 ).

l. fircxalavam Tqmulebebsa da „vefxistyaosans“ Soris siuJetTan, fabulasTan, kom-

poziciur wyobasTan, tipologiasTan dakavSirebuli paralelebi moiZia: „amiranis miTi iw-

yeba moxuci monadiris daxasiaTebiT, „vefxistyaosanic“ moxuci mefis daxasiaTebiT aris

dawyebuli“; sulkalmaxis daxasiaTebas misi sacxovrebeli garemosa da ojaxis wevrTa aR-

wera mosdevs, igive xdeba „vefxistyaosanSi“; „amiranianSi“ naCvenebia, rom sulkalmaxi sa-

nadirod midis, imaves akeTeben rostevani da avTandili; „sulkalmaxis nadirobis Semdeg

miTSi vxvdebiT kldes“, „vefxistyaosanSi“ „mefisa da spaspetis nadirobis Semdgom aRweril

– 37 –

peizaJSi gamoCndeba klde“; sulkalmaxi nadirobis Semdeg „gaigonebs xmas, romelic ucxoa

misTvis“, rusTvelis poemis gmirebi xvdebian „ucxo moymes“; „orivegan cdiloben masTan mi-

axloebas“... paralelebi sxva SemTxvevebSic iZebneba; _ fircxalava 1998: 6-8).

d. bedianiZis azriT:

amiranis miTis bevr variantSi mocemuli gvaqvs gmiris Tavgadasavlis bednieri dasas-

ruli, riTac igi enaTesaveba zRaprebs da rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom evoluciis raRac

etapze miTisaTvis ucnobi iyo ufalTan gmiris dapirispireba“ (bedianiZe 1998: 6).

dakvirveba, rom „amiranians“ odesRac bednieri dasasruli hqonda, aZlierebs Cvens

varauds, romlis Tanaxmad, amiranis miTze mogvianebiT, ukve axali taZris wiaRSi, aris

damatebuli ambebi gmiris mijaWvis Sesaxeb; cxadia, sainteresoa azri, rom „matriarqatis

patriarqatiT Secvlis safexurze unda iyos Seqmnili miTis is plasti, romelSic amirani

ebrZvis qalebs“ (bedianiZe 1998: 5).

Cvens zemoxsenebul naSromSi ZiriTadad saxel amiranis genezisis sakiTxebSi garkvevas

visaxavdiT miznad; Cveni mxedvelobis arealSi moeqca falauri sityvebi mze

mzeebisa“), dagvebada azri, rom amiranis Zveli saxeli gavrcelebuli iyo Semoklebuli for-

miT imihran, rom imihranad ixseniebdnen am gmirs da Semdeg misi saxeli transformirda

rogorc amihran (amiran), vwerdiT imasac, rom falauri warmoSobis saxeli ar metyvelebs

imaze, TiTqos Tavad personaJic iranuli warmoSobisaa, aRvniSnavdiT, rom Tavdapirvelad,

SesaZloa, sxva saxeliT ixseniebdnen am gmirs da falauri saxeli ki iranuli eqspansiis dros

iranuli kulturis gavleniT gaCnda; amirans, SesaZloa, hqonda qarTuli, an qarTveluri,

saxeli, romelic, iqneb, daaxloebiT ase JRerda: mzeTa mze... rom iranuli warmoSobis mqon-

eTagan, am mxriv, sainteresoa saxelebi: xvaramze (xvaramZe), xviara... (kuWuxiZe 2020: 149-150).

Tu davuSvebT, rom amiranze Tqmulebebsa da promeTes miTSi taZarTa Soris msoflmxed-

velobrivi dapirispirebis kvalia SemorCenili da rom „amiranianis“ gavlena „vefxistyaosan-

Sic“ aisaxa, maSin Cven winaSe Zalian saintereso suraTi warmoCindeba, kerZod, safiqrebeli

xdeba, rom rusTvelisdroindel saqarTveloSi arsebobda warmarTobis droidan dasabam-

dadebuli Tqmulebebi Wabukze, romelic mgznebare siyvaruliT iyo satrfos mimarT savse,

daeZebda mas da, miuxedavad imisa, rom ipova, bednierebas ver eRirsa, radgan ampartavnebam

aitana, ris gamoc RvTisgan daisaja; zog TqmulebaSi mis falavnur Zalaze, zogSi ki ampar-

tavnebaze iqneboda yuradReba gamaxvilebuli. magaliTad, adiReur eposSi nasireni amis gamo

Zalian uaryofiT konteqstSia moxseniebuli: „muxanaTuria Seni qcevani, RvTis sityvas da

saqmes Sen pativs ar scem. o, RvTisgan SeCvenebulo, [...] vidre Cven ar agxsniT, RmerTi gakaveb-

des mand“ (kiknaZe 200: 273-274) . Cans, xalxSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi yvebodnen ambebs mzisdar

Wabukze, romelic ver eRirsa Tavis ulamazes satrfosTan erTad bednierebas; gansxvavebuli

saxisa iqneboda es Tqmulebebi, sxvadasxva epoqa gansxvavebul esTetikas Sematebda maT, zo-

gjer Tu mzeWabuki iqneboda, zogjer sparsuli, falavnur, dev-gmirul esTetikasTan daka-

vSirebuli, elementebi SeiWreboda TxrobaSi, erT SemTxvevaSi Tu arabuli warmoSobis saxe-

li yamari erqmeoda qals, ufro adre, iqneb, mTvaris asulad, an zeciur koSkSi gamomwyvdeul

da Tavisi mzeWabukis momlodine im qalwulad iyo warmodgenili, cxra mTisa da cxra zRvis

iqidan rom eloda metrfes, mzisa da mTvaris Seyris Sesaxeb ulamazesi xateba iqneboda am

TqmulebebSi warmoCenili; droTa ganmavlobaSi saxelebic SeecvlebodaT gmirebs, erovnu-

li elferic, magram, Cans, TqmulebaTa umetesobaSi, rogorc iTqva, ver eRirsnen satrfoebi

bednierebas, saboloo bednierebas ver miaRwies, radgan Wabuks is cecxlovani „ugono gzne-

ba da cecxli“, is „vefxistyaosniseuli“ „siSmage“ SeuSlida xels, romelsac goniereba da

simSvide ar awonasworebs da romelic ara mxolod WabukSi, aramed asulSic Zalumad iCens

xolme Tavs.adreul epoqaSi, sanam orakuluri taZris msoflmxedvelobiT sazrdoobda da is

meore nawili daemateboda albaT, romelSic Wabukis Seborkvazea moTxrobili, rogorc ze-

moTac gamoCnda, iqneb, hqonda bednieri daboloeba, magram TqmulebebSi adreve gaqreboda

aseTi dasasruli, radgan gaiazrebda xalxi, rom ampartavneba bednierebisagan acilebs

adamians), Tu „vefxistyasosniseuli“ tarielis winasaxe amirani iyo, maSin safiqrebeli xde-

ba, rom xalxSi rusTvelis drosac yvebodnen mijnuris saZebnelad „velad gaWril“ yrmaze,

amirani da tarieli („amiranianisa“ da „vefxistyaosnis“ urTierTmimarTebis...

– 38 –

goCa kuWuxiZe

romelsac „Smagi mijnuroba“ stanjavda, savaraudoa, rom xalxSi gavrcelebul swored amg-

var ambebs gulisxmobs rusTveli, roca brZanebs: „mo, davsxdeT, tarielisTvis cremli gvdis

SeuSrobili“ da igia, vinc klasikuri saxe misca am ambebs da erT-erTi idea, rac warmoaCina,

is gaxldaT, rom did siyvaruls, „siSmages“ (tarieli) goniereba (avTandili) unda awonas-

worebdes, mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi eRirsebaT mijnurebs bedniereba, maSin moxdeba ise, rom

ampartavnebasa da brZolis arasworad warmarTul Jins daicxrobs da aRar Caidens Wabuki im

Secdomas, romlis gamoc isjeba; goniereba, simSvide is Tvisebebia, romelic ucilobelad

unda sdevdes uzomod did siyvaruls, raTa netarebasa da bednierebas eRirson adamianebi.

rusTvelis drosac araerTgvarovani iqneboda tarielis Sesaxeb moTxrobili ambebi:

erT TqmulebaSi Tu siyvarulis gamo velad gaWril moymeze moyvebodnen, sxvaSi ityodnen,

rom ipova man satrfo, magram bolos Secodebis gamo datyvevda, zogjer, iqneb, isev kldeze

mijaWvis istoriiT, zogjer ki mRvimeSi gamoketvis ambiT sruldeboda ambavi, naTqvami iyo,

rom gamoketilia da dResac elis gmiri gaTavisuflebas; ambebi, SesaZloa, gansxvavdeboda

erTmaneTisgan, magram personaJTa ZiriTadi niSnebi – msgavsi iqneboda; umTavresi, rac am

personaJebs aerTianebda, albaT is iyo, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi is Smagi xasiaTi iwevda win,

romelic zogjer gons akargvinebda da im ampartavnebis codvaSic agdebda gmirs, rac bed-

nierebis miRwevaSi xels uSlida...

tarielis „winaparze“ saubrisas, radgan kldeSi gmiris gamoketvis faqtic vaxseneT,

gavixsenebT somxuri eposis, „daviT sasuncis“, personaJs – „mheri“, romelzec zemoxsenebul

werilSic vwerdiT.

mher umcrosi RmerTs sTxovs, rom sabrZolvelad Sesaferisi metoqe gamougzavnos,

RmerTi ugzavnis Svid angelozs, romelTac amaod ebrZvis mheri; amis Semdeg erT kldesTan

midis igi da Subs styorcnis mas, klde Suaze ipoba, mheri cxenTan erTad kldeSi vardeba,

klde erTdeba da emwyvdevian masSi mheri da cxeni; zogjer ixsneba xolme es klde da erTxel

erTi mwyemsi Seswrebia mis gaxsnas, mhers misTvis uTqvams, rom maSin gaTavisufldeba, roca

xorblis marcvali kaklis, qerisa ki askilis nayofis zomisa gaxdeba (sasunci 1939: 147-148).

pavle ingoroyva am sityvebSi, romelTa Tanaxmad, maSin gaTavisufldeba mheri, roca

xorbali da qeri gamsxvildeba, xedavda gagrZelebas „amiranianis“ erTi variantisa, romel-

Sic moTxrobilia, Tu rogor naxa erTxel mwyemsma gamoqvabulSi gamoketili amirani, rogor

gamoarTva man mwyemss puri, rogor mouWira am purs xeli da rogor wamovida iqidan sisx-

li; pavle ingoroyvas TqmiT, amirani, qarTuli Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, „itanjeboda imis gamo,

rom puri, romelsac adamianebi sWamen, sisxlis wveTiT aris Sesvrili“, „undoda, rom ada-

mians usisxlo puri hqonoda“ da swored misi am ocnebis kvalia asaxuli mherisa da mwyemsis

Sexvedris epizodSi; mkvlevris Tanaxmad, mizezi mheris sityvebis Tqmisa mxolod amiranis

TqmulebiT ixsneba, am Tqmulebis gamoZaxilia mheris sityvebi da es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom

„amiranianidan“ iRebs saTaves mheris saxe; mheris saxelis Sesaxeb mkvlevari aRniSnavda, rom,

niko maris mixedviT, „mheri aris paraleluri forma saxelisa: amirani“ (sasunci 1939: XX-

VII-XXVIII); (kuWuxiZe 2020: 151).

amirani da kldeSi gamomwyvdeuli mheri, marTlac, gvanan erTmaneTs da, Cveni azriT,

arc isaa SeuZlebeli, gamoqvabulSi mcxovrebi tarielic „enaTesavebodes“ kldeSi Caketil

gmirs, rom satrfos moSorebuli da gamoqvabulSi gamoketili amiranis saxesac earseba

odesRac, popularuli yofiliyo xalxSi da Taviseburad isic asaxuliyo poemaSi.

rac Seexeba mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmad, „mheri aris paraleluri forma saxelisa:

amirani“, amis Sesaxeb davZenT: rogorc vnaxeT, Cveni varaudiT, am gmiris saxeli, drois erT

monakveTSi, SesaZloa, JRerda rogorcmzeTa mze“); Tu mheri da amirani erTi

da igive arian, es badebs mosazrebas, romlis mixedviT, orive saxelidan modis,

vfiqrobT, qarTul samyaroSi gmiris saxeli damkvidrebula formiT imihran (amihran, ami-

ran), somxeTSi ki odnav gansxvavebuli formiT gavrcelebula misi saxeli, safiqrebelia, rom

iqis pirveli nawilis transformireba moxda da ase Camoyalibda forma mher; n.

maris mosazreba axlos unda iyos simarTlesTan da, Tu SevecdebiT, davazustoT da ise Cam-

ovayaliboT Cveni daskvna, unda iTqvas, rom es saxelebi _ amirani da mheri _ erTi sawyisidan

Cans miRebuli da rom qarTul samyaroSi imihrani (amirani), somxeTSi ki mheri

darqmevia mihr i mihrans; n. maris varauds, albaT, met damajereblobas sZens mosazreba, rom

– 39 –

mihri mihranidan momdinareobs orive saxeli; iqneb, somxeTSi mihriTac ixseniebdnen xolme,

magram dauokebeli xasiaTis gamo dasjil gmirs iq ar daumkvidrdeboda es saxeli imitom,

rom somxeTSi erT-erT umTavres RvTaebas erqva mihri, – am qveyanaSi arsebobda cnobili

taZari mihrisa, romelic, rogorc miaCniaT, igive miTraa.1

amirans, romlis saxelis genezisi kavkasiaSi mazdeanuri iranis eqspansiis drosTan

unda iyos dakavSirebuli, rogorc iTqva, sxva saxelebic eqneboda; Tuki „vefxistyaosnis“

mTavar personaJTan davakavSirebT „amiranianis“ gmirs, maSin aseTi kiTxvac daismis Cven

winaSe: SeiZleba, Tu ara, vivaraudoT, rom rusTvelis dros xalxur amirans tarielic

(an amis msgavsi saxeli) erqva, rom im tariels, romlis gamoc, odesRac, Cans, „SeuSrobili

cremliT“ yvebodnen ambebs, saxelic akavSirebda xalxur gmirTan. am sakiTxebSi gasarkvevad,

cxadia, aucilebelia, ganvixiloT „vefxistyaosnis“ personaJTa saxelebis warmomavlobaSi.

saxel tarielTan dakavSirebiT ufro gavrcelebulia iustine abulaZis Sexeduleba,

romlis Tanaxmad, „tarieli“ iranuli genezisisaa da misi Tavdapirveli forma iyo „dari-

el“ (abulaZe 1967); korneli kekeliZe iziarebs am azrs, wers, rom tarieli es aris igive

„wminda iranuli saxeli „dariel“ (kekeliZe 1981: 164); zurab WumburiZec aRniSnavs, rom es

saxeli „momdinareobs iranuli dariel-isagan, romelic ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: dar, dara

–„meufe“, „mefe“, „mflobeli“ da iel – „gmiri“, „moyme“, rom e. i. „tarieli niSnavs „mefe

gmirs“ (WumburiZe 1987: 368); arsebobs sxva Sexeulebac: zviad gamsaxurdia am saxelSi gam-

oyofs tar fuZes, klasikur sanskritTan da avestas enasTan akavSirebs mas da dasZens, rom

igi „Sinaarsobrivad dakavSirebulia varskvlaveTis uzenaes sferosTan“, mkvlevari yur-

adRebas im faqtebze amaxvilebs, rom „Tara-ni sanskritulad macxovaria“, rom „hindur enaze

igive niSnavs mzes“ da rom „budizmSi igive „tar“ mxsneli arsebaa, zegrZnobadi da mravalT-

vala, e. i. varskvlaveTTan dakavSirebuli“, rom „tara bai induri varskvlaveTis qalwulia,

romelic arasodes ar berdeba“ da „Tar agreTve qaldeuri Ziria, rac niSnavs Zes da cxovrebis

xes“; Semdeg dasZens, rom El fuZe, „rogorc cnobilia, Zvel enebSi, RvTiurobis aRmniSvne-

lia“, mohyavs magaliTebi „el-elion, eliom, eli“ da askvnis, rom „Sinaarsobrivad tari-el

niSnavs varskvlaveTis ufals, samyaros mefes, pantokrators, varskvlavismier macxovars“

(gamsaxurdia 1991b: 199-200).

rogorc zviad gamsaxurdia aRniSnavs, „tar RvTaebis aRmniSvnelia da misgan aris nawar-

moebi uZvelesi mcireaziuri amindisa da Weqa-quxilis RvTaebebis saxelebi“ (gamsaxurdia

1991a: 242-243); mkvlevris Tanaxmad, „aqadur enaSic fuZe Tar RvTaebriobis aRmniSvnelia“

da „sparsulSi Tar fuZe RvTaebrivis da xSirad qristianulis“ mniSvnelobis mqonea; z.

gamsaxurdia wers: „vnaxoT rogor ixmareba tar-fuZiani saxelebi arabul enaSi da kerZod,

sufizmSi. tar-iq, tar-iqa, niSnavs sufizmis sulier gzas, RvTis gzas, romelsac mihyveba

iniciaciis maZiebeli“ (gamsaxurdia 1991b: 244); z. gamsaxurdias mohyavs sxva magaliTebic,

toponimebi, RvTaebaTa saxelebi, sufisturi terminebi (gamsaxurdia 1991b: 242-246) da iqve

SeniSnavs: „Cveni daskvniT, fuZe Tar paleomediteranuli, paleokavkasiuri da mcireaziu-

ri enobrivi samyarodan modis da warmoadgens misteriaTa sakralur sityvas, Teonims, Rv-

Taebis saxels, kerZod, mcireaziul tarus, Weqa-quxilisa da amindis saxelwodebas [...], es

fuZe pre-semitur, pre-indoevropul da pre-qamitur enebsa da civilizaciebs ukavSirdeba,

xolo xeTurSi, sanskritSi, aqadurSi da sxva semitur qveynebSi, aseve sxva aRmosavlur

qveynebSi aqedan unda iyos gadmosuli“ (gamsaxurdia 1991b: 245).

saxel „darielTan“ dakavSirebiT zviad gamsaxurdia wers:

es saxeli prof. iustine abulaZem daukavSira mariam dedofliseul „qarTlis cxovre-

bis“ nusxaSi (180, 14) moxseniebul saxels iraneli erisTavis darielisas, romelic spars-

Ta mefem gamogzavna saqarTveloSi. „qarTlis cxovrebaSi“ es saxeli gvxvdeba rogorc

„da:rel“, rac aSkara waryvnaaao, gvarwmunebs i. abulaZe, Tumc, es forma kidevac rom war-

moadgendes waryvnas, mainc Znelia daveTanxmoT mkvlevars darielisa da tarielis iden-

tifikaciaSi, vinaidan igi ar ganmartavs, Tu ram gamoiwvia d-s t-d gardaqmna (amgvar Si-

naarsobriv saxelebSi ki gadamwyvetia TiTo fonemac ki), an rad gadrahqmna vefxistyaos-

nis avtorma forma „darieli“ „tarielad“ (gamsaxurdia 1991b: 242).

amirani da tarieli („amiranianisa“ da „vefxistyaosnis“ urTierTmimarTebis...

– 40 –

goCa kuWuxiZe

Tumc, qvemoT vxedavT, rom iranul enobriv samyarosTan am saxelis kavSirs mainc ar

gamoricxavs zviad gamsaxurdia:

amrigad, Tar-isa da El-is kombinacia gvaZlevs tariels, saRvTo gzas, RvTaebriv, zeciur

sawyiss, varskvlaveTis RmerTs, pantokrators, logoss, RmerTmamakacs, es saxeli aris

agreTve sinonimi miqaelisa („Zali RmrTisa“), rac Seexeba i. abulaZiseul gasworebas

„dar-els“, SesaZloa es saxelic enaTesavebodes xsenebul fuZes Dar-Tar, vinaidan Dar me-

fobaa, Tar – RvTaebrioba, rac urTierTdakavSirebulia (gamsaxurdia 1991b: 244-245).

arabul leqsemaSi tarik („gza“) t-r-k Ziri gamoiyofa da ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli, xsen-

ebul sityvaSi proto-arabuli an proto-semituri tar fuZe gamoiyos, an ramdenadaa savarau-

do, sxva enidan iyos tar fuZe masSi Sesuli, am sakiTxebze amjerad ar SevudgebiT specialu-

ri literaturis Ziebas, yuradRebas mxolod im faqtze gavamaxvilebT, rom, rogorc iTqva,

darielTan tarielis kavSirs mTlianad mainc ar gamoricxavs zviad gamsaxurdia; mkvlevris

mier xsenebul enaTa Soris indo-evropuli ojaxis enebic gvxvdeba da semituric. vxedavT,

rom RvTaebriv sawyisebTanaa dakavSirebuli tar da el fuZeebi, magram CvenTvis amjerad is

ki araa umTavresi, Tu ra urTierTmimarTebaa am Zirebs Soris, romel enaSi romlidan aris

esa Tu is Ziri gadasuli, aramed, upirvelesad isaa gasarkvevi, Tu Semosulia, uSualod ro-

meli enidan unda Semosuliyo qarTul samyaroSi esa Tu is saxeli. cxadia, sainteresoa, ras

niSnavs sanskritsa Tu aqadurSi tar, magram am SemTxvevaSi imis garkvevaa saWiro, uSualod

romeli enidan aris aRmocenebuli, saerTod, rusTvelma Seqmna esa Tu is saxeli romelime

Zveli an Tanamedrove enis mixedviT Tu manamdec gamoiyeneboda isini realur cxovrebasa Tu

TqmulebebSi.

poemis personaJTa saxelebis genezisze bevria dawerili, gakeTebulia savaraudo eti-

mologiebi, zogierT maTganze qvemoT visaubrebT, amjerad ki erT garemoebaze gadavitanT

mkiTxvelis yuradRebas: kvlevebi imaze migvaniSnebs, rom poemis zogi personaJis saxeli po-

etis mieraa gamogonili, zogi erqvaT im dros, zogic, SesaZloa, romelime filosofiuri

sistemidan iyos aRebuli (zviad gamsaxurdia, magaliTad, nestan darejanis savarudo pir-

velad saxelSi _ „nest andare jehan“ /„ar aris qveynad“/ sparsul sufiur termins xedavda

(gamsaxurdia 1991b: 117, 130-131, 140); realobidanac araerTi saxeli Cans Sesuli poemaSi.

saxelTa „SeniRbvisas“, Cveni azriT, iseT formas gamoiyenebda poeti, rom maTi gageba

Zalian ar gaZneleboda mkiTxvels, mag., saxelSi „nuradin“ TiTqmis pirdapir ikiTxeba arabu-

li sityvebi naTeli sarwmunoebisa“) da misi gageba gauadvildebodaT im dros,

roca arabuli, faqtobrivad, erT-erTi saerTaSoriso ena iyo; sxva SemTxvevaSi ufro rTu-

li iqneboda „SeniRbulis“ amocnoba, magram dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli mainc SeniSnavda mas.

magaliTad, TinaTinis Sesaxeb nomadi barTaiam gamoTqva azri, rom arabuli sityvebidan

sarwmunoeba sarwmunoebisa“) modis igi, Cven saxelis meore nawilis Sesaxeb meti al-

baTobiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom marTlacidan unda iyos igi miRebuli... aq cota Znelia

„daSifruli“ mniSvnelobis amocnoba, magram, imdroindeli, terminebSi ufro garkveuli,

mkiTxvelisaTvis gacilebiT advili iqneboda es;2 saxeli tarieli, miuxedavad imisa, saidanme

aris aRebuli, poetis gamogonilia, Tu erqva maSin vinmes, im enasTan iqneba dakavSirebuli,

romelic met-naklebad, albaT, cnobili iyo mkiTxvelisTvis, es iseTi saxeli iqneboda, ro-

melic, momdevno saukuneebisgan gansxvavebiT, xSirad JRerda da bevrma icoda misi, an msgavsi

sityvis, mniSvneloba da ar gauWirdeboda gageba. Tu miviCnevT, rom sagangebod ar abundo-

vanebda rusTveli saxelebs, Tu surda, SedarebiT advilad amocnobiliyo „SefarviT“ Tqmu-

li, maSin safiqrebeli xdeba, rom, roca sxva enaze niRbavda, Zvel enebs ar mimarTavda da im

enebze Sefaravda saxelebs, romelTa amoxsnasac SeZlebda mkiTxveli.

i. abulaZe, rogorc iTqva, darielis saxeSecvlil formad miiCnevda tariels; iranul

samyarosTan am saxelis kavSirs arc Cven gamovricxavT da vvaraudobT, rom simarTlesTan

axlos unda iyos i.. abulaZe. simarTlesTan siaxloveze imitom vwerT, rom xsenebuli saxe-

lis savaraudo semantika, vfiqrobT, SesaZloa, odnav gansxvavebuli iyos.

„vefxistyaosnis“ personaJTa saxelebi, rogorc xSir SemTxvevaSi aris miCneuli, maTi

pirovnulobis gamomxatvelia, cxadia, asea miTebSic, xSirad asea xalxur TqmulebebSi da,

– 41 –

vfiqrobT, gasaziarebelia Sexedulebebi, rom umeteswilad asea am poemaSic.

tarieli amirbaria da ara mefe da, Tu am personaJis saxeli misi pirovnebis daxasiaT-

ebasac emsaxureba, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom saxelSi iqneba iseTi sityva, romelic, Ses-

aZloa, mefesac niSnavdes (hiperbolizebulad, simbolurad), magram ZiriTadi mniSvneloba

sxva semantikisa hqondes; rogorc vnaxeT, „vefxistyaosansa“ da „amiranians“ Soris msgavsi

Strixebi SeimCneva, Tu am aspeqtidan amiranis saxec dagvainteresebs, cxadia, isic miiqcevs

yuradRebas, rom arc xalxuri amirania mefe da arc literaturuli amiran darejanis Ze.

Tu poemisa da TqmulebaTa, prozauli nawarmoebis Sinaarss, gmirTa Sinasaxes gaviT-

valiswinebT, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom tarielis mniSvnelobis axsnis mcdelobisas ga-

saTvaliswinebelia sparsulimtkiced mpyrobeli“, „mflobeli“, „RmerTi“; es leqsema

figurirebs saxelSi darius (jonsoni 1852: 551); aRvniSnavT imasac, rom sityvis proto-in-

do-evropul Zirad miCneulia *dher- da mis mniSvnelobadac „mtkiced pyroba“, „Tanadgoma“

aris warmodgenili (etimologiuri leqsikoni) da rom mxedvelobaSi misaRebia, aseve, spar-

suli leqsema STamomavloba“, „ojaxi“, „saxli“, „rasa“(jonsoni 1852: 145); igive sityva

(sxva gaxmovanebiTgvaqvs arabul enaSic; Cven ar dagviwyia Zieba literaturisa, romelSic

garkveuli iqneba, romeli enidanaa es sityva meoreSi Sesuli, amjerad mTavari is gaxlavT,

rom arabuli leqsemis erT-erTi mniSvneloba aris „naTesaoba“, „ojaxi“ (baranovi 1977: 39),

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom tarielis sawy-

isi forma aris sparsulida mniSvneloba ki, ara „mefe gmiri“, aramed „ojaxis“ („sax-

lis“, „STamomavlobis“) „ufrosi“ („patroni“, „fuZemdebeli“...); Tu miviCnevT, rom saxel

amiranis genezisi marTlac Zvel irans, falaur enobriv samyaros, ukavSirdeba (imihran), arc

im varaudis gamoricxva iqneba gamarTlebuli, rom sxva saxelic hqonda am gmirs, amirans

(an zedwodeba, romelic Semdeg sakuTar saxelad iqca) da igi gamoiTqmoda rogorc dār ī āl,

rasac qarTulSi sxvadasxva dros daaxloebiT aseTi formebis miReba SeeZlo: darail, dari-

al, dariel; araa gamoricxuli, „amiranianisa“ da „vefxistyaosnis“ mTavar gmirebs odesRac

erTi saxelic hqonodaT.

„amirandarejanianis“ personaJs amiran darejanis Ze hqvia. n. mari miiCnevda, rom es

saxeli momdinareobs formidan „amirandarejan“ da misi mniSvneloba aris „mbrZanebeli qvey-

nisa an qveyanaze“ /amir andare jan (jahan) (mari 1895: 352-365); (kekeliZe 1981: 72); k. kekeliZe

am etimologias arc uaryofda, arc Rebulobda, Tumc, „amirandarejanians“ qarTul nawar-

moebad miiCnevda da ekamaTeboda n. mars, romelic sparsulidan gadmoRebulad acxadebda

mas (kekeliZe 1981: 74-77).

zemoT iTqva, rom k. kekeliZe „amirandarejanianis“ erT-erT wyarod mzeWabukis Sesaxeb

arsebul zRaprebs miuTiTebda. misi azriT, es rom qarTuli zRaprebia, „amas amJRavnebs misi

wminda qarTuli saxeli – mzeWabuki“ (kekeliZe 1981: 75); aq davamatebT, rom, SesaZloa, „amira-

nianisa“ da „amirandarejanianis“ saerTo Zirze is faqtic metyvelebdes, amiranis mamas dar-

jelani rom hqvia, anu, xalxuri amiranic „darejanis (darjelanis) Ze“ rom aris da yuradRebis

saxel darejanze (darjelanze) gadatanisas ar gamovricxavT SesaZloobas, rom „darejani“,

aseve, leqsemasTan iyos dakavSirebuli; am saxelis bolo nawili Tu marTlac

– „qveyniereba“, „msoflio“ (jonsoni 1852: 445); formidan gamodga miRebuli, maSin safiqre-

beli gaxdeba, rom „darejan“-is mniSvneloba „qveynierebis mpyrobeli“ (an, iqneb, – `RmerTi“)

iyo da literaturuli amiran darejanis Ze mefed ara, magram qveynierebis mpyrobelis, an

Tavad RvTaebis Zed yofila cnobili; darejanis Ze, SesaZloa, „qveynierebis mpyrobelis“, an

„qveynierebis RmerTis Svilsac“ niSnavdes, iqneb romelsame TqmulebaSi mis Svilad icnobd-

nen amirans, visac SeebrZola Semdeg.

vidre Cveni Ziebis daskvniT nawilze gadavidodeT, miuxedavad imisa, rom am sakiTxze

calke naSromis dawera migvaCnia saWirod, aRvniSnavT: Cven „vefxistyaosniseuli“ nestan

darejanis saxelis meore nawilis mniSvnelobadac „qveynierebis mpyrobeli“ gvesaxebaa; rac

Seexeba saxels nestan, araa SeuZlebeli, aRmoCndes, rom masSic sparsuli (iqneb, arabize-

buli) sityvaa „SeniRbuli“, rom aq gvaqvs, aseve, xelovnurad Seqmnili saxeli, romlis

dasawyisSi uaryofis gamomxatvel sparsuli nawilaki na figurirebs da romelSic qveynis

saxelwodebis mawarmoebeli sparsulisufiqsis da, agreTve, warmomavlobis mawarmoe-

beli sparsuli, an arabuli, sufiqsis kvalic iZebneba da sityvis mniSvneloba ki aris „arami-

amirani da tarieli („amiranianisa“ da „vefxistyaosnis“ urTierTmimarTebis...

– 42 –

goCa kuWuxiZe

wieri“, „qveynad armyofi“; iqneb, gairkves, rom nestan darejani daaxloebiT niSnavs „arami-

wier mpyrobels qveynierebisa“, rom saxeli mianiSnebs qalze, romelic ar aris amqveynad,

mosaZebni da gasaTavisuflebelia, magram, aryofnis miuxedavad, is aris qveyniuri cxovrebis

warmmarTveli. ar Cans nestani, magram misi gulisTvis moqmedeben, igia, visTvisac ibrZvian,

iRvwian, mis gamo ebrZvis erTmaneTs sikeTe da boroteba.3

saxel darejanTan dakavSirebuli Cveni mosazreba ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos mniS-

vnelovnad ar migvaCndes dakvirvebebi, romlebsac zemoT SevexeT da romelTagan erTi asea

Camoyalibebuli: „nestan-darejan momdinareobs sparsuli gamoTqmidan: nesT andare jahan

– ‘sworupovari’ ufro zustad: ‘ar aris qveynad (misi toli)’“ (WumburiZe 1987: 398) da, meo-

ris mixedviT ki, saxelebis daboloeba el RmerTze unda mianiSnebdes (gamsaxurdia 1991b);

vfiqrobT, poemis personaJebisaTvis saxelTa SerCevis dros uTuod gaTvaliswinebuli

iqneba, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi araerTgvarovani mniSvneloba eZleva ama Tu im saxels; ze-

moT, meore SeniSvnaSi, ukve gamoCnda, rom saxeli TinaTini mxolod erTi mniSvnelobiT ar

aRiqmeba, aq ki davZenT, rom, Cveni azriT, poemis sxva araerTi personaJis saxelzec iTqmis

igive da rom sruliad dasaSvebia varaudi, romlis Tanaxmad, saxelTa daboloeba el, Ses-

aZloa, marTlac mianiSnebdes RmerTze, poets uTuod ecodineboda, rom el ganaTlebul

mkiTxvelSi sityva RmerTis asociacias gamoiwvevda, rom bevrs gaaxsendeboda, RmerTs rom

niSnavs bolo aso-bgerebi iseT saxelebSi, rogorebicaa: gabriel, miqael, rafael... avto-

ri albaT gaiTvaliswinebda, rom araerTi mkiTxveli sityva „RmerTs“ dainaxavda saxel

tarielis bolos, arc isaa SeuZlebeli, sufizmSi cnobili fraza „nest andare jehan“-ic

axsovda rusTvels, roca saxels arqmevda personaJs, dasaSvebia mosazreba, rom sufiur

swavlebasTan kavSirze, marTlac, migvaniSnebdes saxeli nestan darejani da, gamomdinare

yovelive zemoTqmulidan, dakvirvebebi, romlebic gviCvenebs, Tu romel sityvasTan da Zir-

Tan, an winadadebasTan asocirdeba esa Tu is saxeli, cxadia, mniSvnelovania da am mimarTebiT

muSaoba, aucilebelia, magram, vfiqrobT, saWiroa, erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gavmijnoT

mkiTxvelis asociaciaze gaTvlili sityvaTqmnadoba da formebi, romlebic uSualod ama Tu

im enis mixedviT iqmneba; saxelebi nestan darejani Tu tarieli, TinaTini, avTandili aso-

ciaciurad da Soreuli enobrivi kavSiriT araerTi filosofiuri da enobrivi samyarosaken

gvaxedebs, magram isini umTavresad uSualod sparsuli da arabuli enebidan hgavs aRmocen-

ebuls da etimologiuri Ziebisas, vfiqrobT, uwinaresad swored am enebs unda mivmarToT.

saxel darielTan (darail, darial) dakavSirebiT damatebiT davZenT: es saxeli, ro-

melic, iqneb, Zveli droidan momdinareobs da saxesac icvlis da poemaSi sabolood tariel

formas Rebulobs, SesaZloa, marTlac, cnobili iyo rusTvelisTvis, rogorc amas iustine

abulaZe miiCnevda, arc isaa SeuZlebeli, forma tarielic yofiliyo gavrcelebuli, rom,

e. i., d-s t-d gardaqmna xalxis metyvelebaSi momxdariyo, ubralo adamianebs rom ver gaeT-

valiswinebinaT misi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba da maT metyvelebaSi Secvliliyo forma,

es savsebiT bunebrivi movlenaa. SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom xalxis metyvelebam gardaqmna

darieli tarielad, Tumc, isic savsebiT dasaSvebia, semantikis odnav ufro meti SeniRbvi-

saTvis Tavad rusTvels gardaeqmna d aso-bgera t-d.4

amrigad, ar unda uarvyoT Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad, amiranis istoria promeTes

miTSia transformirebulad asaxuli, amiraniseul cecxlovan, ugono gznebas, romelsac

nel-nela ugonobisa da ampartavnebisaken mihyavs adamiani da bolos RvTis sawinaaRmdego

saqmes akeTebinebs da sasjelSi agdebs mas, Cveni azriT, berZnul miTebSi simbolurad is

cecxli Seesabameba, romelTan miaxlebisa da xalxTan misi mitanis gamo isjeba promeTe,

vfiqrobT, imgvari cecxlia promeTes miTSi asaxuli, romelTan miaxlebac yvelasaTvis

saSiSia, es aris „cecxli“, romelic logikis naklulevanebas ganasaxierebs da bedniere-

ba ver moaqvs adamianebisTvis; promeTes miTs, cxadia, sxva mravalgvari Rrma simboluri

datvirTvac aqvs, Cven amjerad mxolod im aspeqtidan vamaxvilebT masze yuradRebas, rom-

lidanac, rogorc migvaCnia, SesaZloa, kavkasiaSi momxdari erT-erTi uZvelesi istoriuli

movlenis amokiTxva iyos SesaZlebeli.5

kavkasiaSi momxdari movlenebis kvali, rogorc Cans, erTi mxriv, promeTes miTSi, meo-

re mxriv ki, „vefxistyaosanSi“ (da, cxadia, „amirandarejanianSi“) ikiTxeba.

– 43 –

amirans, rogorc es ukve iTqva, sxvadasxva kulturuli samyarosa da epoqis gav-

leniT araerTi cvlileba unda hqondes gancdili, iTqva isic, rom qarTul xalxur esTe-

tikaSi, am sulier samyaroSi, iZebneba saxeebi mzisdari yrmis, mzeWabukisa, romelic mTva-

resaviT nazs, ulamazes asuls daeZebs, mas, vinc zRvaTa gadaRma, zeciur koSkSi cxovrobs,

cxadia, rom swored am qarTul samyaroSia saZebneli Soreul warsulSi Cakarguli is

pirvelsaxeebi personaJebisa, romelnic xalxurma Tqmulebebma, „amirandarejanianma“ da

„vefxistyaosanma“ Semogvinaxa.

SeniSvnebi

1 zemoxsenebul werilSi davuSviT sxva varaudic, romlis Tanaxmad, saxel amiranis winare for-

ma, SesaZloamzeTa suli“) iyo (kuWuxiZe 2020: 149), magram ZiriTadi daskvna aseT

SemTxvevaSic ar icvleba, „amiranianis“ mTavari gmiris saxeli maincdan momdinare ga-

modis da genezisis sakiTxebis kvlevas mainc falaur enasTan mivyavarT; Tu mherisa da amiranis

saxelebi erTi Ziridan modis, ufro safiqrebeli xdeba, romyofila es Ziri, amiran-

is erT-erTi adreuli saxeli.

2 Tu saxeli TinaTini marTlac arabuli sityvebidan momdinareobs, gamodis, rom mas binaruli

mniSvneloba miscemia, rusTveli brZanebs: „TinaTin mzesa swunobda, magra mze TinaTinebda“,

rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom qarTul sityvebTanac („aTinaTi“, „cimcimi“) kavSirdeba es saxeli,

rom misi sxva mniSvneloba aris „mzis sxivis anarekli“ (WumburiZe 1987: 389 ).

3 saxelTa etimologiasTan dakavSirebiT mkiTxvels vTavazobT kidev erT mosazrebas: „amiran-

ianidan“ vicnobT adamians, romelsac sulkalmaxi hqvia; saeWvoa, aq sityva „kalmaxi“ (Tevzis

saxeoba) figurirebdes; amiranis satrfos arabuli saxeli hqvia, – yamari („amirandarejanian-

Sic“ gvxvdeba saxelebi, romlebic, eWvi araa, arabuli warmoSobisaa), gvrCeba STabeWdileba,

rom sulkalmaxi, aseve, arabuli sityvebidanaa miRebuli, rom am saxelSi al artiklis kvalia

SemorCenili, arabuli sityvaniSnavs „mSvidobas“, „Serigebas“ (baranovi 1977: 206), igi Sei-

Zleba iTargmnos, agreTve, rogorc „morigeba“, „morgeba“, „SeTavseba s mniSvnelobaa

„sicocxle“, „cxovreba“ (baranovi 1977: 206); sulkalmaxi aris kaci, vinc qalRmerTi dali amSo-

biara, amirani misi wyalobiT moevlina am qveyanas, dasaRupavad ganwiruli bavSvi sulkalmaxma

moariga amqveyniur sicocxlesTan, is miexmara am samyaroSi gadmosvlaSi; ismis kiTxva, xom ar

aris sulkalmaxi arabizebuli saxeli? SesaZloa, misi saxeli iyo rac qarTulSi

sulxalmaxis formiT gamoiTqmoda da ramac bolos forma sulkalmaxi miiRo; zemoT iTqva, rom

yamars adreul periodSi qarTuli saxeli eqneboda, sulkalmaxzec igive iTqmis.

4 Cven im varaudsac ar gamovricxavT, rom saxeli darieli poemis teqstSi tarielis

paraleluradac yofiliyo warmodgenili (iseve, rogorc taria, an rostani): xelnawerebSi rom

gvqondes: „mo, d/avsxdeT d/arielisTvis cremli gvdis“... aliteracias davinaxavdT am sityveb-

Si; pareleluri formis arseboba araa gamoricxuli, magram, cxadia, ver davuSvebT mosazrebas,

romlis Tanaxmad, originaliseul xelnawerSi yvelgan darieli ewereboda, yvela xelnawerSi ar

Seicvleboda mTavari gmiris saxeli; sxvaTa Soris davZenT, rom, Tu aq Cveulebrivi damTxveva

araa, „vefxistyaosnis“ is striqoni, romlidanac poemaSi pirvelad Cndeba mTavari gmiri, iseT

STabeWdilebasac tovebs, rom misi saxelis identur TanxmovanTa xseneba am saxelis asociaciis

gamowvevas isaxavs miznad („naxes ucxo moyme vinme, jda m/t/i/r/a/l/i wylisa pirsa“), araa Seu-

Zlebeli, jer arnaxseneb saxelze gakeTebuli aliteraciuli miniSneba gvqondes am adgilas,

SesaZloa, nel-nela axvedrebs poeti Tavis mkiTxvels da msmenels, vinc iyo es moulodnelad

nanaxi ucxo moyme, nel-nela aCens mas...

5 aqve unda iTqvas, rom yamaric iseTi cecxlovani asulia, romelic, did siyvarulTan erTad,

gonierebasa da simSvides, aseve, saWiroebs, radgan esaa, rac ubedurebisgan icavs adamians;

yamarsac sWirdeba Secvla; TqmulebebSi igi mamis moRalated aris warmodgenili, dasaRupa-

vad imetebs mamas, brZolaSi misi damarcxebis saSualebebs aswavlis amirans; „amiraniansa“ da

„vefxistyaosans“ Soris paralelebTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa, rom nestanic Ralatobs

mamas, isic ugonobisa da mrisxanebis cecxliT ivseba maSin, roca samefoSi mowveuli sasiZos

mokvlas gadawyvets tarielTan erTad; aq erTsac davZenT: nestanis cecxlovaneba samoTxiseul

siwmideSi gadadis im dros, roca tariels, ukve kaTarzisgamovlili, indoeTisa da Tavisi mamis

mixedvisaken mouwodebs da samoTxeSi zeaRsvlaze iwyebs ocnebas; mijnurebi maSin iwmidebian

codvaTagan, roca nestani zecasa da indoeTze swers mijnurs, tarieli ki imaze iwyebs fiqrs,

rom imqveynad mainc ipovis nestans; ukve aRar arian iseTi adamianebi, sasiZos mokvdinebas rom

gegmavdnen, sulierad ganwmendilan nestani da tarieli.

amirani da tarieli („amiranianisa“ da „vefxistyaosnis“ urTierTmimarTebis...

– 44 –

goCa kuWuxiZe

damowmebani

abulaZe 1967: i. abulaZe. rusTvelologiuri naSromebi, Tbilisi.

baranovi 1977Арабско-Русский Словарь

bedianiZe 1998: d. bedianiZe. amiranis miTi da qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi, axalgazrda mecnierTa

respublikuri konferencia, Tezisebi, rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis insti-

tuti.

gamsaxurdia 1991a: z. gamsaxurdia. werilebi, esseebi, Tbilisi.

gamsaxurdia 1991b: z. gamsaxurdia. vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba, Tbilisi.

etimologiuri leqsikoni: Online Etimology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com (01.06.2021).

kekeliZe 1981: k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, II, Tbilisi.

kiknaZe 2001: z. kiknaZe. amiraniani, qarTuli xalxuri eposi, Tbilisi. http://saunje.ge/index.php?id=1444

(nanaxia: 01.06.2021).

kuWuxiZe 2020: g. kuWuxiZe. saxel „amiranis“ genezisisaTvis, XIV saerTaSoriso simpoziumis masalebi,

rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis instituti (el. gamocema) http://conference.litinsti-

tuti.ge/wp-content/uploads/Simpoziuri_Masalebi_14.pdf (nanaxia: 01.06.2021).

leqsikoni 1852: Dictionary, Persian, Arabic, English by Francis Johnson, London, 1852. https://archive.org/details/

dictionarypersia00johnuoft/page/n5/mode/2up (nanaxia: 01.06.2021).

mari 1895: Персидская национальная тенденция в груз. романе Амиран-Дареджаниани

sasunci 1939: somxuri eposi daviT sasunci, tfilisi, federacia.

fircxalava 1998: l. fircxalava. „amiranis“ miTisa da „vefxistyaosnis“ urTierTkavSiri, axalgazrda

mecnierTa respublikuri konferencia, Tezisebi, rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli litera-

turis instituti.

Ciqovani 1959: m. Ciqovani. qarTuli eposi, mijaWvuli amirani, Tbilisi.

WumburiZe 1987: z. WumburiZe. dedaena qarTuli, Tbilisi.

AMIRAN AND TARIEL (ON THE ISSUE OF INTERRELATIONS

BETWEEN “AMIRANIANI” AND “KNIGHT IN THE PANTHER’S SKIN”)

Gocha Kuchukhidze

In the article we discuss interrelations between images of the main characters of “Amiraniani” (Geor-

gian folk epos) and Shota Rustaveli’s “Knight in the Panther’s Skin”.

Character of Amiraniani, named Amiran,  





punished – God chained him to Caucasus Mountains.

We regard that the myth about Amiran -

ion, Amiran was the cult of pagan temple where the main things were only love and only faith, rather than

reason and logical thinking. We regard that, supposedly, in such temple the priority was given to actually blind

faith to the oracles and the philosophy based on logic, close to the Hellenic one, was less appreciated. In our

opinion, to this cult center, there should be opposed the temple where there was regarded that lack of logic and



won the battle of the worldviews and that at one of the stages of the history, in some Caucasian region, the

winner was such temple, where the basis of worldview was, logic-based philosophy, together with the faith.

Supposedly, Amiran,

the legends shows that in the early epoch Amiran’s story had a happy end; while when the temple that relied on

logical thinking and philosophy gained the dominating position, the continuations were added to these legends

and the story would tell that arrogance brought Amiran to sad end; that he fought with the God and because of



that was based on the faith only and underlined the fact that lack of reason and logic results in punishment and

– 45 –

no matter how great is individual’s love, without common sense, he/she cannot be happy. Amiran has taken his

sweetheart but he could not live with her in happiness and was punished for his arrogance.

The temple dominating in Caucasus, with the worldview based on logic, together with the faith, suppos-

edly had close relationships with the Greek religious centers; in our opinion, it is assumable that the myth about

the hero chained by the God to Caucasus Mountains for disobedience has achieved Greek religious centers of

from Caucasian temples that had close relationships with the Greece and from there moved to the Greek liter-

ature and thus there was created the myth about Prometheus chained by Zeus to Caucasian Mountain.

Tariel, the main character of the Knight in the Panther’s Skin, has great love to beautiful Nestan, who

was spirited away by the evil forces and locked in the castle but due to parting from his sweetheart, Tariel

lacked common sense and temperance and he came to the verge of death. He was able to free Nestan only

after Avtandil, known for his wisdom became his friend and supporter. In our opinion, Rustaveli responds to

Amirainiani; in his poem he showed the other way of the main character of the epos, showing that an individ-

ual full of love, can achieve great happiness, if, together with love, has some wisdom as well.

Thus, we express our hypothesis that the myth about Prometheus chained to Caucasus Range has orig-



opinion, .

The article provides discussion of the genesis of the characters of “Amiraniani” and the “Knight in the

Panther’s Skin”.

amirani da tarieli („amiranianisa“ da „vefxistyaosnis“ urTierTmimarTebis...

– 46 –

osebi da qarTuli identoba beWdur mediaSi

(„droeba“, „iveria“, „cnobis furceli“)

qeTevan mania

beWdur mediaSi mravalferovnebiT da mravalricxovnobiT gamoirCeva osebisadmi miZ-

Rvnili masalebi. korespondenciebi osebze arsebiTad moicavs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

yvela sferos – socialur, ekonomikur, kulturul, politikur Tu religiur sakiTxebs.

beWduri mediis yuradRebis miRma arcerTi faqti ar rCeba, Seexeba arsebiTad yvela sazo-

gadoebriv problemas: skolis ararseboba, mRvdlis saWiroeba, crumorwmunoeba, qurdoba,

gvalva, mousavlianoba, ugzooba, uwyloba, skolis Tu mRvdlis saWiroeba, skolis gaxsnis

Tanxmobis miReba, skolis sasargeblod seirnoba Tu latariis gaTamaSebis gamarTva, skolis

gaxsna, skolis mSenebloba, maswavleblis daniSvna, jvrisweris qarTulad Catareba, qarTuli

warmodgenebis moTxovna, qarTveli mRvdlebis saqmianoba, qarTveli maswavleblebis saqmi-

anoba, skolebis Semowmeba, egzarqosis stumroba, axali episkoposis daniSvna, maswavleblis

gaZarcva, skolis kurTxeva, wignTsacav-samkiTxvelos gaxsna, Semomwirvelebis da Semowiru-

lobebis Sesaxeb informaciebi, skolis muSaobis Sesaxeb krebebi da angariSebi.

osTa sakiTxs qarTul samecniero literaturaSi araerTi mkvlevari Seexo. Seswavlil

iqna osTa istoria qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebiT (WiWinaZe 1913), saqarTveloSi maTi Ca-

mosaxlebisa da Sida qarTlis eTnoistoriis sakiTxebi (TofCiSvili 1997), samaCablos so-

cial-ekonomikuri da politikuri istoria (sosiaSvili 2005), saqarTvelo-oseTis urTier-

Toba XV-XVIII saukuneebSi (TogoSvili 1969), ruseTis saeklesio politika Sida qarTlSi

(toliaSvili 2005). mdidari saarqivo masalis analiziT warmodgenilia qarTveli da osi

xalxis urTierTobis istoriis analizi (ToiZe 1991). osTa sakiTxs mieZRvna specialuri

krebuli (baqraZe, CubiniZe 1996) da sxva.

Cems mizans ar Seadgens osebisadmi miZRvnili kvlevebis ganxilva. mxolod sanimuSod

movixme ramdenime. aqve imasac aRvniSnav, rom beWdur mediaSi osebisadmi miZRvnili kore-

spondenciebis nawili araerT mkvlevars aqvs gamoyenebuli Tavisi miznebisTvis. gvxvdeba

sagazeTo masalebis analizic samecniero literaturaSi (gaCeCilaZe 1996); (cercvaZe 1996).

winamdebare gamokvlevaSi gansxvavebuli rakursiT – qarTuli identobis istoriis eT-

nosimbolisturi1 midgomiT kvlevas warmovadgen beWduri mediis („droeba“, „iveria“, „cno-

bis furceli“) reprezentaciiT. qarTuli identobis istoriis reprezentaciis mcdeloba

beWduri mediiT warmodgenilia m. CxartiSvilTan TanaavtorobiT gamoqveynebul naSromSi,

romelSic Seswavlilia i. WavWavaZis redaqtorobiT gamomavali „iveriis“ TxuTmetwlovani

periodis analizi, sadac mivuTiTebdiT, rom „Cven – sxva“ opoziciis konteqstSi mniSvnelo-

bas iZens ara marto qveynis politikur sazRvrebs miRma arsebuli samyaro anu „gareSe sx-

vebi“, aramed Tavad qveynis SigniT mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobani anu „Sinauri sxvebi“.

aseTebi iyvnen osebi (CxartiSvili, mania 2011: 129-130).

„iveria“ saWirod Tvlis misi mkiTxvelebi gaarkvios imaSi Tu vin iyvnen osebi. ibeWde-

ba Jurnaliswlis meoTxe nomerSi gamoqveynebuli werilis „vin arian osebi ?“

Targmani (mTargmneli ar aris miTiTebuli, publikacia xelmouwerelia). werilSi ganxilu-

lia evropul istoriografiaSi osebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisebi

mocemulia ingliseli mecnieris gouortis Sexeduleba osebis sarmatebisagan warmomav-

lobis Sesaxeb. inglisSi sarmatebis warmomavlobis ori Tvalsazrisidan ufro gavrcelebu-

li yofila maTi slavebidan warmomavlobis Sesaxeb Sexeduleba (vidre germanuli). werili-

dan irkveva, rom am sakiTxSi gouorti efuZneba sen-martenis kvlevas. sen-marteni sakiTxis

analizis dros yuradRebas amaxvilebs TviTsaxelwodebis Seswavlaze. misi azriT, lingvis-

turi TvalsazrisiT TviTsaxelwodeba „osetin“ warmomdgaria qarTuli sityvisgan „oseTi“,

romelic osTa qveyanas niSnavs. werilSi aRniSnulia, rom monRolebis Semosevamde osebs

ucxovriaT mTebis CrdiloeTiT Tergamde, meotisis da donis axlos. maTi mezoblebi iyvnen

– 47 –

dasavleTiT Cerqezni, aRmosavleTiT sxva kavkasielni tomebi. monRolebma isini waswies

samxreTisaken. sen-marteni miuTiTebs uZveles droSi volgisa da donis midamoebSi moxse-

niebuli midielebis, sarmatebis, iaqsamatebis, tiqsamatebis erTi sisxlisgan warmomavlobas.

amis damadastureblad asaxelebs gvar-tomobiTi saxelwodebas „met“. Safarikis, sen-marte-

nis da sxvaTa azriT, sarmatni midielTa tomisani arian da iaqsamatni sarmatis Stoisani.

TviT sityva iaqsamati iaz // az – osebis saxelia, mati – midielebisa. gouortis SeniSvniT, os-

ebis naTesaoba midielebTan dasturdeba lingvisturi faqtebiT. klaprotis SexedulebiT,

romelsac moxmobili aqvs erTi da imaves aRmniSvneli osuri da sparsuli sityvebis grZeli

sia, osuri ena miekuTvneba ariul enaTa jgufs, radgan yvelaze metad sparsuls da midiurs

hgavs. evropul istoriografiaSi lingvisturi monacemebis safuZvelze aRniSnuli Tval-

sazrisebis gaTvaliswinebiT gouorti kavkasiis osebs Zveli mwerlebisagan xsenebuli sar-

matebis STamomavlebad miiCnevs („iveria“ 1877b: #13).

rogorc vxedavT, „iveria“ cdilobda „Sinaur sxvebze“ mkiTxvelebisaTvis ubralod

gadmocemebi ki ara, samecniero informacia miewodebina. es miuTiTebs, rom „iveriis“ gundi

did mniSvnelobas aniWebda „Sinaur sxvebs“, rac, agreTve, nacionalizmiT marTuli procesis

universaluri maxasiaTebelia (CxartiSvili, mania 2011: 129-130).

mkafiodaa gadmocemuli ori ukanaskneli mecnieris mier Sedgenili sabuTebi Crdilo

kavkasiis osebze. xolo,

is osni romelnic mTebis samxreTiT cxovroben yvelanairi gagebiT niSnavs imas, rom isini

dayrobilni ar arian, rom mTebis samxreTi mxare TviT oseTis kuTvnili teritoria araa

da rom isini, e. i. osni, mTebis samxreTiT gadasulan da sxva saxelmwifos teritoriaze iq

dasaxlebulan da im saxelmwifos morCilebaSi moqceulan („iveria“ 1877: #12).

magram ara marto „iveria“ aqcevda „Sinaur sxvebs“ yuradRebas. araerTi koresponden-

cia gvxvdeba sxva mediaSic. sagangebo msjelobaa niko TadeoziSvilis „droebis’’ korespon-

denciaSi mTas iqiTa da mTas aqeTa osebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, amierkavkasiis osebis gaqa-

rTvelebis da imierkavkasiis osebis garusebis mizezebze.

aq mtkicdeba sazogado socialuri kanoni, romelic ase brZanebs: xalxi, moklebuli Semo-

qmedebiT Zalas, sakuTars kulturas, unda iqmnas msxverlad Tavis mezoblis – kulturu-

li xalxisa. [...] oseTi yovelTvis metad Raribi da Rataki iyo SemoqmedebiTi ZaliT; man

ver SeimuSava, ver Seqmna sakuTari kultura, ver ganaviTara sakuTari kulturuli „me“;

ikvebeboda im sulieri sazrdoTi, romelsac hpovebda Tavis bunebiT mdidars mezobelSi“

(„droeba“ 1882: #272).

avtori miuTiTebs amierkavkasiis da imierkavkasiis osebis mier sakuTari vinaobis

SeunarCuneblobis gansxvavebul mizezebze. ganmartavs, rom amierkavkasiis osebis gaqarT-

velebis mizezia ara politikuri, aramed socialuri kanoni, aq mxolod kulturuli Zala

moqmedebs qarTveli kacisa. imierkavkasiis osebSi moqmedebs garegani politikuri Zala da

saxelmwifoc daufaravad uwyobs xels maT garusebas („droeba“ 1882: #272).

media ganixilavs osTa Camosaxlebis sakiTxsac:

XIX saukuneSi ruseTis kavkasiur politikaSi, aSkarad Cans xelSewyoba gadasaxlebis

procesebSi. es iyo da aris rusuli kolonizatoruli politikis erT-erTi Semadgene-

li nawili, rac kavkasiuri regionebis morCilebaSi yofnas iTvaliswinebs. osebis saqa-

rTveloSi gadmosaxlebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda maTTvis, rogorc meurneobis mxriv,

aseve saukuneobrivi karCaketilobisa da izolirebulobis rRveviT, Cveni qveyana xom Ta-

visi social-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doniT gacilebiT maRal doneze idga (cercvaZe

1996: 3, 7).

avtori saubrobs qarTlTan daaxloebul soflebSi osTa vinaobis mxriv arsebul mdgo-

mareobaze da mizezebze:

samxreTs, anu rogorc Cven, qarTvelebi veZaxiT, mTas aqeTa oseTSi didi gavlena aqvT qa-

rTvelebs, qarTuli laparaki mama-kacebma yvelam ician bavSvebsa da deda-kacebs garda,

osebi da qarTuli identoba beWdur mediaSi...

– 48 –

qeTevan mania

romelnic, rogorc yvelgan, Tvis RviZl enaze laparakoben. magram im oseTis nawilSi, ro-

melic ufro daaxlovebulia qarTlis soflebze, deda-kacebic da bavSvebic/laparakoben

qarTulad, magaliTad, patara liaxved, mejudis xeobisaken s. mejvrisxevis maxloblad da

sxva. javis xeoba, erwos mxare da sazogadod samaCablo osebi ufro moSorebulni arian

qarTlze; [...] magram mainc da mainc iqac gavrcelebulia qarTuli ena. araTu marto qa-

rTuli laparaki, wera-kiTxvac qarTulia gavrcelebuli. [...] ramodenadac CrdiloeTis,

mTas iqiTa, oseTi misdevs rusobas, imdenad aqeT, samxreTis oseTi, misdevs qarTvelobas.

esaxelebaT, Tavi moaqvT imaT, vinc qarTuli laparaki icis da qarTuli wera-kiTxva. amas

garda, oseTis qarTlTan umaxloblesi soflebis mcxovreblebi aZleven qalebs qarT-

velebs da maTac mihyavT qarTveli qalebi colebad („droeba“ 1884: #217).

termini „samxreT oseTi“ yvela osis – raWis osebi, qarTlis osebi, Sida qarTlis osebi

da sxva, erTiani saxelis qveS mosaqcevad unda Seqmniliyo da amgvari mniSvnelobiT aris nax-

senebi s. mgalobliSvilis korespondenciaSic. „samxreT oseTi“ aris kavkasionis mTis samx-

reTiT saqarTvelos teritoriaze dasaxlebuli osebis aRmniSvneli pirobiTi saxeli (gaCe-

CilaZe 1996: 14, 16).

„droebis“ korespondencia iqve miuTiTebs, rom osebs ar aqvT tradiciebi, literatu-

ra, sakuTari anbanic ki. aseT viTarebaSi osebma TavianTi „xalxosnobis“ (aSkarad am termin-

iT gadmoicema koleqtiuri kulturuli identoba) SesanarCuneblad osurad wirva-locvis

aRsrulebaze unda izrunon. magram sruli religiuri indiferentizmi yofila osebSi, arc

wirva-locvaze dadiodnen, rogorc Cans. avtori gamoTqvams Tvalsazriss, rom „umjobesi

iqmneba uwindeburad qarTul enaze Seasrulon yoveli religiuri msaxureba“ („droeba“

1884: #217).

TvalsaCinoa, rom identobis SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebelia kulturuli erTobis

Seqmna. sakuTari kulturuli „mes“ dakargviT identobasac kargavs koleqtiur-kulturul

identobaze aRmocenebuli Cven-jgufi. es kidev erTi dadasturebaa imisa, rom gaqarT-

velebis mizezi kulturaa.

Tu rogor erTgulebas uwevda saqarTvelos mefeebs osi xalxi TvalsaCinoa giorgi

CoCiSvilis safeletono weriliT „leon batonis-Svili oseTSi (1810-1811)“ („droeba“ 1883:

#234). publikaciaSi aRwerilia bagrationTa samefo sagvareulos warmomadgenlis, levan

batoniSvilis (iulonis Ze) winaaRmdegoba ruseTSi gadasaxlebis Taobaze. levanTan erTad,

ruseTSi gadasaxlebis winaaRmdegi yofila Teimuraz da aleqsandre batoniSvilic, romleb-

sac Tavi iranisTvis SeufarebiaT da iranis daxmarebiT cdilobdnen rusTa jaris gandevnas

saqarTvelodan. werili sayuradReboa qarTuli teritoriis istoriuli safuZvlebis an-

alizis TvalsazrisiT. mamulebi, romlebsac osebi publikaciis dros dapatronebian, XIX

saukunis dasawyisisaTvis qsnis da aragvis erisTavebis: maCablebis, falavandSvilebis,

amirejibebis sakuTreba iyo. osebTan TavSefarebul levan batoniSvilis Sesapyrobad ruse-

Tis xelisufleba sagangebo jildos awesebs „magram osebma wmindad Seinaxes TavianTi fici

da ar gasces batonis-Svili“.

mediaSi naTlad ikveTeba rusuli mmarTvelobis mier qarTuli nacionaluri mexsiere-

bis waSlis mcdelobebi. „iveriaSi“ aRSfoTebiT werdnen amgvari mcdelobis Sesaxeb, romel-

ic sadavos xdida qarTul teritoriul mTlianobas. „iveriis“ informaciiT, antiqarTuli

korespondencia gamoqveynebuli iyo „duxovni vestnikSi“, sadac aRniSnuli yofila, rom qa-

rTvelebi SeWrilan osebiT dasaxlebul teritoriaze da SeuviwroebiaT isini.

avtoris azriT, mTeli qarTlis winandeli mkvidrni osebi yofilan, romelT miwa-wyals

qarTvelni dapatronebian, sawyali osebi Suaze gauWriaT, – nawili borjomis mxares da

TrialeTis mTebSi darCenila da nawili ki – javis xeobaSi. mTeli qarTli Zvelad ose-

Ti yofila, da qarTvelT osebze Zala uxmariaT, osni dauCagravT, dauSinebiaT („iveria~

1903: #264).

momdevno nomerSi „iveria“ Seaxsenebs „duxovni vestnikis“ korespondenciis avtors

samecniero literaturaSi osTa migraciis da saqarTveloSi gviandeli damkvidrebis Sesax-

eb arsebul p. uslaris Sexedulebebs. avtori aseT rTul periodSi, gafrTxilebisaken mou-

wodebs yvelas:

– 49 –

osebi da qarTuli identoba beWdur mediaSi...

yvela gonierma osmac icis axla, qarTvelmac da lekmac, rom mxolod mSvidobiani, kargi

mezobloba gviSvelis da gagvaRonierebs, fexze dagvayenebs da Cvenca da isinic kargad

icnoben TiToeuls danaels, romlisac maSinac-ki unda geridebodes, roca modis da sasi-

amovno ZRveni moaqvs („iveria“ 1903: #265).

qarTuli istoriuli mexsierebis mospobis mcdelobis sapasuxod qveyndeba s. mga-

lobliSvilis korespondencia „ori Tve soflad (provincialuri meTvalyuris SeniSvnebi)“.

provincialuri meTvalyure nacionaluri mexsierebis aqtivaciis TvalsazrisiT mkiTxvels

awvdis istoriul eqskurss cxinvalis, samaCablos Sesaxeb. avtori korespondencias ase iw-

yebs: „[...] am diliT Cven vepirebiT gamgzavrebas samaCablo oseTSi“ („droeba“ 1884: #217).

amgvari miTiTebiT, s. mgalobliSvili qmnis axal nacionalur mexsierebas rusuli mmarTve-

lobis periodSi.

vaxuStis cnobiT, cxinvalSi qarTvelebTan erTad cxovrobdnen sxva eTnikuri jgufis

warmomadgenlebi – somxebi da ebraelebi. korespondenti cxinvalis Seqmnis sakiTxTan daka-

vSirebiT, moixmobs platon ioselianis informacias cxinvalis mesame saukunis Sua xanebSi

asfagur mefis mier daarsebis Sesaxeb. aseTi Rrma istoriuli fesvebis mqone cxinvals avto-

ris TanamedroveobaSi daukargavs qalaqis saxeli da „daba cxinvals“ eZaxdnen, miuxedavad

imisa, cxinvals xelsayreli mdebareoba hqonda vaWrobis ganviTarebisTvis, rac eTnikuri

erTobis ekonomikuri dawinaurebis safuZvels warmoadgens. „patara-liaxvis vake adgilebi,

didi liaxvis soflebi, dawyobili sofel Sindisidam, fronis, anu avlevis xeoba, mTeli mTa,

anu samxreT oseTi zed akravs, cxinvals ver ascdebian“ – aRniSnavs korespondenti („droeba“

1884: #167).

maCablebis adgil-mamulebis daTvalierebisas miuTiTebs Tu rogor izidavda mSven-

ieri buneba da hava Cvens mefeebs da batoniSvilebs. xeoba kargad gamagrebuli yofila. ro-

gorc Cans, am niSniTac iyo gamorCeuli. Tumca uricxvi mtrebis Semosevebis Sedegad dan-

greula cixe-simagreebi. korespondentis miTiTebiT, bolos am mxares stumrobdnen iulon

da farnaoz batoniSvilebi. aqve saubrobs farnaoz batoniSvilis am mxarisadmi gamZafrebul

erovnul grZnobebze „cxinvalis xeobas rom dahxedo zRudris seridamao, ar dagaviwydes me

momigone, rom egebis Cemma sulma aq igrZnoso“ – uTxovia batoniSvils erTi TavadiSvilisT-

vis, romelic ruseTidan aq moemarTeboda („droeba“ 1884: #167).

avtori sayuradRebo informacias gvawvdis maCablebis mamulebis istoriis Sesaxeb.

misi miTiTebiT, maCablebis samflobelo Zvelad sabawminda yofila, magram Semdeg Tamara-

SenSi da qurTaSi Camosulan. mogviTxrobs Tu rogor amowyvita maCablebi aRdgomis dResas-

waulze gamZvinvarebulma avnevelma aznaurma doRlaZem. yvelaferi ase dawyebula. aqauri

mosaxleoba uwylobiT yofila Zlier Sewuxebuli. doRlaZes yinulis Camosatanad sabawmin-

daSi gaugzavnia eqvsi viri eqvsi meZneuriT, romlebic Tavadi maCablis brZanebiT dauxocavT

da ukan gamougzavniaT. aznaur doRlaZem sapasuxod Suri iZia maCablebze aRdgomas. gadmo-

cemiT, mis risxvas erTi Cvili gadaurCa, romelic oseTSi gauzrdiaT. mas mefem omSi gamoCe-

nili vaJkacobisTvis daubruna Zveli mamuli da axalic daumata („droeba“ 1884: #167).

maCablebis mamulebis istoriis TvalsazrisiT saintereso cnobebs awvdis mkiTxvelebs

„droebis“ korespondenti giorgi CoCiSvili (fsevdonimi giorgi liaxveli) osebSi feodal-

izmis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb korespondenciaSi. aRniSnavs rom XI saukuneSi vrceldeba feo-

dalizmi oseTSi da am droidan pirvelobas feodalTa Soris iCemeben: bagratidebi, maCa-

blebi, sidamonebi, erisTavebi, boraSvilebi da sxva. am brZolaSi imarjveben bagratidebi da

mTavris tituls moipoveben. Semdgom saubrobs dinastiur qorwinebebze. am droidan gaCnda

koSkebi oseTSi, sadac raindebi isxdnen da dros atarebdnen germaniis da safrangeTis rain-

debis msgavsad. magram roca feodalTa mmarTveloba xalxisaTvis mouTmeneli, gaxda, revo-

lucia moaxdines da daamxes feodalizmi. Tumca maCablebi XVIII saukunemde darCenilan da

am droisTvisac zrogos xeobaSi hqoniaT mamulebi („droeba“ 1883: #253).

beWdur medias yuradRebis miRma arc avnevis xeobis soflebis berZnebisTvis mikuT-

vnebis Sesaxeb faqtebi rCeba.

saxnav-saTesi, venax-baRebiT soflebis dirbisa, taxti-Zirisa da arkneTisa Seadgenen ber-

Znis monastrebis kuTvnilebas. dirbi da taxti-Ziri ekuTvnian ierusalimis qristes sa-

– 50 –

qeTevan mania

flavis monasters. sof. arkneTi ki, mgoni, aTonis mTas ekuTvnis. amaT garda didliax-

vze mdebare sofeli meRvrekisi saberoa, e. i. samonastro, rogorc gamigonia, ekuTvnis

sinis mTas. qarTls garda am monastrebs aqvT mamul-adgili kaxeTSi, ufro ierusalimis

qristes saflavis monasters; aqvT agreTve q. TbilisSi; dRes TbilisSi berebis eklesias

Seadgens jvari-mamas eklesia. am eklesias, rogorc viciT, aqvs saxlebi, duqnebi. yvela

CamoTvlil mamulebis Semosavali ikrifeba mouravebisagan, romelnic daniSnulni arian

monastrebisagan da Semosilni arximandrit xarisxiT („droeba“ 1884: #219).

mecxramete saukunis 70-ian wlebSi mTavrobas CamourTmevia mamulebi berZnebisTvis da

saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamoucxadebia. magram ierusalimis patriarqs gamouTxovia xelm-

wife imperatorisaTvis da xelmeored eboZaT. es mamulebi saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebisgan

iyo Sewiruli ierusalimis, sinas da aTonis monastrebisTvis maSin, rodesac es monastrebi

qarTveli berebis xelSi iyo ucxo mxareSi am mamulebiT rom erCinaT Tavi. Semdeg am monas-

trebidan qarTvelebi gamoudevniaT berZnebs da mamulebic maT xelSi gadasula.

es korespondencia sainteresoa „sxvebTan“ mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT, berZnebis mag-

aliTze. korespondencia erTgvari mowodebaa qarTvelebisadmi ar iyvnen indiferentulni

sazogado saqmisadmi.

gansakuTrebuli interesi igrZnoba kavkavis (vladikavkazi) qarTvelTa mdgomareobis

Tu maTze zrunvis mimarT beWdur mediaSi. rogorc mediis furclebidan vityobT, xevi-

dan qarTveloba kavkavSi wasula miwis simciris da unayofobis gamo dRiuri lukma puris

saSovnelad, zogs Tavisi mama-papeuli mamulic gauyidiaT da sacxovreblad gadasula kavka-

vSi („iveria“ 1894: #12).

rogorc Cans, kavkavSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi qarTveli mRvdlis naklebobas ganicdid-

nen. „iveriis“ axali ambebis rubrika iuwyeba, rom kavkavSi blomad yofilan qarTvelebi, rom-

lebsac qarTulis garda sxva ena ar scodniaT, magram kavkavis eklesiebSi arsad qarTulad

ar aRevlineboda locva „amdeni marTlmadidebeli xalxi sruliad moklebulia qarTulis

wirva-locvasao“. aqaur qarTvelebs miumarTavT episkopos iosebisaTvis qarTulad wir-

va-locvis aRvlenis TxovniT („iveria“ 1887: #97).

korespondenti fsevdonimiT „qarTveli“ (mRvdeli nestor bakuraZe) aRwers kavkavSi

qarTulad jvrisweris Catarebas. kavkavel qarTvels meore gildiis vaWars grigol iosebis

Ze mozdokels dauweria kavkavis sakaTedro taZarSi jvari. didZali qarTveloba da somxo-

ba Sekrebila im imediT rom jvriswera qarTulad Catardeboda. sasiZos da mis naTesavebs

taZris dekanoz ioil samadovisTvis uTxovia qarTulad jvriswera (dekanozi SiSobda vaiTu

qarTulad ver SevZlo 30 welia ar Semisrulebia qarTulad jvriswerao). gansakuTrebuli

emociebi gamouwvevia qarTvelebsa da somxebSi dekanozis qarTulad Catarebul jvrisweras.

am faqts kavkavis episkopos petremde miuRwevia („iveria“ 1889: #253).

samwuxarod, gadasaxlebulebi verc ekonomikurad gaZlierebulan da sulieri saxs-

ris dakargvis saSiSroebis winaSec damdgaran. „qarTvelur grZnobasac hkargaven, qarTuls

zne-Cveulebas iviwyeben da, rasakvirvelia, enac ekargebaT“ („iveria“ 1894: #12).

qarTuli inteligenciis warmomadgenlebis saqmianoba mTeli ZalisxmeviT swored, ze-

moT aRniSnuli problemebis gadaWrisaken warimarTa. am mxareSi araerTi samrevlo skola

dauarsebiaT, romelTa inspeqtorad 1889 wels dauniSnavT arqimandriti leonidi („iveria“

1894: #138).

media gansakuTrebuli interesiT adevnebs Tvals kavkavSi qarTuli skolis daarsebis

faqts.

imier-kavkasiis qarTvelni didis xnis wasulni arian saqarTvelodgan da saqarTvelosa da

maT Soris TiTqmis yovelive kavSiri Seswyda da moispo. marTalia, kavkavis, yizliarisa da

mozdokis qarTvelebma ena da erovnoba daicves, magram qarTvelTa cxovrebaSi sruliad

araviTars monawileobas ar iRebdnen. dro viTarebis gamo imier-kavkasiis qarTvelTa ra-

odenoba Semcirda: zogni maTganni sruliad gadagvardnen, radganac moSorebulni iyvnen

mTavars wyaros Cvenis cxovrebisas. saqme im zomamde mivida, rom zogierTs adgilas isini

moklebulni iyvnen qarTul wirva-locvasa da qarTuli wera-kiTxva da mwerloba TiTqmis

sruliad daiviwyes („iveria“ 1888: #239).

– 51 –

osebi da qarTuli identoba beWdur mediaSi...

qarTul inteligencias yuradRebis miRma ar darCenia ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT arse-

buli mdgomareoba. kavkavSi mouwveviaT sagangebo kreba skolis daarsebis sakiTxebis gansax-

ilvelad. krebaze skolis mzrunvelebad aurCeviaT: m. z. yifiani, papovi (stefane), dekanozi

samadovi, i. baqraZe, maWavariani, inasariZe, gozaliSvili, kaxiZe, fxakaZe, s. gabaSvili, minado-

ra birSertisa, jaWvaZe, foraqaSvili da marjaniSvili („iveria“ 1888: #98). sxva aqtivobebic

gaumarTavT skolis sasargeblod saxsrebis moZiebis mizniT. erT-erTi aseTi aqtivoba kavka-

vis baRSi seirnoba gamarTula. am informaciidan sayuradReboa isaa, rom iqaur qarTvelobas

didi TanagrZnoba gamouxatavs („iveria“ 1888: #165) da sazogadoebis mondomebas uSedegod

ar Cauvlia. „qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebas“ miuRia Tanx-

moba skolis daarsebis Taobaze („iveria“ 1888: #211) da 1888 wels, 10 noembers dauarsebia

kidec („iveria“ 1888: #239); (iveria 1889: #30).

„wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis“ skolebi garda imisa, rom saganmanaTleb-

lo centrebs warmoadgendnen, amave dros qarTvelobis taZrad gvevlinebian. ai, ras ambobs

kavkavis skolis magaliTze korespondenti:

erTaderTi Zegli, romelic exla qarTvelebis aq yofnas amtkicebs, aris qarTvelTa So-

ris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelis sazogadoebis skola. [...] es erTad-erTi taZari Cve-

nis erovnebis warmomadgeneli aq mSvenivrad mouwyviaT. [...] guls sixarulis fancqalsa

hgvris Tavisis warweriT: „qarTuli skola“.

kavkavis skola erTi im zneobriv kavSirTagania, romelsac yvela wodebis warmomad-

genelni qarTvelni, mdidari Tu Raribi, Ciniani Tu uCino erTad gadaubams, erTis az-

riT gaumsWvalavs, erTgvaris siyvaruliT aRuZravs maTi guli saerTo saqmisTvis. dRes

kavkavis skola Seadgens erTs im sanukvels sagans mTelis aqauris qarTvelebisas, rom-

lis bed-iRbali yvelasTvis erTgvarad Zvirfasia da maszed zrunva, misi gaumjobeseba da

win-svla sanatreli da gulis tkivilis sagania („iveria“ 1895: #97).

skola namdvil kulturul centrad iqca. aq imarTeboda qarTuli saRamoebi, speqtak-

lebi da am gziT xeli ewyoboda aqauri qarTvelebis zneobriv gafaqizebas da samSoblosTan

mWidrod dakavSirebas.

amgvari mravalmxrivi moRvaweoba skolas aqcevda qarTvelobis simbolod. skola aRZ-

ravda da aZlierebda nacionalur grZnobebs.

Tumca aqac SeimCneoda gulgriloba qarTuli gazeTisa da wignebisadmi. am sakiTxze

informacias aqveynebs aqauri maswavlebeli l. bocvaZe.2 irkveva, am mdgomareobis gamosas-

woreblad igi mniSvnelovan RonisZiebebs mimarTavs, agrovebs qarTul wignebs biblioTekis

dasaarseblad. marTlac, misi iniciativiT gaxsnila biblioTeka kavkavis qarTvelTaTvis,

saidanac wignebis gatanas SeZlebdnen msurvelebi („iveria“ 1893: #58). xSir SemTxvevaSi

saxalxo maswavleblebs faqtobrivad mxolod enTuziazmiT uwevdaT muSaoba. amgvari moR-

vaweebis daxmareba/waxalisebisaTvis araerTi werili qveyndeba Jurnal-gazeTebSi. maswav-

lebelTa uangaro Rvawlis gadmocemiT media cdilobs mkiTxvelebSi gaaRvivos solidaro-

bis grZnoba da aRZras daxmarebis survili im TanamoZmeebis mimarT, romelnic dauRalavad

Sromoben erovnuli suliskveTebiT axalgazrdebis aRsazrdelad. Tavis mxriv uyuradRebod

ar tovebs „wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba“ materialurad xelmokle sazogado

moRvaweebs da did gaWirvebaSi Cavardnil maswavleblebs. maT Soris yofila l. bocvaZec

(„iveria

sayuradReboa kavkavSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebisa da somxebis iniciativa qarTuli war-

modgenebis gamarTvis Taobaze, romliTac isini qarTul dramatul dass marTavdnen

(„iveria“ 1889: #71).

sofel alagirSi, romelic kavkavidan 53 kolometriT aris daSorebuli, mcxovrebi 400

komlidan, 100 qarTuli, 180 osuri da 100 rusuli komli iyo. daaxloebiT 1882 wlisaTvis

iq raWidan Camosaxlebulan qarTvelebi. 1882 wlisaTvis ki iqauri gimnaziis maswavlebels,

tite kaxiZes, qarTvelebisaTvis dauarsebia skola, sadac swavleba qarTul da rusul enebze

mimdinareobda. „radganac es erTad-erTi skolaa mTels kavkavis eparqiaSi, amisTvis mTav-

robam mas uwoda saxelad – „qarTuli samrevlo skola“ („cnobis furceli“ 1902: #1697).

– 52 –

qeTevan mania

korespondenti gulistkivils gamoTqvams cxinvalSi qarTvelebis simcireze. amis

mizezad asaxelebs im garemoebas, rom

fulis SovnaSi Cvenebma imdeni unari ver gamoiCines, ramdenic somex-uriebma da

fuli-ki iseTi Zlieri iaraRia arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi, rom yovelive da yvelaferi imis

winaSe qeds ixris. qarTvelobamac, viT damarcxebulma brZolis velzed, moRuna qedi da

suliT-xorcianad mieca gamarjvebulTa klanWebs da amas-ki maTi Semcireba unda mohy-

oloda. asec moxda: winad Tu mcxovreblebis naxevars Seadgenda qarTveloba, dRes amis

meoTxedic aRar aris („iveria“ 1897: #130).

imdenad gaTamamdnen somexi vaWrebi, rom qarTvelebis diskriminaciasac axdendnen. amis

araerT magaliTs vxvdebiT presaSi. sofeli xeiTi uwylobas ganicdida da mosaxleoba wyals

cxinvalidan ezideboda. somxebs aukrZalavT qarTvelebisTvis cxinvalTan damakavSirebeli

xidiT sargebloba. erT somex CarC-vaWars wylis sazidi kasri gaumarTavs da sofel xeiTSi

daiwyo wylis zidva da wyliT vaWroba, romelsac am saqmes qarTveli Secilebia. es faqti

gamxdara xidiT sargeblobis akrZalvis mizezi somxebis mier. sxva daujerebel ambebsac iu-

wyeba gazeTi. sofel dgvrisSi, romelic versiTac arcaa daSorebuli cxinvals, erT dan-

greul RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesias sanaxevrod dapatronebian somxebi. aqauri mcx-

ovrebni am eklesiis dReobas aRdgomis meore dRes aRniSnavdnen.

[...] dgvrisSi arc Zvelad da arc axlad arasodes WaWanebad xsenebac-ki arsada yofila

somxisa da maS visi unda iyos, igi ekklesia Tu ara qarTvelisa?! miT umetes, rom ekklesiis

garSemo sul qarTvelebi scxovroben. magram uneblied duSeTis wm. grigolis niSis isto-

ria gvagondeba...

[...] saWiroa, visganac jer ars, yuradReba mieqces, saqme – gamoirkves. droa, erTxel da

samudamod moeRos bolo zogierTa somxebis amisTana nacarqeqiaobasa da Zvelis naSTebis

ase abuCad agdebas! cxinvaleli somxebi da maTi mRvdlebi sabuTad imas mogvaxseneben, rom

Sesaval karebis erTs naTals qvazed zed warweraa da somxuriao. vnaxeT is qvac; warwera

marTalia aris, magram somxuria Tu qarTuli, ver gavarCie, radganac somxuri da qarTu-

li, xucuri erTmaneTs Zlier waagavs. is ki utyuaria, rom zedwarweriani qva ufro axali

sCans, vidre sxvebi da gana TviT ekklesiis Sida moyvaniloba ar amtkicebs, rom qarTvelo-

bisaa?! imedia, Cveni xma ar darCeba xmad mRaRadeblisa udabnosa Sina, Cveni Zveli naSTebis

mkvlevarni yuradRebas miaqceven da am sadavidarabo qarTulis ofliT anagebs RvTis

taZars raime safuZvels daudeben... („iveria“ 1901: #76).

somxebis kidev erTi Tavgasuli qmedeba fiqsirdeba „cnobis furcelSi“. sofel xeiTSi

zRuderis eklesiis gverdiT somxebs bolo xans auSenebiaT eklesia Tavad maCablebis kuT-

vnil mamulSi. eklesiis mnaTed amorCeul vasil Sermazanov-Sermazaniancis eklesiaSi asasv-

leli erTaderTi gza gadauketavs da moaxloebul zRuderobis dResaswaulze ar uSvebdnen

salocavad xalxs. rom ara policiis boqauli erTmaneTs daereodnen kidec, magram boqauls

dauSoSminebia xalxi, romelsac urCevia samarTlisTvis miemarTaT. sayuradReboa avtoris

SeniSvna „Cvenma ‘Zmebma’ kargad ician, ro araviTari sabuTi ara aqvT simarTlisa da riTi an

rogor mihmarTon?!“ („iveria“ 1902: #253).

korespondenciebidan Cans qarTvelTa damokidebulebac somxebisadmi. nacionalu-

ri konsolidaciis procesSi qarTvelTa „Sinauri sxvebi“, somxebi iyvnen. „Sinauri sxva“

koleqtiur-kulturul identobaze dafuZnebuli erTobisaTvis gansakuTrebul gamowvevas

warmoadgens, radgan am SemTxvevaSi sazRvari sxvadasxva identobebs Soris mxolod kul-

turiT unda dafiqsirdes. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom somxuri identoba aris didi

kulturuli resursis mqone identoba. mecxramete saukunis somxoba saqarTveloSi didi ma-

terialuri resursis mqonec iyo. somxebis, rogorc diaspora xalxis, integrireba qarTvelTa

eTnonacionaluri konsolidaciisas praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarT-

veloSi mcxovrebi somxoba rCeboda qarTuli erTobis mudmiv gamowvevad (CxartiSvili, mania

2011: 147).

„kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebuli qristianobis aRmdgeni sazogadoebis“ keTilismyofel

gavlenaze sarwmunoebis da ganaTlebis gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT saubaria mgzavris SeniS-

vnebSi. aRniSnulia, rom anbanis uqonlobis gamo osebma qarTuli asoebiT saRmrTo wignebi

– 53 –

osebi da qarTuli identoba beWdur mediaSi...

gadaTargnes da wirva-locva eklesiaSi osur enaze warmoebda („droeba“ 1876: #128).

amdenad, zemoT ganxilul publikaciebze dakvirvebam gvaCvena, rom qarTuli beWduri

media aqtiur propagandas eweoda da qarTvelobas aRZravda sakuTari miwa-wylis, mSobliu-

ri enis, qristianuli sarwmunoebis dasacavad. sagangebod zrunavda swavla-ganaTlebis ama-

Rlebaze, am mizniT xels uwyobda samrevlo skolebis gaxsnisken mimarTul yvela wamowyebas.

qarTuli kulturis Zeglebis warmodgeniT ki cdilobda saerTo qarTuli kulturis isto-

riuli arsebobis dadasturebas. farTo msjelobebiT mexsierebis adgilebis mniSvnelovno-

baze, media aRZravda mkiTxvelebSi erovnul grZnobebs da mouwodebda maT kulturuli Ze-

glebis dacvisaken. amgvari aqtivobebiT xels uwyobda samaCablos danarCen saqarTvelosTan

erTianobis gancdis gaZliereba-ganmtkicebas da kulturuli erTobis ganmtkicebas.

SeniSvnebi

1 eTnosimbolizmis erT-erTi fuZemdebelia britaneli mecnieri e. smiTi. aRniSnuli meTod-

ologiuri midgomis Teoriuli safuZvlebi qarTuli samecniero wreebisaTvis cnobili gaxda

m. CxartiSvilis (CxartiSvili 2004) da l. patariZis (patariZe 2008) TargmanebiT. aseve m. Cxar-

tiSvils ekuTvnis qarTuli identobis istoriis axleburi meTodologiuri midgomiT kvlevis

pirveli mcdeloba.

2 l. bocvaZe kavkavis skolaSi maswavleblad 1892 wels gaigzavna („iveria“ 1893: #58).

damowmebani

baqraZe, CubiniZe 1996: osTa sakiTxi, krebulis Semdgenlebi da redaqtorebi akaki baqraZe da omar

CubiniZe, gori-Tbilisi, piTagora.

gaCeCilaZe 1996: m. gaCeCilaZe. samaCablos osTa yofa-cxovreba, zne-Cveuleba, kultura (1857-1905w.

qarTuli presis masalebis mixedviT), Tbilisi, mecniereba.

TogoSvili 1969: g. TogoSvili. saqarTvelo-oseTis urTierToba XV-XVIII s. Tbilisi, sabWoTa saqa-

rTvelo.

ToiZe 1991: l. ToiZe. rogor Seiqmna samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi, Tbilisi, mecniereba.

TofCiSvili 1997: r. TofCiSvili. saqarTveloSi osTa Camosaxlebisa da Sida qarTlis eTnoistoriis

sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, lomisi.

patariZe 2008: e.d. smiTi. nacionaluri identoba, Targmna lela patariZem, Tbilisi, logos presi.

sosiaSvili 2005: g. sosiaSvili. samaCablos istoria (XV-XIX ss.), Tbilisi, cxinvalis saxelmwifo uni-

versiteti.

toliaSvili 2005: k. toliaSvili. ruseTis sinodis saeklesio politika afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlSi

(XIX s. 80-iani-1917 ww.). istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad

wardgenili disertacia. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis is-

toriisa da eTnografiis instituti. Tbilisi;

cercvaZe 1996: k. cercvaZe. osTa sakiTxi XIX saukunis qarTul presaSi, Tbilisi, Tsu.

CxartiSvili 2004: e.d. smiTi. nacionalizmi Teoria, ideologia, istoria, Targmani inglisuridan

mariam CxartiSvilisa, Tbilisi.

CxartiSvili, mania 2011: m. CxartiSvili, q. mania. qarTvelTa nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesis

asaxva beWdur mediaSi, iveria da misi mkiTxveli saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, universali.

WiWinaZe 1913: z. WiWinaZe. oseTis istoria qarTulis istoriulis wyaroebiT, suraTebiT, aRwerili da

gamocemuli z. WiWinaZis, tfilisi.

droeba 1876: `droeba~, #128.

droeba 1882: `droeba~, #272.

droeba 1883: `droeba~, #234.

droeba 1883: `droeba~, #253.

droeba 1884: `droeba~, #167.

droeba 1884: `droeba~, #217.

droeba 1884: `droeba~, #219.

iveria 1877: `iveria~, #12.

iveria 1877: `iveria~, #13.

iveria 1887: `iveria~, #97.

– 54 –

qeTevan mania

iveria 1888: `iveria~, #98.

iveria 1888: `iveria~, #165.

iveria 1888: `iveria~, #211.

iveria 1888: `iveria~, #239.

iveria 1889: `iveria~, #30.

iveria 1889: `iveria~, #71.

iveria 1889: `iveria~, #253.

iveria 1893: `iveria~. #58.

iveria 1894: `iveria~, #12.

iveria 1894: `iveria~, #138.

iveria 1894: `iveria~, #192.

iveria 1895: `iveria~, #97.

iveria 1897: `iveria~, #130.

iveria 1901: `iveria~, #76.

iveria 1902: `iveria~, #253.

iveria 1903: `iveria~, #264.

iveria 1903: `iveria~, #265.

cnobis furceli 1902: `cnobis furceli~, #1697.

OSSETIANS AND GEORGIAN IDENTITY IN THE PRINT MEDIA

(“DROEBA”, “IVERIA”, “TSNOBIS PURTSELI”)

Ketevan Mania

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Russian government threatened the Georgian identity.

Colonialism was strongly directed towards the division of Georgian territories. To achieving their goal, the

people who were native Georgians and during the centuries have been lived in various historical regions of



so-called South Ossetia on the territory of historic Samachablo.

The study presents Ossetians and the history of Georgian identity through the print media representation

(Droeba, Iveria, Tsnobis Purtseli).

By observing numerous and diverse facts, the Georgian print media propagated and carried out a general

campaign to protect the territory, language and religion. It took special care to raise the level of education, for

-

ical existence of the common Georgian culture by representing the Georgian cultural monuments. With wide

discussions about the importance of memory sites, the media stirred up national sentiments among readers and

called on them to protect cultural monuments. Through such activities, it helped Samachablo to strengthen the

sentiments of unity with the rest of Georgia.

– 55 –

religiuri sasamarTlo: warmarTuli, qristianuli

kanonikuri da muslimuri samarTali Sua saukuneebis

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi

beqa mgelaZe

Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi xalxur-religiuri sasamarTlos paralelurad saekle-

sio-kanonikuri samarTalic arsebobda. masSi calkeuli muxlis saxiT asaxuli iyo TiTqmis

yvela is samarTlebrivi problema, romelsac sazogadoebaSi hqonda adgili. Cvenamde moaR-

wia ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis kanonikuri samarTlis fragmentebma da gviani Sua sauku-

neebis saeklesio krebis Zeglis weram – kaTalikosTa samarTlis wignma, sadac samarTlis is

punqtebia warmodgenili, romlis safuZvelzec esa Tu is piri religiurad samarTldeboda.

maTgan mniSvnelovania wyevla („krul da wyeul“) da SeCveneba („SeCuenebul iyavn“), RalatiT

mkvleloba, gandevna da gadaxvewa, sasjeli qalis motacebisa da qurdobisaTvis, mociqulTa

da wmindanTa krebebi, romlebic kanonebSi iyo moqceuli.

ivane javaxiSvilma daadgina, rom kanonikuri samarTali fragmentis saxiT beqa-aRbu-

Ras samarTals Tan erTvoda (javaxiSvili 1928: 63-70). saeklesio msjuldeblobis fragmenti

sxva araerT saintereso sasjelsac iTvaliswinebda. yvelgan sanqcia iyo is, rom damnaSave

„kanonsamca queSe iqnebis wmidaTa mociqulTasa“, rac erTgvarad kanonikuri samarTlis

formulasac warmoadgenda. igi ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis samarTlis wignebisagan im-

iTac gansxvavdeboda, rom TiToeul muxlSi kanoniT gansazRvrul ZiriTad sasjels dar-

Tuli hqonda damnaSavisadmi wyevla-krulva da SeCveneba. damnaSavis wyevla-krulva, moci-

qulTa da wmindanTa krebaTa kanonebis qveS dayeneba, am kanonebs gansakuTrebul saeklesio

elfers aZlevda, rac saero samarTlis Zeglebs ar axasiaTebdaT (doliZe 1953: 60-63). wyev-

la-SeCvenebis Cveulebebi, romlebic Zvel saqarTveloSi gamoxatuli iyo terminebiT – wyeu-

li, kruli, SeCuenebuli, rogorc Cans, warsulSi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi farTod

iyo gavrcelebuli (doliZe 1953: 343-344).

religiur samarTalSi gamokveTili adgili ekava muxls, romelic mkvlelobisaTvis

pirovnebas gadaxvewas avaldebulebda. pirovnebis gadaxvewac krulvasTan da SeCvenebasTan

kavSirSi iyo warmodgenili. gardaxvewa, es igive pirovnebis axlobelTa wridan gaZeveba iyo,

romelsac damnaSaves xalxuri-saadaTo samarTalic uwesebda. amis Sesaxeb saubaria beqas

kanonebis 22-e da kanonikuri samarTlis 161-e muxlebSi. am muxlebis Tanaxmad:

Tu Zmaman Zma moklas, – erT-saxli da gauyofeli iyos, da Tu gayofili iyos, swori da gina

axlos meyvisi, – ori keci sisxli dauurvos, rac gvarisa iyos, amad rome saRmTod bra-

lia da sakanono aris askeci. da agreTve ama sofels ZlivRa inaxvis kacTagan. aiRos, vinca

gavlenili iyos, qedTa gare yofa da gardaxvewa. patronisa da laSqarTagan gardaxdevasa

arvisgan moPseneba unda. ebiskopozma misi wesi icis, rac marTebs, man uyos (doliZe 1953:

294-295, B. muxli 22).

beqa mandaturTuxucesis samarTlis am muxlSi kanoni mkvlels orkeci sisxlis daurve-

bas, mamulis CamorTmevasa da gadaxvewas uwesebs, Tumca kanoni damatebiT sasjelsac iTval-

iswinebs, rac religiuri samarTlis safuZvlebidanaa aRmocenebuli. episkoposs codvis mo-

sananieblad damnaSavisaTvis saeklesio sasjeli unda Seefardebina. mkvleli dasaxlebidan

gaZevebuli unda yofiliyo, magram amiT igi sicocxles inarCunebda, kanonikuri samarT-

lis 161-e muxlis Tanaxmad ki mkvlels, roca orkerZ sisxls gadaaxdevinebdnen, mas Semdeg

SeaCvenebdnen. SeCvenebuls veravin ver miekareboda, misTvis aravis ar unda eSvela da Tu

vinme mfarvelobas aRmouCenda, isic wyeul-SeCvenebuli iqneboda, daaxloebiT ise, rogorc

samxreT saqarTvelos arc Tu ise Soreuli warsulis eTnografiul sinamdvileSi mokveTils

– Temidan gandevnils epyrobodnen. isidore doliZis daskvniT, 22-e, 117-e da 161-e muxlebSi

– 56 –

erTisa da imave xasiaTis danaSaulisaTvis sami sxvadasxva tipis sasjelia gaTvaliswinebu-

li, Sesabamisad, miTiTebuli muxlebic sxvadasxva drois sakanonmdeblo moRvaweobis nayofi

unda iyos (doliZe 1953: 61-62).

colis motacebac religiuri-kanonikuri samarTliT dasjadi qmedeba iyo da sasjelad

krulvas, wyevlasa da SeCvenebas iTvaliswinebda. kanonikuri samarTlis 165-e muxli konk-

retulad exeba colis ZaliT motacebas: „romelman kacman vis ginda misi guirguin-nakurTxi

coli wauRos, sruli sisxli dauurvos, raYsaca guarisa iyos. krul da wyeul da SeCuenebul

piriTa RmrTisaYTa da kanonsamca queSe iqmnebis wmidaTa mociqulTasa!“ (doliZe 1953: 343).

amis Sesaxeb bagrat kurapalatis samarTlis 135-e muxlSicaa saubari, oRond mas krul-

va-SeCvenebis formula ar axlavs: „Tu kacman kacsa coli wauRos, sruli sisxli“ (doliZe

1953: 62, 339).

amdenad, samarTlis muxlebidan naTlad Cans, rom orive sakanonmdeblo mimarTuleba

– kanonikuri da saero, xSirad, erTnair sasjels awesebda: damnaSaves dazaralebulisaT-

vis sruli sisxli unda daeurvebina, rac maT kavSirurTierTobas amtkicebda, magram mkv-

levarTa daskvniT, gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom kanonikuri samarTlis 165-e muxli

damatebiTi sasjelis saxiT aqac metad mZime sasjels, wyevla-krulvasa da SeCvenebas iTval-

iswinebda (doliZe 1953: 62).

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis eTnografiul yofaSi warmarTuli

samarTlebrivi xasiaTis wes-Cveulebebidan wyevlisa da SeCvenebis rituali XIX saukunis

bolomde iyo SemorCenili da igi udavod religiuri sasamarTlos elementebs Seicavda.

mkvlelobaSi anda qurdobaSi eWvmitanilis gamosatexad samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelodan

aWaraSi scodniaT e. w. bedva – sajarod wyevla. dazaralebuli naTesauri jgufis winaSe Tu

damnaSavis fici ver gaWrida, Semdgom bedva iwyeboda. aWarelTa rwmeniT, nabedvari kaci ver

gaixarebda. xinoSi bedvas „amoyinvas“ uwodebdnen. amoyinva (/bedva) – damnaSavis gadacema

soflis centrSi, sazogadoebrivi Tavyrilobis moedanze, paraskevs, muslimTaTvis salocav

dRes, e. w. „juma dRes~ iwyeboda. mas soflis Tavkacebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. sajarod xmamaR-

la warmosTqvamdnen: „vinc mkvlelis vinaoba icodes da ar gamoacxados, dawyevlili iqneso“.

amis sapasuxod udanaSauloni erTxmad ityodnen – „amin, gaigos RmerTmao“ (mgelaZe 1984: 59).

termini amoyinva, romelic xinos xeobis mosaxleobam eTnografiul yofaSi didxans Semoi-

naxa, ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis samxreT saqarTveloSi „moyivnebis“ saxelwodebiT iyo

cnobili. sityva moyinveba, romelic beqas samarTalSi gvxvdeba da pativis axdas, saxelis

gatexvas, saqveynod Sercxvenas niSnavs (doliZe 1955: 360), sisxlis sazRaurTan konteqstSia

warmodgenili da, rig SemTxvevaSi, misi amosavali CveulebiT samarTalSia saZiebeli. beqa

mandaturTuxucesis samarTlis 19-e da 23-e muxlebSi naTqvamia:

Tu kaci kacsa moerios, gamarjveba eyofis da Tana nuras waitans. Tu moayivnos da Searcx-

Knos, sisxlisa naxevari misces, da abjari da naZarcK srulad misces da gerSi, rogorica

andes. da ramTenica yma patimrad mietanos, misica naxevar[i] sisxli misces (doliZe 1953:

293-294 A. muxli 19).

Tu deda-wulman dedawulisa colsa uarSio uyos da moayivnos, – gina nebiTa, gina unebli-

eTa, – da ganmJRavndes, gina meyKsisagan, dauurvos colis qmarsa, sruli sisxli misces da

batonma misman nifxaviT oden SiSveli da yel-sabliani ubanTa zeda ganWirebuli moavlos.

im colis kuros Tu erCios, iyidos misi sisxli, orad Sekecos, romlisaca guarisa iyos,

amad rome mindobilni arian sisxliTa da PorciTa (doliZe 1953: 295, A. muxli 23).

xalxur samarTlebriv sivrceSi wyevlisa da SeCvenebis gverdiT yuradRebas iqcevs eT-

nografiulad xelmisawvdom periodamde Semonaxuli Cveuleba – fici da daficebis wesi, ro-

melsac sxvadasxva xasiaTis danaSaulis dasadgenad Tu erTgulebis gansamtkiceblad mimar-

Tavdnen. fici, rogorc „wesi samarTlisa“, Zvel saqarTveloSi mtkicebulebis erT-erT

formas warmoadgenda: „xolo wesni samarTlisa da SerisxvisaTKs aqundaT: sisxli, Prmali,

SanTi, mduRare da fici“ (lomouri, berZeniSvili 1941: 1).

vaxuSti batoniSvilis „zneni da Cveulebani saqarTvelosani“ mogviTxrobs, rom ficis

dadebis wesi qarTvelebisTvis uZvelesi droidan iyo cnobili da mas yoveldRiur yofa-cx-

ovrebaSi samarTlebrivi aqtebis dros gamoiyenebdnen. amasTan, gviani Sua saukuneebis ficis

beqa mgelaZe

– 57 –

religiuri sasamarTlo: warmarTuli, qristianuli kanonikuri da muslimuri...

gamomwvevi mizezebis gverdiT igi danaSaulisaTvis sasjelebs aRwerda:

xolo fici mamulis cilebisaTKs da sxvTaTKsca. daafician mowmiTa raodenni Sexudis,

xolo qurdsa, avazaksa da mZarcvela erTisa wil Svidi miaceminian da, ukHTu vin mesamed

hyo, aRmoxdian TvalTa da mciredisaTKs mohkuHTian ferPni. kvalad, ukHTu vin ixadis max-

vili bWesa mefisasa anu erisTavsa zeda da warCinebulTa, mohkuHTian Pelni, da sxvanica

mravalni iyunen (lomouri, berZeniSvili1941: 15-16).

radgan fici sasamarTlo mtkicebulebas warmoadgenda, bunebrivia, rom igi Sua sauku-

neebis saqarTvelos yvela samarTlis ZeglSia mocemuli, Sesabamisad, CveulebiT samar-

TalSic fici erT-erTi ZiriTadi iuridiuli rgoli iyo. ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos sinamdvilis amsaxvel samarTlis Zeglebze dayrdnobiT,

ficTan dakavSirebul terminebsa da formulebs isidore doliZe am Zeglebze TandarTul

leqsikonSi TanmimdevrobiT gadmogvcemda, magaliTad. „fici uRoniod wesia“: fici ucil-

oblad sWirdeba, saWiroa (doliZe 1953: 327, B. muxli 85), „ficiT minaxvedrebi“: ficiT na-

Cvenebi, dadasturebuli (doliZe 1953: 316, A. muxli 65), „ficiT gamoiCinos“: ficiT aCvenos,

daamtkicos, daificos (doliZe 1953: 299, A. muxli 33), „ficsa Sina dasaxeleba unda“: fici-

saTvis saWiroa moficris dasaxeleba (doliZe 1953: 302, A. muxli 37). winadadebaSi isini xSi-

rad sxvadasxva saxiT gvxvdeba: „ficos“ („samarTlebrivad sjobs, ficos uqneloba“, „da ver

ficos“), „Seficos“ (Tavis samarT[l]eblad Tu Seficos). „ficis“ gverdiT, iqve, yuradRebas

iqcevs terminebi mofici da moficari. mofici („dausaxelebelni moficni“) gvariseul mo-

ficrebs, mowme gvariskacebs gulisxmobda, xolo moficari („dasaxelebulni moficarni“) –

gareSe moficrebs, nafic mowmeebs (doliZe 1953: 353, 360):

mravalni saqmeni aseTguarni arian, zogs[a] saqme[sa] Sigan dasaxelebulni moficarni un-

dan, rome brWeT Seusxen. da bWeTagan karga gamonaxva unda. iqmnas iseTica kargi saqmeca,

zogni dausaxlebelni undan moficarni (doliZe: 288, A. muxli 4).

[...] da alafisa fici laSqarTa marTebs. Tu mZime alafi iyos, fici mZime unda. da ficsa

Sina dasaxeleba unda (doliZe 1953: 301-302, A. muxli 37).

[255] [...] mravalgvarni aseTni saqmeni arian. zogsa saqmesa Sigan romelnime dasaxelebulni

moficarni undan, rome bWeTa Seus[a]xnen, da zogsa _ dausaxelebelni. da bWeTagan karga

gamonaxva unda. iqnebis eseTisa kar[g]isa saqmesaca zogni dasaxelebulni undan da zogni

dausaxelebelni moficni (doliZe 1953: 288, B. muxli 4).

[...] ficiTa alafsa laSqarTa marTebs da, Tu orTave swored erbios TavisaTvis daifi-

con alafi. [260] Tu mZime alafi iyos, mZimeca fici unda; ficsa Siga dasaxelebuli da

dausaxeleblebi moficarTa wesia (doliZe 1953: 301-302, B. muxli 37).

unda ganvasxvavoT ficis ori saxeoba: fici, rogorc sasamarTlo mtkicebuleba da

procesualuri fici. mtkicebulebiTi fici ufro CveulebiT samarTalSi iyo warmodgeni-

li, rac misi warmoSobis fesvebze miuTiTebs, procesualuri fici ki, upiratesad, mraval-

ferovan samediatoro sasamarTloSi iCenda Tavs. aqedan gamomdinare, samarTalmcodneebi

erTmaneTisagan mijnaven „tolobis ficsa“ da „erTgulebis fics“. erTgulebis fici mxare-

Ta fici iyo, romliTac Tanxmoba cxaddeboda, raTa gadawyvetileba aRsrulebuliyo, ro-

melsac uyoymanod unda damorCilebodnen. sainteresoa dazaralebulis pirobac: „ficis

erTguli viqnebiT manamde, vidre Cveni yuriT ar gavigonebT damnaSave mxridan dacinvas da

abuCad agdebas usisxlod Serigebaze“. es imas niSnavs, rom SurisZiebis wminda movaleobaze

uaris Tqma da Serigeba erTgvarad uxerxulobad aRiqmeboda. amitom, dazaralebuli dam-

naSaves windawinve afrTxilebda, Tu ra Sedegi mohyveboda misi grZnobebis Seuracxyofas,

amasTan, sagangebod usvamda xazs im garemoebas, rom mxolod „sakuTari yuriT“ gagonils

daujerebda da ara vinmes naTqvams (kekelia 1979).

ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi fics, rogorc mt-

kicebulebis anda danaSaulSi braldebulis gamotexvis saSualebas rogorc religiuri

kanonikuri, ise saero feodaluri sasamarTloc mimarTavda. magaliTad, fics adgili hqon-

da colTan sxva mamakacis miuRebeli damokidebulebis, vTqvaT, „aSiyobisa“ da „wagvris“

drosac, sadac sazRauris procesSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo socialuri mdgomareoba, so-

– 58 –

beqa mgelaZe

cialur ierarqiaSi dazarebulis adgili. ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis samxreT saqarT-

velos samarTlis ZeglebSi daficebis wesi qrTamis aReb-micemasTan dakavSirebiTac xSirad

figurirebs, rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom Sua saukuneebis samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo-

saTvis qrTami, rogorc danaSaulis erT-erTi saxeoba, ar iyo ucxo (javaxiSvili 1929: 181,

216); (abramiSvili 2008). beqa-aRbuRas samarTalSi qrTami gagebulia, rogorc „qrTamis aReba

bWisgan“, „mosamarTlis mier qrTamis aReba“, „sauravisaTvis qrTami“, „gasamrjelo gansage-

belTa movlisa da zrunvisaTvis“, „qrTamis qadebisaTvis“, „qrTami dapirebisaTvis“ (doliZe

1953: 371). fics, rogorc mtkicebulebisa da gamamarTlebeli ganaCenis gamotanis safuZ-

vels, am SemTxvevaSic hqonda adgili. ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis religiur–kanoniku-

ri samarTalSi, gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava iseT iuridiul muxlebs, romlebic qurdobas

exeboda, Tumca igi aranaklebi mniSvnelobisa iyo saero sasamarTlo sistemaSic. kanonikuri

samarTlis 167-e muxlSi konkretuladaa saubari qurdobis saxeobebsa da sasjelis forme-

bze. qurdoba saxelmwifo samarTlis wignebSi sagangebo adgils ikavebs, rac am danaSaulis

Sua saukuneebis samxreT saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi mis SesaZlo sixSireze unda metyveleb-

des. amitom, aqac fics gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda. fici gamoiyeneboda im drosac, roca

kaci kacs qurdobas daabralebda (doliZe 1953: 297, 327, 328, 344).

Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi xdeboda isec, rom saqaravno-savaWro gzebze, romlebic

centraluri xelisuflebis meTvalyureobas eqvemdebareboda, „kacTa ukeTurTagan“ Tav-

dasxmebi ewyoboda, rac „qaravnis Zarcvad“ – qaravanTa qurdobad aRiqmeboda, rac dasjadi

saqcieli yofila. amitom iyo, rom maT mier meqaravneTa ayvanas didi mniSvneloba eniWebo-

da. yvelgan da yovelTvis ucnob, xangrZliv da damqancvel gzebze mogzaurobis pirobebSi

saqarTveloSi meqaravneebs megzurebi sWirdebodaT. megzurebi saWiro iyo ara marto gzis

gakvlevisaTvis, aramed usafrTxoebisaTvisac (mgelaZe da sxvebi 2019: 300-301); (mgelaZe,

narimaniSvili 2020: 74-75). es faqti kargadaa asaxuli adre Sua saukuneebis samxreT-dasav-

leT saqarTveloSi, kerZod, CorCanis „qveynisa“ da misi mimdebare miwa-wylis amsaxvel ba-

sil zarzmelis TxzulebaSi – „ wm.serapion zarzmelis cxovreba“. sisxlis samarTali marto

mparavsa da qurds ki ar sjida, aramed pasuxismgeblobas naparavis mimTvisebelsa da Semnax-

velsac akisrebda (gogoliSvili 2011: 94), Sesabamisad, am tipis danaSauli konkretulad iyo

gaTvaliswinebuli beqa aTabagis samarTalSic, sadac fics, rogorc mtkicebulebis erT-erT

formas, gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava. amaze beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis wignis 65-e muxlic

TvalnaTliv miuTiTebs:

Tu qaravansa qurdad Tavsa zeda dasxmasa Siga waPdomili icnas kacman, Tu ese ficos man

sxvaman kacman, rome igi qurdad ara yofiliyos, Tavis mets aras emarTlebis. [...] da Tu

ver Seficos, rasac waPdomilsa patroni ificavs, yvela uzRos ama kacman. [...] Tu Tavadad

igi kaci yofiliyos da Tav-laSqari yofiliyos, raca misi alafisagan ficiT minaxvedreb

Tqvas, igica ezRos ukleblad (doliZe 1953: 316, B. muxli 65).

Tu qaravnisagan qurdman wauRos rame, merme man misi icnas sxKs[a] kacis[a] PelTa, daificos

man kacman, rome qurdi ar[a] yofiliyos Tavis mets[a] aras emarTlebis (doliZe 1953: 316,

A. muxli 65).

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi fics adgili hqonda ara marto qurdobaSi braldebu-

lis mimarT, aramed miwaze davebis dros (zoiZe 1989); (zoiZe 1991: 49-50); (zoiZe 1996: 76).

garda am kategoriis danaSaulebebisa warsulSi fici figurirebda sisxl-mesisxleobis pro-

cesSic. igi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos, kerZod, aWaris sisxl-mesisxleobis institu-

tisaTvisac iyo damaxasiaTebeli, romelsac ukidures SemTxvevaSi mimarTavdnen, roca sxva

gamosavali ar arsebobda. Tu mkvleli malavda Tavis vinaobas, mosisxle iZulebuli xdeboda

morwmuneebs dayrdnoboda. dazaralebulis naTesauri jgufi Wirisuflebis TandaswrebiT

eWvmitanils simarTlis gasagebad sazogadoebrivi Tavyrilobis adgilas aficebda da Tan

eubnebodnen: „Tu ara xar mqneli, qiTabs daadevi xelio“. daficebis yvelas eSinoda da fi-

cis damdebma mkvlelis vinaoba Tu icoda, RvTis SiSiT amas ver damalavda. Tu Wirisufali

damficebels Seatyobda, rom man icoda mkvlelis vinaoba da cdilobda es daefara, maSin

masac umtrobdnen. lenginoz boWoriSvilsa da nugzar mgelaZes savele-eTnografiuli kv-

leva-Ziebis procesSi daumowmebia daficebis wesi ara marto „nusxafze“ (qse 1984: 488), ar-

– 59 –

religiuri sasamarTlo: warmarTuli, qristianuli kanonikuri da muslimuri...

amed purze da mWadzec (boWoriSvili 1976: 155); (mgelaZe 1984: 57-59), rac adaTobrivi samar-

Tlis uZvelesi normebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT TavisTavad sayuradRebo mxarea. mWadze

daficebis Cveuleba, romelic gamoiTqmeboda „daikave mWadi xelSis“ saxiT, utyuari simar-

Tlis gamomxatveli gamoTqma iyo (noRaideli 1976: 75). samxreT da dasavleT saqarTvelos

garda daficebis rituali aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic dasturdeba. aRmosavleT saqarTve-

los mTianeTSi, kerZod, xandos TemSi damowmebulia saTemo Sekrebis adgili, e. w. saficari,

sadac eWvmitanils aficebdnen. saficarTan mdebareobda sofel winamxris kuTvnili salo-

cavi, romelsac „adgildedas“ eZaxdnen. salocavebis SiSiT saficarTan sicrues eridebod-

nen, magram eWvmitanili Tu mainc tyuils ityoda da dazaralebulebi amas SeamCnevdnen, maSin

mas xars dauklavdnen (mgelaZe 1984: 59). ficis safuZvelze „Par-qvabiT Seyra“ Tu „xar-qvabiT

Seficva“ – ucxo Temis wevris gvarSi miReba xevsurebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradicia iyo

(xaraZe 1948). fSauri „PariT gaficvis“ drosac mosuli, umravles SemTxvevaSi, damxvduris

– „unjis“ („mkvidris“) gvars Rebulobda (eriaSvili 1982: 21). aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTSi, kerZod, xevsureTSi mkvlelobis dros mediaciis procesSi did rols Seficu-

li Suamavlebi asrulebdnen. Tu nafic mediatorTa didi RvawliTa da mecadineobiT saqme

iqamde mividoda, rom damnaSave Tavis danaSauls aRiarebda, mas braldeba daumtkicdeboda,

amis mere, ukve muSaoba im mimarTulebiT midioda, rom sasjelis moxdis Semdgom dazarale-

buli mxare – moklulis Wirisufali, damnaSavis Serigebaze daeyabulebinaT, raTa sisxlis

aReba ar gagrZelebuliyo. amdenad, rogorc irkveva, fici mxolod im dros gamoiyeneboda,

roca obieqturi gamoZiebisTvis sxva masalebi ar arsebobda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, braldebuli

Tavis marTlebis mizniT fics debda, rom is ar iyo damnaSave. amgvari ficis dadebas, bune-

brivia, didi SiSi da krZalva axlda. morwmunes mxridan ficis gatexva momakvdinebel codvad

iTvleboda. ficis dadeba mniSvnelovani iyo im viTarebaSic, roca romelime dava xalxuri

samarTlis mixedviT dasruldeboda, raTa modave ojaxs Soris saboloo mSvidobas daesad-

gurebina (gujejiani 2014).

rogorc vxedavT, fici sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela im

sferoSi iCenda Tavs, sadac Cveulebis safuZvelze samarTlebrivi motivaciis aucilebloba

idga. es exeboda mosamarTleebs, molaSqreebs, bralis damdebsa da danaSaulSi braldebuls,

religiuri aRmsareblobis warmomadgenlebs. svanTa da xevsurTa saTemo cxovrebaSi ficis

mravalfunqciuri buneba yvelaze naTlad ikveTeba. aseTive suraTi gvaqvs samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTveloSi. magaliTad, ficTan dakavSirebuli araerTi Cveulebis gverdiT igi samxedro

molaSqreTa Soris da socialurad dawinaurebul fenebsac exeboda. magaliTad, warsulSi

olqas – sxvadasxva Temis warmomadgenlebisagan Seqmnil SeiaraRebul razms aWaris begoba

ise SeuSinebia, rom ficic ki CamourTmeviaT, rom isini soflis gaRaribebul mosaxleobas

ar Seaviwroebdnen (WiWinaZe 1916: 21-22). ficis dadebisaTvis teritoriul areals, romelic

saTaves qristianobamdel warmarTul warsulSi iRebs, rogori paradoqsulic ar unda iyos,

xSirad, xatebisa da eklesiebis midamoebi warmoadgenda. Zveli qarTuli iuridiuli xasiaTis

wignebSic asaxulia daficebis iseTi siuJetebi, romlebic ara marto samarTlebrivi Tval-

sazrisiT, aramed eTnologiuradac uaRresad sayuradReboa, magaliTad iseTi, rogoric iyo

xatis nabani wyliT fici. es bunebrivicaa, radgan, rogorc miCneulia, qarTuli saxelmwifo

samarTali uZvelesi tradiciebis mqonea, Sesabamisad, pirveli dokumenti, romelic qarTu-

li samarTlis Sesaxeb gvaqvs, swored ficze gvesaubreba. es aris beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis

wignSi Cadebuli Zveli samarTlis fragmenti, romelic xatis nabani wyliT Sesrulebul

ficze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. TavisTavad, es faqtic Zalian sainteresoa, Tundac im mxriv,

rom mogviTxrobs, Cvens droSic ki cocxali tradiciis, xatis nabani wyliT ficis dadebis

Sesaxeb da mianiSnebs am tradiciis uZveles warmomavlobaze. igi imiTac aris mniSvnelovani,

rom rac dRes yofaSi CveulebiTi, xalxuri samarTlis saxiT aris SemorCenili, odesRac

qarTuli saxelmwifo samarTlis nawili yofila (gujejiani 2014). qarTuli, upiratesad,

dasavlur-qarTuli tradiciuli sazogadoebis CveulebiT samarTalSi damnaSavis gamotex-

vis mizniT TiTqmis XX saukunis miwurulamde cnobili iyo eWvmitanilis xatze gadacema

da xatSi daficeba, romlis paralelurad qarTvelebma icodnen saflavze fici (makalaTia

1984: 99); (TofCiSvili 2006: 117); (TofCiSvili 2008: 260). dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod,

guriaSi – Sua surebSi „lomiskarelis“ eklesiaSi dasvenebul xatze e. w. „papajvarze“ adre

– 60 –

beqa mgelaZe

danaSaulSi gamosatex pirs aficebdnen. daficebas mRvdeli awyobda (mgelaZe 1983). dasav-

leT saqarTveloSi – guriaSi xatze gadacema sofel noRaSic (Coxatauris raioni) scodniaT.

pirovnebas danaSauls Tu miuxvdebodnen, maSin dazaralebulis uaxloesi naTesavebi ekle-

siaSi xatTan axlos lursmans miaWedebdnen. gadmocemiT, amis Sedegad damnaSave „javriT“

mokvdeboda (gogitiZe/gogitaZe 1983). es wesi mkafiod iyo warmodgenili saqarTvelos sxva-

dasxva kuTxeSi. rogorc samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos, ise saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi,

eTnografiuli wyaroebiT, Temis Tavyrilobisa da ficis dadebis adgili, upiratesad, salo-

cavebi – xatebi da eklesiis midamoebi iyo. ase iyo imereTSi, guriaSi, samegrelosa da aWara-

Si. gansakuTrebiT saintereso formebs igi svaneTSi atarebda (xaraZe 1953: 166-167, 169-171,

189, 199), sadac Temis mSvidobiani ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebel samarTlebriv proces-

Si didi iyo daficebisa da xat-salocavebis roli, sadac mkvlelobaSi braldebuli da

bralmdebeli Tav-TavianT naTesavebs Sekrebdnen da sasamarTlo gadawyvetda, rom orive

mxares daefica. ficis sandooba ufro utyuari rom gamxdariyo, mxareebi erTmaneTs eqvs-

eqvs anda Tormet-Tormet moficars dausaxelebdnen, romlebic ficis damdebTan erTad,

fics TviTonac debdnen. svaneTSi zogjer, mTeli modgma ificebda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tavis

gamarTlebis dros, mamakaci Tavis terfebze mcirewlovan vaJiSvils daiyenebda da mTeli

Tavisi CamomavlobiT ficSi Sedioda, rom tyuilis SemTxvevaSi ara marto TviTon, aramed

memkvidreobiTi xaziT mTeli misi modgma dasjiliyo. es iyo mZime fici (gujejiani 2014).

ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis samxreT saqarTvelos samarTlebriv ZeglebSi moxseniebul

„dausaxelebel moficnTan“ am mxriv tipologiuri kavSiri udavod sainteresoa. Sua sauku-

neebis samxreT saqarTveloSi arsebula „dasaxelebulni moficarni“ – gareSe moficrebi,

nafici mowmeebi da „dausaxelebelni moficni“ – gvariseuli moficrebi, mowme gvariskacebi,

e. i. damficeblebi iyvnen gvaris wevrebi – saxlikacebi (doliZe 1953: 353, 360). ficis dros

naTesavebis roli da xatSi daficebis CveulebaTa Taviseburebebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTis mosaxleobis CveulebiT samarTalSic TvalsaCinodaa warmodgenili, rac, mag-

aliTad, xevsureTSi ara marto sisxl-mesisxleobis procesSi, aramed, umTavresad, saqarT-

velos sxva kuTxeebis msgavsad, miwis mijnebis Taobaze davisas, ciliswamebisas, qurdobas-

Tan da mruSobasTan dakavSirebiT iCenda Tavs (makalaTia 1984: 99). amdenad, tyuil-marTalis

garkvevis mizniT daficebis Cveuleba mxolod eTnografiuli saqarTvelosaTvis damaxasi-

aTebeli lokaluri Tavisebureba ki ar yofila, aramed, rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebidan

davinaxeT, warsulSi igi qarTuli samarTlebrivi Zeglebidanac kargad iyo cnobili. weril-

obiT wyaroebidan aSkarad Cans, rom samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos kuTxeebidan, magaliT-

ad, samcxeSi, Zvelad daficebis momwyobTa rolSi Cveulebriv naTesavebi anda saxlis kacebi

gamodiodnen (doliZe 1953: 33, 37, 65, 85, 94, 140, 328).

amdenad, udavo faqtad unda miviCnioT, fics, rogorc mtkicebulebis umniSvnelovanes

instituts, saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxis CveulebiT samarTalSi gansakuTrebuli

adgili rom ekava (TofCiSvili 2006: 117; 2008: 260). es kargad Cans ara marto samarTlebrivi

cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferosa Tu dasaxlebaSi gareSe Temis wevris sagvareuloSi miRe-

bis dros, aramed xelovnurad danaTesavebis pirobebSic, maT Soris, rZiT danaTesavebisas

(mgelaZe 1987b: 100-105), magram sakuTriv ficis daniSnuleba upiratesad mamakacTa daZmo-

bilebisas vlindeboda. qarTlSi mamakacebis daZmobilebas daficva erqva, xolo fSav-xev-

sureTsa da xevSi Zmadgaficva, qalebisas ki – fSavSi daTgaficva (daTgaficuli), leCxum-

Si – dadnafici. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi daZmobilebis gamosaxatavad dasturdeba

araerTi msgavsi termini: Zmadnafici (qarTli, mTiuleTi, leCxumi), ficnaWami (mTiuleTi),

fic-vercxl-naWami (fSavi, xevsureTi). am tipis Zmadnaficoba mTeli saqarTvelosaTvis iyo

damaxasiaTebeli da igi XIX saukunis miwurulisaTvis samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mo-

saxleobisaTvisac jer kidev tipuri iyo (mgelaZe 1987a). xelovnuri danaTesavebis mraval-

ferovanma formebma mkvlevarTa yuradReba didi xania rac miiqcia da igi rogorc eTnolo-

giuri, ise samarTlebrivi kuTxiT saTanadodaa aRwerili da gaanalizebuli (erisTavi 1855:

75-145, 129); (gurko-kriaJini 1928: 17); (yamarauli 1929); (makalaTia 1983); (mkalaTa 1984: 99);

(xaraZe 1939); (iToniSvili 1960: 20, 24); (kandelaki 2001: 16); (javaxaZe 1983: 46, 126); (goginaSvili

1988: 33-40).

religiurma sasamarTlom bevri ram warmarTuli Cveulebebidan miiRo, sadac samarTle-

– 61 –

religiuri sasamarTlo: warmarTuli, qristianuli kanonikuri da muslimuri...

brivi gansjac warmarTuli rwmena-warmodgenebiT iyo Sejerebuli. xalxuri gasamarTlebis

amgvari wesebi yofaSi TiTqmis XX saukunis dasawyisamde iyo Semonaxuli, romlebic samx-

reT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi gansakuTrebiT sicocxlisunariani demonolo-

giur SexedulebaTa sferoSi aRmoCnda. aqac, kudianebisa da jadoqrebis gamosavlenad da

dasasjelad mosaxleoba xSirad samarTlebriv gzebs mimarTavda, romlebsac RvTis samarT-

lis motivacia edoT safuZvlad. aseTi iyo kudianobaSi eWvmitanilis dadaRva, jadoqroba-

Si braldebulis mdinareSi gadagdeba da sxva misTanani (mgelaZe 1984); (mgelaZe 2010/2011:

423-435). tradiciul yofaSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, pirovnebis kudianobis

gasarkvevad ganmsazRvreli wyali yofila. eWvmitanils gobSi ajendnen. xalxuri gagebiT,

wyalSi kudi gamoCndeboda, romelsac SeaWridnen, rac kudians grZneul Tvisebebs ukargav-

da. wylis msgavsi funqcia guriaSi gamovlenil folklorul-eTnografiul masalebSi naT-

ladaa asaxuli. guriaSi arsebobs e. w. kudianebis tba, romelic zotisa da baxmaros gzasayar-

Si mdinare gobazeulTan mdebareobs. adre kudianobaSi eWvmitanili, marTlac, kudiani Tu

ar iyo, mosaxleobis rwmeniT, CaiZireboda, magram Tu kudiani iyo – wylis zemoT itivtiveb-

da. kudianobaSi eWvmitanils kiserze Toks wauWerdnen da avsulobaSi Tu ar gamotydebo-

da, maSin xidze Tavqve dakidebdnen. danaSauls Tu ar aRiarebda Tokebs daWridnen da gan-

wirulTan erTad wyalSi Cayridnen. aqac, daZirul pirs kudianad ar miiCnevdnen, xolo vinc

ar CaiZireboda igi codvis Svilad iTvleboda da ityodnen: „wyalmac ar miiRoo“. kudiano-

baSi braldebuli wylidan amoyavdaT da klavdnen (noRaideli 1967: 68); (mgelaZe 2010/2011:

431-432). guriaSi, kudianobaSi SemCneulT mosaxleoba sufsis napirze xidis maxloblad, e. w.

„guris tbis“ midamoebSi erTad uyrida Tavs. TavSeyris adgilze cecxli inTeboda. eWvmit-

anilni xidze TiTo-TiTo gamohyavdaT, tanisamoss xdidnen da mdore wyalSi agdebdnen. Tu

adamiani ar daiZireboda, maSin igi kudianad iTvleboda da daSanTva ar ascdeboda (nadaraia

1980: 187). dasjis aseTi forma sakmaod adreuli Cans. igi Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxebSic yo-

fila gavrcelebuli. amaze miuTiTebs xamurabis kanonTa kodeqsi. rogorc cnobilia, babi-

lonSi sasamarTlos warmoebas samoqalaqo xasiaTi hqonda, Tumca gamonaklisis saxiT Tavs

iCenda e. w. „ordali“ (RvTis samarTali). magaliTad, Tu vinmes brals dasdebdnen jadosno-

baSi, xamurabis kanonebis mixedviT, igi mdinareSi unda gadavardniliyo. Tu mdinare adamians

CaZiravda, CaiTvleboda, rom pirovneba marTlac jadosani iyo. misi mamxileblebi jadosnis

saxls Rebulobdnen, magram Tu mdinare ar miiRebda da amoativtivebda eWvmitanils, maSin

cilismwamebeli sikvdiliT isjeboda da misi saxli udanaSaulo braldebulisaTvis unda ga-

daecaT (meliqiSvili 1961: 45):

ukeTu kacs jadoqroba daabrala da ver daumtkica, is, visac jadoqroba dabralda, mdin-

aresTan unda mivides, mdinareSi unda Sevides da, Tu igi mdinarem daiWira, misi damsme-

neli mis saxls waiRebs. Tu es kaci mdinarem gawminda da igi gadarCa, vinc mas jadoqroba

daabrala, sikvdiliT unda daisajos. vinc mdinareSi Sevida, Tavisi damsmenelis saxls

waiRebs (kiknaZe 1988: 100).

axali gadasaxedidan dRes religiur samarTlebriv cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli am

tipis rwmena-warmodgenebi bevrs sasacilodac ar yofnis, magram warsulSi sasjelis aseTi

formebi religiuri sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa mniSvnelovani nawili iyo, radgan de-

monologiur samyarosa da mis personaJebs xalxi realurad aRiqvamda. gazeT „iveriaSi“ XIX

saukunis 80-ian wlebSi daibeWda erTi korespondencia, romelic zemo aWaris didaWaris Tems

exeboda:

[didaWaris sazogadoebas] am bolo xanebSi SeudgeniaT erTi sasacilo arza, „muxure-

bic“ daurtyamT da ise miurTmeviaT „uCastkis“ ufrosisaTvis. arzaSi naTqvamia, rom Cven

sazogadoebaSi kudianebi gvyavso da imaTi gamorCevis neba gviboZeTo; [...] „jazi-baSi“ mov-

iyvanoT da visac jazi-baSi kudianad daasaxelebs, is mogvaSoreT da sxvagan daasaxleTo

(„iveria

CveulebiT samarTalSi sxvadasxva tipis religiuri akrZalvebi da religiuri ganaCe-

nic warsulSi, aWaraSi socialur urTierTobaTa sferoSic SeimCneoda. magaliTad, roca

– 62 –

beqa mgelaZe

aRdi – saqorwino xelSekruleba „gakveTili“ iyo, daniSnulebs, SesaZloa, erTmaneTTan

sqesobrivi kavSiri daemyarebinaT. amas niSanloba erqva. niSanloba, sacolis ojaxSi pirve-

li misvla da puroba, RamiT, SesaZloa, wyvilTa sqesobrivi urTierTobiT dasrulebuliyo.

xalxuri rwmeniT, saqorwino wyvilis cxovrebis am gansakuTrebul momentSi TiTqosda maTi

mojadoveba da daavadeba – dakoWva advili iyo (mgelaZe 1996: 204, 226); (beqaia 1964: 1974:

48). aWaraSi Semoinaxa dabadebamde da akvanSi niSnobis Zveli Cveulebac, romelic gviani Sua

saukuneebisaTvis Turquli warmoSobis terminiT „beSiqerTmaTi“ aRiniSneboda. Tvlian, rom

aWaraSi am terminis arseboba imdroindel TurqeTSi am movlenis cxovelmyofelobaze miu-

TiTebs (mgelaZe 1996: 205); (beqaia 1974: 39), Tumca Tavad wesi sakmaod Zvelia da igi saTanado

terminebiTa aRiniSneba, magaliTad, xoCiCSi niSnoba, akvnaSi niSnoba (mgelaZe 1996: 207-209).

dabadebamde da akvanSi niSnoba rogorc islamis, ise qristianuli religiebis warmoSobamde

winamorbedi sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenas warmoadgenda. daqorwinebis pe-

riodSi yuradRebas iqcevs qalis gamosasyidi – urvadi, romlis nawilsac mihiri warmoad-

genda. mihiri qalis gamosasyidis – „baSluRis“ is nawili iyo, romelic kacs colisaTvis

unda gadaexada da romelic qalis mziTvad miiCneoda. igi SemorCa rogorc saweso forma da

sazogadoebaSi didad fexmokidebuli ar yofila. SesaZloa amitomac iyo, rom coli qmars

pirvelsave dReebSi mihirs Cuqnida da valisagan aTavisuflebda (beqaia 1974: 47).

muslimur normativze dafuZnebuli sasamarTlo organizaciebidan samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTveloSi yadis sasamarTlo unda gamoiyos. aq, upirvelesad, sainteresoa imis garkve-

va Tu ra mimarTeba arsebobda yadis sasamarTlosa da saadaTo sasamarTlos Soris. miuxe-

davad imisa, rom yadis sasamarTlos amosavali SariaTi unda yofiliyo, igi mainc, umetes

SemTxvevaSi, adaTiT xelmZRvanelobda. amas isic ganapirobebda, rom adgilobrivi yadebi,

romlebic samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi warmomavlobiT qarTvelebi iyvnen, osmalurs,

Turqul enas saTanadod ver flobdnen, Sesabamisad, verc SariaTis principebiT ver xelmZ-

Rvanelobdnen. amitom, Tundac amis gamo iZulebulni xdebodnen saadaTo samarTlebrivi

codna gamoeyenebinaT. XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebis periodul presaSi gamoqveynebul erT-

erT werilSi amis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo cnobas vxvdebiT. werilSi osmaleTis mmarTvelobis

xanaSi momCivan-mosamarTleze anonimi qobuleTelis saubaria warmodgenili:

Cven yvelam TaTruli Tu vicodeT, racxas ki gavigonebT, mara ar viciT, zogierTma aRi-

ebma ki ician, mara igins vin kiTxavs; Tarjimanic ki gvyavs, mara mainc veraferi samarTali

kaimakamma ver qna Ziav. mova, dajdeba busaviT odaSi, daiZaxebs: „buirumo yadio aRiebovo,

oTur menjliSo!“, dajdebian, ilaparakeben, yaves da TuTuns smen da mere ilocaven da

gaTavda maTi samarTali ... TaTarSi, Ziav, es samarTalia: mobrZandi Ziav, – fara, buirum –

fara, wadi – fara! sul fara da fara! Cven faras vin mogvcems Ziav, fuxara varT da mogve-

Ro bolo sunTlad Ziav („sasoflo

aq kargad ikveTeba yadis sasamarTlosadmi mosaxleobis undobloba da uaryofiTi

damokidebuleba. amasTan, yadis meqrTameoba es erTi aspeqtia, CvenTvis sainteresoa sa-

samarTlo organoebSi enobrivi barieris sakiTxi, rac im dros realobas warmoadgenda. amis

Sesaxeb TiTqmis yvela is mkvlevari miuTiTebda, romlebmac im dros, kerZod, XIX saukunis

70-ian da 80-ian wlebSi aWaraSi imogzaura. isini werdnen, rom Turquli ena gamarTulad mx-

olod vaWrobis mimdevarma aWarlebma icodneno (zoiZe 1996: 64). arsebobda Tqmulebac, ro-

melic yadebis sasamarTloSi gabatonebul meqrTameobaze miuTiTebda. Tqmulebis Tanaxmad,

yadisaTvis momCivans qrTamad erTi culi miutania. mopirdapire mxares es rom gaugia, misT-

vis dekeuli miuyvania. sasamarTlo procesze, Turme, yadi dekeulis mimyvans aSkarad icav-

da. roca es culis mimtans SeuniSnavs, ufiqria, albaT, yads davaviwydio da gangeb dauZaxia:

„Senma samarTalma culsaviT unda gaWraso“. yads ki upasuxia: „Sens culis tarze dekeulma

gadaafunao“ (axvlediani 1956: 50). SesaZloa msgavsi faqtebis gamoc iyo osmalTa mmarTve-

lobis periodSi mosaxleoba yadebis sasamarTlos iSviaTad rom mimarTavda, Tumca zemoT

moyvanili masalebis safuZvelze oTar zoiZe marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom es isec ar unda

gavigoT TiTqos maSin yadebis sasamarTlo usaqmod iyo (zoiZe 1996: 64). saerTod, yadebisa

da xalxur sasamarTloebs Soris urTierTmimarTebis xasiaTis dasadgenad literaturaSi

gaTvaliswinebulia is garemoebac, rom saadaTo sasamarTlo, romelic uZvelesi droidan

– 63 –

religiuri sasamarTlo: warmarTuli, qristianuli kanonikuri da muslimuri...

arsebobda, xalxis yofis aucilebeli da organuli nawili iyo, xolo yadebis sasamarTlo

gvian miRebuli da, amasTan, Tavsmoxveuli religiis Tanmxleb nawils warmoadgenda da mosax-

leobaSi misi damkvidreba principSi ar xerxdeboda. ase moxda aWaraSic. rogorc miiCneven,

damkvidrebis mizniT yvela SemTxvevaSi mas saxalxo sasamarTlo unda Seeviwroebina, rac

arc Tu ise ioli iyo, radgan brZolis warmatebiT dasrulebisaTvis aWarlebis mier muslim-

uri religiis formalur-dogmaturi wesebisa da ritualebis aRsruleba sakmarisi ar iyo.

gadamwyveti iyo saukuneobiT arsebuli yofis Secvla, rac faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli iyo da

arc momxdara (zoiZe 1996: 64-65). roca Cven vcdilobT yadebisa da xalxur sasamarTloebs

Soris aWaraSi urTierTmimarTebis saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSan-Tvisebebi dadgindes,

upirvelesad unda gairkves sasamarTloTa am ori formis amosavali wyaroebi. saqme imaSia,

rom SariaTi yvela qveyanasa da yvela xalxSi, Camoyalibebis Tavdapirvel safexurzec da

Semdegac, adaTebiTa da xalxuri ganmartebebiT xelmZRvanelobda (masse 1982: 61-82, 83-109);

(qerimovi 1978: 3-217); (vagabovi 1980: 3-89); (misrokovi 2002). qristianobis damkvidrebam-

de, xolo Semdeg islamis gavrcelebamde aWaraSi xalxuri samarTali odiTganve arsebobda,

romelic Temis wevrTa cxovrebis wesis organuli nawili iyo da Temis sicocxlisunaria-

nobisa da normaluri arsebobis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgenda, SariaTis safuZvelze

yadebis sasamarTlo ki saTemo cxovrebaSi garegani faqtorebiT CaerTo, roca osmalTa

mmarTvelobis xanaSi islamma arc Tu ise efeqturad qristianul garemoSi ZalmomreobiT

daiwyo gavrceleba da, Sesabamisad, damkvidreba. islams Tan Semohyva masTan dakavSirebuli

samarTlebrivi institutebi yvela im aucilebeli komponentiT, rogorc es tipur islamur

yaidaze mowyobil saxelmwifoebSi iyo. aWaraSi yadebis sasamarTlo organizacia saadaTo sa-

samarTlos Seviwrovebas sxvadasxva gziT cdilobda, iTavsebda sasamarTlo funqciebs, ma-

gram sxvadasxva garemoebis gamo es, principSi, mainc SeuZlebeli xdeboda, upirvelesad imis

gamo, rom miuxedavad aWarlebis mier islamisa da am religiasTan dakavSirebuli wesebisa

da ritualebis formaluri aRiarebisa da dogmaturad miRebisa, isini yoveldRiur yofaSi

mama-papuri tradiciebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen da istoriulad Camoyalibebul normativebad

qceul socialur da samarTlebriv stereotipebs inarCunebdnen.

winaaRmdegobriv yofiT da samarTlebriv sivrceSi, roca sasamarTlo organizaciebi

SariaTis ZiriTadi punqtebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen, upirvelesi barieri yovelTvis xalxu-

ri saadaTo normativebi da Tavad mosaxleobis sasamarTlos tipebisadmi ganwyoba gaxldaT.

kavkasiaSi ase iyo TiTqmis yvelgan, sadac islami yofiTi kulturaSi fesvebis gadgmas cdi-

lobda. msgavseba mkafio iyo kavkasiis, gansakuTrebiT, CrdiloeT kavkasiis im xalxebsa da

regionebs Soris, romlebsac analogiur religiur garemocvaSi uxdebodaT cxovreba, ma-

gram tradiciul fesvebze idgnen da adaTebs efuZnebodnen. aseTi msgavsebebi SemTxveviT

movlenas ar warmoadgenda, rac Cans kidec sakuTriv Crdilo kavkasiis mTielTa adaTebSi

(aglarovi 2002: 254-260). amis sailustraciod oTar zoiZe mamaixan aglarovis mier gamoy-

enebul XVIII saukunis – 1741 wlis erT-erT dokuments moixmobs, romelic, misi azriT, Crdi-

loeT kavkasiis islamze moqceuli xalxebis yofaSi SariaTisa da adaTobrivi normebis para-

lelurad arsebobis damadasturebelia. amasTan, dokumentidan Cans Tu rogor cdiloben

sofel asas mkvidrni SariaTis moqmedebis farglebi SemosazRvros: „1154 wels hijriT sofe-

li asas mcxovreblebi Tanaxmani arian SariaTis sasamarTlos yvela saxis samarTalwarmoeba

gadascen garda qurdobisa da mkvlelobis“ (aglarovi 1988: 155).

Crdilo kavkasiaSi arsebuli msgavsi tendencia sxvebis mierac iyo SeniSnuli, saidanac

irkveva, rom SariaTis samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi normebi SedarebiT modernizebuli iyo

(perSici 1979: 225). oTar zoiZe sofel asas am gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze miuTiTebs, rom

faqtobrivad mTeli sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi SariaTis sasamarTloebis qvemdebareobidan

amoRebuli iyo. arada, saadaTo sasamarTlos TviT arsebobac ki islams ewinaaRmdegeboda.

islamis arsis Rrmad mcodne da mimdevar pirovnebebs es kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli.

SemTxveviTi ar iyo is faqtic, rom daRestnis imami Samili, ocdaSvidwliani mmarTvelobis

periodSi, saadaTo sasamarTloebs cecxliTa da maxviliT ebrZoda da SariaTis sasamarTlos

nergavda, magram mizans mainc ver miaRwia. amis dasturad oTar zoiZes kidev erTi amonaweri

mohyavs, romelic Seix-mansuris daRestnis xalxebisadmi mimarTvas warmoadgens:

is, vinc saqmes adaTiT wyvets, garkveuli saxiT RmerTis Tanamonawile xdeba, anda raRac-

nairad saqmis gadawyvetaSi mas uTanabrdeba, maSin, roca aravis ar SeuZlia RmerTis Tana-

– 64 –

beqa mgelaZe

monawile gaxdes anda RmerTs Seedaros (e. i. aravis ar ZaluZs RmerTis Tanabari gaxdes – b.

m.), Tu vinme warmoidgens, rom TiTqosda RmerTs uTanabrdeba, igi arasworia (e. i. urwmu-

noa – b. m.) (sandrigailo 1899: 6).

oTar zoiZis samarTliani SeniSvniT, aWaras arc Tavisi Samili hyavda da arc Seix-mans-

uri, romlebic saxalxo sasamrTloebis winaaRmdeg ibrZolebdnen. TviT osmaluri adminis-

traciac ar iyo Zlieri aWaraSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, saadaTo sasamarTloebis mtkiced fun-

qcionirebas ganapirobebda (zoiZe 1996: 65). am mxriv saintereso masalebs qarTuli peri-

oduli presac gvawvdis („droeba   osmaluri mmarTvelobis es mxare araerTma

mkvlevarma SeamCnia. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi giorgi yazbegi aRniSnavda, rom kon-

stantinopolis mTavroba TurqeTis saqarTvelos rogorc Semosavlis wyaros mxolod ise

uyurebda da aqauri administraciac erTaderT movaleobad faqtobrivad gadasaxadebis

droulad akrefas miiCnevda. xalxic Seegua am azrs: aravin ar zrunavs da aravin ar moiTxovs

arc marTlmsajulebas, arc sazogadoebriv uSiSroebas. mTavrobis mier am prerogativaTa

ugulebelyofas aravin uCivis da xalxis erTaderTi ucvleli survili iyo, rom sulTans

gadasaxadebi ar gaedidebina (yazbegi 1960: 112). marTlac, osmaluri mmarTvelobis sistemisa

da sasamarTlo organizaciebis Seswavla, aseve, osmaluri mmarTvelobis sistemis gverdiT

xalxuri mmarTvelobis arseboba gvisabuTebs, rom osmaluri Zalaufleba aWaraSi ar iyo

yovlismomcveli da aWaris mosaxleoba saSinao saqmeebSi ar cnobda Turqul-osmalur admin-

istracias (CitaZe 1978: 42). msjelobaTa am fonze upirvelesad yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom

aWaraSi SariaTisa da yuranis bevri norma adgilobriv normebs ewinaaRmdegeboda. aWaraSi

aWarlebi ufro TavianTi samarTlebrivi tradiciebis mimdevarni da erTgulni iyvnen, vidre

axladmiRebuli religiuri dogmebisa. amis dasasabuTeblad aWarelTa Cveulebebidan lit-

eraturaSi araerTi magaliTia moyvanili. magaliTad, yurani qurdisaTvis xelis mokveTas

moiTxovda, maSin, roca aWaraSi damasaxiCrebeli sasjelebi saerTod ar arsebobda. qurds

naparavs aanazRaurebinebdnen anda ukidures SemTxvevaSi anazRaurebasTan erTad gamaw-

bilebeli sasjeliT Semoifarglebodnen (zoiZe 1996: 66-67). aseve, CveulebiTi samarTlis

cnobili norma iyo patarZlisaTvis ZuZus wovebis sanacvlod mamamTilis mier sidedrisaT-

vis fulis micema (mgelaZe 1996: 230). es norma aWaraSic moqmedebda da sazRaurs sanZuZuri,

ZuZus fuli (ZuZus fara) erqva. Turqulad mas suThaxi ewodeboda. xalxuri samarTlebrivi

cnobierebis mixedviT, SariaTiT ZuZus fulis aReba ar SeiZleboda: dedis sikvdilis mere

Tu misi gogo sulis saxseneblad rames gaakeTebda, dedas ar ergeboda, radgan igi misgan

gayiduli iyo, magram ZuZus fulis micema wesi iyo da aZlevdnen kidec. aq wesi, CveulebiTi

samarTlis norma religiur moTxovnebs, religiur normas faravda. amasTan, mniSvneloba ar

hqonda SariaTi marTla krZalavda Tu ara „ZuZus faris“ micemas. mTavari iyo is, rom morw-

munis cnobierebaSi es religiuri norma arsebobda, romelsac CveulebiTi samarTlis norma

– wesi Trgunavda (zoiZe 1996: 67). SariaTisa da CveulebiTi samarTlis normaTa urTierT-

mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT aranakleb sainteresoa zemo aWaraSi warsulSi kargad cnobili

Cveuleba, romelsac dedieTimi (papis oboli) ewodeboda. es Cveuleba saojaxo qonebriv

samarTlebriv normebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. did saxleulSi dedeeTimi papis sicocxleSi

oblad darCenili SviliSvilis qonebriv-uflebrivi statusis gamomxatveli cneba iyo. misi

arsi didi saxleulis gayofisas mamis Zmebis mxridan obolo Zmiswulis uwilod datovebis

mcdelobaSi mdgomareobda, Tumca adaTobrivi tradiciebis ZaliT mamis Zmebi sawadels iS-

viaTad Tu aRwevdnen (robaqiZe 1974); (mgelaZe 2004: 126-127); (aCugba 1983: 54-55). erT-erTi

informatori ase ganmartavda dedeeTimis arss: „Tu gauyofel ojaxSi babua cocxalia, Svi-

li mokvda da darCa SviliSvili, is aris dedeieTimi. SeRereTiT dedeieTims memkvidreoba

ar ergeboda, magram mainc aZlevdnen, – riTi irCinos Tavio“ (zoiZe 1996: 67). aqac muslimTa

samarTlis normaze Zlieri tradiciuli samarTali aRmoCnda. garda yadebisa, sasamarTlos

sisustes yuranisa da SariaTis sirTule ganapirobebda. oTar zoiZes saintereso dakvirve-

bebi mohyavs, romlebic ama Tu im avtoris mier saqarTvelos mezobel muslim xalxebSi Sari-

aTisa da adaTobrivi normebis urTierdamokidebulebis xasiaTsa da bunebas warmoaCens. os-

uri adaTobrivi sasamarTlo organizaciis Seswavlisas voldemar pfafi miuTiTebda, rom:

– 65 –

religiuri sasamarTlo: warmarTuli, qristianuli kanonikuri da muslimuri...

mahmadian osebSi, saarbitraJo saxalxo sasamarTlos garda, kidev arsebobs sasuliero

sasamarTlo, romelic SariaTis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. mosamarTle, yadi saqmeebs

yuranis safuZvelze wyveten, magram cnobilia, rom yuranis samarTali Zalze rTulia da

ukiduresad CaxlarTulia. mahmadiani yadebis didi nawili, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini

sazogadoebaSi didi avtoritetiT sargebloben da RirsebiT gamoirCevian, mahmadianur

kanonmdeblobaze sakmarisi cnobebi ara aqvT, Sesabamisad, mahmadianur kanonmdeblobaSi

saTanado codna ar gaaCniaT. amitomac, sruliad bunebrivia, rom osebSi muslimanurma

samarTalma myarad ver moikida fexi (pfafi 1871: 210).

roca gadavxedavT kavkasiaSi, maT Soris, Crdilo kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi islamze moqceuli

xalxebis samarTlis istorias, TvalnaTliv SevniSnavT, rom yadis sasamarTloSi aSkarad

adgilobrivi adaTebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen. ase iyo aWaraSic, Tumca, rogorc qarTu-

li CveulebiTi samarTlis istoriis mkvlevari oTar zoiZe adasturebs, aWaraSi aqa-iq,

marTlac, iyvnen osmaleTSi ganaTlebamiRebuli pirebi, Tumca arc imdeni, rom SariaTis

yovel sasamarTloSi amgvari piri yofiliyo yadad, isic im dros, roca TviT SariaTis

sasamarTlo Sinaarsobrivad nawilobriv mainc adaTobrivi sasamarTlo iyo. am viTarebis

gaTvaliswinebam mkvlevrebi aWaraSi sasamarTlo organizaciis dualizmis aRiarebamde

miiyvana, rac SariaTisa da saxalxo sasamarTloebis TanaarsebobaSi gamoixateboda (zoiZe

1996: 68). rogorc irkveva, es zogadad islamis damaxasiaTebeli niSania, rasac frangi kom-

parativsti rene davidi mkafiod warmoaCens (davidi 1988: 399).

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod, aWaraSi udavod sainteresoa Tu rogori

formiT iyo warmodgenili yadebis sasamarTlo, sasamarTlo, romelic rigi obieqturi da

subieqturi mizezebis gamo muslimuri samarTlebrivi normebidan gadaxvevis gziT iZulebu-

li xdeboda xalxuri Cveulebebis gaTvaliswinebiTa da adaTobrivi samarTlis normativebiT

exelmZRvanela. es kargad Cans ibragim abaSiZis Canawerebidanac, sadac aWaraSi muslimuri

samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi arsebuli realobaa asaxuli (abaSiZe 1941: 1-79).

es werilobiTi wyaro erT-erTia, Tu ara erTaderTi, romelic aWaraSi muslimuri samarTli-

sa da muslimuri sasamarTlos ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs warmogviCens. werilobiTi wyarodan

irkveva, rom aWaraSi danaSaulis sxvadasxva forma arsebobda, romelTac adre, yadis winamZ-

RolobiT, upiratesad, yuranidan gamomdinare muslimur kanonebze dafuZnebuli sasamarT-

lo ganixilavda. Cveulebriv yadi samarTlebriv saqmeSi im SemTxvevaSi erTveboda Tu sada-

vo saqmes soflis xalxi ver gadawyvetda, alternativa Semonaxuli iyo da saqmes gasarCevad

yads gadascemdnen. yadis sasamarTlom aWaraSi rusuli mmarTvelobis periodSic gaagrZela

arseboba da sabWoTa xelisuflebis sawyis etapzec Semoinaxa Tavi. rusuli mmarTvelobis

SemoRebis Semdeg aWaraSi sasoflo – „uCastkisa“ da saolqo sasamarTloebi dawesda (zoiZe

1991: 5); (zoiZe 1996: 69). maTgan erTi yovelTvis yadi iyo, romelsac ukve gansaxilvelad ara

yovlismomcveli religiuri, aramed mxolod samemkvidreo da saqorwino-saojaxo sakiTxebi

eqvemdebareboda, Tumca am tipis sasamarTloc, bunebrivia, religiur samarTlebriv speqtrs

moicavda, radgan yadi ZiriTadad SariaTis muxlebiT xelmZRvanelobda, Tumca Zalian xSir-

ad saTanado Teologiuri codnis uqonlobis gamo anda sxva mizezebiT isic saqmeebis ganx-

ilvis procesSi adaTebsa da xalxur samarTlebriv gamocdilebas iTvaliswinebda. amdenad,

danaSaulTa saxeobebisa da sasjelis dadgena, rogorc muslimur sazogadoebaSi, ise rusu-

li mmarTvelobis xanaSi da sabWoTa periodSic ki, xSirad, daaxloebiT imave principebiT

xdeboda, rogorc amas Zveli saqarTvelos saTemo urTierTobaTa wiaRSi hqonda adgili.

damowmebani

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aCugba 1983: T. aCugba. xalxuri saojaxo samarTlebrivi normebi aWaraSi (qonebriv-uflebrivi mdgo-

– 66 –

beqa mgelaZe

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– 67 –

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RELIGIOUS COURT: PAGAN, CHRISTIAN CANON AND MUSLIM

LAW IN MEDIEVAL SOUTH-WEST GEORGIA

Beka Mgeladze

The article deals with the religious courts in medieval southwestern Georgia, the analysis of which is



sources, mainly, Georgian law monuments, and people’s courts are based on ethnographic materials. Judgment

according to the Muslim rule is studied according to Georgian periodicala of the second half of the nineteenth

century, the beginning of the twentieth century and the facts revealed in the life of the people.

In medieval Georgia, in parallel with the religious court, there was ecclesiastical-canon law, which in a



as well as state feudal law books were based on the norms of people’s rights. The religious court took many

things from pagan customs, where legal judgment was also mixed with pagan beliefs. Among the judicial or-

– 68 –

beqa mgelaZe

ganizations based on the Muslim norm, the Kadi court, which was based on Sharia, should be singled out in

southwestern Georgia.

Before the establishment of Christianity and then after the spread of Islam, there was a people’s court in

Adjara, which was an organic part of the community members’ way of life and a necessary condition for the



to spread and establish in South-West Georgia already in the Christian environment. Islam brought with it legal

institutions with all the necessary components, as it did in the typical Muslim states.

– 69 –

georgievskis traqtatis Sefasebis sakiTxisaTvis

daviT merkvilaZe

1783 wels ruseTis imperiisa da qarTl-kaxeTis warmomadgenlebs Soris georgievskis

cixe-simagreSi xelmowerili traqtatis Sesaxeb aqamdec Zalian bevri dawerila da albaT

momavalSic daiwereba. es iseTi sakiTxia, romelsac aqtualoba misi aRZvridan moyolebu-

li (ukve lamis 240 welia) dRemde ar daukargavs. ruseTTan mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebis

avkargianobis Sesaxeb msjeloba saqarTveloSi jer kidev misi momzadebis dros, mis Zala-

Si Sesvlamde daiwyo. TviTon xelSekrulebis gaformebas maSindeli qarTuli sazogadoeba

umetesad savse imedebiTa da didi sixaruliT Sexvda. Tumca imedgacruebis pirvel niSnebsac

ar dauxanebia. ruseTTan dadebul „mfarvelobiT“ xelSekrulebas saqarTveloSi politiku-

ri viTarebis swrafi gauaresebis Tanadroulad qarTvelTa Soris mowinaaRmdegeTa ricxvic

TandaTanobiT umravldeboda.

Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT rusi mkvlevrebis garkveul wres, dRes sadavo TiTqmis

aravisTvis aRar aris, rom ruseTma 1801 wels qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da misi ru-

seTTan SeerTebis aqtiT fexqveS gaTela xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad Tavis Tavze aRebuli val-

debulebebi, romliTac am qarTul samefos arsebuli statusiT aRiarebda da Tavis mfarve-

lobaSi iRebda, xolo mis mmarTvel dinastiad cnobda mxolod erekle II-is STamomavlobas.

magram georgievskSi dadebuli traqtatis SeTanxmebebis darRveva ruseTis xelisuflebam

didi xniT adre, xelSekrulebaze xelmoweridan Zalian male daiwyo. mokle xanSive gamoCnda,

rom ruseTi nakisr valdebulebebs bolomde ar asrulebda. droTa ganmavlobaSi ruseTis

mxridan xelSekrulebis punqtebis darRveva ufro da ufro cxadi xdeboda, rac ereklesa

da misi samefo karis did ukmayofilebas iwvevda. miuxedavad amisa, xelSekrulebaze ofi-

cialuri uaris Tqma erekle mefem veRar gabeda. rogorc Cans, mas miaCnda, rom ruseTTan

urTierTobaSi ukve metismetad Rrmad iyo Sesuli da gaurkveveli Sedegis momtan ukan ga-

mosvlis mcdelobas isev am mimarTulebiT gzis gagrZeleba sjobda, saiTac iqneb ufro myari

da saimedo napiri epovna. magram dro gadioda da es sanatreli napiri arada ar Canda. daucv-

elobis gancda ki Zlierdeboda mezoblebTan uaRresad gamwvavebuli urTierTobis pirda-

pirproporciulad.

marTalia, traqtatze erekle II-s uari Riad ar uTqvams, magram es imas rodi niSnav-

da, rom mefes politikuri orientaciis gadasinjvaze aRar efiqros, an am mxriv araferi eR-

onos (guruli 2008: 17-18). amis magaliTia Tundac jer XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolosa

da Semdeg 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi osmaleTTan warmoebuli molaparakebani (dumbaZe 1973:

710-718); (TabuaSvili 2012: 240-249). meore sakiTxia, ramdenad gadamWreli da sakmarisi aR-

moCnda ukve xandazmuli mefis diplomatiuri Zalisxmeva da politikuri neba saxelmwifos-

aTvis esoden wamgebiani orientaciis sabolood Sesacvlelad.

or aTeul welze naklebi drois ganmavlobaSi aRebulma prorusulma sagareo-politi-

kurma kursma XX saukunis gariJraJze CrdiloeTidan Semweobis momlodine qarTuli sazo-

gadoeba moulodneli da Tavzardamcemi faqtis winaSe daayena: „mfarvelma“ imperatorma

aleqsandre I-ma 1801 wlis sagangebo manifestiT im drois yvelaze Zlier qarTul politi-

kur erTeuls erTi xelis mosmiT bolo mouRo. traqtatis dadebisas ruseTis dafaruli

miznebisa da traqtatisadmi misi damokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, es aqti movlenaTa

jaWvis logikuri dasasruli iyo. saimperatoro karze am nabijs didi xniT adre gulmodg-

ined amzadebdnen.

erekle mefe kargad iyo gawafuli aRmosavluri diplomatiis faqiz wvrilmanebSi.

saerTodac, samefo karze iran-osmaleTTan da sxva mezoblebTan diplomatiuri urTier-

Tobis didi gamocdileba iyo dagrovili. marTalia, erekle II-s ar hyavda mudmivi diplo-

matiuri warmomadgenloba ispahansa da stambulSi, magram samagierod mefes Tavisi jaSuSe-

bi moepoveboda mezobel safaSoebsa da saxanoebSi, saWiro cnobebs mudmivad iRebda ufro

– 70 –

Soreuli adgilebidanac. mefe erekles dazvervis mowodebuli cnobebiT sargeblobda

ruseTis xelisuflebac, rac dasturdeba rusuli saarqivo dokumentebidan (burnaSevi

1896: 15); (burnaSevi 1901: 12-13). erekle kargad xedavda, rom ruseT-osmaleTs Soris 1774

wels dadebuli quCuk-kainarjis zavi dRegrZeli ver iqneboda da am or saxelmwifos Soris

momaval gardauval omSi Tavisi saxelmwifosaTvis maqsimaluri sargeblis miRebisaTvis

zrunavda (sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad gaamarTla sabolood misma gaTvlebma). amitom marTebu-

li ver iqneba gancxadeba, rom mefem TiTqmis araferi ar icoda sami mezobeli imperiis kavka-

siuri politikis gegmebisa da mosalodneli samxedro-politikuri dapirispirebis Sesaxeb

(guruli 2018: 4). erTaderTi, rac erekle II-sTvis bolomde amoucnobi darCa, es iyo ruseTis

saimperatoro karis miznebi misi samefosa da zogadad samxreT kavkasiis mimarT. ruseTis

gegmebis Taobaze samefo kari mTlianad rusi didmoxeleebis mowodebul cnobebsa da saa-

mo daimedebebze iyo damokidebuli. mefe arc maT mimarT iyo gamsWvaluli gansakuTrebuli

ndobiT. erekles racionaluri eWvebis gasafantad ki aqtiurad amoqmedda 1780-iani wlebis

damdegidan samefo karze am mizniT Semogzavnili Tu winaswar gadabirebuli rusuli agen-

tura.

XIX saukunis damdegidan moyolebuli sakuTari samSoblos ruseTis guberniad

gadaqcevis Semyure qarTul aristokratiaSi da zogadad qarTul mowinave sazogadoebaSi

mudmivad trialebda survili da ocneba, ruseTTan urTierToba georgievskis traqtatis

pirobebis kalapotSi daebrunebinaT. es iyo ruseTis koloniuri mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg

araerTxel ajanyebul qarTvelTa umTavresi moTxovnac. im viTarebaSi qarTvel patriotebs

mxolod am pirobebiT esaxebodaT qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena da xelisufleba-

Si bagrationebis dinastiis dabruneba. es xelSekrulebac xom zustad am pirobebs iTval-

iswinebda (ruseTis proteqtorati qarTul samefoze am ukanasknelis saTaveSi erekle II-is

STamomavali bagrationiT) da masze TviT ruseTis imperators hqonda xeli mowerili.

amis Tanadroulad georgievskis xelSekrulebas, rogorc erekle mefis survils,

„erTmorwmune ruseTTan“ daemyarebina „samudamo kavSiri“, ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT en-

ergiulad iyenebda rusuli koloniuri mmarTvelobac. aseve niSandoblivia, rom jer kidev

maSin gamudmebiT esmeboda xazi ori xalxis sarwmunoebriv erTobas. amis nimuSad sakmarisia,

moviyvanoT erekles ruseTis „mfarvelobaSi“ Sesvlis XIX saukunis cnobili rusi (ufro

zustad garusebuli germaneli) samxedro istorikosis vasil potos saistorio naSromSi

gadmocemuli versia, romelsac istoriul sinamdvilesTan TiTqmis araferi aqvs saerTo:

sparseTSi gardaicvala ereklesadmi keTilganwyobili Sahi qerim-xani da iranis axalma

mbrZanebelma, ali-muradma mefes morCileba mosTxova. maSin omebisagan gadaqanculma

ereklem gadawyvita Tavisi samefo mieca ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi, ris Taobazec

ubrwyinvalesi Tavadi potiomkinis gamWriaxi moRvaweobis wyalobiT (igulisxmeba

grigol potiomkini – d. m.) ukve mimdinareobda molaparakebani. saqarTvelos SeerTebis

gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, ekaterine, rasakvirvelia, ar eZiebda Tavis isedac farTo

saxelmwifos gazrdas; igi xelmZRvanelobda didsulovani wadiliT, gadaerCina ubeduri

erTmorwmune qveyana, tanjuli ucxo mahmadianuri batonobisagan da Sina areulobisgan

(poto 1887: 259).1

unda aRiniSnos, rom xelSekrulebisadmi mcdari STabeWdilebis Seqmna ruseTis saim-

peratoro karze imTaviTve iyo Cafiqrebuli. iq qarTl-kaxeTis mefis „mfarvelobaSi“ ayvanis

sakiTxi erekle mefis daukiTxavad gadawyda, rodesac es maT Tavad dasWirdaT –ruseTSi

yirimisa da yubanispireTis aneqsiisaTvis didi samzadisi iyo gaCaRebuli da am gegmis aR-

srulebisas savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo osmaleTs ruseTisaTvis omis gamocxadebiT epasuxa.

amitom peterburgSi daiwyes zrunva, raTa qarTl-kaxeTis mefisagan rogorme mfarvelobaSi

miRebis („Sevrdomis“) saWiro Txovna mieRoT da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis TvalSi saqme

ise warmoedginaT, TiTqos „misi imperatorobiTi umaRlesobis mfarvelobaSi“ Sesvla er-

ekle II-is dauokebeli swrafva yofiliyo da ruseTis dedofalic qarTveli mefis „umor-

Ciles“ Txovnas „didsulovnad akmayofilebda“. qarTveli mefisagan sasurveli Txovnis

miRebis Semdeg ki 1783 wlis 18 Tebervlis brZanebulebaSi ekaterine II aRniSnavda, rom er-

ekle Teimurazis Zes misi samefoebiTa da olqebiT Tavis mfarvelobaSi iRebda mefis „saku-

daviT merkvilaZe

– 71 –

georgievskis traqtatis Sefasebis sakiTxisaTvis

Tari gulwrfeli da nebayoflobiTi Txovnisa da aseve misi uganaTlebulesobis (erekle II-is

– d. m.) mxridan misi memkvidreebis saxeliT qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebze sruliad ruseTis

imperatorebis uzenaesi xelisuflebis aRiarebis“ safuZvelze (dokumentebi 2014: 150).

ruseTis imperiis daSlis Semdgom, saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis xanmokle ar-

sebobis dros gaCnda SesaZlebloba rusul-qarTuli politikuri urTierTobebis isto-

riis Sesaxeb azris yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe gamoTqmisa. aRniSnuli Temis ganxilvisas

georgievskis traqtatis dadebis mizezebisa da misi Sedegebis amsaxveli debulebebic i. ja-

vaxiSvilis mier mTlianobaSi marTebulad iqna Camoyalibebuli, Tumca albaT nawilobriv

sakmarisi masalis ararsebobisa da nawilobriv naSromis mizandasaxulobis gamo sakiTxi sa-

Tanado siRrmiseuli kvlevis gareSea mowodebuli da metwilad SedarebiT zogadi ganmarte-

bebiT Semoifargla (javaxiSvili 1919: 85-86, 93-96).

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos sabWoTa-bolSevikuri okupaciis Semdeg traqtatis pro-

pagandistul-ideologiuri datvirTva gansakuTrebiT gaizarda. sabWoTa periodis pirvel

etapze xazi esmeboda imas, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla sxva

araferi iyo, Tu ara TviTon erekle II-is uaRresad gonivruli arCevani, rom mefes sxva ga-

mosavali namdvilad aRar hqonda da amdenad mas mouwia „umciresi borotebis“ arCeva, raTa

„qarTveli xalxi exsna fizikuri ganadgurebisagan“. 1930-ian wlebSi kompartiis sakavSiro

komitetis politbiuros mier damtkicebuli „samecniero standartis“ Tanaxmad,2 rusuli

arCevani iyo umciresi boroteba (Sesabamisad, „udides borotebad“ tradiciul mezobel im-

periebTan, osmaleTsa da iranTan kavSiri ganixileboda).3 es damokidebuleba imiT aixsnebo-

da, rom maSin xelisuflebis saTaveSi myofi bolSevik-komunisturi xelisuflebis ideolo-

giuri Stampis Sesabamisad, rusuli TviTmpyrobeloba da „xalxTa sapyrobiled“ aRiarebuli

„mefis ruseTi“, imTaviTve borotebis gansaxierebad warmoidgineboda. magram, meore mxriv,

am gadawyvetilebiT qarTvelebs „moZme rus xalxTan dakavSirebis“ saSualeba miecaT, rac

bolSevikur-proletaruli suliskveTebis Sesabamisad, ueWvel win gadadgmul nabijad

miiCneoda. male, komunisturi mmarTvelobis meore etapze „umciresi borotebis“ stalinis

droindeli formulac warsuls Caabares da georgievskis traqtati sabWoTa propagandis

mier ukve upirobo „progresul movlenad“ iqna gamocxadebuli.4

im epoqis („sabWoTa“) istorikosTa erTi nawili gulwrfelad da uryevad iziarebda

sabWoTa propagandis mier direqtivebis saxiT mocemul debulebebs. meore nawili albaT

gulSi bolomde arc eTanxmeboda am „mecnierul dogmebs“, magram Tavs mainc valdebulad

Tvlida, zedmiwevniT Seesrulebina kompartiis ideologiuri miTiTebebi (ideologiur „ga-

dacdomebs“ „mSobliuri leninuri partia“ ase iolad aravis patiobda, stalinis xanaSi bevr

adamians amgvari braldeba sakuTari sicocxlis fasadac ki daujda). iyo iSviaTi gamonak-

lisic, roca TiTo-orola mecnieri Tavis gamokvlevebSi traqtatis mraval uaryofiT mx-

arezec amaxvilebda yuradRebas da hyofnida gambedaoba, met-naklebad piruTvnelad esau-

bra ruseTis saimperatoro karis namdvili zraxvebisa da saqarTvelosaTvis xelSekrulebis

savalalo Sedegebis Sesaxeb. Tumca reJimisaTvis xarkis saxiT gaRebuli saboloo daskvnebi

samecniero Sromebisa sruliad ewinaaRmdegeboda maTive mTels winare msjelobas da Sesa-

bamisad, konteqstidan saerTod iyo amovardnili. amrigad, daskvnebi mainc propagandistul

CarCoebSi Tavsdeboda. safiqrebelia, maSindeli sabWoTa cenzorebis did nawils Sesabamisi

ganaTleba hyofnida; isini arc didtaniani samecniero gamokvlevis gamowvlilviT wakiTxviT

ar iwuxebdnen Tavs. amitom maTTvis isic damakmayofilebeli iyo, rom mecnieruli daskvne-

bi arsebul ideologiur kliSeebs Seesabameboda. Tumca sabWoTa epoqis saskolo saxelmZR-

vaneloebSi, gasagebi mizezebis gamo saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebis sakiTxi, rogorc

wesi, yovelTvis Zalze damaxinjebulad iyo warmodgenili da es viTareba komunisturi xeli-

suflebis mier mudam mkacrad kontroldeboda.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Tanadroulad

TiTqos warsuls unda Cabarebuliyo georgievskis traqtatis Taobaze CrdiloeTidan Tav-

smoxveuli Camoyalibebuli propagandistuli miTebic. magram isini ukve imdenad myarad aR-

moCnda gamjdari Taobebis cnobierebaSi, rom misi gavlenis kvali dRemde aSkarad SesamCne-

via (xSirad axalgazrda Taobazec ki). xalxSi xSirad vawydebiT iseT absurdul gancxadebebs,

rom TiTqos „erTmorwmune“ ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis wyalobiT SeZles qarTveleb-

– 72 –

daviT merkvilaZe

ma qristianuli rwmenis SenarCuneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari msjelobani metismetad

diletanturia da Sesabamis epoqaze warmodgenis srul uqonlobaze metyvelebs, aseTi tipis

stereotipebic swored zemoaRniSnuli cru propagandistuli miTebis erTgvar primitiul

gamoZaxils warmoadgens.

vfiqrob, sazogadoebaSi jer kidev ar aris bolomde srulyofili warmodgena geor-

gievskis traqtatis raobis, misi gaformebis gamomwvevi namdvili mizezebis (rogorc ruse-

Tis, aseve erekles samefo karis mxridan) da qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis am traqtatiT gamowveuli

mZime Sedegebis Sesaxeb, Tundac misi dadebidan pirvelive wlebis ganmavlobaSi.

ukanasknel xans gamoikveTa saintereso tendenciac: Tu manamde georgievskis traqta-

tis gamarTlebas safuZvlad edo saqarTvelos „mxsnel“ ruseTTan da „moZme rus xalxTan“

megobrobis aucilebeli idea, Cvens droSi es idea Caanacvla „brZeni da winaswar mWvreteli“

mefe erekles ideam. ise gamovida, rom Seicvala traqtatis gamarTlebis mizani, Sedegi ki

saboloo jamSi ucvleli darCa: TiTqos umZimes mdgomareobaSi Cavardnil erekle II-s sxva

gza ubralod aRar hqonda. mas „arCevani cudsa da uaress Soris unda gaekeTebina“ (guruli

2009: 45) da, amdenad, ruseTTan „mfarvelobiT“ xelSekrulebas qarTvelTaTvis ukeTesi al-

ternativa ar hqonda. am SemTxvevaSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxis amgvarad dasmis ga-

momricxavi erTi garemoeba: XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebis meore naxevari, vidre 1782 wlamde,

periodi erekles xangrZlivi mefobis umetesi Zlierebis xanas warmoadgens (maWaraZe 1983:

14). amrigad, xalxSi saxelmoxveWili qarTveli mefis gaidealebis, misi Seumcdarad dasaxvis

surviliT gatacebulma zogierTma qarTvelma mkvlevarma saboloo jamSi, maTda uneburad,

erTgvarad axali sicocxle STabera „umciresi borotebis“ Zvel sabWour Teorias.

naklebad logikurad moCans zemonaxsenebi ideis safuZvlad dadebuli Semdegi mosaz-

reba: erekle II, rogorc „didi diplomatiuri niWiTa da alRoTi dajildovebuli poli-

tikosi,... grZnobda ruseTis mxridan mosalodnel Ralats“, anu xvdeboda, rom ruseTi sando

partniori ar iyo da mis samefos „gadaylapvas“ upirebda da amis miuxedavad, vinaidan acno-

bierebda, rom sam imperias Soris samxreT kavkasiisaTvis warmoebul WidilSi Crdiloelis

gamarjveba gardauvali iyo da misi samefo mTels regionTan erTad nebismier SemTxvevaSi,

misi prorusuli orientaciis gareSec, potenciurad gamarjvebuli rusuli imperiis xelSi

aRmoCndeboda, xolo misadmi winaaRmdegobis gaweva mefis Zalebs aRemateboda, yvela Rone

ixmara ruseTTan traqtatis dasadebad (guruli 2009: 58); (guruli 2011: 70).5 sxvanairad rom

vTqvaT, gamodis, rom ereklem „CaTrevas Cayola amjobina“.

garda imisa, rom qarTuli samefo karis politikur orientaciis mniSvnelobis esoden

ugulebelyofas (gansakuTrebiT Cvens gansaxilvel epoqaSi) araviTari gamarTleba ar eZeb-

neba, Zneli warmosadgenia, mefes Segnebulad Seewyo xeli misTvis yvelaze saSiSi dampyrobe-

lis poziciebis gaZlierebisaTvis mis samefoSi. qarTveli mefeebi, rogorc wesi, yovelTvis

sapirispiro gzas amjobinebdnen. erekle II-c albaT, marTlac, ar iyo darwmunebuli, ramde-

nad sando partniorad gamoadgeboda ruseTi. SeiZleba amis gamo yoymanobda igi traqtatis

gaformebis win. amasTan aSkaraa, rom ruseTTan traqtatiT Sekvris iniciativa mefisagan ar

modioda. garda imisa, rom zemoaRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi sayrdens ver poulobs pirvelad

wyaroebSi, ar Tanxvdeboda traqtatSi gaweril pirobebs, aseve saerTod ewinaaRmdegeba qa-

rTveli mefis politikur mizandasaxulobas, romlis umTavresi mizani rogorc manamde, am-

jeradac swored saxelmwifos gaZliereba, mezobel saxanoebze politikuri gavlenis metad

ganvrcoba, lekTa da osmalTagan mitacebuli qarTuli miwa-wylis SemoerTeba da taxtze sa-

kuTari dinastiis mflobelobaSi danarCuneba warmoadgenda.

rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, aRniSnuli Sexeduleba ver uTavsdeba imdroin-

del politikur viTarebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom maSindeli ruseTis imperiul miznebSi,

marTlac, Sedioda mTeli kavkasiis dapyroba, es misi mTavrobisTvisac Zalian grZelvadiani

perspeqtiva iyo. 1783 wlisaTvis ruseTs qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan saerTo sazRvaric ki

ar gaaCnda da misgan imperiisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili mTielebiT dasaxlebuli da rTu-

lad misadgomi Crdilokavkasiis maRalmTiani regioni gamohyofda. am barieris gasarRvevad

ruseTis xelisuflebam ereklesTan xelSekrulebis gaformebis gadawyvetilebis miRebis

Semdeg sagangebod daiwyo gzis gayvana Tergis xeobaSi darialamde (qarTuli samefos saz-

Rvramde) da am samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad mTeli batalionebis CarTva mouwia. es ruseTi-

– 73 –

georgievskis traqtatis Sefasebis sakiTxisaTvis

saTvis saqarTvelosTan damakavSirebeli erTaderTi Zalze viwro derefani iyo, romelic

ZiriTadad samxedro daniSnulebisaTvis unda gamoyenebuliyo. amitom mogvianebiT mas „saqa-

rTvelos samxedro gza ewoda. am gziT sargebloba ki weliwadis

mxolod SezRuduli periodis ganmavlobaSi iyo SesaZlebeli da maSinac mudmiv SekeTebas

saWiroebda – mTebSi Tovlis dnobis Sedegad sezonurad aboboqrebuli Tergi da misi momcro

Senakadebi gametebiT angrevdnen masze gadebul xidebs da mis napirTan axlogamavali gzis

monakveTebsac ar indobdnen. am cadazidul mTebs Soris gamavali gzis dasacavad simagree-

bi aago. swored saqarTvelosTan komunikaciis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, CrdiloeT kavkasiis

centralur nawilSi, aRniSnuli gzis dasawyisSi 1784 wels safuZveli Caeyara cnobil cixe-

simagre vladikavkazs. miuxedavad amisa, Tavisuflebismoyvare mTielebTan daZabuli da

xSirad saomari urTierTobis pirobebSi gzis dacvis uzrunvelyofa da masze kontrolis

SenarCuneba ruseTs im dros yovelTvis mainc ver uxerxdeboda. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom Zle-

vamosilma rusulma imperiam qarTl-kaxeTis sruli dauflebis pirobebSic ki, faqtobrivad,

alyaSi momwyvdeuli Crdilo-aRmosavleTi kavkasiis dapyrobas kidev 30-iode sisxlismRvre-

li weliwadi moandoma da isic uzarmazari msxverplis fasad. mxolod amis mereRa mihyo xeli

Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasielebis damorCilebas, rasac adgilobrivTa mxridan didi winaaRm-

degobis gamo cecxlisa da maxvilis gamoyenebiT axorcielebda da Tavisuflebismoyvare

Cerqez-adiReelebis masobrivi eTnowmendis xarjze mxolod 1864 wlisaTvis (romelic e. w.

kavkasiis omebis dasrulebis TariRad aris miCneuli) daasrula.

aseT viTarebaSi georgievskis traqtatis dadebis droisaTvis da Semdegac, karga xnis

ganmavlobaSi, ruseTis mier kavkasionis qedis gadmolaxviT saqarTveloSi Semosvla qarT-

velTa xelSewyobis gareSe da, miTumetes, samefo karis nebis winaaRmdeg, sruliad SeuZlebe-

li iyo. georgievskis traqtatis win amgvari ganuxorcielebeli gegmebi arc ekaterine II-is

karze ar hqoniaT da, bunebrivia, arc erekle II-s aRelvebda rusTagan dapyrobis safrTxe.

im etapze samxreT kavkasias ruseTisaTvis oden damxmare roli ekisreboda yirim-yubani-

spireTis dapyrobis saqmeSi. uSualod amierkavkasiis „aTvisebis“ sakiTxi ki swrafad mzardi

imperiis dRis wesrigSi mxolod yirimis sakiTxis jerovani gadawyvetis Semdeg unda damd-

gariyo. Tumca saimperatoro kari winaswarve iWerda saamiso Tadarigsac. samxreT kavkasiis

dauflebisaTvis momaval brZolaSi warmatebis misaRwevad ki ruseTs haeriviT sWirdeboda

myari sayrdeni, rac, Tavis mxriv, SedarebiT gauadvilebda Crdilo kavkasiis mTianeTis mS-

foTvare mkvidrTa damorCilebasac. aseTi sayrdenis gareSe ruseTi iZulebuli iqneboda,

zurgmouSleli Crdilo kavkasiis dasapyrobad kidev ufro xangrZlivi da mZime brZolebi

ewarmoebina, vidre mas es dasWirda amierkavkasiis mniSvnelovani nawilis xelSi Cagdebis

pirobebSi.

1783 wlis traqtatis moTavec erekle II ar yofila. es RonisZieba swored rom ruseTis

interesebSi Sedioda. ekaterine II-is karis mTavari mizani e. w. mfarvelobiT traqtatze qa-

rTl-kaxeTis mefis „nebiT“ dayolieba warmoadgenda, risTvisac sxvadasxva mravalferovani

saSualebebi – winaswar gamiznulad met-naklebad didi Tu mcire xelovnuri problemebis Se-

qmna, yalbi da macdunebeli dapirebebis gacema da a. S. – iqna gamoyenebuli (ris Taobazedac

qvemoT dawvrilebiT visaubrebT). magram maSinac saimperatoro kars ruseTis sasargeblod

yirimis sakiTxis gadaWris samsaxurSi imereTis mefe solomon I-Tan erTad erekle II-is Cay-

enebac hqonda ganzraxuli. Tumca amis Sesaxeb qarTvelma mefeebma maSinac araferi icodnen

da orive maTgans mxolod sakuTari samefosaTvis misaRebi sargeblis molodini amoZraveb-

da. Tumca ki, rogorc Semdeg gamoCnda, am saocnebo molodinis Sedegma Tvals da xels Sua

jojoxeTurad icvala feri.

tradiciulad, erTmaneTis moqiSpe dampyrobeli imperiebidan, qarTveli monarqe-

bi roca amis SesaZlebloba iyo, romelic yvelaze metad uqadda safrTxes maT suvereni-

tets, yovelTvis imis winaaRmdeg hkravdnen kavSirs am ukanasknelis metoqesTan. es sruli-

ad kanonzomieri movlena iyo da amis magaliTebi istoriis xangrZliv gzaze uamravia (aseTi

magaliTebis moyvana Zalze Sors wagviyvanda). darwmunebuli var, erekle II-s odnav mainc

rom hqonoda warmodgena, rom misi aRsasrulidan sul raRac samiode weliwadSi „mfarveli“

saxelmwifosa da misi „imperatorobiTi udidebulesobis“ xeliT misi samefos aRsasrulic

dadgeboda, ruseTis mxridan sxvadasxva saxiT masze ganxorcielebuli zewolis miuxedavad,

– 74 –

daviT merkvilaZe

msgavsi xelSekrulebis gaformebas ar daTanxmdeboda. metic, ufro logikuri iqneboda,

darialic saguldagulod gadaeraza da osmaleTTan XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi dawyebu-

li politikuri daaxloebis procesi kidev metad gaeRrmavebina. am RonisZiebiT erekle II

arafers dakargavda: aravin uwyoda, ra moxdeboda, aTwleulebis Semdeg da rodis moadgebo-

da ruseTis imperia uSualod qarTl-kaxeTis samefos CrdiloeT sazRvrebs, miT ufro, iseTi

ZaliT, rom imdroindeli samxedro-teqnikuri saSualebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mtkice zRud-

ed aRmarTuli kavkasionis qedis gadmolaxva SeZleboda da qarTuli samefosaTvis iaraRiT

dapyrobis safrTxe Seeqmna. aseT SemTxvevaSic ki qarTl-kaxeTis samefos arseboba, ramden-

ime aTeuli wliT mainc gaxangrZlivdeboda.6

miamituria aseve Teoriuli daSvebis SesaZlebloba, rom ruseTi qarTl-kaxeTs odes-

Rac, nebiT Tu ara, ZaliT mainc daipyrobda da maSin imperiis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCenili

samefos mosaxleobis mdgomareobaze es uaresad aisaxeboda da ereklemac amitom gadadga es

nabiji.7 Sors rom ar wavideT, qarTl-kaxeTisagan gansxvavebiT, ruseTma brZoliT daipyro

imereTis samefo (aRsaniSnavia, rom am ukanasknelis dapyrobis saSualebac ruseTs mxolod

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aneqsiis Sedegad mieca), magram politikuri Sedegi orive samefo-

saTvis absoluturad erTi iyo da rusul koloniur reJimsac dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqa-

rTvelos mkvidrni socialuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiTac erTnairad ganicdidnen.

ver gaviziarebT aseve mosazrebas, rom TiTqos amasiis geopolitikuri sistemis pirobeb-

Si qarTvel xelisufalT ruseTis iqiT gza ar hqoniaT da maT ruseTze sworeba arCevanic

ki ar yofila – aramed es maTTvis erTaderTi gamosavali iyo arsebuli sistemis mosaSle-

lad (SveliZe 2014: 13).8 marTalia, iran-osmaleTs Soris xangrZlivi omis Semdeg, 1555 wlis

29 maiss q. amasiaSi daido zavi, romlis mixedviTac, osmaleTma da iranma axlo aRmosavleTis

qveynebi gainawiles. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo da samcxe-saaTabagos mtkvris auzSi moqceuli

nawili miiRo iranma, xolo dasavleT saqarTvelo da samcxe-saaTabagos danarCeni mxareebi –

osmaleTma. wina aziis am or damyrobel saxelmwifoTa Soris es SeTanxmeba mTeli gviani Sua

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi araerTxel irRveoda. ZiriTadad mas Tavis sasargeblod cvlid-

nen Setevaze gadasuli osmalebi, rogorc ki amis SesaZlebloba miecemodaT (pirvelad igi

aRniSnuli zavidan sul raRac 23 weliwadSi, 1570 wels dairRva). ase rom, es sistema arc ise

mdgradi iyo. aseve marTalia, rom irani mdgomareobis gamosworebas mainc axerxebda xolme

(Tumca samcxe-saaTabagos Tavis wilze samudamod mouwia uaris Tqma). ukanasknelad es ganax-

orciela nadir-Sahma XVIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi.

qarTvelebi, rogorc wesi, ucxo saxelmwifoTa mier maTi qveynebis amgvar gadanaw-

ilebas ar aRiarebdnen da yovel xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi cdas ar aklebdnen dampyrobelTa

Semotevebis mosagerieblad. saamisod Cveulebriv, cdilobdnen mokavSireTa moZiebasac,

ZiriTadad evropaSi da Semdeg ruseTSic. Tumca qarTvel monarqTa mier ruseTTan politi-

kuri urTierTobisaTvis niadagis mosinjva sulac ar niSnavs maT „upirobo rusul orienta-

cias“. miTumetes, maT „gonebasustebad“, „gulubryviloebad“ da „religiur fanatikosebad“

miCneva ar SeiZleba azrad mouvides profesional mecnier istorikoss, imis miuxedavad, rom

erekle II-is mamis, Teimuraz II-is ruseTSi gamgzavrebis CaTvliT, mefeTa amgvari mcdelobe-

bi mTlianobaSi saerTod raime xeiriani Sedegis gareSe dasrulda.9 amis mizezi ki is iyo, rom,

samwuxarod, im epoqis qarTul samefo karze, arsebuli politikuri viTarebis, mis mmarT-

velTa geopolitikuri interesebisa da samxedro SesaZleblobis Taobaze Zalian bundovani

warmodgena hqondaT ruseTSi (iseve, rogorc evropaSi).

Tu ramdenad iyo ruseTTan dakavSireba „amasiis geopolitikuri Cixidan“ gamosasvle-

lad qarTvel mefeTa „erTaderTi gamosavali“, amas cxadad aCvenebs TviT amgvari kavSirebis

Sedegebi: kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II-s „moskovis mefis“ erTgulebaze daficeba da Crdi-

loelebTan diplomatiuri urTierTobis Semdgomi gagrZeleba Tavisi da sakuTari memkvid-

ris (ufliswul giorgis) sicocxlis fasad daujda (1605 wlis Zegamis cnobili tragedia);

Teimuraz I-s – moSenebuli kaxeTis aqamde arnaxul usastikes ganadgurebad Sah-abas I-is mier

da samefos didi xniT mitovebad; qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI-s imperator petre I-Tan samxedro

kavSiris Sekvra da misi waqezebis aCqarebulad ayola (Sesabamisad, osmaleTisaTvis mokav-

Sireobis SeTavazebaze uaris Tqma da iranis winaaRmdeg laSqroba) – mtris mier qarTlis

srul dapyrobad, mis osmaleTis vilaeTad gadaqcevad, samefos samudamod dakargvad, mTe-

– 75 –

georgievskis traqtatis Sefasebis sakiTxisaTvis

li ojaxiTa da didi amaliT ruseTSi gadaxvewad da iq daxmarebis amao molodiniT gatanju-

ls ucxo miwaze sasowarkveTils sulis dalevad.

„mcire borotebis“ Teoriis anarekli Cans Semdeg msjelobaSic: „agresiuli da dampy-

robluri ruseTis“ „mfarvelobaSi“ Sesvla, romelic aucileblad gamoiyenebda geor-

gievskis traqtats qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mosaspobad, „qveynis saerTo mdgomareobisa da

samomavlo ganviTarebis gansazRvris aucilebloba edo safuZvlad“. sxva SemTxvevaSi er-

ekle II „darCeboda iranis gavlenis sferoSi“ da „mSvidobian idilias“ SeinarCunebda brwy-

invale portasTan, anu „saqarTvelo darCeboda amasiis geopolitikuri sistemis realoba-

Si“. amitom mefem „iranul-osmalur aRmosavleTs“ „qristianul-kulturul ruseTTan daax-

loeba“ amjobina (SveliZe 2014: 44-45).10 aseTi Tvalsazrisi miT ufro ucnaurad gamoiyureba,

ramdenadac misi avtori imave naSromSi SesaniSnavad amCnevs ruseTis arasandoobas, mis mier

ormagi politikis warmoebas, saqarTvelos mudmivad mxolod sakuTari interesebisaTvis

gamoyenebis mcdelobas, xazgasmiT aRniSnavs ruseTTan traqtatiT dakavSirebis damRupvel

Sedegebs qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis da a. S. ise gamodis, TiTqos erekle mefisaTvis TviT-

mizani „amasiis geopolitikuri realobis darRveva“, iranul-osmaluri aRmosavleTisagan

Tavis daRweva yofiliyo da amisaTvis misi naloliavebi da simwriTa da jafiT moRonierebu-

li da fexze damdgari samefo „erTmorwmune“ „kulturuli“ ruseTisaTvis mefes „langarze

dadebuli“ miurTmevia politikuri rukidan mis samudamod gasaqrobad. vfiqrob, erekle

mefis gadawyvetilebaTa da strategiis amgvari damamcirebeli Sefaseba Sorsaa istoriuli

sinamdvilidan da Tavad damaSvrali mefis pirovnebis Seuracxyofadac gvesaxeba.

miT ufro gamarTlebuli araa e. w. amasiis geopolitikur realobaze saubari geor-

gievskis traqtatis wina xanasTan kavSirSi. nadir-Sahis sikvdilis (1747) Semdeg es pirobiTi

sistema formaluradRa ganagrZobda arsebobas. iranma didi xniT dakarga kontroli mTels

aRmosavleT kavkasiaze (kontroli mis mcire nawilze da isic traqtatis dadebidan aTiode

wlis Semdeg da mxolod sul ramdenime wliT aRadgina aRa-mahmad xan yajarma). xolo osma-

leTs aRar hyofnida imis Zalebi, rom TviTon amoevso regionSi Seqmnili es erTgvari imperi-

uli „vakuumi“ (rogorc. magaliTad, amis ganxorcieleba SeZlo imave saukunis 20-ian wlebSi).

amis Sedegad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi sruliad suverenuli saxelmwifo(ebi) miviReT. mis

mezoblad ki mravali wvrili damoukidebeli saxano warmoiSva, Tavis mxriv, gaerTianebul

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos winaSe politikuri gaZlierebis mimzidvel perspeqtivas rom saxav-

da: ramdenime saukunis Semdeg qarTul saxelmwifos pirvelad mieca SesaZlebloba mezobeli

muslimi mmarTvelebi „ymadnaficobaze“ daeyabulebina. 1774 wlis quCuk-kainarjis zavis Sem-

dgom formaluri saxe miiRo osmaleTis politikurma batonobamac dasavleT saqarTveloze.

cxadia, e. w. amasiis geopolitikurma sistemam Tavi amowura 1783 wlamde mniSvnelovnad adre.

gaugebaria am droisaTvis erekle II-is iranis gavlenis qveS yofnaze saubaric. XVIII s-is 60-

70-ian wlebSi qarTl-kaxeTs arc irani awuxebda da arc osmaleTi. irans ubralod amis Tavi

aRar hqonda da erekle iranis yofil kavkasiuri samflobeloebis dauflebisaTvisac ki iR-

vwoda. ruseT-osmaleTis omis dros ki ereklem iqiT Seawuxa da mravali Tavsatexi gauCina

osmalebs. axalcixis faSam Tavis samflobeloSi erekles Zlieri TavdasxmebisaTvis mxolod

oriode susti reidiTRa moaxerxa epasuxa. morige jaris SeqmniT lekianobis problemac mniS-

vnelovanwilad gadaiWra (Tumc bolomde ver aRmoifxvra). swored georgievskis traqtatis

win yvela ukve gadaWrili an met-naklebad gadaWrili problema qarTl-kaxeTs gaaTmagebuli

ZaliT daatyda Tavs swored 1783 wlis Semdeg.

gasakviri araa, rom zemoaRniSnuli Sexedulebebis avtori saerTod ar axsenebs ruse-

Tis „mfarvelobaSi“ Sesvlamde ramdenime wliT adre gaformebul erekle II-sa da sulTan

hamid I-is politikur alianss. cxadia, „qristianul-kulturuli“ ruseTis „motrfiale“ me-

fis mier „muslimur-aRmosavlur“ osmaleTTan megobrobis es gadawyvetileba ver uTavsde-

ba ruseTTan dadebuli traqtatis gasamarTleblad moxmobil argumentacias.

nuravin CaTvlis, rom erekle II-s vsayvedurobT daSvebuli Secdomebis gamo.11 uremi

rom gadabrundeba, gza mere gamoCndebao, – naTqvamia. saarqivo masalis safuZvelze ukve

momxdari faqtebis kargad Seswavlisa da Sedegebis gulmodgine analizis Semdeg dRevande-

li gadmosaxedidan yvelaferi naTlad Cans, rogorc mcdari, ise marTebuli gadawyvetile-

bebic. im dros ki saqme sxvagvarad iyo. ruseTis imperiis dafaruli zraxvebi ereklesa da

– 76 –

daviT merkvilaZe

misi mrCevlebisaTvis ucnobi rCeboda. rusuli diplomatiuri xrikebi diplomatiur urT-

ierTobebSi gamobrZmedili mefisaTvisac ki arc ise advili amosacnobi aRmoCnda (guruli

2009: 57). peterburgidan erTi xeliT saamo da macdunebel dapirebebs agzavnidnen, romelTa

realobaSi samefo kari Semogzavnil-gadabirebul agenturas unda daerwmunebina, meore xe-

liT ki erekles opoziciur banaks naxevrad farulad aZlierebdnen (aleqsandre baqaris Ze

da faTali xani) da maT gasamklaveblad mefes damxmare Zalebis Tavmoyrasac (yabardoelTa

Camosaxleba, jaris daqiraveba) sagangebod ubrkolebdnen. am viTarebaSi traqtatis dadebis

win saimperio karis propagandis gavlenisagan Tavis daRweva, samwuxarod, ar moxerxda.

Cveni mizani arc ruseTis saimperatoro karis politikis kritikaa, imis miuxedavad, rom

zogadad teritoriebis xelSi Casagdebad mis mier yvela, maT Soris araerTi veraguli da

sastiki xerxi gamoiyeneboda: CaxlarTuli intrigebiTa da rTuli diplomatiuri svlebiT

dawyebuli, axal dapyrobili miwa-wylidan daumorCilebeli mkvidri mosaxleobis eTnowmen-

diT damTavrebuli. Tu saWiro iyo, imperiis lukmad dagulebuli qveynisa da xalxis winaSe

mzrunveli mwyemsis nabdis mosxmazec ar ambobdnen uars. magram rusuli imperia, epoqis Sesa-

bamisad, nebismier fasad gafarToeba-gaZlierebas eswrafoda. Tumca amavdroulad, rogorc

samarTlianoba moiTxovs, aucilebelia, ruseTs erTxel da samudamod CamoerTvas saqarT-

velos „mxsnelis“ daumsaxureblad miwebebuli saxeli, romelic qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi

interesebis sawinaaRmdegod dResac Zalumad gamoiyeneba kremlis mier Tanamedrove propa-

gandistul iaraRad.

bolo dros ruseTis garkveul wreebSi SeimCneva Zveli Teoriebis axali formiTa da

kidev ufro utifari saxiT gacocxlebis mcdeloba: Turme qarTvel xelisufalTa „mraval-

ricxovani Txovnebis“ gamo rogor iRvwoda ruseTi „dabeCavebuli da gasaWirSi Cavardni-

li“ „erTmorwmune“ qarTvelebis „uangaro daxmarebisaTvis“ da maT dasaxsnelad muslimi

mtrebisagan, romlebic maT sruli ganadgurebiT emuqrebodnen. TiTqos Tavidan ruseTis

xelisufleba mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi ar Tanxmdeboda qarTveli mefeebis daxmarebisa da

mfarvelobis „mosabezrebel Txovnebs“, vidre bolos „patara kaxma“ ar moaxerxa da ruseTis

saimperatoro kari ar „daiyolia“, mfarvelobaSi aeyvana „iranis kuTvnili“ qarTl-kaxeTis

samefo, romelic „araferSi ar sWirdeboda“. „mfarvelobaSi miRebis“ garda, TiTqosda mx-

olod am mizans emsaxureboda qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifos aneqsiac („guberniis uflebiT

miReba“). sxva mxriv ki, ruseTs kavkasiaSi sakuTari politikuri interesebi sulac ar gaaCnda

da am nabijiT mxolod axali Tavsatexebi gaiCina. „umadurma“ da „angarebianma“ qarTveleb-

ma ki yvela dampyrobels rom mxolod ruseTTan yofniT daaRwies Tavi, axla, XXI saukunis

dasawyisSi TavianTive „gadamrCenelis“ winaaRmdeg dasavleTis saxelmwifoebisagan eZieben

mxardaWeras (merkvilaZe 2010: 432-454); (merkvilaZe 2011: 116-153).

Tanamedrove rusi istorikosebi wuxan, rom sabWoTa istoriografiam ruseTis imperi-

is mimarT usamarTlod Seqmna warmodgena rogorc despotur-tiranul TviTmpyrobeloba-

ze da Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi (da baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebSi) mas saxaven tipiur

koloniur saxelmwifod da agresiul imperiad, romelic cdilobda Tavisi reJimisaTvis

daemorCilebina misi ufro susti mezoblebi. aRniSnuli istorikosebi gulistkiviliT aR-

niSnaven, rom didi da mcire „borotebis“ Zveli Teoria erTgvari Setrialebuli saxiT aR-

dgao – TiTqos ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvla yofiliyoo didi boroteba. sinamdvileSi

ki ruseTisagan mfarvelobis miReba qarTvelTaTvis sulac ar aRiqmeboda rogorc did da

mcire borotebas Soris arCevani da aramed iyo racionaluri gamosavali Seqmnili mdgomare-

obidan da „qarTuli elita samefos axal statusSi xedavda saSinao da sagareo problemebis

gadawyvetis saSualebas, Tavisi arsebobis gagrZelebis SesaZleblobas mZlavri da erTmor-

wmune saxelmwifos dacviT“ (trepalovi, gatagova 2014: 3).

sxvani xedaven ra ruseTSi aleqsandre I-is manifestis aSkara Seusabamobas mfarvel-

obiT traqtatTan, cdiloben ruseTis mier qarTuli samefos aneqsia imiT gaamarTlon,

TiTqos ruseTis vasalma mefe ereklem Tavad daarRvia traqtatis pirobebi, roca 1786 wels

axalcixis faSasTan samSvidobo SeTanxmeba gaaforma (epifancevi 2009:) da, Sesabamisad, 1801

wlisaTvis mfarvelobiTi xelSekruleba ukve Zaladakarguli yofila. cxadia, arc aseTi

daskvnebi dasturdeba TviT rusuli saistorio sabuTebiT.

– 77 –

georgievskis traqtatis Sefasebis sakiTxisaTvis

am statiaSi yvela zemoaRniSnuli Tvalsazrisis dawvrilebiTi ganxilva Cveni mizan-

dasaxulobis farglebs scdeba. umetes maTgans, Cveulebriv saerTo mizani aqvs – geor-

gievskis traqtatis saqarTvelos sasicocxlo interesebis Sesabamisad warmoCena.

Cvens gamokvlevebSi SevecadeT pirvelwyaroebis analizis safuZvelze da faqtebze

dayrdnobiT gansxvavebuli TvaliT Segvexeda aRniSnuli movlenisaTvis (merkvilaZe 2021a:

107-125); (merkvilaZe 2021b: 126-144). pirvelwyaroTa mniSvnelovani nawili ki im epoqis Tana-

medrove rusuli an saimperio xelisuflebis mier imTaviTve rusul enaze naTargmni saisto-

rio wyaroebia. maTSi Zalian cxadad warmoCindeba araerTi calkeuli sakiTxis uamravi mcire

detali, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, erTianobaSi naTlad da obieqturad warmoaCens CvenTvis

saintereso movlenis mTlian suraTs.12

SeniSvnebi

1 Targmani Cvenia. aRsaniSnavia, rom mravalwliani istoriul-literaturuli moRvaweobis Sede-

gad kavkasiis omebisadmi miZRvnili xuTtomiani naSromis SeqmnisaTvis v. potos „kavkasiis isto-

riis nestoris“ sapatio wodeba mieniWa.

2 sabWoTa skolebSi istoriis swavlebis sakiTxi pirvelad 1934 wlis martSi daisva. 1937 ki isto-

riis saxelmZRvanelos maketi sabolood damtkicda (lukaSini, sorokini 2016).

3 aRniSnuli xazi gatarebulia (sxva arCevani maSin ubralod arc arsebobda) 1940-ian wlebSi ga-

mocemul saqarTvelos istoriis (nawili I, uZvelesi droidan XIX saukunis damdegamde) saSualo

skolis saxelmZRvaneloSi. aq isini pirdapir citireben krebuls 1937 wlis samTavrobo komisi-

is Jiuris dadgenilebidan: „saqarTvelos winaSe maSin alternativi idga _ mas Sahis sparseTi

an sultanis osmaleTi daipyrobda, an igi unda ruseTis proteqtoratis qveS unda Sesuliyo...

meore perspeqtivi mainc umciresi boroteba iyo“ (berZeniSvili da sxvebi 1948: 405-406).

4 1958 wels n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT gamocemul saqarTvelos istoriis saskolo saxelmZ-

RvaneloSi aRniSnulia, rom georgievskis traqtatis gaformebiT „ganxorcielda qarTveli

xalxis didi xnis ocneba da sazrunavi: gamarjvebiT dasrulda mravalsaukunovani brZola bar-

barosuli garemocvis garRvevisaTvis, progresul qveynebTan uSualo kavSiris damyarebisaT-

vis“ (berZeniSvili 1958: 213). qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aneqsia ki, miuxedavad „qarTveli xalxis

carizmis koloniur uRelqveS moqcevisa“, „damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis gauqme-

bisa da ucxo reJimis damyarebisa“, „im istoriul viTarebaSi qarTl-kaxeTis SeerTeba progre-

sul ruseTTan didmniSvnelovani nabiji iyo da warmoadgenda erTaderT gzas – CamorCenili,

agresiuli iranisa da TurqeTis batonobisagan Tavis dasaRwevad da qarTveli xalxis fizikuri

ganadgurebisagan gadasarCenad“ (berZeniSvili 1958: 215-216).

5 Tumca iqve mecnieri amis sapirispirod imasac wers, rom „erekle II-m ver amoicno, rom ruseTi

georgievskis traqtatis pirobebis Sesrulebas ar apirebda“ (guruli 2011: 70). sxva naSromSi

igive avtori aRniSnavs, rom vinaidan iran-osmaleTi erekles aRar endobodnen, mefes Tavisi

nebis sawinaaRmdegod, prorusuli orientaciis saxiT, „wagebuli TamaSi unda eTamaSa“, miuxe-

davad imisa, rom yvelani „kargad grZnobdnen am politikis damRupvel Sedegs“, romelic 1801

wlis katastrofiT dasrulda. ruseTi did xans emzadeboda saqarTvelos dasapyrobad da

aseT viTarebaSi ki TiTqos „vaxtang VI-isa da erekle II-is prorusul politikas gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba arc hqonda“ (guruli 2008: 17-18).

6 cnobili andazaa: „mglis SiSiT cxvari vis gauwyvetiao“. miTumetes, logika ar eZebneba da Zneli

warmosadgenia, mwyemss cxvris fara Tavisive xeliT Caebarebinos Sors myofi mglisaTvis, rod-

isme xom mainc daecema cxvars Tavsao.

7 es ganacxada erT-erTma mecnierma aRniSnuli Temisadmi miZRvnil sakuTari wignis prezentaci-

aze.

8 miuxedavad imisa, rom am geopolitikuri mdgomareobis safuZveldamdebi amasiis zavi 1555 wels

(XVI saukunis Sua xanebi) gaformda, avtori am geopolitikuri Cixidan gamosvlis mcdelobaTa

aTvlis wertilad ratomRac ramdenjerme asaxelebs XV saukunes (SveliZe 2014: 12-13).

9 d. SveliZem „sarwmunoebis niSniT“ ruseTze mindobil qarTvel mefeTa ricxvSi aramarTebulad

Seiyvana yvela monarqi, romelsac ruseTTan odnavi diplomatiuri urTierToba mainc daemy-

arebina da, amgvarad, rusuli orientaciis mqone mefeTa zedmetad grZeli sia gamouvida. Cven

aRniSnuli mecnierisagan gansxvavebiT, ar vfiqrobT, rom im mkvlevarTa logikas, romelTac

aseT viTarebaSi qarTvelebis mxridan ruseTze dayrdnoba gaumarTleblad miaCniaT, „oceulze

meti“ qarTvel mefis zemonaxseneb damamcirebel Sefasebamde mivyavarT. Sdr.: (SveliZe 2014: 13-14).

– 78 –

daviT merkvilaZe

10 am mosazrebis sasargeblod avtoris mier moyvanili dasabuTebis (SveliZe 2014: 45-46) kriti-

kuli ganxilvis azrs ver vxedavT, vinaidan isini zogadad sakiTxisadmi safuZvelSive mcdari

midgomis Sedegad Camoyalibebulad migvaCnia.

11 miTumetes, RmerTma dagvifaros erekle mefis oponentobisagan Sdr.: (SveliZe 2014: 44). me mx-

olod georgievskis traqtatis madidebeli mecnierebis oponirebis ufleba SemiZlia mivce sa-

kuTar Tavs.

12 axlo momavalSi vapirebT aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili monografiuli naSromis wignad

gamocemasac.

damowmebani

berZeniSvili da sxvebi 1948: n. berZeniSvili, i. javaxiSvili, s. janaSia. saqarTvelos istoria (nawili

I, uZvelesi droidan XIX saukunis damdegamde), Tbilisi.

berZeniSvili 1958: saqarTvelos istoria, n. berZeniSvilis redaqtorobiT, saskolo saxelmZRvane-

lo, Tbilisi.

burnaSevi 1896: Картина Грузіи или описаніе политическаго состоянія Царствъ Карталинскаго и Кахетинскаго.

Сдѣланное пребывающим при Его Высочествѣ царѣ Карталинском и Кахетинском Иракліи Темуразовичѣ

полковникомъ и кавалеромъ Бурнашевымъ в Тифлисѣ въ 1786 г.

burnaSevi 1901: Новые Матеріалы для жизнеописанія и дѣятельности С. Д. Бурнашева, бывшаго въ Грузіи съ

1783 по 1787 г



guruli 2008: v. guruli. erTmorwmune ruseTi, miTi Tu realoba, Tbilisi.

guruli 2009: v. guruli. saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba (1483-1801), Tbilisi.

guruli 2011: v. guruli. saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba (1483-1921), Tbilisi.

guruli 2018: v. guruli. mefe erekle da ruseTi, Tbilisi.

dokumentebi 2014:        

Сборник документов

dumbaZe 1973: m. dumbaZe. sagareo politikuri orientaciis gadasinjva, saqarTvelos istoriis

narkvevebi, t. IV, Tbilisi.

epifancevi 2009:Была ли Грузия союзником России, Политическая модель выживания грузинской

государственности, https://www.apn.ru/publications/article21261.htm

TabuaSvili 2012: a. TabuaSvili. XVIII saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisis qarTl-kaxeTis samefos

sagareo politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi, Tsu saqarTvelos institutis Sromebi, VI, Tbilisi.

lukaSini, sorokini 2016     Как в 1930-е годы писали и утверждали учебники по

истории, https://rg.ru/2016/09/13/rodina-uchebniki-istorii.html

maWaraZe 1983: georgievskis traqtati, gamokvleva, dokumentebi, fotopirebi v. maWaraZisa, Tbilisi.

merkvilaZe 2010: d. merkvilaZe. ras gvTavazobs sergei markovi da saqarTvelos ruseTTan „SeerTebis“

sakiTxi, istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebani, XII, Tbilisi.

merkvilaZe 2011: d. merkvilaZe. saqarTvelos politikuri qcevis modeli da saqarTvelos istoriis

damaxinjebis morigi rusuli mcdeloba _ gamoxmaureba a. epifancevis internet-publikaciaze:

„iyo Tu ara saqarTvelo ruseTis mokavSire? qarTuli saxelmwifos gadarCenis politikuri

modeli“, istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebani, XIII, Tbilisi.

merkvilaZe 2021a: d. merkvilaZe. ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Sesvlis

mizezebi, amirani, #34, monreali-Tbilisi.

merkvilaZe 2021b: d. merkvilaZe. 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatis Sedegebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos-

aTvis (1783-1787 wlebi), amirani, #34, monreali-Tbilisi.

poto 1887Кавказская война въ отдѣльныхъ очеркахъ, эпизодахъ, легендахъ и бiографияхъ



trepalovi, gatagova 2014           

  wignSi: Из истории Российско-Грузинских отношений, К 230-летию

заключения Георгиевского трактата, Сборник документов

SveliZe 2014: d. SveliZe. saqarTvelos mfarveloba da dapyroba ruseTis mier, Tbilisi.

javaxiSvili 1919: i. javaxiSvili. damokidebuleba ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris XVIII saukuneSi,

Tbilisi (wignSi; istoriuli raritetebi, Tbilisi, 1989).

– 79 –

georgievskis traqtatis Sefasebis sakiTxisaTvis

ON THE ISSUE OF GEORGIEVSK TREATY’S EVALUATION

David Merkviladze

Representatives of the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti signed a treaty at the fortress

of Georgievsk in 1783. The issue of the treaty has not lost its urgency to this day.

Russian colonial rule has been representing the Treaty of Georgievsk, as the wish of King Erekle to

establish a “permanent union” with “coreligionist Russia” for the ideological aim.

After the collapse of the Russian Empire, during the First Republic of Georgia, there was an opportunity

to express a free opinion on the history of Georgian -Russian political relations. However, the issue had not

been researched deeply.

-

tection was called “the lesser evil” act, which “saved the Georgian people from physical destruction”. In the

second phase of communist rule, the Treaty of Georgievsk was declared an unconditional “progressive event”

by Soviet propaganda.

Some S    

-

sidered itself obliged to follow the ideological instructions of the Communist Party. There were rare exceptions

when some scholars in their research focused on the many negative aspects of the treatise. However, their

conclusions corresponded to the propagandistic framework.

Even after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the restoration of Georgia’s independence, the propagan-

da stereotypes about the Treaty of Georgievsk remained in people’s minds.

Recently, an interesting trend has emerged: the previous idea of friendship with the “savior” of Georgia,

Russia, and the “brotherly” Russian people has been replaced by the idea of a “wise and foresighted” King

Erekle. Thus, some Georgian scholars breathed new life into the Soviet theory of the “lesser evil”.

Nor can we share the view that under the geopolitical system of Amasya, the Georgian authorities had

no other way and their orientation towards Russia was the only solution for them to dismantle the existing



Recently, in some circles in Russia, there has been made an attempt to revive old theories in a new way.

Others in Russia are trying to justify the annexation of the Georgian Kingdom by Russia, arguing that Russian



historical documents.

In our study, based only on the analysis of the original sources and historical facts, we tried to look at



– 80 –

erTi epizodi mTis wm. giorgis monastris XVII saukunis

istoriidan – monasterSi „dadginebuli“ nikorwmindeli

episkoposi svimon CxetiZe

nikoloz JRenti

1897 wels, T. Jordaniam, „qronikebis“ II tomSi gamoaqveyna imereTis mefe giorgi III-is

(1604-1639) mier 1637 wels gacemuli Sewirulobis sabuTis fragmenti.

sabuTis dedani dakargulia. qvemoT moyvanilia sabuTis fragmentis teqsti T. Jorda-

niaseuli publikaciis mixedviT.

q. ...Cuen [mefeman gio]rgi da Zeman Cemman [pirmSoma] aleqsandre da mam[ukama mogaPseneT

ese] Sesawiravi Tquen – mxnesa mxedar[sa w(mid)asa giorgis?] da mas Sina dadginebulsa ni-

kolozwmidelsa CxetiZesa patronsa svimons... Semogviwiravs C(ue)ni kerZi esfofoa mRr-

delaZe... qks :tke: mefe gi mona Ra. (Jordania 2018: 452).

rogorc sabuTis am fragmentidan irkveva, sabuTis gamcemi iyo giorgi mefe, ZeebTan _

aleqsandre da mamukasTan erTad. xolo Sewirulobis adresati wm. giorgis saxelobis ekle-

sia1 da masSi dadgenili nikorwmindeli svimon CxetiZe (XVII saukunis 30-iani wlebis dasawy-

isi – 1639) (gafrindaSvili 2015: 234-235, 256). Sewirulobas warmoadgenda mefis `kerZi~ anu

mefis kuTvnili glexi mRrdelaZe. sabuTi gacemuli yofila qoronikonsa tke, anu 1637 wels

(1312+325). sabuTs aseve axlda mefe giorgis beWedi warweriT „mefe g(iorg)i mona R(mrTis)a“

(qaragmis gaxsna Cemia _ n. J.).

miuxedavad imisa, rom T. Jordanias gamoqveynebuli aqvs sabuTis mxolod mcire mon-

akveTi, es mcire fragmentic Zalian saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis. kerZod: Sewirulobis

droisaTvis anu 1637 wels svimon CxetiZe iyo nikorwmindeli episkoposi da igi dadgenili

yofila wm. giorgis romeliRac taZarSi.

svimon CxetiZe Tavisi drois uaRresad mniSvnelovani istoriuli figura gaxldaT.

svimon CxetiZe. biografiuli cnobebi (zogadi mimoxilva).

svimoni ZirZveli argveTeli didebulebis _ CxetiZe/CxeiZeebis sagvareulos ekuT-

vnoda. imereTis am uZvelesi feodaluri sagvareulos warmomadgenlebi gansakuTrebul

warmatebebs aRweven gviani Sua saukuneebis imereTis samefos politikur Tu saeklesio

wreebSi (soselia 1973: 25-51). XV saukunis bolos CxetiZeebi raWis erisTavebic ki xdebian da

XVIII saukunis bolomde, raWis saerisTavos gauqmebamde, inarCuneben am Tanamdebobas (sose-

lia 1973: 74-119). swored XV saukunis bolodan CxetiZeTa/CxeiZeTa ZiriTadi sagvareulo

unda gayofiliyo or _ imerul da raWul Stod.

saistorio wyaroebSi svimon CxetiZe pirvelad zemo xsenebul 1637 wlis Sewirulobis

wignSi ixsenieba. igi am dros wm. giorgis romeliRac eklesiaSia dadgenili da mefe am ekle-

siis mfarvel wm. giorgis xats da uSualod nikorwmindel episkoposs swiravs mis kerZ mRr-

delaZes. svimoni nikorwmindeli unda yofiliyo giorgi III-is memkvidris _ aleqsandre III-is

drosac, romelic mamis gardacvalebis wels _ 1639 wels gamefda.2 1639 welsve gardaicva-

la afxazeTis kaTalikosi malaqia, romelsac xonelobac hqonia SeTavsebuli. am droidan

xonel mRvdelTmTavrad swored svimon CxetiZe, aw ukve yofili nikorwmindeli episkoposi

gvevlineba. xonelobis periodSi svimons aRmSeneblobiTi samuSaoebic Cautarebia. mefe ale-

qsandre III-is (1639-1660) periodSi svimons mwvave konfliqti mosvlia Tavad niJaraZesTan.

saqme sasamarTlomdec ki misula, sadac svimons gaumarjvia. svimon CxetiZe 1651 wels ukve

quTaTel mRvdelmTavrad ixsenieba (gafrindaSvili 2015: 198-199). quTaTeli mitropoliti

svimon CxetiZe 1660 wels afxazeTis kaTalikosic gamxdara (Jordania 2018: 476); (gafrindaS-

vili 2015: 111-112); (qoriZe 2000: 155). sainteresoa, rom saistorio sabuTebSi da warwerebSi

– 81 –

svimoni quTaTel-Wyondidelad, aseve kaTalikos-quTaTeladac iwodeboda (boWoriZe 1995:

53-54); (oTxmezuri da sxvebi 2007: 167). 1663 wlis 26 ivliss, kaTalikosma svimonma da misma

Zmam _ saxlTuxucesma sexnia CxeiZem, gaenaTel gedeon lorTqifaniZesTan erTad, imereTSi

gaamefes bagrat IV (1660-1661, 1663-1668, 1669-1678, 1679-1681) (Jordania 2018: 477). svimoni

1666 wlis 11 oqtombers gardaicvala (Jordania 2018: 483).

amgvarad, svimon CxetiZe erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli sasuliero da politikuri

moRvawe iyo XVII saukunis dasavleT saqarTveloSi.3

bunebrivia, rom aseTi mniSnvnelovani istoriuli piris biografiis adreuli epizodi,

rac T. Jordanias mier gamoqveynebuli 1637 wlis sabuTis fragmentSi gvxvdeba, saWiroebs

detalur ganxilvas da Seswavlas.

am kuTxiT Cndeba Semdegi kiTxvebi:

1. romeli wm. giorgis xati da eklesia igulisxmeba aRniSnul sabuTSi?

2. ratom iyo dadgenili am dros nikorwmindeli svimon CxetiZe ara sakuTari eparqiis

sakaTedro taZarSi – nikorwmindaSi, aramed romeliRac wm. giorgis saxelobis

eklesiaSi?

vecdebi aRniSnul kiTxvebs Tanmimdevrulad gavce pasuxi.

exebian ra svimon CxetiZis biografias, aRniSnul sabuTs mravali mkvlevari axsenebs sa-

kuTar naSromSi, Tumca, masSi moxseniebuli wm. giorgis eklesiis identifikaciis mcdelobas

adgili aqamde ar hqonia.

b. lominaZisa da T. qoriZis azriT, svimon CxetiZe 1637 wels quTaTeli mitropoli-

ti gamxdara. Tumca, ucnobi rCeba Tu rogor mividnen mkvlevrebi am daskvnamde (lominaZe

1954: 133); (qoriZe 2000: 153).

svimon CxetiZis biografiis aRwerisas 1637 wlis am sabuTs imowmeben aseve g. mWedliZe

da m. kezevaZe, TavianT wignSi `quTais-gaenaTis eparqia (istoria da Tanamedroveoba)~.

avtor(eb)i sabuTis ganxilvisas ar axdenen sabuTSi moxseniebuli wm. giorgis eklesiis zust

identifikacias. Tumca, aRniSnuli Tavis momdevno abzaci Semdegi saxiT grZeldeba:

giorgi III-sa da misi ojaxisaTvis (dasaxelebul pirebs plus mefis Tanamecxedre _ dadi-

anis asuli Tamari) rom raWis glexebis gelaTisaTvis (xazi Cemia – n. J.) Sewirva ucxo ram

ar iyo, amas aCvenebs maTi saxeliT imavdroulad (1637) gacemuli sabuTi, romlis mixedvi-

Tac, gelaTis monastrisaTvis mas Seuwiravs WeliSis saydari misi mamuliT, bajs _ sasax-

le Tavisi mojalabeebiT, znakvasa da jvarisaSi mcxovrebi 4 komli glexi maTi kuTvnili

nakveTebiT. am SemTxvevaSi svimon CxetiZe moxseniebuli ar aris, albaT imitom, rom igi

sabuTis gacemis dros nikorwmindeli aRar iyo (kezevaZe, mWedliZe 2008: 209-210).

amgvarad, am monakveTidan Cans, rom wignis avtor(eb)is azriT CvenTvis saintereso 1637

wlis sabuTis Sinaarsi, meore _ aseve 1637 wlis sabuTis msgavsad, gelaTisadmi Sewirulo-

bas warmoadgens. logikurad, 1637 wlis pirveli sabuTis wm. giorgis eklesia, rogorc Cans,

gelaTis wm. giorgis eklesiasTan gaaigives.

ramdenadac CemTvis cnobilia, 1637 wlis sabuTSi moxseniebuli wm. giorgis eklesiis

identifikaciis mcdelobas sxva mkvlevrebis mier adgili aRar hqonia.

sabednierod, Cvenamde SemorCa T. Jordanias mier gamoqveynebuli 1637 wlis gansaxil-

veli sabuTis fragmentis dednis safuZvelze XIX saukuneSi Sedgenili anotacia, romel-

ic aRmoCnda saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros centraluri saistorio arqivis 

fondSi4 dacul saqmeSi. saqmissabuTebis (saerTo jamSi 6 erTeuli) anota-

ciebi warmoadgenen mTis wm. giorgis monastris kuTvnil sabuTebs.

mTis wm. giorgis monasteri, romelic dRes leknaris, aseve „mTasaydaris“ saxelwode-

bebiTaa cnobili samecniero literaturaSi, qvemo raWaSi, raWis qedze, wm. giorgis mTaze,

maRal kldezea aRmarTuli da TariRdeba daaxloebiT IX saukunis II naxevridan X saukunis

I naxevriT, mTavari navis CrdiloeT minaSeni X saukunis dasasruliT an XI saukunis pirveli

mesamediT, dasavleT minaSeni ki ufro mogviano periodiT (dvali 1968: 155-165); (boWoriZe

1995: 85-90). monastris koordinatebia – 42°26’10.45“; 42°58’32.15“ (sur. 1).

fondis saqmeSi rigiT 549-e sabuTis anotacia warmoadgens CvenTvis saint-

ereso 1637 wlis sabuTis dednis anotacias. qvemoT momyavs misi teqsti.

erTi epizodi mTis wm. giorgis monastris XVII saukunis istoriidan...

– 82 –

nikoloz JRenti

#549

mefis giorgisgan, qrist tke welsa

misve w(mid)is giorgis eklesiisadmi, rom iman Seswira am eklesias raWaSi erTi yma fafua

mRvdelaZe yovlis misis qonebiTa da daidva mariamobis dResaswaulis dRes wirva mR-

vdelTmTavriT da krebuliT misiT.

amis namdvils Tavi aqvs waxeuli marcxenis mxriT eqvss striqonis dasatevnelzed da ukana

piris dasasrulSi azis erTi beWedi misive giorgi mefisa da damowmebul ars imereTisa

sasamarTlosa S(in)a 1822 welsa # 25-Ta.

ioane

1637 wlis dakarguli sabuTis es lakoniuri aRweriloba mniSvnelovnad avsebs T. Jor-

danias mier gamoqveynebuli sabuTis fragments da uZvirfases damatebiT cnobebs gvawvdis

CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebze.

daviwyoT imiT, rom sabuTSi moxseniebuli wm. giorgis eklesia, sadac dadgenili iyo

svimon CxetiZe, mTis wm. giorgis monasteri aRmoCnda, da ara gelaTis wm. giorgis eklesia,

rogorc amas g. mWedliZe da m. kezevaZe varaudobdnen.5 rogorc ukve vaxsene, aRwerili sabu-

Ti ekuTvnis mTis wm. giorgis monastris sabuTebis anotaciebis jgufs. sabuTis aRmweri

vinme ivane, iseve rogorc sxva danarCeni sabuTebis aRwerilobebis avtorebi, teqsts iwyebs

dazustebiT, rom es sabuTic, wina ori (547-e da 548-e) sabuTis msgavsad, mTis wm. giorgis mon-

asters ekuTvnoda (`misve w(mid)is giorgis eklesiisadmi...“).6

T. Jordanias publikaciidan vicodiT, rom mefe giorgim svimon nikorwmindels da wm.

giorgis eklesias Seswira esfofoa mRrdelaZe. dednis aRwerilobidan ki zustdeba, rom am

glexis saxeli iyo fafua (da ara esfofoa)7 da rom is raWaSi cxovrobda.8

marTalia, T. Jordanias gamoqveynebuli fragmentisgan gansxvavebiT, dednis aRweri-

lobaSi svimon CxetiZe araa pirdapir naxsenebi, magram swored is unda igulisxmebodes im

mRvdelmTavarSi, romelsac, monastris krebulTan erTad, mariamobis dResaswaulze, mice-

muli Sewirulobis sanacvlod daevala wirvis Catareba giorgi mefisaTvis.9

amgvarad, 1637 wlis Sewirulobis sabuTis XIX saukuneSi Sedgenili aRwerilobisa da

sabuTis fragmentis T. Jordaniaseuli publikaciis mixedviT vityobT, rom 1637 wlisaT-

vis nikorwmindeli svimon CxetiZe dadgenili (gamwesebuli) iyo mTis wm. giorgis monaster-

Si. am wels mefe giorgim mas, rogorc nikorwmindel mRvdelmTavars, da mTis wm. giorgis

monasters, rogorc nikorwmindis eparqiis monasters, sakuTari qonebidan Seswira raWaSi

mcxovrebi fafua mRvdelaZe, ris sanacvlodac mRvdelmTavarsa da monastris saZmos, maria-

mobis dResaswaulze _ mTis wm. giorgis mTavar dReobaze _ unda CaetarebinaT wirva mefisaT-

vis. es miuTiTebs imaze, rom svimon nikorwmindeli ara mxolod cxovrobda mTis wm. giorgis

monasterSi, aramed mowesec iyo da wirva-locvasac atarebda.

amgvarad, aRniSnuli kvlevis pirveli sakiTxi _ Tu wm. giorgis romel salocavSi iyo

dadgenili nikorwmindeli svimon CxetiZe 1637 wlisaTvis _ ukve gamorkveulia. axla ki gan-

vixiloT am movlenis SesaZlo mizezebi.

vfiqrob, nikorwmindeli mRvdelmTavris svimon CxetiZis mTis wm. giorgis monasterSi

gamwesebas droebiTi saxe unda hqonoda da es aqti ori yvelaze realuri SesaZlo mizeziT

unda aixsnas:

1. nikorwmindis saepikoposo taZarSi RvTismsaxureba droebiT SeCerebuli iyo taZ-

ris mniSvnelovnad dazianebis an mimdinare aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis gamo;

2. nikorwmindeli svimon CxetiZe Sida feodaluri dapirispirebis mxares warmoadgen-

da da konkretul periodSi aRar daedgomeboda sakuTar saepiskoposo taZarsa da

rezidenciaSi, ris gamoc igi droebiT, nikorwmindidan dasavleTiT, daaxloebiT 10

kilometris daSorebiT mdebare raWis qedze, wm. giorgis mTaze mdebare monasterSi

daadgines.

ramdenadac CemTvis cnobilia, arc Cvenamde SemorCenili werilobiTi wyaroebi da arc

nikorwmindis taZris arqiteqturuli fenebi ar gvaZleven raime mcire mizezsac ki, rom 1637

wlisaTvis nikorwmindaSi raime seriozuli ngreva an restavracia moviazroT. XVII sauku-

neSi nikorwmindis taZris yvelaze mniSvnelovan cvlilebad misi xelaxla moxatva unda

CaiTvalos, Tumca, es ar unda yofiliyo sakmarisad seriozuli mizezi, rom adgilobriv mR-

– 83 –

erTi epizodi mTis wm. giorgis monastris XVII saukunis istoriidan...

vdelmTavars aq msaxureba ver SeZleboda da Tundac droebiT sul sxva monasterSi gaemwese-

binaT.10 amgvarad, pirveli mizezi, Cemi azriT, gamosaricxia.

rac Seexeba Sida feodalur dapirispirebis mizezs, arc amis Sesaxeb gvaqvs pirdapiri

cnobebi. Tumca, sxvadasxva werilobiT wyaroSi arsebuli cnobebis Sejereba saintereso su-

raTs qmnis swored am meore SesaZlo mizezis sasargeblod.

XVII saukunis dasavleT saqarTvelos istoria swored gauTavebeli Sida feodaluri

dapirispirebebiTaa cnobili. m. rexviaSvili am saukuneSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi Seqmnil

situacias ase axasiaTebs: „yvela-yvelas winaaRmdeg“ (rexviaSvili 1978: 7).

CvenTvis saintereso periodSi qvemo raWis udidesi nawili wulukiZeTa saTavadoSi Se-

dioda, xolo nikorwmindis saepiskoposo taZari maTi saZvale anu sagvareulo sasaflao iyo

(soselia 1981: 43-46).

rogorc zemoT iTqva, svimon nikorwmindeli imereli feodaluri saxlis _ CxeiZe/Cx-

etiZeebis wevri iyo, xolo am sagvareulos meore Sto _ raWis erisTavobas flobda.11 XVII

saukunis I naxevarSi, konkretulad ki 1637 wlis axlo periodSi wulukiZeTa da CxeiZe/Cx-

etiZeebis arc erTi Stos viwro feodaluri dapirispireba wyaroebidan ar ikveTeba. Tumca,

imereli CxeiZe/CxetiZeebisa da raWveli wulukiZeebis dapirispireba aSkaraa ufro farTo

Wrilis istoriul procesSi: imereTis mefeebis _ giorgi III-s, aleqsandre III-sa da levan II

dadians Soris mimdinare mravalwlian sisxlian konfliqtSi. am dapirispirebaSi imereli da

raWveli CxeiZe/CxetiZeebi imereTis mefeTa banakSi arian.GimereTis samefo kari imerel Cx-

eiZe/CxetiZeebTan damoyvrebulic ki iyo (soselia 1973: 39-40).

imave periodSi, wulukiZeTa gvaris meTauri qaixosro unda yofiliyo, xolo misive sax-

likaci unda yofiliyo paata wulukiZe (soselia 1981: 50), romelic wyaroebiT cnobilia

rogorc paata `wuwki~. qaixosro wulukiZe saerTod ar Cans CvenTvis saintereso pro-

cesebSi. paata wulukiZe ki mefisa da dadianis dapirispirebis erT-erTi mTavari figuran-

tia. vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT,

[...] mefeman giorgi Serisxa raYsame zeda wulukiZe paatas da miuxuna mamulni, da paata war-

vida levan dadianisa Tana. [...] aramed aman paatam (romelsa uPmobdnen wuwkad uZlure-

bisaTKs, rameTu iyo kuti) umetesad STaudva levans mteroba giorgi mefisa da maradis

ganuzraxvida (yauxCiSvili 1973: 825-826).

beri egnataSvilis mixedviT ki paata „wuwki“ aleqsandre mefes gauZevebia:

xolo iyo mun wulukiZe paata wuwki, mkelobeli, meyKsi da Tana-ganmzraxi dadianis le-

vanisa. da ese, pirvelve ganZebuli mefis aleqsandresagan samyofTagan TKsTa, ltolvi-

li warvida odiSsa da mierTo dadiansa levansa da didad mter iyo imereTis mpyrobelisa

aleqsandresi (yauxCiSvili 1959: 429).

arqanjelo lamberti 1635 wlis ambebis Txrobisas paata wulukiZes ukve dadianis ve-

zirad ixseniebs (merkvilaZe, gabisonia 2012/2013: 243). Sesabamisad, paata wulukiZis gandevna

sakuTari samflobelodan giorgi III-is mier unda momxdariyo. aris mosazreba rom es ambavi

1622 wlamde moxda (soselia 1981: 49). paata „wuwki“ dadianis karze maleve dawinaurda da

cxovrebis bolomde (1656) misi erTguli veziri iyo (soselia 1981: 64-65).12 italieli mis-

ioneri juzepe judiCe milaneli mas dadianis Semdeg meore piradac ki asaxelebs (giorgaZe

1964: 110). paata wulukiZes gansakuTrebuli zizRi axasiaTebda imereTis mefeTa mimarT, rac

gansakuTrebiT gamoixata 1648 wels, rodesac dadianis tyveobaSi myofi mamuka batoniSvilis

(aleqsandre III-is umcrosi Zma, romelic, sxvaTa Soris, CxeiZeTa siZe iyo) ganTavisuflebi-

saTvis TiTqmis warmatebiT damTavrebuli molaparakebebi CaSala, rasac mogvianebiT (1653

wels) mamukas sastiki wameba da sikvdiliT dasjac mohyva (rexviaSvili 1978: 45-47).

amgvarad, vxedavT, rom CvenTvis saintereso periodSi imerTa mefeebisa da levan II da-

dianis sisxlismRvrel dapirispirebaSi imereli CxeiZe/CxetiZeebi, da maT Soris svimon Cx-

etiZe, imereTis mefeTa banakSia, xolo paata wulukiZe dadianis banakSia da erT-erTi mTa-

vari moqmedi piria. Sesabamisad, didi albaTobiT, nikorwmindeli svimon CxetiZis 1637 wlis

mTis wm. giorgis monasterSi yofna swored imiT unda iyos gamowveuli, rom mas, rogorc

– 84 –

nikoloz JRenti

mefis erTgul pirsa da CxeiZe/CxetiZeTa feodaluri saxlis warmomadgenels aviwrovebd-

nen mefis gandevnili da dadianis karze dawinaurebuli paata wulukiZis feodaluri sax-

lis wevrebi, romelTa saTavadoSi mdebare saZvale monasteric amave dros nikorwmindeli

episkoposis sakaTedro taZari iyo.13 vfiqrobT, es aris yvelaze logikuri axsna imisa, rom

nikorwmindeli episkoposi 1637 wlisaTvis mTis wm. giorgis monasterSia gamwesebuli.14

konkretulad rodis da vis mier unda momxdariyo es aqti? amis dasadgenad saWiroa

yuradReba gavamaxviloT 1637 wlamde cota xniT adre mimdinare movlenebze.

1634 wlisaTvis rostom xanma da dadianma, politikuri kavSiris gasabmelad damoyvreba

gadawyvites. am mizniT isini erTmaneTis Sesaxvedrad daiZrnen. giorgi III xedavda, rom mis wi-

naaRmdeg Zlieri koalicia iqmneboda da gadawyvita emoqmeda. man gza ar misca imereTis saz-

RvarTan misul rostoms, ris gamoc rostomi samcxeSi gadavida da ocxeSi dadga. imereTSi

Semosul levan dadians ki gza gadauWra da mosalodneli brZolisaTvis daiwyo mzadeba.

Tumca, mtris banakis dasazverad mcire amaliT wasuli mefe giorgi dadianis xalxma Seipyro.

gamarjvebuli levan dadiani da samcxidan gadmosuli rostom mefe erTmaneTs saCxeiZeoSi

(!) kakas xidTan Sexvdnen. dadiani Tavis samTavroSi dabrunda, rostomi ki, ukve imereTis

gavliT TbilisSi, sadac qorwili gadaixada (Jordania 2018: 463). mefis tyveobidan daxsna

mxolod ori wlis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli didi gamosasyidis gadaxdis sanacvlod (rexvi-

aSvili 1978: 37-41). amgvarad, giorgi III tyveobidan daaxloebiT 1636 wlisaTvis unda gaeTa-

visuflebinaT. Cemi azriT, dadianis es brwyinvale gamarjveba da giorgi III-is orwliani ty-

veoba Sesaferisi dro iyo imisaTvis, rom dadianis momxreebs SeeviwrovebinaT imerTa mefis

momxreebi. didi albaTobiT swored am dros _ 1634-1636 wlebSi _ momZlavrebul wulukiZe-

Tagan momdinare zewolis gamo moxda nikorwmindeli svimon CxetiZis gadayvana nikorwmin-

didan mTis wm. giorgis monasterSi.15

T. Jordanias gamoqveynebuli sabuTis fragmentis teqstidan giorgi III nikorwmindel

svimon CxetiZes wm. giorgis monasterSi `dadginebuls~ uwodebs (ix. zemoT). am qmedebis me-

same pirSi xseneba unda miuTiTebdes, rom amis uSualo iniciatori Tu ganmaxorcielebeli

giorgi III ar yofila. Sesabamisad, es qmedeba unda ganexorcielebina nikorwmindel episko-

posze ierarqiulad maRal safexurze mdgom sasuliero pirs _ afxazeTis kaTalikoss. am pe-

riodSi (1616-1639) ki afxazeTis kaTalikosi malaqia II gurieli iyo. igi 1620-iani wlebidan

xonelobas, aseve caiSel-jumaTelobasac iTavsebda. sasuliero wodebebis garda malaqia

1625 wlidan gurielobasac ki iTavsebda (gafrindaSvili 2015: 193). yvelaze sayuradRebo ki

isaa, rom CvenTvis saintereso periodSi, kaTolike misionerebis mowmobiTa da sxva wyaroe-

biTac Cans, rom afxazeTis kaTalikoss dadiani irCevda (giorgaZe 1964: 93). ase iyo malaqia

gurielis SemTxvevaSic. garda amisa, afxazeTis kaTalikosis mamulebis da uZravi qonebis

udidesi nawili swored odiSis teritoriaze mdebareobda (lominaZe 1966: 187-188). yovelive

es miuTiTebs, rom kaTalikosi malaqia, romelsac unda daedgina 1634-1636 wlebSi nikorwmin-

deli svimon CxetiZe mTis wm. giorgis monasterSi, dadianze iyo damokidebuli da, bunebriv-

ia, misi momxre iqneboda.16

rom SevajamoT zemoT ganxiluli sakiTxebi, amgvar saistorio suraTs aRvadgenT: 1634

wels kakas xidTan momxdari brZolisas imerTa mefis _ giorgi III-is levan dadianis mier dat-

yvevebam udidesi politikuri da ekonomikuri upiratesoba mianiWa dadiansa da mis momx-

reebs. imereTis samefo kari da maTi momxreTa dasi gansakuTrebiT daucveli da ususuri

iqneboda 1634-1636 wlebSi, rodesac mefe giorgi levan dadianTan imyofeba tyveobaSi. am-

ave periodiT unda esargebla zemoT ukve naxseneb dadianis erTgul vazir paata wulukiZes

(romelic amis uwinares sakuTari samflobelodanqvemo raWaswored giorgi mefem gaaZe-

va) da wulukiZeTa saTavadoSi sakuTari uflebebis aRdgenisaTvis ezruna. amis erT-erTi

gamovlineba ki unda yofiliyo mefis momxre nikorwmindeli svimon CxetiZis Seviwroveba Ta-

visive saepiskoposo rezidenciaSi (amave dros wulukiZeTa saZvale monasterSi) da malaqia

kaTalikosis (dadianis kidev erTi momxris) mier misi gamweseba nikorwmindidan dasavleTiT,

daaxloebiT 10 kilometris daSorebiT raWis qedze mdebare mTis wm. giorgis monasterSi.

aseTi saistorio suraTis aRdgenis sasargeblod, vfiqrob, metyvelebs mefe giorgi III-

is zemoT ganxiluli sabuTisa da kidev erTi, imave 1637 wels da imave mefis mier gacemuli

zemoT erTxel ukve naxsenebi sxva sabuTis Sinaarsic.

– 85 –

erTi epizodi mTis wm. giorgis monastris XVII saukunis istoriidan...

rogorc vnaxeT, zemoT ganxiluli sabuTiT giorgi III Tavis raWvel ymas _ fafua mR-

vdelaZes _ swiravs mTis wm. giorgis monasters da masSi gamwesebul svimon nikorwmindels.

1637 wlis meore sabuTiT ki mefe ukve gelaTs swiravs raWis mamulebs: WeliSis monasters17

Tavis mamulebiT, bajis sasaxles mojalabiTa18 da saxaso alagebiT anu samefo miwebiT,19 da

sxv. (Jordania 2018: 451-452).

amgvarad, 1637 wels, rogorc Cans, dadianis tyveobidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, giorgi

III Tavis ymebsa da uZrav qonebas swiravs mTis wm. giorgisa da gelaTis monastrebs.

riT unda iyos es gamowveuli?

erTis mxriv, es SeiZleba gamowveuli yofiliyo imiT, rom mefis tyveobidan gaTavi-

suflebisaTvis didi gamosasyidis SegrovebaSi, mTis wm. giorgis monastris krebulma, mas-

Si damkvidrebulma nikorwmindelma svimonma da gelaTis monastris saZmom mniSvnelovani

monawileoba miiRo, xolo samefo ymebisa da qonebis maTTvis Sewirva valis dabrunebis erT-

gvari mcdeloba SeiZleba yofiliyo mefis mxridan.

meores mxriv, es SeiZleba kvlav wulukiZeTa faqtors davukavSiroT. 1637 wlis orive

sabuTis SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvaqvs qvemo raWis samefo yma-mamulTan. mefis datyveveba da paata

wulukiZis aRzeveba, bunebrivia, cudad aisaxeboda samefo karis gavlenasa da qonebaze wu-

lukiZeTa saTavados siaxloveSi. araa gamoricxuli raWis am nawilis sakuTari yma-mamulis

eklesiisaTvis gadacema iZulebiTi manevri yofiliyo mefisaTvis, rom ar daeSva am ymebisa

da mamulebis wulukiZeTa xelSi gadasvla. saerTodac, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es saxaso

mamulebi manamde swored is uZravi qoneba yofiliyo, romelic mefe giorgim wulukiZeebs

jer kidev paata wuwkis gandevnisas `miuxuna~.

rodemde iqneboda svimon CxetiZe gamwesebuli mTis wm. giorgis monasterSi?

am kiTxvaze, bunebrivia, ar maqvs zusti pasuxi. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, svimoni 1639

wels, kaTalikosi malaqias gardacvalebis Semdeg xdeba xoneli episkoposi. araa gamoricx-

uli is mTis wm. giorgis monasterSi swored 1639 wlamde darCeniliyo. miTumetes, Tu misi

am monasterSi gamwesebis zemoT moyvanil mizezs gaviziarebT, arc 1637 wlis Semdeg Cans

wyaroebiT raime xelsayreli viTareba samefo karisaTvis, rom episkoposi svimon CxetiZe

nikorwmindaSi daebrunebinaT. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom 1637 wlis sabuTis Sewirulo-

bis sanacvlod, mefisaTvis mTis wm. giorgis monastris krebulsa da nikorwmindel mRvdelm-

Tavars mariamobas unda CaetarebinaT wirva. samefo kerZo Sewirulobis konkretuli adre-

sati mTis wm. giorgis monasteri iyo, xolo nikorwmindeli mRvdelmTavari am SemTxvevaSi Se-

wirulobis zogadi adresati iyo, rogorc im eparqiis xelmZRvaneli, sadac mTis wm. giorgis

monasteri mdebareobda. Sesabamisad, wirvis Catarebis adgilic mTis wm. giorgis monasteri

iqneboda. Znelia iTqvas ra konteqsti hqonda aseTi msaxurebis dawesebas _ svimon CxetiZes

nikorwmindelobis darCenili periodi am monasterSi unda gaetarebina, Tu nikorwmindaSi

dabrunebis SemTxvevaSic mariamoba dRes unda asuliyo am monasterSi mefisaTvis wirvis Ca-

satareblad.

ratom ganaweses nikorwmindeli svimon CxetiZe mainc da mainc mTis wm. giorgis monas-

terSi?

amis mTavari mizezi SeiZleboda is yofiliyo, rom CvenTvis saintereso periodSi

mTis wm. giorgis monasteri, wulukiZeTa mamulebs miRma iyo moqceuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi,

wulukiZeTaTvis upiratesi nikorwmindis floba iqneboda da mTis wm. giorgis monasterSi

nikorwmindelis gadasvla, garkveuli molaparakebebis kompromisuli Sedegic SeiZleba yo-

filiyo. garda amisa, monasteri sakmaod rTul da mkacr geografiul garemoSi mdebareobs

da, miuxedavad imisa, rom nikorwmindidan daaxloebiT 10 kilometriTaa daSorebuli, usa-

frTxoebis TvalsazrisiT xelsayreli adgili iqneboda gandevnili nikorwmindeli episko-

posisaTvis. rogorc Cans, misi saerTod gandevna saepiskoposos farglebs gareT, wuluki-

Zeebma ver moaxerxes.

garda amisa, rogorc zemoTac vnaxeT, svimon CxetiZis biografiuli cnobebidan irkve-

va, rom igi Zalzed aqtiur rols TamaSobda XVII saukunis imereTis samefo karis intrigebSi.

makari antioqieli mas briyvsac ki uwodebs mis mier ganxorcielebuli saqorwino intrige-

bis gamo (Todua 1982: 88-122). aseT mkacr bunebriv garemoSi arsebul monasterSi gamwesebis

mizezad, SesaZloa, adreul periodSive msgavsi saqcieli aeRoT sababad.

– 86 –

nikoloz JRenti

ra mizezic ar unda yofiliyo, faqtia, rom mTis wm. giorgis monasteri aRniSnul pe-

riodSi Zalian mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs mimdinare feodalur procesebSi da erTgvari

TavSesafris rols iTavsebs imereTis mefis momxre episkoposisaTvis.

bolos minda gagiziaroT erTi dakvirveba, rac am kvlevis mTavar pirovnebas SeiZleba

exebodes.

2020 wlis TebervalSi, k. kekeliZis saxelobis saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli cen-

tris samecniero mivlinebis farglebSi, quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriul muzeumSi Seviswav-

le XVI-XVII saukuneebiT daTariRebuli xelnaweri „gamokrebili samociqulo“ K 487, rome-

lic odesRac mTis wm. giorgis monastris sakuTreba iyo (boWoriZe 1995: 88-89, 95). xelnaw-

eris bolos wina gverdze (126r) Sesrulebulia aTamde anderZ-minaweri, romelTa umetesoba,

dazianebis gamo, aRar ikiTxeba. amis gamo ucnobia xelnaweris Seqmnis zusti TariRi, adgili,

momgebeli, gadamweri da sxva detalebi. imave gverdze, zustad centrSi, ikiTxeba vinme la-

surisZis lakoniuri nusxuri mosaxsenebeli minaweri, romelic, paleografiulad, xelnaw-

eris Tanadrouli unda iyos. lasurisZeTa sagvareulos sakmaod xSirad vxvdebiT XIII-XVI

saukuneebis mesxuri warmomavlobis werilobiT ZeglebSi (beriZe 1955: 56-57); (bregaZe da

sxvebi 1973: 117-118, 436, 439-440); (enuqiZe da sxvebi 2014: 73-75); (saqarTvelos xelnawerTa

erovnuli centris xelnaweri A-844: 88r); (bregaZe da sxvebi 1958: 322); (surgulaZe 2016: 55).

aRniSnuli wyaroebis mixedviT, lasurisZeTa feodaluri saxlis wevrebi sxvadasxva dros

mesxeTis maRal sasuliero da saero Tanamdebobebs floben. lasurisZeebi warmoSobiT

SavSeT-klarjeTidan unda yofiliyvnen. isini 1516 wlisaTvis sveticxovlis saaTabagos ymebs

Soris ixseniebian da, savaraudod, klarjeTSi longoTxevis cixes flobdnen. XVI saukunis

Semdeg, savaraudod osmalebis mier tao-klarjeTis dapyrobis gamo (1545 w.), lasurisZeTa

feodaluri sagvareulo aRar gvxvdeba werilobiT ZeglebSi. aRniSnul xelnawerze muSaoba

jer ar damisrulebia da vrcel gamokvlevas samecniero sazogadoebas uaxloes momavalSi

SevTavazeb. manamde ki aRvniSnav, rom „gamokrebili samociqulo“ K 487-is bolo gverdze,

anderZ-minawerebs Soris vinme lasurisZis mosaxsenebeli warwera, lasurisZeTa moRvaweo-

bis istoriul-geografiuli da qronologiuri faqtebis mixedviT, migvaniSnebs, rom es xel-

naweri gadawerili unda iyos mesxeTSi (SavSeT-klarjeTSi?), XVI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi,

1545 wlamde. xolo osmalebis mier tao-klarjeTis dakavebis Semdeg, es xelnaweri mTis wm.

giorgis monasterSi unda moxvedriliyo.

am xelnaweris 122r-ze, qveda arSiis gayolebaze Savi melniT Sesrulebulia 3 striqo-

niani mxedruli minaweri. teqsti fermkrTalia, gverdis qveda nawili moxeulia da aklia III

striqonis ZiriTadi nawili.

q. me vikadreb Sens naxvis monat|2rva, svimon batono, mravali mokiT|3xva... [venediqtes].

rogorc vxedavT, minaweri TiTqos epistolaruli xasiaTisaa.20 misi avtori ucnobia,

Tumca adresati vinme svimon batonia. mxedruli teqsti paleografiulad XVII-XVIII sauku-

neebiT unda daTariRdes. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT am daTariRebas, xelnaweris daculobis adg-

ilsa da saxelis damTxvevas, araa gamoricxuli, aRniSnul minawerSi naxsenebi batoni svimoni

swored nikorwmindeli svimon CxetiZe iyos.

– 87 –

erTi epizodi mTis wm. giorgis monastris XVII saukunis istoriidan...

amgvarad, winamdebare kvlevam sakmaod saintereso daskvnebisa da dakvirvebebis ga-

moTqmis saSualeba momca. kvlevis Sedegad aRdga mniSvnelovani epizodi rogorc uSualod

mTis wm. giorgis monastris istoriidan da svimon CxetiZis biografiidan, aseve dasavleT

saqarTvelos saeklesio, politikuri da socialuri istoriidan.

SeniSvnebi

1 Tumc, T. Jordania xatis Tu eklesiis saxelobas oTxkuTxedi brCxilebiT aRadgens, rogorc

qvemoT davrwmundebiT, aq marTlac wm. giorgi ewera.

2 amaze metyvelebs 1660 wlis Sewirulobis sabuTi nikorwmindeli gedevan lorTqifaniZisaTvis,

romelic gacemulia aleqsandre III-is Zis, bagrat IV-is mier. sabuTSi bagrati ambobs, rom man

nikorwmindels ganuaxla glexi mRdelaZis Sewiruloba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mis mamas, anu ale-

qsandre III-s hqonia Sewiruli svimon nikorwmindelisaTvis (kakabaZe, 1921a: 64). aq ar ganvixilav

nikorwmindelisaTvis Sewiruli mRrdelaZe-mRvdelaZeebis sakiTxs, razec qvemoT vrclad vis-

aubreb. am etapze, mniSvnelovania svimon nikorwmindelis biografiuli cnobebi, ris Sesaxebac

aRniSnuli sabuTi mniSvnelovan cnobas gvawvdis – gamodis, rom svimoni nikorwmindeli episko-

posi yofila 1639 welsac, rodesac aleqsandre III gamefda, vidre kaTalikos malaqia gurielis

gardacvalebamde, romelsac SeTavsebuli hqonia xonis eparqiac. swored malaqias Semdeg unda

gamxdariyo svimoni xoneli episkoposi (gafrindaSvili 2015: 197-198). Tumca, samarTlianobi-

saTvis unda aRiniSnos isic, rom aleqsandre III pirvelad 1634 wels unda gamefebuliyo, rode-

sac mamamisi levan dadianma daatyveva (rexviaSvili 1978: 40). amgvarad, dasaSvebia, rom mis mier

nikorwmindisaTvis mRvdelaZis Sewirvis aqti 1634-1639 wlebs Soris momxdariyo. unda aRiniS-

nos isic, rom b. gafrindaSvilis azriT, XVII saukunis 50-iani wlebis II naxevarSi nikorwmindeli

mTavarepiskoposi iyo svimon jafariZe (gafrindaSvili 2015: 237-238). am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda

dagveSva, rom 1660 wlis sabuTSi moxseniebuli svimon nikorwmindeli, Tanabari warmatebiT Sei-

Zleba yofiliyo rogorc svimon CxetiZe, iseve svimon jafariZe. Tumca, arqiepiskoposi svimon

jafariZe Cvenamde SemorCenil wyaroebSi arsad iwodeba nikorwmindel mRvdelmTavrad (miuxe-

davad imisa, rom raWis binadari unda yofiliyo). amgvarad, am rTul sakiTxs Riad vtoveb.

3 svimonis Sesaxeb aseve ix.: (murusiZe 2008: 51-63); (mWedliZe, kezevaZe 2008: 209); (gabisonia 2016:

35-37, 47).

4 fondis raoba        





         

gzamkvlevi 1976: 268).

5 miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnulma aRwerilobam 1637 wlis sabuTSi moxseniebuli wm. giorgis

eklesiis identifikaciis problema mtkiced gadaWra mTis wm. giorgis monastris sasargeblod,

mainc moviyvan ramdenime damatebiT arguments, Tu ratom ver gaigivdeba es eklesia gelaTis

wm. giorgis eklesiasTan: 1. gelaTis wm. giorgis eklesia, romelic „sadedoflo“ eklesiadac

iwodeboda, 1545 wels ganaaxla imerTa mefe bagrat III-m (1510-1565.) da saZvaled daidgina. 1545

wlis Semdgom periodSi gelaTis wm. giorgis eklesia biWvinTisaTvis SeuwiravT. 1569 wlis Se-

wirulobis sabuTidan, romelic gacemulia imerTa mefis giorgi I-is (1565-1583) mier, Cans, rom

am dros gelaTis wm. giorgis eklesia gadacemuli aqvs afxazeTis kaTalikoss evdemon CxetiZes.

amgvarad, 1545-1569 wlebSi afxazeTis kaTalikosi gelaTSi, kerZod, gelaTis wm. giorgis eklesi-

aSi damkvidrebula. aqedan moyolebuli, afxazeTis kaTalikosTa ZiriTadi rezidencia gelaTis

wm. giorgis taZari xdeba (ix. lominaZe 1966: 178-195). amgvarad, rTuli warmosadgenia, rom 1637

wlisaTvis gelaTis wm. giorgis „sakaTalikoso“ taZarSi nikorwmindeli episkoposi yofili-

yo dadgenili. am dros gelaTis samonastro kompleqsSi isedac ori mRvdelmTavari iqneboda

gamwesebuli: gaenaTeli episkoposi kompleqsis mTavar – RmrTismSoblis saxelobis taZarSi da

afxazeTis kaTalikosi gelaTis wm. giorgis eklesiaSi; 2. 1637 wlis Sewirulobis adresatebi,

rogorc erTi iuridiuli mxare, arian wm. giorgis eklesiis patroni xati da amave eklesiaSi

dadgenili nikorwmindeli mRvdelmTavari. Tu gaviziarebT mosazrebas, rom sabuTSi ixseniebo-

da gelaTis wm. giorgis eklesia, TviTon diplomatikuri aqti iuridiulad gaumarTavi gamodis,

radgan wm. giorgis eklesiaSi dadgenili nikorwmindelis sxvagan gadayvanis SemTxvevaSi Sewir-

uli glexebi usaTuod davis obieqti gaxdeboda Sewirulobis adresatebs Soris. bunebrivia,

sabuTis iuridiuli normebi gulisxmobs, rom Sewirulobis adresatebi erTi senioriis – nikor-

wmindis saepiskoposos wiaRSi arian. Sesabamisad, nikorwmindis saepiskoposoSi Semavali mTis wm.

giorgis monasteri _ monastris eparqialuri kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb (JRenti 2020: 93) savsebiT ak-

– 88 –

nikoloz JRenti

mayofilebs aRniSnuli sabuTis iuridiul normebs. sabuTSi gelaTis wm. giorgis eklesiis moaz-

reba ki gardauval interesTa konfliqts gulisxmobs, rac alogikuri iqneboda; 3. rogorc ze-

moTac vnaxeT, g. mWedliZisa da m. kezevaZis wignidan moyvanili citata mTavrdeba Semdegi saxiT:

„am SemTxvevaSi (igulisxmeba 1637 wlis samefo Sewirulobis sabuTi gelaTis monastrisadmi – n.

J.) svimon CxetiZe moxseniebuli ar aris, albaT imitom, rom igi sabuTis gacemis dros nikorwmin-

deli aRar iyo“ (ix. zemoT). avtorTa azris sapirispirod, vfiqrob, es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs,

rom manamde ganxiluli 1637 wlis sabuTi swored nikorwmindelis saepiskoposoSi moqceul mTis

wm. giorgis xats/eklesiasa da masSi dadginebul svimon nikorwmindelisadmia gacemuli da ara

gelaTis wm. giorgis eklesiisadmi.

6 #547-552 sabuTebis anotaciebis saerTo saTauri: „quTaisis da raWis uezdebTa Soris

mTiswmindis giorgis evklesiisani“; #548 sabuTis anotaciis Sesavali: „misve mTis wis ekle-

siisadmi...“; #550 sabuTis anotaciis Sesavali: „imave mTis w~is giorgis eklesiisadmi...“; #551

sabuTis anotaciis Sesavali: „misve mTis wis giorgis eklesiisadmi...“; #552 sabuTis anotaci-

is Sesavali: „misve mTis w~is giorgis eklesiisadmi...“ (fondi #1451: samqe 16, 436-443).

7 rogorc Cans, sabuTis dedanSi mcire daSorebiT ewera „...es fafua...“, rac T. Jordaniam aras-

worad amoikiTxa rogorc saxeli „esfofoa“.

8 rogorc Cans, mTis wm. giorgis monastrisadmi gacemuli am Sewirulobis SemTxvevaSi geografi-

uli warmomavlobis dazusteba saWiro gaxda imis gamo, rom am monastris miwaTmflobeloba gan-

lagebuli iyo rogorc raWaSi, aseve zemo imereTSic (JRenti 2011: 206-214.). aqve unda iTqvas,

rom XVI-XVII saukuneebis saistorio sabuTebiT cnobili yvela mRvdelaZe nikorwmindelisaT-

visaa Sewiruli: 1544 wels raWis sof. RadisSi (dRevandeli – RadiSi) mcxovrebi mRdelaZeebis 2

komli bagrat III imerTa mefem Seswira nikorwmindis eklesias (baqraZe da sxvebi 2004: 233); 1637

wlis zemoT ganxiluli sabuTiT raWveli fafua mRvdelaZe mTis wm. giorgis monasters Seswires

(ix. zemoT); aseve zemoT ukve naxsenebi 1660 wlis sabuTis mixedviT, aleqsandre III-s svimonis

nikorwmindelobis dros bajSi mcxovrebi daTua mRvdelaZe „wmindis nikolozisaTvis“ Seewira

(kakabaZe 1921: 64). aRsaniSnavia, rom sofeli baji da RadiSi erTmaneTis mosazRvre soflebia

qvemo raWaSi. rogorc Cans aq iyo mRvdelaZeebis gansaxlebis ZiriTadi areali. savaraudod,

aqedanve unda yofiliyo fafua mRvdelaZec. aqve aRvniSnav, rom 1637 wlis sabuTis fafuasa da

1660 wlis daTuas Soris SesaZlo naTesauri kavSiris sakiTxi gaurkveveli rCeba. bunebrivia,

SeiZleba gaCndes eWvic: xom ar iyvnen daTua da fafua mRvdelaZe erTi da igive piri? es Sesa-

Zlo iqneboda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ki davuSvebdiT 1637 wlis sabuTSi mRrdelaZis saxe-

lis araswor amokiTxvas („fafua“ „daTuas“ nacvlad). Tumca, vinaidan sabuTis dednis aRmweri

kiTxulobs fafua-s, xolo T. Jordania esfofoa-s, gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, vfiqrob, mainc

gasamijnia fafua da daTua mRrdelaZeebi.

9 T. Jordanias gamoqveynebuli fragmentidan vityobT, rom monastrisaTvis Sewiruli mRvdelaZe

mefis „kerZi“, anu mefis kuTvnili yma iyo. radgan saqme gvaqvs kerZo Sewirulobis aqtTan, mefes

hqonda ufleba sanacvlod konkretuli samsaxuri moeTxova (kerZo Sewirulobis aqtis arsi-

sa da urTierTvaldebulebebis Sesaxeb vrclad ix.: (surgulaZe 2006: 91). am konkretul SemTx-

vevaSi es iyo mRvdelmTavrisa da monastris krebulis mier Casatarebeli wirva mariamobis dRe-

saswaulze. dResac ki mTis wm. giorgis monastris mTavari dResaswauli, miuxedavad monastris

saxelobisa, mariamobas, 28 agvistos, Zveli stiliT 15 agvistos) aRiniSneba. miniSnebebi imis

Sesaxeb, rom es tradicia Zveli droidanve momdinareobs, gvxvdeba mTis wm. giorgis monastris

TiTqmis yvela SemorCenil saistorio sabuTSi: mefe giorgi III-m 1637 wlis Sewirulobis sabu-

Tis garda, mariamobis mniSvnelobis xazgasmasa da am dRes konkretuli msaxurebis dawesebas

vxvdebiT aseve imereTSi gamefebuli vamey dadianis 1661 wlis Sewirulobis sabuTSi, sadac igi

ambobs: „mefed davjediT da mariamobas dRes Senda Tayuanissacemlad movediT...“ (kakabaZe

1921: 64-65); (fondi #1448: sabuTi #2150); 1680-1685 wlebSi svimon nikormwindelma, Sewir-

ulobis sanacvlod mariamobis wina dRes Jamis wirva daudgina berebs (kakabaZe 1921: 81-82);

(fondi #1448: sabuTi #1533.); 1795 wels mariam dedofalma Sewirulobis sabuTis ganaxlebis

sanacvlod mariamoba dRes Jamis wirva daudgina monastris dekanozs, mRvdels da mTavard-

iakons (kakabaZe 1921b: 108.). moxseneba saTauriT „mariamoba, rogorc mTis wm. giorgis monas-

tris mTavari dReoba (warmarTuli Ziri, qristianuli transformacia, istoriuli tradicia)“

wavikiTxe 2017 wlis 21 noembers i. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis organizebul axalgazrda mecnierTa I saerTaSoriso

simpoziumze humanitarul mecnierebebSi (Tbilisi, 20-23 noemberi). dawyebuli maqvs muSaoba

mariamobis, rogorc mTis wm. giorgis monastris mTavari dReobis, Sesaxeb da momavalSi vecdebi

es sakiTxi vrceli naSromis saxiT warmovadgino.

10 miTumetes, i. xuskivaZis azriT, nikormindis eklesiis moxatuloba XVII saukunis 60-70-ian wlebs

unda ekuTvnodes (xuskivaZe 2003: 113-114).

– 89 –

erTi epizodi mTis wm. giorgis monastris XVII saukunis istoriidan...

11 amaze miuTiTebs is, rom svimonis Zma iyo XVII saukunis kidev erTi cnobili politikosi sexnia

CxeiZe, romelic imereli CxeiZeebis warmomadgenelia (soselia 1973: 42-43).

12 arqanjelo lambertis „wminda kolxeTis“ uaxles gamocemaSi, wyaroSi moxseniebuli paata zu-

loxia samarTlianadaa gaigivebuli paata wulukiZesTan, Tumca, Sesabamis komentarSi paata

wulukiZe SecdomiT gaigivebulia dadianis meore vezirTan, romelic dadianma Tavis colTan

RalatSi amxila, zarbazanSi Cado da zarbaznis gasroliT sikvdiliT dasaja (merkvilaZe 2020:

289, 442). sinamdvileSi am vazirs papuna erqva da misi sikvdiliT dasjac 1620-ian wlebSi moxda

(rexviaSvili 1989: 30-31). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom paata „wuwkis“ Svili – merab wulukiZe, romel-

ic XVII saukunis II naxevris gamorCeuli figuraa imereTis samefoSi, levan dadianis aRzrdi-

li iyo. man, rogorc Cans, Tavisi politikuri warmatebebis xarjze moaxerxa raWaSi dabruneba

da farTo qtitorul saqmianobas mihyo xeli. misi qtitorobiT Sesrulebul warwerebSi merabi

aRniSnavs, rom is levan dadianma gazarda. garda amisa, am warwerebSi igrZnoba levan dadian-

is qtitoruli warwerebis stilis (sakuTari warmatebebis ganmadidebeli teqstebis) gavlenac

(TayaiSvili 2017: 293-296).

13 i. xuskivaZe, nikorwmindis taZris mxatvrobis XVII saukunis 60-70-iani wlebiT daTariRebisas,

sadac (samxreT-aRmosavleT afsidis qveda registrze) sxvaTaSoris SemorCa paata wulukiZis

gamosaxulebac, erT-erT mizezad moaqvs wulukiZeebis uflebebis aRdgena maT mamulebze paata

„wuwkis“ Zis – merab wulukiZis dros (xuskivaZe 2003: 114). marTalia, vaxuStis mixedviT, paatas

„wuwkis“ gandevnis Semdeg giorgi mefem wulukiZeebs „miuxuna mamulni“, Tumc, rogorc Cans,

uSualod nikorwmindidan – wulukiZeTa saZvale adgilidan maTi gandevna ver moxerxda.

14 sainteresoa, rom mogvianebiT, kidev erT saistorio sabuTSi svimon CxetiZe kidev erTxel

iwodeba „dadginebulad“. esaa 1661 wlis imereTSi gamefebuli vamey dadianis Sewirulobis

sabuTi biWvinTis RvTismSoblisaTvis, sadac vkiTxulobT: „...dagideviT sigeli ese Tqven caTa

mobaZavsa biWvintisa RTismSobelsa da mas Sina dadgnebulsa quTaTel kzsa CxetiZesa patronsa

svimeons“ (kakabaZe 1921a: 66). b. lominaZem, sxvadasxva saistorio sabuTisa da Tanadrouli ucx-

oeli mematianeebis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, daaskvna, rom XVI saukunis II naxevarSi afxazeTis

kaTalikosis rezidencia biWvinTidan gelaTSi gadmodis. 1569 wlisaTvis gelaTis wm. giorgis

eklesia ukve „sakaTalikoso eklesiad“ iwodeba. imave periodSi, 1568 wels moWedili biWvinTis

RvTismSoblis xati gelaTSi asvenia. afxazeTidan wamosuli kaTalikosi veRarasdros ubrun-

deba biWvinTas, rogorc rezidencias. Tumca, weliwadSi erTxel mainc, mironis mosamzadeblad,

stumrobs biWvinTas. kaTalikosi svimon CxetiZe, rogorc amave dros quTaTeli mRvdelmTavari

da samefo karis saqmeebSi aqtiurad CarTuli piri, umetes dros swored quTaisSi atarebs. yov-

el SemTxvevaSi ase iyo makari da pavle alepoelebis imereTSi yofnis dros – 1664 wels (lom-

inaZe 1966: 200-205). amgvarad, 1661 wlis vamey dadianis sabuTis zemoT moyvanili citatis Si-

naarsis gageba ori mniSvnelobiTaa SesaZlebeli: 1. vameyi, mimarTavs ra biWvinTis RvTismSo-

bels, rogorc iuridiul pirs, romelmac am droisaTvis karga xania rac bina daido gelaTSi,

gelaTSive (wm. giorgis „sakaTalikoso“ eklesiaSi) dadginebulad gulisxmobs svimon CxetiZes;

2. 1661 wlisaTvis imereTSi gamefebulma vamey dadianma scada biWvinTaSi moSlili sakaTaliko-

so rezidenciis dabruneba, gadaasvena xati da biWvinTaSive daadgina kaTalikosi svimon CxetiZe.

es urTulesi, da amave dros umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia da calke vrcel gamokvlevas saWiroebs.

Tumca, vfiqrob, am ori SesaZlo variantidan, meore ufro realuria. Tundac imitom, rom

sabuTSi vameyi xazs usvams svimonis dadginebis faqts, rac biWvinTaze unda miuTiTebdes, da ara

gelaTze, sadac, am droisaTvis kaTalikosis rezidencia ukve daaxl. 1 saukunis win gadmovida

da ar warmoadgenda axal ambavs. 1637 wlisagan gansxvavebiT, 1661 wlisaTvis aw ukve „quTaTe-

li kaTalikosi“ svimonis biWvinTaSi gamweseba gamowveuli unda yofiliyo ara Sida feodaluri

dapirispirebiT, aramed gacilebiT masStaburi eTnikuri, religiuri da social-politikuri

procesebiT, romelic am periodis afxazeTSi mimdinareobda.

15 aqve minda aRvniSno, rom aris mcire SesaZleblobac, rom svimon CxetiZe arc arasdros yofili-

yo nikorwmindis saepiskoposo rezidenciaSi. araa gamoricxuli wulukiZeTa faqtoris gamo

svimon CxetiZe Tavidanve – episkoposad kurTxevis Semdeg pirdapir mTis wm. giorgis monaster-

Si gaemwesebinaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom amis albaToba gacilebiT naklebia, rogorc varaudi, is

mainc imsaxurebs arsebobas.

16 malaqia rom, marTlac, levan dadianis dadgenili iyo kaTalikosad da gurielad pirdapir adas-

tureben don juzepe judiCe milaneli da don qristoforo de kasteli. kastelis cnobiTve,

svimon gurielsa da levan dadians Soris momxdari brZolisas maSveli jariT mosuli patriarqi

malaqia levan dadians exmareboda ix.: (giorgaZe 1964: 36,76,93); (giorgaZe 1976: 48).

17 WeliSis monasteri, iseve rogorc mTis wm. giorgis monasteri, md. Sareulas auzSi mdebareobs

da mTis wm. giorgis monastridan daSorebulia sul raRac 8 kilometriT (Crdilo-aRmosavle-

TiT). am aqtiT, WeliSis monasteri gelaTis monastris mdidari xazinisa da siwmindeebis saxi-

– 90 –

nikoloz JRenti

zari gamxdara, rasac WeliSis monastris winamZRvris 1838 wlis angariSi da WeliSSi daculi

gelaTuri warmoSobis xatebi adastureben (xelaia 2011: 163-164). zogadad, gelaTisa da mTis wm.

giorgis monasteris urTierTmimarTeba calke sakiTxia. Cemi azriT, 1106-1534 wlebs Soris, mTis

wm. giorgis monasteri garkveuli saxiT gelaTis monastris senioriis nawili unda yofiliyo.

vrclad ix. (JRenti 2020: 89-96).

18 mojalabe – yma glexTa umdablesi socialuri kategoria XVII-XIX saukuneebis dasavleT saqa-

rTveloSi. dokumentebSi mojalabe zogjer iwodeba mesadgomed an mosaxled (megrulad –

dolmaxare). mojalabe iyo tyve, namziTi an nasyidi adamiani. mas sakuTari miwa da kar-midamo ar

gaaCnda, Tavisi ojaxiT mebatonis karze cxovrobda. is mebatonis srul gankargulebaSi iyo da

yvelaze mZime da saTakilo samuSaoebs asrulebda (Roris mwyemsva, SeSis damzadeba, Romis cex-

va). batons SeeZlo mojalabis ojaxis wevrebi cal-calke gaeyida. mojalabes qaliSvilis gaTx-

ovebac ekrZaleboda. igi TiTqmis monur mdgomareobaSi iyo im gansxvavebiT, rom batons misi

mokvlis ufleba ar hqonda. glexis gadayvana mojalabis kategoriaSi sasjelis erT-erT umZimes

zomad iTvleboda (CxataraiSvili 1984: 159). b. lominaZis azriT terminma „mojalabe“, romelic,

mkvlevris azriT, swored am 1637 wlis gelaTur sabuTSi gvxvdeba pirvelad, Caanacvla qarTuli

termini „mosasaxle“ (lominaZe 1954: 111).

19 saxaso – mefis, misi ojaxis wevrebisa da Tavadebis domeni feodalur saqarTveloSi (SoSiaSvili

1985: 241).

20 msgavsi mimowera minawerebis saxiT gvxvdeba imave xelnaweris 9r-v-ze, sadac vkiTxulobT vinme

baton iosebisa da spiridos mokle werilebs erTmaneTis mimarT.

damowmebani

baqraZe da sxvebi 2004: pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis

mixedviT, III, masalebi Sekribes da gamosacemad moamzades: a. baqraZem, l. ratianma da g. oTxme-

zurma. tomi Seadgines d. kldiaSvilma da m. surgulaZem. Tbilisi, artanuji.

beriZe 1955: v. beriZe, samcxis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tbilisi, mecniereba.

bregaZe da sxvebi 1958: qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, axali (Q) koleqciisa, t. II, Sedgenilia da

dasabeWdad damzadebuli T. bregaZis, T. enuqiZis, n. kasraZis, el. metrevelis, l. quTaTelaZisa

da qr. SaraSiZis mier, i. abulaZis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, mecniereba.

bregaZe da sxvebi 1973: qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, yofili saeklesio muzeumis (A) koleqci-

isa, t. I1, Seadgines da dasabeWdad moamzades: T. bregaZem, m. qavTariam da l. quTaTelaZem, el.

metrevelis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, mecniereba.

boWoriZe 1995: g. boWoriZe, imereTis istoriuli Zeglebi da siZveleebi, Tbilisi, mecniereba.

gabisonia 2016: p. gabisonia, quTaisis saepiskoposos istoria, Tbilisi.

gafrindaSvili 2015: b. gafrindaSvili, raWa-imereTis saepiskoposoebi, (gelaTi, xoni, nikorwminda

1529-1820 ww.), Tbilisi.

gzamkvlevi 1976: Цетнральный государственный исторический архив, Путеводитель,   



giorgaZe 1964: don juzepe judiCe milaneli, werilebi saqarTveloze. XVII saukune. italiuri teqs-

ti Targmna, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi daurTo b. giorgaZem, Tbilisi, mecniereba.

giorgaZe 1976: don kristoforo kasteli, cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, teqsti gaSifra,

Targmna, gamokvleva da komentarebi daurTo b. giorgaZem, Tbilisi, mecniereba.

dvali 1968: m. dvali, leknaris wm. giorgis eklesia, macneTbilisi, mecniereba.

enuqiZe da sxvebi 2014: qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, t. III, XV saukunis meore naxevari,

Seadgines T. enuqiZem, d. kldiaSvilma, m. surgulaZem, gamosacemad moamzada mzia surgulaZem,

Tbilisi.

TayaiSvili 2017: e. TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri mogzauroba raWaSi 1919 da 1920 ww. Txzulebani. 4.

Tbilisi. artanuji.

Todua 1982: makari III antioqieli patriarqi, cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. „armaRani“ aRmosavluri

mwerlobis nimuSebi. Semdgeneli m. Todua. Tbilisi, sabWoTa saqarTvelo.

kakabaZe 1921a: s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, I, tfilisi.

kakabaZe 1921b: s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, II tfilisi.

lominaZe 1954: b. lominaZe, feodaluri meurneobis organizaciis istoriidan gvianfeodalur saqa-

rTveloSi, masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 30, Tbilisi.

lominaZe 1966: b. lominaZe, qarTuli feodaluri urTierTobebis istoriidan, senioriebi, I,

Tbilisi, mecniereba.

– 91 –

erTi epizodi mTis wm. giorgis monastris XVII saukunis istoriidan...

merkvilaZe, gabisonia 2012/2013: d. merkvilaZe, p. gabisonia, arqanjelo lambertis `wminda

kolxeTi~. istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi, XII-XIII, Tbilisi.

merkvilaZe 2020: arkanjelo lamberti, wminda kolxeTi, italiuridan Targmna giorgi cqitiSvilma,

teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, ganmartebebi da saZieblebi daurTo daviT merkvi-

laZem. Tbilisi, artanuji.

murusiZe 2008: m. murusiZe, nikorwmindel episkoposTa qronologiuri rigi, quTaisis saxelmwifo

istoriuli muzeumis Sromebi, krebuli XVIII, quTaisi.

mWedliZe, kezevaZe 2008: g. mWedliZe, m. kezevaZe, quTais-gaenaTis eparqia (istoria da Tanamedroveoba),

quTaisi. sagamomcemlo centri.

oTxmezuri da sxvebi 2007: pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis

mixedviT, IV, masalebi Sekribes da gamosacemad moamzades: g. oTxmezurma, g. mWedliZem, m. sur-

gulaZem, d. JRentma, a. baqraZem, T. enuqiZem da d. kldiaSvilma. tomi Seadgines m. surgulaZem da

d. kldiaSvilma, Tbilisi, artanuji.

Jordania 2018: T. Jordania, qronikebi, II, gamosacemad moamzada m. WumburiZem, tomis redaqtori i.

beriZe, Tbilisi, artanuji.

JRenti 2011: n. JRenti, mTis wm. giorgis sabuTi 1465-1467 wlebisa (dadgenili teqsti da klasifikacia),

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTvelos istoriis

institutis Sromebi,Tbilisi, meridiani.

JRenti 2020: n. JRenti, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio senioriebis istoriidan – gelaTi da mTis

wm. giorgis monasteri (istoriuli kavSirebi). wm. grigol feraZe 120 – wmida grigol feraZis

I saerTaSoriso konferencia saqarTvelo da qristianuli civilizacia (masalebi). Tbilisi.

rexviaSvili 1978: m. rexviaSvili, dasavleTis saqarTvelo XVII saukuneSi (narkvevebi), Tbilisi,

mecniereba.

rexviaSvili 1989: m. rexviaSvili, imereTis samefo (1462-1810 ww.), Tbilisi, Tbilisis universitetis

gamomcemloba.

soselia 1973: o. soselia, narkvevebi feodaluri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos socialur-

politikuri istoriidan (saTavadoebi), I, Tbilisi, mecniereba.

soselia 1981: o. soselia, narkvevebi feodaluri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos social-politikuri

istoriidan, (saTavadoebi) II, Tbilisi, mecniereba.

surgulaZe 2006: m. surgulaZe, qarTuli saistorio aqtebi, XI-XV ss. Tbilisi, artanuji.

surgulaZe 2016: qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, t. IV, qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi, XVI

saukune (qarTli da samcxe saaTabago), tomi Seadgina da qarTuli teqstebi moamzada m. sur-

gulaZem. sparsuli teqstebi moamzada T. abaSiZem. Tbilisi.

sxec A-844: k. kekeliZis saxelobis saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, xelnaweri A-844.

fondi #1451: saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, fondi #1451, saqme #16.

fondi #1448: saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros erovnuli arqivis centraluri saistorio arqivi,

fondi #1448.

qoriZe 2000: T. qoriZe, svimon CxetiZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosebi, saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqebi, Tbilisi, nekeri.

yauxCiSvili 1959: beri egnataSvili. axali qarTlis cxovreba, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili

yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II, Tbilisi, sabWoTa saqarTvelo.

yauxCiSvili 1973: vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti

dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV. Tbilisi, mecniereba.

SoSiaSvili 1985: n. SoSiaSvili, saxaso, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. IX, Tbilisi, mecniereba.

CxataraiSvili 1984: q. CxataraiSvili, mojalabe, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. VII, Tbilisi,

mecniereba.

xelaia 2011: a. xelaia. mogzauroba raWa-leCxumSi, mwignobroba qarTuli, sasuliero mwerloba, t. 12,

Tbilisi.

xuskivaZe 2003: i. xuskivaZe, nikorwmindis taZris moxatuloba, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 3, Tbilisi.

– 92 –

nikoloz JRenti

sur. 1 mTis wm. giorgis monasteri, m. dvalis foto, 1954 w.

ONE EPISODE FROM THE 17TH CENTURY HISTORY OF MTIS

(MOUNT) ST. GEORGE MONASTERY – THE APPOINTMENT OF

BISHOP OF NIKORTSMINDA SVIMON CHKHETIDZE IN THE

MONASTERY

Nikoloz Zhghenti

The subject of the research is a lost deed of donation of 1637, granted by King of Imereti Giorgi III to

some St. George’s church and the bishop of Nikortsminda Svimon Chkhetidze, who was appointed in the same

church at the moment. Later Svimon Chkhetidze became the bishop of Kutaisi and after the Catholicos of Ab-

khazeti (western Georgia). He was known as one of the most important persons in the history of Imereti in 17th

century. The deed of donation of 1637 is the oldest historical source which includes biographical data about

this person. Even though this document is well known in academic literature, there is no proper source-critical





mentioned in the text and the reason of appointment of bishop of Nikortsminda in this church and not the

Nikortsminda cathedral itself.

In the National Archives of Georgia is preserved the 19th century catalogue 1451-16 – the descriptions

and anotations of Mtis (Mount) St. George Monastery’s documents. Among these documents I found the des-

ription and anotation of the abovementioned lost deed’s original of 1637. Accordingly, St. George’s church

– 93 –

erTi epizodi mTis wm. giorgis monastris XVII saukunis istoriidan...



about 8-10 kilometers west from Nikortsminda Cathedral.



any kind of source, mentioning the reason why Svimon Chkhetidze was appointed in this Monastery. But,

according to the multiple historical sources of the period, I tried to restore the historical process which could

indicate the real reason of this act:



Whole western Georgia was divided into two military camps – King Giorgi III with his supporters and Duke

Levan II Dadiani with his supporters. The feudal house of Chkhetidzes, the representative of which was Svi-

        

representative of the feudal house which owned Nikortsminda Cathedral as the family crypt. Earlier Paata

Tsulukidze has been expelled from his owned lands by King of Imereti Giorgi III. The Catholicos of Abkhaze-

ti – Malakia Gurieli – was also on Dadiani’s side. In the battle at Kaka’s bridge King Giorgi was imprisoned

by Levan Dadiani, as a result of what the political initiative in Western Georgia was ruled by Dadiani and his

supporters.

Supposadly, in the same period, because of the demand of Tsulukidzes feudal house, the bishop of

Nikortsminda Svimon Chkhetidze has been expelled from his Cathedral and was appointed in Mtis (Moint)

St. George Monastery in the same eparchy. Later, in 1637, newly released King Giorgi made donation to this

Monastery and Svimon, supposedly, to compensate the loss which was caused by his recent political failure.

– 94 –

„Savi Wiris“ epidemia saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis I naxevarSi

giorgi sosiaSvili

giorgi XII-is mefobis periodSi saqarTveloSi „Savi Wiri“ ramdenjerme gavrcelda.

samefo kars sakarantino sivrceebis mosawyobad sakmarisi adamianuri resursi ar aRmoaCn-

da. raki epidemia TurqeTidan Semodioda, giorgi XII axalcixis mxridan vaWrobis SezRudviT

Semoifargla. mefis mcdelobam garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi sasurveli Sedegi gamoiRo.

mcire xnis Semdeg dedaqalaqSi „Savi Wiris“ SemTxvevebis dafiqsirebis gamo, TbilisSi myof-

ma rusma samxedro Cinovnikebma, veraze, lurji monastris siaxloves dainficirebuli moqa-

laqeebisTvis specialuri sasneulo moawyves. platon ioselianis cnobiT:

saxlad auSenes wnelis oTxi didi saxli, garedam da Sinidam lesulni gajiTa da zeviT Weri

ficriTa, daxurulvili. aprilidam agvistomdin iyo ese. mzrunveloba sneulTa sanovagi-

sa da sawolisa, miandves qalaqisa meliqsa darCia bebuTovs da erTsa somexsa aRalo..., os-

malodam mosulsa, Wirnaxadsa (ioseliani 1978: 168).

saqarTveloSi 1802 wlis dasawyisSi „Savma Wirma“ isev ifeTqa. TebervalSi ruseTis xe-

lisuflebam dasavleT saqarTvelodan qarTlSi moZraoba SezRuda. imereTidan momaval mg-

zavrebs suramSi orkviriani karantini unda gaevloT. amis Sesaxeb iulon batoniSvilis karis

mwignobari ioane qarTveliSvili wers:

warmovel imereTiT saqarTvelod febervlis v (6) (igulisxmeba 1802 wlis 6 Tebervali –

g. s.) movel surams. aqa ukue iyo kapitani parTen ekTimiCi. aman damayena orsa ukve Ramesa

teZers(sic) da Semdgomad surams. garamaxdevina karantini kviriakesa orsa. aqa umetesiTa

SewuxebiTa davyav, viTarca pyrobilman. febervlis 18 dResa amas, momca bileTi da gamo-

miteva hxsenebulman kapitanman (qarTveliSvili 1952: 91).

1802 wlis dekemberSi „Savi Wiris“ SemTxvevebi javaxeTSi dafiqsirda. mcire xnis Semdeg

ki epidemia qarTl-kaxeTis zogierT sofelSic gamovlinda. am informacias mTavarmarTeb-

el p. cicianovs generali lazarevi general sergei tuCkovis Setyobinebis safuZvelze awv-

dida. Tbilisis siaxloves, kerZod, sofel kodaSi, „tfilisis muSketerTa polkSi“ „Savi Wir-

is“ pirveli SemTxveva 1802 wlis 23 dekembers gaxda cnobili (samuSia 2015: 105). epidemiis

gavrcelebis Sesaxeb miwodebul informacias pavle cicianovi Tavdapirvelad sarwmunod ar

miiCnevda, Tumca situaciis gauaresebis Semdeg darwmunda, rom qveyanaSi gavrcelebuli seni

namdvilad „Savi Wiri“ iyo. mTavarmarTeblis davalebiT Caiketa Tbilisis kari (samuSia 2015:

105-106). epidemiis swrafi zrdis gamo cicianovma 1803 wlis 15 ianvars peterburgs mimarTa,

raTa samedicino personaliT da medikamentebiT daxmarebodnen. am droisTvis, saqarTvelo-

Si myof ruseTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs jer kidev ar hqondaT Camoyalibebuli sa-

medicino sammarTvelo. epidemiis sawyis etapze 13 adamiani gardaicvala (samuSia 2015: 106).

mTavarmarTebelma pavle cicianovma 1803 wlis 18 aprils ruseTis imperators special-

uri pataki warudgina. igi saqarTvelos teritoriaze 4 sabaJo da 4 sakarantino saguSagos

Seqmnas iTxovda, kerZod: suramSi – imereTis sazRvarTan, walkaSi – axalcixesa da javaxeTis

mimdebared, bambakis mxaris sofel yaraklisSi (karaklisi) – yarsisa da erevnis olqebTan

axlos da SamSadilis provinciaSi – ganjis saxanos sazRvarTan. 4 sabaJos da sakarantine

sivrcis mosawyobad jamSi 40 000 maneTi iyo saWiro (aqtebi 1868: 239-241, #442). ruseTis im-

peratorma mTavarmarTeblis Txovna daakmayofila da miTiTebul adgilebSi sabaJoebis da

karantinebis gaxsnis Sesaxeb brZaneba gasca, gamoiyo Tanxac. cicianovis wardgenil gegmaSi

mcire cvlileba iqna Setanili. erT-erTi karantini ganjis saxanos sazRvris nacvlad, gan-

jaSive moewyo, radgan im droisTvis ganjis cixe rusebs ukve aRebuli hqondaT (aqtebi 1868:

242, #446).

– 95 –– 95 –

1803 wlis 16 ivniss saqarTvelos saeqimo sammarTvelo Camoyalibda (aqtebi 1868: 252,

#479). imave wlis ivlisis dasawyisSi epidsituacia gauaresda. samefo ojaxis warmomadgen-

lebi Tbilisidan muxranSi gaixiznen. amis Sesaxeb ioane qarTveliSvili wers: „Wiri gaCnda qa-

laqSi; 1803-sa welsa, ivlisis cxrasa, xizniT wavel muxrans. dedofalic (igulisxmeba dare-

jan dedofali, erekle II-is meuRle, 1734-1807 w.w., romelic swored muxranidan gadaasaxles

ruseTSi – g. s.) iq mobrZanda amav TTveSi“ (qarTveliSvili 1952: 96).

gansakuTrebulad mZime iyo dedaqalaqisTvis 1803 wlis agvisto. TbilisSi 1-8 agvistos

44, 8-14 agvistos 38, xolo 14-31 agvistos ki 42 adamiani gardaicvala (aqtebi 1868: 259).

xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT 1803 wlis agvistos dasawyisSi sakarantine sivrce

moewyo duSeTSi (aqtebi 1868: 259); (samuSia 2015: 106). epidemiis gavrcelebam mosaxleoba-

Si panika gamoiwvia. mRelvarebam moicva gori da duSeTi. administraciis mier gamoyofili

guSagebis miuxedavad, mosaxleoba farulad ixizneboda. daavadebis SemTxvevebi gaxSirda

gorSi, sadac epidemiologiuri situaciis Sesamowmeblad saeqimo sammarTvelos inspeqto-

ri, doqtori reingolmi gaigzavna. saeqimo sammarTvelos sxva eqimebi mivlinebaSi imyofe-

bodnen (aRniSnuli uwyeba mkurnalebis naklebobas ganicdida. ruseTidan axlad Camosuli

medpersonalidan 4 epidemiis Sedegad gardaicvala) (aqtebi 1868: 259, #496). rogorc pavle

cicianovis mier imperatorisadmi gagzavnili erT-erTi patakidan Cans, epidemiis gavrcele-

bas xels uwyobda mosaxleobis mier dasnebovnebuli nivTebis gadamalva. xelisufleba am mx-

riv mkacr zomebs mimarTavda. policiam nivTebis gadamalvis gamo daakava erTi adgilobrivi

mkvidri da erTic kavkasiis grenaderTa polkis warmomadgeneli. mTavarmarTebelma komen-

dants1 ubrZana, rom dakavebuli adgilobrivi mkvidri 1000 kacian mwyobrSi gaetarebinaT,

xolo grenaderTa polkis warmomadgeneli ki samxedro sasamarTlosTvis gadaecaT (aqtebi

1868: 261, #501).

general tuCkovis informaciiT dedaqalaqidan gasvla aikrZala. Tumca, SeRavaTebiT

sargeblobdnen pavle cicianovis garemocvis warmomadgenlebi. mTavarmarTeblis davalebiT

Tbilisis komendants qalaqidan ramdenime adamiani gauparebia (samuSia 2015: 107). generalma

tuCkovma pavle cicianovs im gegmis Sesabamisad moqmedeba urCia, romliTac ruseTis impe-

riis guberniebSi epidemiebis gavrcelebis dros moqmedebdnen. tuCkovis SeTavazebiT xeli-

suflebas janmrTeli moqalaqeebi orTaWalaSi unda gadaeyvana, xolo saeWvo simptomebis

mqone adamianebi ki dedaqalaqSi daetovebina. TbilisSi am dros „saeWvo saxlic“ moewyo, sa-

dac epidemiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis mqone macxovreblebi mihyavdaT (samuSia 2015:

108-109). xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT apatimrebdnen im moqalaqeebs, romlebic mTavro-

bis mier miRebul wesebs ar emorCilebodnen (aqtebi 1868: 257).

mTavarmarTebel cicianovis saxelze 1804 wels Sedgenil saqarTvelos umaRlesi mTav-

robis aRmasrulebeli eqspediciis saangariSo moxsenebaSi, romelic komendantebisa da kap-

itan-ispravnikebis mier Segrovebul informacias eyrdnoboda, aRniSnulia, rom „Savi Wiris“

pikma saqarTveloSi ukve gadaiara. dokumentSi vkiTxulobT:

uflis wyalobiT, aRniSnuli daavadeba aRar aris tfilisSi ivnisis 1-li ricxvidan, Tel-

avSi gasuli 1803 wlis 22 dekembridan, Telavis mazraSi imave Tvis 25-dan, 20 noembridan

gorSi, 1 maisidan goris mazraSi (igulisxmeba 1804 weli – g. s. ), ananursa da mis mazraSi ama

wlis 15 aprilidan, siRnaRis mazraSi ki saerTod ar yofila (aqtebi 1868: 261-262, #505).

aRmasrulebelma eqspediciam TxovniT mimarTa mTavarmarTebel pavle cicianovs, raTa

gaeuqmebina karantinebi rogorc TbilisTan, ise qveynis sxva adgilebSi. eqspediciis war-

momadgenelTa rekomendaciiT epidemiis dasrulebis Sesaxeb Setyobineba unda daegzavnaT

mezobeli guberniebisTvis, aseve donis jaris da Savi zRvis sajariso kancelariebisaTvis

(aqtebi 1868: 262).

1803 wlis 15 ivnisidan 1804 wlis 1 ivnisamde saqarTveloSi 1570 adamiani gardaicva-

la. aqedan TbilisSi epidemiis gamovlenidan mis „Sav Wirad“ aRiarebamde sxvadasxva wodebis

orive sqesis 50 adamiani daiRupa. dedaqalaqSi 1803 wlis 15 ivlisidan 1804 wlis 1 ivnisamde

epidemias Seewira 146 samxedro piri; samoqalaqo danayofis 18 jariskaci; samTo razmis 1

xelosani; sauwyebo msaxuri – 11; qarTveli, somexi da rusi sxvadasxva samxedro Cinis mqone

„Savi Wiris“ epidemia saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis I naxevarSi

– 96 –

giorgi sosiaSvili

orive sqesis 141 adamiani, 1 eqimi, sul 368 adamiani. lores mazraSi epedemiis Sedegad garda-

icvala: qarTveli, azerbaijaneli da somexi erovnebis 382 adamiani. TelavSi gardaicvala

komendanti (vice-polkovniki felkeri) meuRliT da qaliSviliT (sul 3 adamiani), aseve 35

samxedro mosamsaxure, samoqalaqo danayofis 6 jariskaci, aseve adgilobrivi macxovreble-

bi – orive sqesis 45 moqalaqe), maT Soris, qalaqis mkurnalis voroCenkovis meuRle da qaliS-

vili, aseve sasuliero piri sidamonovi da misi ori msaxuri, somexi sasuliero piri ojaxiT

da sxv. TelavSi gardacvlilTa raodenobam 89 Seadgina. Telavis mazraSi „Savma Wirma“ 75 adg-

ilobrivi macxovrebeli imsxverpla. gorSi epidemiis Sedegad orive sqesis 40 adamiani gar-

daicvala, goris mazraSi 249, duSeTSi 18 samxedro mosamsaxure, aseve samoqalaqo danayofis

7 jariskaci da sxvadasxva wodebis 77 adamiani; sul 102; ananurSi „Savi WiriT“ gardaicvala 5,

xolo ananuris mazraSi 247 adgilobrivi macxovrebeli; daavadebas Seewira donis efremovis

me-3 polkis 4 kazaki; sul – 256 adamiani. rogorc iTqva, epidemiis Sedegad gardacvlilTa

raodenobam mTlianad 1570 Seadgina. pavle cicianovisadmi 1804 wlis 12 agvistos daweril

moxsenebiT baraTSi, aRniSnulia, rom eqspedicia Telavis, ananuris, goris da loris mazreb-

Si aRniSnuli daavadebiT daRupuli sxva samxedro pirebis Sesaxeb informacias ar flobda

(aqtebi 1868: 261-262, #505); (samuSia 2015: 111).

Tu eqspediciis moxsenebiT baraTs davukvirdebiT, „Savi WiriT“ gardacvlilTa did

nawils samxedro danayofebSi myofi mosamsaxureebi (savaraudod, araqarTvelebi), Sead-

gendnen, Tumca „Savma Wirma“ bevri qarTvelic Seiwira. aRsaniSnavia, rom sakmaod didi msx-

verpliT dasrulda epidemia gorsa da goris mazraSi, sadac 289 adgilobrivi macxovrebeli

gardaicvala. 1810 wels kavkasiaSi TurqeTidan „Savi Wiris“ axali talRa gavrcelda. epidemia

moedo qarTl-kaxeTis qalaqebs, ganjas, derbents. moarulma senma imsxevrpla alaverdis

spilenZis qarxnis muSebi. rogorc p. guguSvili aRniSnavs: „Jamianobam mxolod aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi imsxverpla 2042 mamri, 1646 mdedri da 567 bavSvi, da es mxolod oficialuri

cnobebis Tanaxmad. mosaxleoba garboda qalaqebidan. Tbilisi da sxva qalaqebi dacarielda“

(aqtebi 1868: 289).

TurqeTidan Semosulma epidemiam gansakuTrebiT iCina Tavi axalcixesa da mis Semog-

aren soflebSi. 1810 wlis 21 noembers „Savi Wiri“ gavrcelda axalcixesTan rusuli jaris

gverdiT myof axalcixis dasakaveblad mebrZol miliciaSi. male daavadeba jariskacebsac

aRmoaCndaT. daavadebis Sedegad 5 jariskaci da 7 milicieli gardaicvala. maT Soris Tav-

adi ciciSvili (lomsaZe 2011: 136). Turqebis mxridan tyved CavardnilTa informaciiT, ax-

alcixis garnizonSi ukve 10 dRe iyo, rac „Savi Wiris“ epidemia mZvinvarebda. xelisuflebam

sajariso nawili miliciisgan gamoacalkeva. milicielebs da jariskacebs axalcixis Semog-

aren soflebSi mosaxleobasTan yovelgvari kontaqti aekrZalaT (aqtebi 1870: 105, #132). 2

mTavarmarTebel tormasovis mier policiis ministris balaSovisadmi gagzavnili 1811 wliT

daTariRebuli werilidan Cans, rom „Savi Wiris“ epidemiam Tavi iCina qarelsa da breTSi

(aqtebi 1870: 105-106, #132, 134). 1811 wlis TebervalSi „Savi Wiri“ gaCnda Tbilisis samxedro

hospitalSic, Tumca mizezi ver daadgines. hospitlidan calke gauyvaniaT daavadebulebi.

izolaciaSi mouTavsebiaT aseve saeWvo simptomebis mqone adamianebi (aqtebi 1870: 106, #135).

general-maior simonoviCis mier mTavarmarTebel tormasovisadmi 1811 wlis 28 ivniss gagza-

vnil moxsenebaSi aRniSnulia, rom „Savma Wirma“ didi msxverpli moitana saCxereSi. gadamdebi

daavadeba zemo imereTSi zurab wereTlis aznaurma grigol aTanaSvilma-maWavarianma Seit-

ana, romelic saCxereSi Casvlidan mesame dRes gardaicvala. epidemiam Seiwira misi naTesav-

ebic, romelTa saxlSic gardacvlili iyo dabinavebuli (aqtebi 1870: 107, #136). 1811 wels,

dasavleT saqarTveloSi „Savi Wiris“ gavrcelebis Sesaxeb kidev erTi cnoba gvaqvs, romel-

ic „mRvdel-monazon nikifores qronikas“ Semounaxavs: „1811 gaCnda imereTs Jami“ (Jordania

1967: 647).

„Savi Wiris“ gavrcelebam 1811 wels qarTl-kaxeTis mosaxleobaSi panika gamoiwvia.

dacarielda Tbilisi. mosaxleoba dedaqalaqidan gaixizna. amasTan dakavSirebiT saintere-

so informacias gadmogvcems movlenis TviTmxilveli aleqsandre orbeliani. im dros, roca

epidemiam Tavi iCina, Tekla batoniSvilis vaJi cxra wlis iyo. misi mogonebidan irkveva, rom

daavadeba gavrcelda TbilisSi, aseve qarTlis da kaxeTis soflebSi. mosaxleoba sacxovre-

blebidan ixizneboda. aleqsandre orbeliani wers:

– 97 –

„Savi Wiris“ epidemia saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis I naxevarSi

me maSin cxra wlisa viqnebodi, me es kargaT maxsoms. es xma yvelasaTvis SaSineli iyo, iZa-

xdnen aq gaCnda, iq gaCnda; aq mokvda, iq mokvda, es aiyara, is wavida, es daixizna, is gaeSura.

sul es xmebi iyo zeviT qveviT qarTl-kaxeTSi da es xmebi am qalaq tfilisSi modioda. sa-

dac aqac iyo gaCenili Wiri. zogs quCaSi da tfilisis xalxi bevrni iyrebodnen, midiodnen

iqa, sadac soflebSi jer kidev ar gaCeniliyo (orbeliani 2009: 39).

epidemiam sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs erTmaneTis mimarT solidarobis gancda

gauRrmava. aleqsandre orbeliani gadmogvcems:

vinc unda yofiliyo, umcnobi, Tu mcnobi, Tunda mosisxle mteri, raki karzed miadgeboda

sofelSi sadme an TviT qalaqebSi da saxlis patrons dauZaxebda: RvTis stumari ar gind-

ao? – gaTavdeboda. maSinaTve gamoegebebodnen didi patarani da yovelisfriT ganusven-

ebdnen, Tunda weliwadebi yofiliyo (orbeliani 2009: 39).

aleqsandre orbelianis ojaxi martyofSi gaixizna. rogorc irkveva, Tekla batoniSv-

ilma Tavisi kar-midamo TbilisSi or msaxurs Caabara:

aq qalaqSi ki ori mosamsaxure daagdes saxlSi Cemma ded-mamebma am darigebiT: ezos

alayafis kari daketili gqondesT, aravin ar SemouSoT TqvenTan da arc Tqven gaxvideT

sadme, sul Sin iyaviT. fqvili bevri gaqvT, fiCxi bevri da rodisac dagWirdeT, puri gamo-

acxveT. amasTan erbo, xaxvi da yveli bevri geqnebaT. xan yvel-purze gadaiareT da xan xar-

So gaakeTeT xolme. dasalevi wyalic SuaRamis dros moitaneT, im dros fexi miwyvetili

aris, aravin ar SegxvdebaT da Tu SegxvdesT vinme, xmas nu gascemT, ase moerideniT yvelas

(orbeliani 2009: 40).

daavadeba male martyofSic gaCnda da aleqsandre orbelianis ojaxma patarZeuls mia-

Sura (orbeliani 2009: 40). Tumca „Savi Wiri“ male aqac gavrcelda: „cotaodeni xanis Semd-

gom aqac movidnen Wirisagan moridebuli xalxi, sxva soflebSi daxiznulebi q. tfilisisa da

soflis mosaxleebSi daifantnen“ (orbeliani 2009: 44). gaxizvnis miuxedavad, „Savi WiriT“

dainficirda cxra wlis aleqsandre orbelianic, rogorc TviTon wers:

am dros sad iyo da sad ara, anu rogor saidgana, me avaT gavxdi, maSinve, Cem ded-mamama

Cemi gamdeli mamiCines erTis mosamsaxuriTa da sxva aravin ar momakares – aRarc TviTon,

ise mogveridnen sulerTian, magram isini sxvagan arsad gadasulan, mxolod me Soriaxlos

gamawvines, erTs darbazSi da iq mpatronobdnen is orni (orbeliani 2009: 44).

dainficirebul bavSvs da masze miCenil mzrunvel qals msaxurebi gansakuTrebuli si-

frTxiliT ekontaqtebodnen:

dilas da saRamos mogvitandnen sasmels saWmels da sanTels mosamsaxureni, iqve karef-

Si Casdgamdnen da imis magiersa WurWels, adre rom gavclidiT, iqve daawyobdnen kargaT

darecxilsa, imas aiRebdnen da saCqaroT wavidodnen. amasTan Cai Saqaric ar gvklebia, yve-

la iyo rac rigia Cveni nuzli (orbeliani 2009: 44).

ormocdRiani avadmyofobis Semdeg Savi Wirisagan dasnebovnebuli aleqsandre orbe-

liani momjobinda. sabednierod, epidemiiT mis ojaxSi sxva aravin dainficirebula (orbe-

liani 2009: 44). 1811 wlis ivnisSi „Savi Wiris“ gavrcelebis gamo dedaqalaqidan mosaxleobis

gaxizvnis Sesaxeb cnobas gvawvdis aseve ioane qarTveliSvili. iulon batoniSvilis karis

mwignobars sofel martyofisTvis Seufarebia Tavi:

1811-s welsa, ivnisis 16-s, Wiris mizeziT aviyareniT qalaqidan, viyaviT pirvelad marty-

ofs, agvistos pirvelamde; mere norios, agvistos 31-mde; Semdgomad TaTrebis sofels,

muRanloSi, ivris pirze dekembris 12-s movediT karantinSi, avlabarSi, da 14-s SemovediT

qalaqSi (qarTveliSvili 1952: 97).

– 98 –

giorgi sosiaSvili

axalcixis mxridan qarTlsa da imereTSi gavrcelebulma epidemiam erTi wlis ganmav-

lobaSi aTasobiT adamiani imsxverpla (lomsaZe 2011: 137). „Savi Wiri“ samegrelosa da guria-

sac moedo. amis Sesaxeb n. dadiani wers:

welsa amas, 1811, gaCnda imereTsaSina, odiSsa da guriasa saSineli momsvreli seni (e. i.

Jami) da amasTan saSineli da sakvirveli siymili, romel uTvalavni moisrnen da mravali

ganibnen, kninRa da Sua gaiyo yovelni qveyanani ese zemoxsenebuli da mravalni warvidnen

afxazeTad, vinaTgan afxazeTsa Sina ara iyo welsa mas siymili da arca igi momsvreli seni

(dadiani 1962: 203); Sdr. (lomsaZe 2011: 137).

1811 wels „Savi Wiris“ guriaSi gavrcelebas adasturebs d. baqraZis mier mikvleuli

Semoqmedis „gulanis“ arSiaze miwerili SeniSvna: „Cyib (1811) welsa didi SimSili iyo da Semd-

gom Jami gamoCnda imave welSid“ (guguSvili 1949: 288). 1811 wels, saqarTveloSi gavrcelebu-

li „Savi Wiri“ didi msxverpliT dasrulda. 1812 wlis 5 aprils, mTavarmarTebel markis pau-

luCis mier policiis ministris balaSevis saxelze Sedgenil werilze TandarTuli uwyisis

mixedviT 1811 wlis maisidan 1812 wlis 1 ianvramde epidemiis Sedegi aseTi iyo: q. TbilisSi

(maisi-dekemberi), gardaicvala: 230 mamakaci, 174 qali, 124 bavSvi, sul 528; gamojanmrTelda:

72 mamakaci, 81 qali, 51 bavSvi, sul 204; karantinSi imyofeboda: dasnebovnebuli 97 mamakaci,

103 qali, 55 bavSvi, sul 255; janmrTeli: 188 mamakaci, 210 qali, 109 bavSvi, sul 507; Tbili-

sis mazraSi (aprili-ivlisi) gardaicvala: 71 mamakaci, 49 qali, 55 bavSvi sul 175; gamojan-

mrTelda: 8 mamakaci, 7 qali, 13 bavSvi, sul 28; q. ananurSi (aprili-agvisto): gardaicvala:

19 mamakaci, 20 qali, 18 bavSvi, sul 57; gamojanmrTelda 94 mamakaci, 66 qali, 55 bavSvi, sul

215; ananuris mazraSi (maisi-dekemberi): gardaicvala: 83 mamakaci, 104 qali, 42 bavSvi, sul

229; gamojanmrTelda: 75 mamakaci, 74 qali, 29 bavSvi, sul 178; karantinSi imyofeboda: dasne-

bovnebuli 48 mamakaci, 68 qali, 29 bavSvi, sul 145; janmrTeli: 54 mamakaci, 59 qali, 25 bavSvi,

sul 138; q. elizavetopolSi 25 ivlisidan 25 seqtembris CaTvliT gardaicvala: 150 mamakaci

da 136 qali; 25 seqtembridan 30 oqtombris CaTvliT 93 mamakaci da 103 qali; 30 oqtombridan

27 noembris CaTvliT 29 mamakaci da 23 qali; imave wlis dekemberSi 2 mamakaci. sul garda-

icvala 274 mamakaci da 262 qali, jamSi 536 adamiani; gamojanmrTelda: 10 qali da 8 bavSvi,

sul 18 adamiani; karantinSi moTavsebuli iyo: 1 dasnebovnebuli bavSvi da 3 mamakaci, sul 4

adamiani. elizavetopolis mazraSi (ivlisi-dekemberi) gardaicvala: 81 mamakaci, 53 qali, 11

bavSvi, sul 145; gamojanmrTelda: 10 mamakaci, 4 qali, 1 bavSvi, sul 15; karantinSi imyofebo-

da: dasnebovnebuli 6 mamakaci, 4 qali, 2 bavSvi. sul 12; janmrTeli 5 mamakaci da 2 qali, sul 7;

q. gorSi (ivnisi-seqtemberi) gardaicvala 58 mamakaci, 36 qali, 19 bavSvi, sul 113; goris mazra-

Si (1810 wlis dekemberi, 1811 wlis ianvari-dekemberi) gardaicvala: 518 mamakaci, 424 qali,

235 bavSvi, sul 1177; gamojanmrTelda 235 mamakaci, 227 qali, 205 bavSvi, sul 667; TelavSi

(maisi-ivlisi): gardaicvala: 24 mamakaci, 15 qali, 9 bavSvi, sul 48; Telavis mazraSi (maisi-de-

kemberi): gardaicvala: 448 mamakaci, 326 qali, sul 774; gamojanmrTelda 77 mamakaci, 85 qali,

6 bavSvi, sul 168; karantinSi imyofeboda: dasnebovnebuli 115 mamakaci da 100 qali, sul 215;

janmrTeli 146 mamakaci da 139 qali, sul 285; siRnaRis mazraSi (maisi-ivlisi): gardaicvala:

62 mamakaci, 52 qali, 28 bavSvi, sul 142; borCalos distanciaSi (agvisto-dekemberi): garda-

icvala: 174 mamakaci, 131 qali, 26 bavSvi, sul 331; gamojanmrTelda: 1 mamakaci da 1 qali, sul

2; aRniSnul monacemebze dayrdnobiT mocemuli droisaTvis saqarTveloSi gardaicvala:

2042 mamakaci, 1646 qali da 567 bavSvi, sul 4655 adamiani; gamojanmrTelda: 574 mamakaci, 531

qali da 155 bavSvi, sul 1260; karantinSi imyofeboda: dasnebovnebuli 226 mamakaci, 276 qali,

89 bavSvi, sul 591; janmrTeli 393 mamakaci, 410 qali da 31 bavSvi, sul 734. aRniSnul uwyisSi

epidemiis Sedegad gardacvlil adamianTa monacemebSi naCvenebi mxolod adgilobrivi mo-

saxleobaa, dokumentSi ar aris Setanili informacia samxedro Cinosnebis msxverplis Sesax-

eb (aqtebi

zemoT naxseneb mTavarmarTebel markiz pauluCis werilidan Cans, rom 1812 wels saqa-

rTveloSi „Savi Wiri“ Sewyda. rusi moxele policiis ministrs TxovniT mimarTavda, es sasix-

arulo informacia imperatorisTvis ecnobebina. markiz pauluCi epidemiis damarcxebas mis

– 99 –

„Savi Wiris“ epidemia saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis I naxevarSi

mier gatarebul RonisZiebebs miawerda. maT Soris, giton de morvos gazis (dokumentSi asea

moxseniebuli – g. s.) gamoyenebas, karantinebis mowyobas da Tbilisis mosaxleobis janmr-

Telobis dacvis komitetis Seqmnas. werilis miweris dros, mTavarmarTeblis informaciiT

saqarTvelos qalaqebsa da mazrebSi „Savi WiriT“ dainficirebis SemTxvevebi aRar fiqsird-

eboda (aqtebi

1811 wlis dekemberSi epidemia saqarTveloSi droebiT Cacxra. ruseTis xelisufle-

bam 24 punqtisagan Sedgenili specialuri instruqcia SeimuSava, romelic moqalaqeebisTvis

SezRudvebis Semsubuqebas iTvaliswinebda. Tumca, epidemias rom xelaxla Tavi ar eCina, mo-

saxleobas garkveuli miTiTebebi unda Seesrulebina. 1811 wlis 12 noembers mTavarmarTebel

markiz pauluCis mier general-maior stalis saxelze Sedgenil 24 punqtian instruqciaSi

vkiTxulobT:

vgoneb, rom ukve Sewyda q. tfilisSi saubedurod mZvinvare gadamdebi daavadeba, rom-

lis gamoc adgilobrivma mTavrobam mosaxleobas ufleba misca qalaqis SemogarenSi ga-

suliyo, raTa qalaqis Seviwroebul pirobebSi am damRupveli daavadebis moqmedeba ar

gaZlierebuliyo; zamTris moaxlovebasTan dakavSirebiT vxedav ukidures gadaudebel

aucileblobas mivce qalaqis macxovreblebs saxlebSi dabrunebis ufleba, riTac siciv-

iT gamowveul mosalodnel daavadebebs Tavidan avicilebT, da bolos, pativiscemas va-

dastureb xelosanTa sazogadoebis mimarT, romelic q. tfilisis did nawils Seadgens da

umuSevrobis gamo gaRatakda. viReb gadawyvetilebas yvela am mniSvnelovan mizezTa gamo

adgilobrivi mosaxleebi TavianT sacxovreblebSi Seviyvano. magram yovelive ise unda

ganxorcieldes, rom gadamdebma daavadebam mosaxleobaSi Tavi kvlav ar iCinos, saamisod

me saWirod CavTvale Semdegi gankargulebis gatareba, romlis Sesruleba, Tqveno aR-

matebulebav, Tqven gendobaT: 1. gavalebT Tqveni uSualo zedamxedvelobiT tfilisSi

mosaxleobis janmrTelobis dacvis komitetis daarsebas, romlis mTavari mizani yvela

im saWiro zomebis miReba iqneba, romlebic saTanado wesrigis dacviT q. tfilisSi mosax-

leobis dabrunebas uzrunvelyofen da dasnebovnebuli da saeWvo mdgomareobaSi yvela

saxlis da nivTis srulad ganwmendas moaxdenen. aRniSnuli komitetis Tavmjdomared sa-

kolegio mrCeveli Tavadi daCi bebuTovi iniSneba, xolo mis wevrebad tfilisis komendan-

ti, saeqimo sammarTvelos inspeqtori, eqimi pribili, nacvali da erTi moqalaqe Tqvenve

SearCieT, romelTac am Tanamdebobebze daniSvnis Sesaxeb Tqveno aRmatebulebav Tavad

gamoucxadebT. Tumca komiteti valdebuli iqneba Tavisi moTxovnebiT uSualod Tqven

mogmarToT. 2. komitetma unda daiwyos Tavisi saqmianoba mimdinare Tvis 13-Si, xolo

sxdomebi Catardeba TavmjdomaresTan. 3. Tqveni aRmatebulebis da komitetis zedamxed-

velobis qveS eqceva karantinebis mowyoba im gzebze, romelTac qalaqis umTavres karib-

WeebTan mivyavarT, iseTebTan, rogoric aris abanoebis, avlabris da wavkisis; sxva karib-

Weebi qalaqis gawmendis dros unda Caiketos. 4. aRniSnuli karantinebi winaswarve unda

uzrunvelyoT yvela im maragiT, rac saWiro iqneba dabrunebuli xalxis da maTi nivTebis

dezinfeqciisTvis. 5. TiToeul karantins unda hyavdes erTi komisari, erTi mkurna-

li, erTi Tarjimani, romelsac SeeZleba rusulad, an qarTulad karantinSi Semsvleli

adamianebis saxelebis Cawera da 3 an 4 moxele komitetis Sexedulebisamebr. 6. TiToeul

karantinTan Cadgeba saTanado yarauli, romelic uSualod daeqvemdebareba komitets.

7. maTTvis, vinc im adgilebidan moemgzavreba, sadac daavadeba eqvsi da meti kviris win

srulad Sewyda, iniSneba 24 saaTiani karantini, xolo maTTvis, vinc im adgilebidan Camova,

sadac jer kidev 20 dRis win daavadeba arsebobda, dainiSneba karantini 3 dRe-Ramis vadiT,

yovelgvari gamonaklisis gareSe. 8. wina muxlis zedmiwevniT SesrulebisTvis aucileb-

lad saWiroa, rom komitets gaaCndes daavadebasTan dakavSirebiT yvela saeWvo adgilebis

sia da saerTod yvela vinc moemgzavreba saerobo policiaze uwyebrivad daqvemdebarebu-

li adgilebidan unda hqondes maT mier micemuli mowmobebi an bileTebi, ris Taobazec,

Tqveno aRmatebulebav yvela adgilas unda daigzavnos saWiro Setyobineba. 9. karantinSi

myofi yvela piri valdebulia usityvod daemorCilos komitetis mier dadgenil yvela

wess da ar damalos aranairi nivTebi. urCebi ki, rogorc samSoblos moRalateebi, samxe-

dro sasamarTlos gadaecemian. Tqveno aRmatebulebav, imisTvis, rom mosaxleobam drou-

lad miiRos Setyobineba, saWiroa qalaqis mkvidrTa axlandel adgilsamyoflebSi dauy-

ovebliv miewodos informacia yovelive aRniSnulis Sesaxeb; 10. amJamad karantinSi myo-

fi pirebis sakuTar sacxovreblebSi gaSveba SesaZlebeli iqneba komitetis mier mizanSe-

wonilad miCnevis, maTi saxlebis gawmendis da Sekvamlis SemTxvevaSi. rac Seexeba dasne-

bovnebul saxlebSi darCenil nivTebs, romelTa gawmenda xarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli

– 100 –

giorgi sosiaSvili

– komitetis gadawyvetilebiT saxlebTan erTad unda dawvan. 11. qalaqis TiToeul nawilSi

unda dainiSnos erTi mkurnali; imis gamo, rom TiToeul karantinsac unda hyavdes mkurna-

li da maTi naklebobaa, mkurnals, romelic ganagebs qalaqis nawils, unda daevalos am naw-

ilisadmi kuTvnili karantinis zedamxedvelobac. qalaqis nawilis zedamxedveli polici-

is oficeri valdebulia Tvalyuri adevnos mkurnalis mier gacemuli instruqciis zust

Sesrulebas. saxlebis ganwmendisaTvis mkurnals unda gamoeyos ori-sami damxmare mox-

ele, romelTac mosaxleTa dabrunebisas, saxlebSi datovebuli nivTebis guldasmiT da-

sufTavebis mizniT mkacri zedamxedvelobis daweseba da am mimarTebiT borotmoqmedebis

yovelgvari SemTxvevis aRkveTaze pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT. 12. Tqveno aRmatebulebav,

kargi iqneba Tu qalaqis TiToeuli nawilisTvis gamoiyofa adgili nivTebis gawmendisa

da SekvamlisaTvis, risTvisac saWiro maragis mitana komitetis moTxovniT savele afTi-

aqidan moxdeba. 13. qalaqis TiToeuli nawilis policiis oficeri valdebulia Seamowmos

yvela mosaxle yoveldRiurad, izrunos maTze da avadmyofobis nebismier SemTxvevaSi,

ra saxiTac ar unda gamovlindes, dauyovnebliv acnobos qalaqis amave nawilis mkurnals,

raTa am gziT maSinve gamoaSkaravdes gadamdebi daavdebis xelaxali afeTqebis safrTxe.

14. eklesiebsa da sxva adgilebSi dasawyobebuli nivTebi, gasawmendaT gamotanamde saW-

iroeben ganiavebas. Tqveno aRmatebulebav, gaeciT brZaneba, raTa 3 dRe-RamiT gaiRos yve-

la kari da sarkmeli im adgilebisa, sadac es nivTebi arian daculi, xolo qurdobis da

sxva borotmoqmedebisagan Tavis dasacavad TiToeul adgilze Cadges yarauli. 15. zogi-

erTi nivTis, romelic SesaZloa SekvamliT daziandes, gasawmendaT dasaSvebia sazogadoe-

brivi abanoebis gamoyeneba, aqac SeiZleba Cadges yarauli. 16. yvela Tavmoyra eklesiebSi

da abanoebSi unda aikrZalos im droiT, rac qalaqis gawmendas sWirdeba. 17. nebismieri

avadmyofi adamiani valdebulia Tavis daavadebaze, rogori umniSvneloc ar unda egonos,

ganucxados sakuTar mkurnals an policiis oficers. 18. im dromde, vidre komitetis

gadawyvetilebiT qalaqi srulad gawmendilad ar gamocxaddeba, vercxlis, oqros da

spilenZis fulis gacvla unda warmoebdes Zmris gamoyenebiT, unda moxdes masSi amovleba

da ramdenime wuTiT (gasaSrobad – g. s) datoveba. 19. komitetis ori wevri valdebulia

yoveldRiurad moinaxulos karantinebi da meTvalyureoba gauwios iq wesrigis dacvas,

xolo sxva ori wevri valdebulia yoveldRe qalaqis yvela nawili Seamowmos. 20. Tqveno

aRmatebulebav, gaeciT gankarguleba, rom yvela is adgili saqarTveloSi, sadac gadamde-

bi daavadeba jer kidev arsebobs, Caiketos da maTTan yovelgvari kavSiri Sewydes, amasTan

erTad maTi sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebis da sxva daxmarebebis krizisis aRmosafxvre-

lad saWiroa maT yovelive saerobo policiis meSveobiT miewodos im wesebis safuZvelze,

romelTac komiteti daadgens. 21. komiteti da q. TbilisSi mowyobili karantinebi iarse-

beben im dromde, vidre ar viqnebi savsebiT darwmunebuli, rom epidemia sruliad Sewy-

da, maSin ki moxdeba maTi gauqmeba. 22. Tqveno aRmatebulebav, am sagnisTvis saWiro yvela

danaxarji uSualod Tqvens uwyebaSi iqneba. danaxarjebis asanazRaureblad saWiro fu-

lis gacema, Tqveni SuamdgomlobiT moxdeba Cemgan, Cems gankargvaSi arsebuli Tanxebidan.

23. komitetis saqmeebis warmoebisTvis mTavrobidan moavlineT 1 saqmismwarmoebeli da 1

mwerali. 24. Tqveno aRmatebulebav, gavalebT gaacnoT aRniSnuli wesebi mosaxleobas da

miawodoT isini rogorc komitets, ise karantinebs (aqtebi 1873: 29-30, #50).

1812 wels „Savma Wirma“ dasavleT saqarTveloSi iCina Tavi. amas adasturebs „abaSiZis

qronika“, anu „imereTis qronikebi“: „Cyib (1812 w.) Jami gaCnda da qveyana moisra“ (ioseliani

1980: 358). epidemia garkveuli periodi minelda, Tumca mcire xnis Semdeg (imave 1812 wels)

kvlav dafiqsirda: „meoreT gaCnda Jami Cyib – 1812“ (Jordania 1967: 636). dasavleT saqarTve-

loSi momakvdinebel daavadebas Tan daerTo mousavlianoba da SimSili. mcire drois ganmav-

lobaSi imereTSi SimSilma da „Jamma“ 12 000 ojaxi imsxverpla (guguSvili 1949: 289).

1812 wlis maisSi TbilisSi „Savi WiriT“ dainficirebis axali SemTxvevebi dadasturda,

Tumca, xelisuflebam es informacia saimperatoro kars ar acnoba. amas adasturebs general

rtiSCevis werili policiis ministrisadmi, romelic 1812 wlis 2 ivnisiT aris daTariRebu-

li. dokumentidan irkveva, rom rtiSCevma umaRlesi xelisuflebisadmi 1812 wlis 21 maisSi

gagzavnil angariSSi saWirod ar CaTvala epidemiis Sesaxeb arsebuli informaciis miwodeba

(rogorc Cans, is Zalze umniSvnelo iyo). 1812 wlis zafxulSi daavadeba Tbilisis samxedro

hospitalsa da iaraRis arsenalis siaxloves, muSaTa dasaxlebaSi gavrcelda. gamoaSkaravda

43 dainficirebuli da 36 saeWvo simptomebis mqone adamiani. dainficirebulTagan 30 garda-

icvala, danarCenebma ki 10 dRiani mkurnaloba gaiares. xelisuflebam daavadebis gaCenis wy-

– 101 –

„Savi Wiris“ epidemia saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis I naxevarSi

aros ver miakvlia. varaudobdnen, rom seni an uSualod dedaqalaqSi gaCnda, an mcxeTidan da

imereTidan Camosulma mgzavrebma Semoitanes. general rtiSCevis brZanebiT dawves TbilisSi

napovni moqalaqeebis mier gadamaluli nivTebi, romlebic infeqciis gavrcelebis safrTxes

wamoadgendnen. dezinfeqcia dedaqalaqSi genStabis doqtor kreitonis meTodiT (gaZliere-

buli gaziT – asea dokumentSi miTiTebuli) xdeboda. epidemia Tbilissa da mis SemogarenSi

droebiT Cacxra (aqtebi 1873: 346, #403). Tumca, 1813 wlis seqtembris bolos isev gavrcel-

da. amas adasturebs general rtiSCevis mier general simonoviCisadmi gagzavnili 1813 wlis

31 oqtombriT daTariRebuli werili. dokumentSi aRniSnulia aseve, rom iyo SemTxvevebi,

rodesac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba xelisuflebis mier dadgenil sakarantino wesebs ar ica-

vda. aseT SemTxvevas hqonda adgili goris mazris sofel mejvrisxevSi. rtiSCevi simonoviCs

urCevda, situaciis gasakontroleblad Seeqmna sagangebo komisia, romelSic samxedro Ci-

novnikebi Sevidodnen. misi rekomendaciiT komisias saTaveSi Caudgeboda podpolkovniki

tokarevi (aqtebi 1873: 347-348, #407).

zemoT naxsenebi werilidan Cans, rom epidemiis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi CarTulebi iyvnen

Tbiliseli moxaliseebi, romelTaTvis gaweuli saqmis sanacvlod xelisuflebas gasamrje-

lo unda mieca. rtiSCevi rCevas aZlevda simonoviCs, rom epidemiis dasrulebamde, vidre

sagangebo komisia ar gadawyvetda, moxaliseebs gasamrjelos ar Sepirebodnen. komisia Sea-

fasebda maT mier Sesrulebul samuSaos da mxolod amis Semdeg gadaecemodaT daavadebasTan

mebrZol moqalaqeebs fuladi gasamrjelo (aqtebi 1873: 347-348, #407).

1813 wels epidemiis gavrcelebis dros, „saqarTveloSi momxdari SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb

arsebul uwyisSi“ aRniSnulia, rom „Savi Wiris“ SeCerebis mizniT TbilisSi Seqmnilma samx-

edro Cinovnikebisagan dakompleqtebulma droebiTma komisiam sasurveli Sedegi gamoiRo.

misi saqmianoba mosaxleobisgan gadamaluli nivTebis amoRebiT daiwyo. komisias dedaqa-

laqidan saeWvo mdgomareobaSi myofi moqalaqeebi karantinSi gadahyavda. maTgan didi nawi-

li gamojanmrelda. TbilisSi epidsituacia TandaTan dastabilurda, Tumca, male, goris da

ananuris mazrebSi daavadebis axali SemTxvevebi gamovlinda (aqtebi 1873: 348, #408).

TbilisSi „Savi WiriT“ dasnebovnebul xalxze zrunviT gansakuTrebiT gamoiCina Tavi

stefane mizandarma, romelic xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT kvartalur zedamxedvelad

dainiSna da karantinis komisris movaleobis Sesruleba daekisra. gadmocemiT igi uSiSrad

Sedioda dainficirebulebTan. janmrTeli moqalaqeebi gadahyavda lazareTebSi da qalaqis

SemogarenSi. 1813 wlis 31 dekembers stefane mizandari kvartalur zedamxedvelad gadaiy-

vanes gareTubnis me-5 ganyofilebaSi, sadac epidemia misi didi ZalisxmeviT SeCerda (rexvi-

aSvili 2020).

1814 wlis noemberSi „Savi Wiris“ epidemiis SemTxvevebi gamovlinda pozdeevis kazakTa

me-8 polkSi. amis mizezi, rusi samxedro mosamsaxuris mier moparuli dasnebovnebuli nivTe-

bi iyo. general simovoniCis mier mTavarmarTebel rtiSCevis saxelze Sedgenil patakSi aR-

niSnulia, rom pozdeevis donis kazakTa me-8 polkis rigebSi gaurkveveli garemoebis gamo

imata gardacvlilTa ricxvma. mizezis dasadgenad ananuris komendantma maiorma kumikov-

ma da goridan Camosulma qalaqis mkurnalma koralim kazakTa saguSago Seamowmes, sadac 3

dasnebovnebuli, 5 gardacvlili (maT Soris, erTi oficeri) da saeWvo mdgomareobaSi myo-

fi 18 adamiani aRmoCnda. mokvleviT dadginda, rom 1814 wlis 1 oqtombers kazakebma cxene-

bi saZovrad aragvis gadaRma gadaiyvanes. Rame maT maxloblad myof qarTvelebs nabadi da

xaliCa mopares. moparuli nivTebi kazakebma jer saguSagoze gadamales, xolo Semdeg nabadi

orad gaWres da maTTan erTad mcxovreb kazaks mihyides, romelic daavadda da me-4 dRes

gardaicvala; imave TveSi erTi kazaki qalaqis (goris) mkurnal koralisTan erTad sofel

CargalSi imyofeboda, sadac epidemia iyo gavrcelebuli. kazakma fSavidan cxvris ori ga-

moyvanili tyavi wamoiRo, 13 dRis Semdeg samxedro mosamsaxure daavadda da dainficire-

bis me-6 dRes gardaicvala. gadamdeb sens aseve oficeri da kidev erTi kazaki emsxverpla.

simonoviCis patakSi saubaria epidemiis SesaCereblad saswrafod gasatarebel RonisZie-

bebis aucileblobaze, aseve kazakTa saguSagoze gamvleli mgzavrebis SeCerebis akrZalvaze

(aqtebi 1873: 349, #410). XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, epidemiis Sedegad arsebuli msxverpliT

gansakuTrebiT dasavleT saqarTvelo dazaralda. es SemTxveviTi ar iyo, radgan daavadeba

TurqeTidan vrceldeboda da Savi zRvis navsadgurebSi araerTi dainficirebuli mgzavri

– 102 –

giorgi sosiaSvili

Semodioda, rac infeqciis swrafad gavrcelebas xels uwyobda. amas emateboda adamianebiT

vaWroba, romlis Sedegadac dasavleT saqarTvelos aTasobiT macxovrebeli TurqeTsa da

egvipteSi iyideboda (sosiaSvili 2019). epidemiis TurqeTidan gavrcelebas adasturebs mTa-

varmarTebel rtiSCevis mier saimperatoro karis saxelze gagzavnili, 1815 wlis 1 ianvriT

daTariRebuli moxseneba, romlis Tanaxmad „Savi Wiri“ im droisTvis daRmasvliT midioda.

epidemiis SemTxvevebi SeiniSneboda siRnaRis mazris or sofelSi: vakirsa da anagaSi, aseve

spilenZis qarxnebSi myof TurqeTidan Camosul berZeni erovnebis moqalaqeebSi (aqtebi 1873:

350, #411).

1817 wliT daTariRebul moxsenebaSi, romelic mTavarmarTebelma ermolovma ruseTis

saimperatoro kars warudgina, aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleoba bolo or weliwad-

Si gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. amis mizezebi iyo: SimSili da „Jami“. imere-

Tis mosaxleobis TiTqmis ori mesamedi gausaZlisma socialurma mdgomareobam da Tur-

qeTidan Semosulma epidemiam imsxverpla (guguSvili 1949: 288). „Savi Wiris“ gavrcelebas

kavkasiaSi garkveulwilad xels uwyobda savaWro tvirTbrunva. ruseTis xelisuflebam us-

afrTxoebis zomebi SeimuSava. cnobilia, rom 1821 wlis 8 oqtombers gamocemul iqna kanoni

amierkavkasiaSi garkveuli vadiT SeRavaTiani vaWrobisa da tranzitis dawesebisaTvis. doku-

mentSi erT-erTi (me-6) muxli swored sakarantino wesebis dacvas exeboda:

karantinuli dawmendis wesebi. gankarguleba, 1819 w. uqazSi aRniSnuli, romliTac xmel-

TaSua zRvis navsadgurebidan momavali saqoneli yuTebSi da sasapalned SefuTvili orma-

gi garekaniTa da ruseTis konsulTa mier daRdasmuli, daiSveba odesasa da ruseTis Savi

zRvis sxva navsadgurebSi karantinuli dawmentis gareSe, vrceldeba samegrelos navsad-

gurebzedac, Tu yvela piroba, im uqazSi aRniSnuli, sizustiT iqneba Sesrulebuli (gu-

guSvili 1949: 145).

ruseTis xelisuflebam amis garda specialuri sakarantino dadgenileba gamosca:

yvela saxis saqonels, romelsac advilad ahyveba Savi Wiri da romelic Semodis im

qveynebidan an gaivlis iq, sadac mZvinvarebs es seni an sadac SesaZlebelia misi arseboba,

dauwesdeba ormocdaordRiani karantini im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mflobeli ar aris Tanaxma,

rom saqoneli marilmJavaTi gaiwmindos an wyalSi amoivlos da Semdeg rva dRis ganmav-

lobaSi haerze ganiavdes. zemoxsenebul wesebs emorCileba Savi Wiris advilad amTvise-

beli yvela saqoneli, romelic SemoaqvT dasneulebuli an saeWvo adgilebidan. es wesi

vrceldeba iseTi qveynidan Semosul saqonelze, sadac araviTari seni ar mZvinvarebs, ma-

gram Tuki es saqoneli gzad im qveyanaSi Camoatares, sadac janmrTelobis dacvis mdgo-

mareoba aradamakmayofilebelia. aseT da Savi WiriT modebuli an saeWvo qveynebidan Se-

mosulma saqonelma SesaZloa ar gaiaros arc sakarantino vada da arc sakarantino wesiT

dawmenda, Tu yuTebi, romlebSiac saqonelia Cawyobili, damzadebuli da SefuTulia qve-

moT CamoTvlili pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT:

1. Tu es saqoneli moTavsebulia gafisul kasrebSi, yuTebSi an skivrebSi da dagmanuli an

daxufulia ise mtkiced, rom masSi haeri ar Sedis, an Tu kasrebi, yuTebi da skivrebi kar-

gadaa gaxveuli gasanTlul an gafisul tiloSi, bewvgaclil tyavsa Tu sxva raime msgavs

masalaSi.

2. Tu am garesaxvevis Semowmebisas aRmoCndeba, rom igi arsad ar aris dazianebuli da gax-

euli.

3. Tu kasrebi, yuTebi da skivrebi kargad aris TokiT Sekruli da beWdiT daluquli im

navsadguris ruseTis konsulis mier, saidanac es saqoneli gamoigzavna.

4. Tu kapitani, romelsac moaqvs saqoneli, warmoadgens daluqul pakets igive beWdiT,

riTac saqonelia dabeWdili, garda amisa, Tu es paketi Seicavs ruseTis konsulis cnobas,

sadac zustad iqneba aRniSnuli fuTebSi, kasrebsa Tu yuTebSi moTavsebuli saqonlis sax-

eoba da raodenoba da Tu es saqoneli daitvirTa im qveyanaSi, sadac mosaxleobis janmrT-

eloba araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs.

5. Tu yuTebis gaxsnisas saqonlis raodenoba da saxeoba zustad ar Seesabameba ruseTis

mefis konsulis cnobas, maSin es saqoneli Tavisufldeba yovelgvari karantinisagan.

Tu aRmoCndeba, rom saqonlis raodenoba da saxeoba zustad ar Seesabameba konsulis cno-

bas, Tu luqi dazianebulia, an Tu aRiZra eWvi imis Taobaze, rom gzaSi yuTebi gaxsnes,

amoiRes an Caamates raime sagani, aseT SemTxvevaSi yuTebi da maTSi moTavsebuli saqone-

– 103 –

„Savi Wiris“ epidemia saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis I naxevarSi

li gaivlis srul karantins, iseve rogorc WiriT dasneulebuli qveynidan Semotanili

saqoneli. aRniSnuli dadgeneliba miRebul iqna hercog de riSelies daxmarebiT. am dad-

genilebis Tanaxmad safrangeTidan Semotanil Zvirfas qsovilebs sakarantino wesi ar ex-

eboda (gamba 1987: 237-338).

Tbilisis sabaJoze Semowmebis Semdeg savaWro saqonels, rogorc p. guguSvili ganmar-

tavs, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic unda gaevlo karantini:

rogorc evropul, ise aziur saqonelze, roca is amierkavkasiidan ruseTSi SehqondaT,

kontrols axorcielebda tfilisis sabaJo, romelic gacemda xolme am saqonelze dad-

genil mowmobas. amis Semdeg saqoneli samxedro dacvis qveS saqarTvelos samxedro gziT

midioda mozdokis karantinSi, sadac 1823 w. daniSnuli oficeri eweoda kvlav kontrols,

raTa ucxoeTis saqoneli ruseTSi dadgenilebis wesis gareSe ar Separuliyo (guguSvili

1949: 192-193).

mozdokis garda karantini arsebobda aseve sevastopolSi, sadac Svidi dRe gaatara

cnobilma moRvawem, diplomatma da mTargnelma giorgi avaliSvilma (1769-1850), romelmac

1819 wels wminda miwaze imogzaura. giorgi avaliSvili wers:

xolo Cvena Semdgomad SuvadRe¡sa meeqvsesa Jamsa movscurveT zRvis kalTiT sevastopo-

lisa samxedrosa karantinisa navTsayudelsa Sina, romelica iracxebis soxumkaliT 700-s

verstamde, da miscesca uwyeba¡ fregatiTa amiT zarbaznisa gamosroliTa karantinelTa

mosvlisaTvis Cvenisa (avaliSvili 1984: 621).

giorgi avaliSvils flotis kontr-admiralma, general maiorma filip timofeiviC

biCenskim Tavisi adiutanti gaugzavna, romelmac qarTvel mogzaurs karantinSi gaCerebis

SeRavaTiani piroba SesTavaza. ruseTSi arsebuli sakarantino wesebis Sesabamisad mgzavre-

bi arsebuli epidemiidan gamomdinare sakarantino sivrceSi eqimebis meTvalyureobis qveS

42 dRe Cerdebodnen. maTgan gansxvavebiT qarTvel mogzaurs SviddRiani Seyovnebis piroba

SesTavazes:

16-sa aqaurisa flotisa mTavarsa kontr-admiralsa ufalsa Reneral-maiorsa filipp timo-

feiviCs biCenskis moevlina Cemda diliT adiutanti Tvisi, moeloca mSvidobiT mosvlai da

mkiTxvelsa simrTeleisaTvis Cemisa, SemoeTvala esreT: „mosvlisaTvis Tqvenisa mivswere

feodosiis qalaq-mTavarsa ufalsa taini sovetniksa feodor ivanoviCsa engelsa da

vTxove, rom ufros Svidisa dReisa ar dagayenosT Tqven karantinsa Sina“ (avaliSvili

1984: 621).

samxedro gemze myof giorgi avaliSvils cieb-cxeleba Seeyara. xomaldi, romelzec

wminda miwaze mimavali mogzauri imyofeboda, zRvaSi karantinis moSorebiT Seiyvanes:

17-sa ganvatare dRei ese fregatsa amas zeda pyrobilman ciebiTa da sicxeiTa. 18-sa Sevel

kerZobiTurT CemiT da bargiT karantinsa Sina srulsayofad wesdebulebisa, romelsa-

ca Jamsa mouvida ufalsa kapitansa papaiegorovsa brZanebai, raTa Seitanos myis fregati

siRrmesa zRvisasa moSorebiT viTarca karantinisa, esreTve sxvaTaca SenobaTa da dag-

es mun romlisaTvisca momcemman Cemda mSvidobisa, Seacurva fregati uSoressa adgilsa,

brZanebisamebr kerZod CrdiloeTisad da daayena mun RuzaTa zeda (avaliSvili 1984: 622).

karantinSi myof adamianebTan arsebuli wesebis Sesabamisad savaldebulo iyo social-

uri distanciis dacva. giorgi avaliSvili mounaxulebiaT kapitan baranovskis da mis mxleb-

el or oficers, Tumca, mogzauris gadmocemiT, mnaxvelebi mis sacxovrebel oTaxSi ar Ses-

ulan:

amasve dResa movida brantvaxti reduT-kaliT soxum-kalas momyvani Cemi da dadga navT-

sayudelsa karantinisasa, maxloblad adgilisa mis, sadaca idga fregati Cveni aqaiT

daTxovnili. mmoTxveobasa Sina Cemsa gare sadgomisa Cemisa movida Cemda ufali kapitani

baranovski oriTa oficeriTa SoriT molocvad mSvidobiT mosvlisaTvis Cemisa, romel-

– 104 –

giorgi sosiaSvili

Tadmica mimgebebelman TanasworiTave mialersebiTa, Semoviwvie eseni sadgomsa Cemsa,

garna amaT ver ikadres Semosvlad mas Sina dauxsnelad sjulTa karantinisaTa da ver-

ca viTanxme miRebad Caisa, Tunda wmindisa qveSe cisa. ukanasknel davxvdi amaT keTiliTa

RviniTa da sazamTroiTa, romelnica Seeqcnen sasurvelisa wadiliTa da gaviyareniTca

(avaliSvili 1984: 623).

giorgi avaliSvils sevastopolis karantinis zedamxedvelma iegor ivanoviCma mkur-

naloba SesTavaza:

viyav mwolarei Semdgomad civeba-sicxeTa oflsa Sina. winaaRmdegad nebisa Cemisa da dau-

kuTxavadca Semoyo xeli sabnisa qveSe Cemisa, gasinja majai Cemi da TxoviT enaica; dawera

recepti da wargzavna moRebad wamlisa, vinaiTgan macivebdis me yovel dRe, viTarca mov-

ixsene zemo ukve misTvis (avaliSvili 1984: 623).

giorgi avaliSvils wamlis miRebaze uari uTqvams, ris gamoc karantinis zedamxedveli

kanoniT dadgenili vadiT karantinSi datovebiT damuqrebia:

xolo odesca esma da ixilva Cemgan uari da arasaWirod Seracxvai arca wamlisa mis miRe-

bisa da arca mkurnalobisa misisa, maSin mcired rame reca ganmwarebulman amis ZliT, mo-

migo esreT: – Tavado! ukeTu ar SemoslvuliyaviT Tqven karantinsa amas Sina Cemdami rw-

munebulsa, maSin iqmnebodiT Tqven ganrinebul eseviTarisa Cemmierisa winadadebisagan,

garna aw gSvenisT morCilebad rCevisa Cemisa da miRebad wamlisa amis, vinaiTgan, Tumca

hgonebT Tqven mxolod oden civebiTa pyrobilad Tavsa Tvissa, aramed veli me kvalad

uSaSiSressaca sensa, mokled vTqvaT, gonebisamebr Cemisa, momsrvelisa Wirsa. sxvebr, wi-

naaRmdegsa drosa miviqcevi raportiTa mTavrobisadmi, miT rameTu srulebiT gansawmen-

delad Tqvensa, kacTa TqvenTa da bargisa Tqvenisa miviRo brZanebiT 42-Ta dReTa aq Senax-

visaTvis Tqvenisa (avaliSvili 1984: 624).

karantinSi eWvobdnen, rom arsebuli simptomebidan gamomdinare qarTvel diplomats

„Savi Wiri“ hqonda. mogzauri iZulebuli gaxda karantinis zedamxedvelisagan daniSnuli

wamlebi mieRo. Svidi dRis Semdeg avadmyofi gamokeTda da kontr-admiralma biCenskim feo-

dosiis mmarTvelis – engelisagan karantinidan misi gaSvebis nebarTva miiRo:

23-sa. ufalsa Reneral-maiorsa kontr-admiralsa biCenskis mieRo werili feodosiis

qalaq-mTavrisa engelisa mier Cemis daTxovnisa da moeloca CemTvis ganTavisuflebai

Cemi karantiniT. Tanadve daemowma amas pirispir molocvai Cemda karantinisa amis di-

reqtorisa, pirvelisa rangis kapitanisa uflisa pontelei nikolaeviCisa drakupolisa,

yovliTurT pativisnisa da keTilisa gvamisa mier, xolo Semdgomad amisa sxvaTaca wevrTa

karantinisa amisTa (avaliSvili 1984: 626).

giorgi avaliSvils aRwerili aqvs sevatopolis karantini da karantinSi myof adami-

anebTan urTierTobis wesi.

karantinsa amas Sina arian saxlni qviT aRgebulni adgil-adgil 13-ni. Soravs sevastopol

qalaqsa xmeliTa samsa versTa zeda Tanaswor viTarc wyliTaca [...] yovelni karantinsa

amas Semoslvulni ucxos mxriv Tanamdeb arian, ukeTu aqvsT raime Sina saWiroebai dawerad

maTsa saxeldebiT da micemad nawerisa amis aq sagangebod dadginebulisa markitantisa,

romlisa ZliTca miiReben yovelsave naTxovsa siiTa miT, daswrobaTa Sina ganwesebulTa

wevrTasa. miRebad maTsa mislvuli dadgebis gare moajirisa da mun kmayofili moiqcevis

sadgomsa Tvissa, garna miucemelad kvaladca maTTvis TeTrisa (avaliSvili 1984: 625).

rogorc Cans, karantinSi myofi mgzavrebis naxva garkveuli distanciidan iyo nebadar-

Tuli, raTa daavadebis gadadebis riski SeemcirebinaT. sakarantino wesebis SemoReba kavka-

siaSi arsebul savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTobebs zRudavda. TbilisSi 1828 wlis 10 oqtomb-

ers gaxsnili pokorvskis iarmarqtis Seferxebis erT-erTi mizezi, rogorc mTavarmarTebe-

li baron rozeni ruseTis finansTa ministris kankrinisadmi gagzavnili werilSi aRniSnavda,

ekaterinogradis karantini iyo (guguSvili 1949: 220).

– 105 –

„Savi Wiris“ epidemia saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis I naxevarSi

1830 wels iranidan axlo aRmosaleTis qveynebSi „Savi Wiris“ axali talRa gavrcelda.3

xelisuflebam epidemiis SesaCereblad gakveuli RonisZiebebi gaatara. senatorebis _ kuta-

isovis da meCnikovis _ mier imperatoris saxelze Sedgenili angariSis mixedviT amierkavka-

siaSi 13 karantini moqmedebda. aqedan saqarTveloSi: orTaWalis, ananuris, dmanisis, walkis,

suramis, divgiris, soxum-kales, redut-kales da jambazis (axalcixidan 110 versis daSore-

biT TurqeTis sazRvarTan) karantinebi, aseve borjomis xeobaSi arsebuli blokhauzis droe-

biTi saguSago (aqtebi 1881: 124-127, #79). ruseTis xelisufleba sakarantino sivrceebis mo-

sawyobad da sadezinfeqcio samuSaoebis Casatarebad sakmaod did Tanxebs xarjavda (aqtebi

1881: 129-134, #81). 1832 wlis 28 apriliT daTariRebul werilSi, romelic mTavarmarTebel-

ma baron rozenma saidumlo mrCevels – bludovs gaugzavna, aRniSnulia, rom saqarTveloSi

Camosulma senatorebma kutaisovma da meCnikovma gasces rekomendacia, romlis Tanaxmadac

mosaxleobis kuTvnili epidemiiT dasnebovnebuli nivTebis ganadgurebis sanacvlod xalx-

isTvis fuladi kompensacia unda miecaT. werilidan irkveva, rom ganadgurebuli nivTebis

Sefaseba da maTi anazRaureba mTavarmarTebel paskeviCs jer kidev senatorebis Camosvlamde

ganuxorcielebia. xelisufleba iwonebda aRniSnul rekomendacias, radgan aseTma politi-

kam didi roli Seasrula epidemiis SeCerebis saqmeSi. xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT ganad-

gurebuli nivTebis sanacvlod fuladi daxmarebis gacema unda gagrZelebuliyo da is yvela

fenas moicavda, oRond kompensacia ar Seexeboda fufunebis sagnebs (aqtebi 1881: 129-134, #81).

saidumlo mrCevlis blodovis saxelze graf kankrinis mier gagzavnili mimarTvidan Cans,

rom „Savi Wiris“ epidemiis mosalodneli gavrcelebis gamo, gaZlierebuli iyo rogorc Sida

karantinebi, ise sasazRvro dacva (aqtebi 1881: 137-145, #87).

1838 wels „Savma Wirma“ ifeTqa axalcixis mxareSi. general golovinis mier saidumlo

mrCevlis bludovisadmi 1838 wlis 23 ivlisiT daTariRebul mimarTvaSi aRniSnulia, rom ax-

alcixis mxaris zogierT sanjaySi epidemiis SemTxvevebi gamovlinda. 1838 wlis 19 ivliss,

qalaq axalcixeSi gadamdeb infeqcias axalcixis sanjayis mmarTvelis kapitan lukovskis sa-

kuTrebaSi myofi (yma) gogona Seewira. 20 ivliss, rogorc aRniSnuli dokumentidan irkveva,

gardacvlili gogonas mkurnali, samxedro hospitlis koordinatori henkeli daavadda, ro-

melic 23 ivliss gardaicvala. golovinis werilSi aRniSnulia, rom misi adgilze aryofnis

dros „Savi Wirisagan“ amierkavkasiis dacvis mizniT Tbilisis samxedro gubernatoris mier

miRebuli iqna regulaciebi, maT Soris sagangebo, romelic samxedro sferos exeboda. am

gankargulebaTa ZiriTadi adresatebi iyvnen amierkavkasiis „Savi Wirisgan“ dacvis komite-

ti, axalcixis mxaris ufrosi, karantinebis inspeqtori da axalcixis provinciasTan mosaz-

Rvre yvela administraciuli erTeulis xelmZRvaneli. „Savi Wiris“ gavrcelebis prevenciis

mizniT gacemul iqna gankargulebebi, romelTa nawili male gatarda: 1. axalcixis provinci-

idan abasTumnis sanjayis gavliT guriisken mimaval gzaze moewyo droebiTi karantini. 2. mo-

qmedeba ganaaxla droebiTma karantinma baRdaTSi, romelic qoblianis sanjaySi Savi Wiris

gamovlenis dros mimdinare wlis (1838 w.) aprilSi iyo mowyobili. 3. daarsda sakarantino

kordoni axalqalaqsa da aleqsandropols Soris. 4. moewyo droebiTi karantini suramsa da

borjomis xeobaSi xidur konstruqciebs Soris da axalcixis provinciidan walkis gavliT

– walkis cixesimagreSi. 5. axlad daarsebul karantinebSi samedicino momsaxurebis da mon-

itoringis mizniT mivlinebul iqna samedicino sammarTvelos ori wevri da ori samxedro

medikosi, agreTve ori ferSali da ori bebiaqali. 6. axlad gaxsnil karantinebSi gaigzavna 12-12

karavi, dainiSna TiTo oficeri komisris Tanamdebobaze, xolo saguSagoebis mosawyobad gam-

oyves 20-20 rigiTi da TiTo unter-oficeri. 7. karantinebis inspeqtoris dasaxmareblad mas-

Tan dainiSna samxedro uwyebis unter-oficeri. 8. axalcixis mxaris perimetrze moewyo kor-

doni, romlSic qveiTi jari da kazakebi Cadgnen. 9. axalcixis mxaris sakarantine xazis uz-

runvelsayofad borCalos distanciidan walkis mimarTulebiT ganwesda 100 adamiani, xolo

goris mazridan borjomis xeobisaken – 60 adamiani, sxva mazrebSi ki maTi sazRvrebis sigrZis

Sesabamisad. 10. moewyo axali sakarantine terminali (dokumentSi weria „termini“, Tumca sa-

varaudod unda iyos „terminali“), romelic axalcixis mxaresTan sazRvris miRma myofi mo-

saxleobis urTierTobas daaregulirebda. 11. axalcixis mxareSi arsebuli yvela sasazRvro da

droebiTi karantini, iseve rogorc adgilobrivi xelmZRvaneloba unda momaragebuliyo saWiro

raodenobis sadizenfeqcio saSualebebiT. 12. dadginda, rom Tbilisidan da amierkavkasiis sxva

– 106 –

giorgi sosiaSvili

adgilebidan gamogzavnil korespondenciebs sakarantino dezinfeqcia Tbilisis safosto kan-

torasTan arsebul karantinSi unda gaevlo, xolo axalcixis mxridan gasul korenpondenciebs

– axalcixis da aleqsandropolis karantinebSi (aqtebi 1884: 72, #78).

axalcixis mxareSi „Savi Wiris“ SesaCereblad xelisuflebam damatebiT zomebi miiRo.

1838 wlis 26 ivliss saidumlo mrCevlis bludovis mier general-leitenant braikos saxelze

gagzavnil werilSi epidemiis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis nusxa 6 punqtad aris gawerili

(aqtebi 1884: 73, #79). Tbilisis samxedro gubernatoris mier epidemiis SesaCereblad war-

modgenili gegma, romelic golovinma moiwona 27 wlis win mTavarmarTebel markiz pauluCis

mier „Savi Wiris“ winaaRmdeg SemuSavebuli samoqmedo gegmis msgavsia. am or gegmas Soris

mcireodeni gansxvavebaa da is mxolod oficialuri werilebis moZraobas exeba, romelic

golovinis mier saidumlo mrCevlis bludovisadmi gagzavnili gegmis meTormete punqts

warmoadgens. golovinis mimarTvis adresatma – bludovma warmodgenil gegmas mxari dauWi-

ra, epidemiis SesaCereblad Tavisi xedva damatebiT eqvs punqtad Camoayaliba da 1838 wlis 26

ivliss general-leitenant braikos warudgina. bludovis werilSi aRniSnulia, rom golo-

vinis mier dasaxuli RonisZiebebi misaRebia, Tumca mas saWirod miaCnda sxva zomebis miRebac:

1. im drois ganmavlobaSi, vidre Savi Wiri iarsebebda 28 dRis ganmavlobaSi aravis ar unda

daetovebina dasnebovnebuli adgilebi. vadis aTvla unda dawyebuliyo tansacmlis sakaran-

tino wesebis mixedviT gasufTavebis dRidan. 2. ikrZaleboda Salis, matylis, bewvis, bambeu-

lis, abreSumis, selis, qerelis, bumbulis, nedli tyavis da maTgan damzadebuli nivTebisa da

tansacmlis gamotana dasnebovnebuli adgilebidan, vidre Savi Wiri mTlianad ar Sewydebo-

da, xolo gamotana dasaSvebi iqneboda sakarantino wesdebiT gansazRvruli Sekvamlis da ga-

niavebis Semdeg. 3. metalis da xisgan damzadebuli nivTebis garda yvela danarCeni – tansac-

meli, logini, Tiva, Cala, nabadi, qeCa, Tu sxvadasxva bewveuli, romelTac dasnebovnebulebi

iyenebdnen, agreTve saxlsa da ezoSi arsebuli nagavi didi sifrTxiliT unda daewvaT. yove-

live amas zedamxedveloba saTanado moxeles unda gaewia. rac Seexeba saxlebs, maTi Sekvam-

la, mosufTaveba da ganiaveba aranakleb 8 dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi unda gagrZelebuliyo.

bludovis azriT, aRniSnuli RonisZieba Caanacvlebda saxlebis dawvis proceduras da ufro

usafrTxo iqneboda. saxlebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi unda daewvaT, Tu maTi gawmendis Sesa-

Zlebloba ar arsebobda. mrCevelis daskvniT, Tu yvela saxli dawvas daeqvemdebareboda, es

xalxSi zedmet SiSs da uimedobas gamoiwvevda. 4. aucilebeli iyo xalxis darwmuneba, rom

saxlebisa da nivTebis gawmendisas aranairi nivTebi ar gadaemalaT, rom dezinfenqciis Sem-

deg moxdeboda maTi ukan dabruneba. gadamalvaSi mxilebulni mTeli simkacriT daisjebod-

nen sakarantine kanonebis mixedviT. 5. depeSebis da sxva korespondenciebis sakarantine da-

muSaveba unda ganxorcielebuliyo specialur yuTebSi qloris SekvamliT. unda momxdariyo

paketebis kuTxeebis axeva, raTa qlors paketebis yvela nakecSi SeeRwia. 6. aucilebeli iyo

xalxis darwmuneba, rom dasnebovnebul adgilebSi saeWvo mdgomareobaSi arsebuli nivTebis

gawmenda moexdinaT amierkavkasiis mosaxleobisaTvis cnobili wesis mixedviT: gamdinare

wyalSi maTi ramdenime saaTiani moTavsebiT (aqtebi 1884: 73, #79). axalcixis mxridan saqa-

rTveloSi epidemiis swrafi gavrcelebis Sekavebis mizniT, xelisuflebam aRniSnuli kuTxis

qveynis sxva regionebTan damakavSirebeli gzebis mkacri kontroli daawesa da am saqmis xe-

lmZRvaneloba, rogorc general golovinis mier 1838 wlis 6 agvistos saidumlo mrCevlis,

bludovisadmi gagzavnili werilidan Cans, general-maior aleqsandre WavWavaZes miando.

amave werilidan irkveva, rom aleqsandre WavWavaZem warmatebiT gaakontrola sakarantino

xazi, Suragelis distanciis arpaCaidan Savi zRvis sanapiromde. 1840 wlis aprilSi aleqsan-

dre WavWavaZe axalcixis mxaris sakarantine xazis xelmZRvanelad dainiSna (aqtebi 1884: 84,

#101), xolo 1840 wlis dekemberSi amierkavkasiis Savi Wirisagan dacvis komitetis Tavmj-

domared (aqtebi 1884: 85, #106).

epidemiis SemTxvevebis gamovlenaze monitoringi davalebuli hqonda karantinebis in-

speqtors, kolegiis asesors pauls (aqtebi 1884: 74-75, #80). xelisuflebis mier droulad

gatarebulma RonisZiebebma epidemiis gavrceleba Seaferxa. „Savi Wiri“ Tavdapirvel kerebs

ar gascilebia. eseni iyo: sof. adigeni, abasTumnis ebraelTa ubani – „rabaT-kale“, sof. vale

da q. axalcixe. saidumlo mrCevlisadmi golovinis mier zemoT naxsenebi werilis gagzavnis

dros „rabaT-kaleSi“ gardaicvala 3 adamiani, dainficirebuli iyo 4, aqedan 1 gamojanmr-

– 107 –

„Savi Wiris“ epidemia saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis I naxevarSi

Telda; adigenSi gardaicvala 9 wlis gogona; axalcixeSi 19 ivlisidan 31 ivlisamde epidemi-

am 28 adamiani imsxverpla, dainficirda 7 mosaxle, aqedan 3 gamojanmrTelda. aqve, aRniSnu-

lia, rom 1838 wlis 24 ivliss, moulodnelad gardaicvala walkis sasazRvro xazze, donis

me-8 polkis warmomadgeneli naslediSevi. gvamis daTvalierebisas saqarTvelos saeqimo sam-

marTvelos operatorma, medicinis doqtorma umesam, eWvi „Savi Wiris“ epidemiaze miitana.

naslediSevis dainficirebis mizezi misive sacxovrebeli unda yofiliyo. igi mitovebuli,

dasnebovnebuli soflis siaxloves mdebareobda (aqtebi 1884: 74-75, #80).

rogorc general golovinis mier saidumlo mrCevlis-bludovisadmi 1838 wlis 1 se-

qtembriT daTariRebuli mimarTvidan Cans, xelisuflebam axalcixeSi epidemiis SesaCereb-

lad Seqmnili komiteti gadaaxalisa da gadamdebi daavadebis winaaRmdeg brZolis 21 punq-

tiani gegma SeimuSava. komitets saTaveSi edga generali klugenau, xolo misi axali TanaSemwe

iyo JandarmTa kurpusis vicepolkovniki grinfeldi. zemoT naxseneb mimarTvaSi, aRniSnulia,

rom axalcixis mxareSi „Savi Wiri“ kvlav mZvinvarebda. kargi amindebis miuxedavad, rasac,

wesiT, Savi Wiris gavrcelebis SenelebisaTvis xeli unsa Seewyo, sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli

mainc ar iklebda. golovini varaudobda, rom amindebis gauaresebis pirobebSi, SesaZlebeli

iyo epidemia kidev ufro gaZlierebuliyo. adgilze Seqmnili viTarebis gasacnobad golovin-

ma axalcixeSi miavlina saqarTvelos samoqalaqo gubernatoris movaleobis Semsrulebeli,

„Savi Wirisgan“ amierkavkasiis dacvis komitetis Tavmjdomare general-maiori axlestiSevi

da amave komitetis wevri, Tbilisis samxedro hospitlis mTavari eqimi saxelmwifo mrCeveli

– pribili. maT golovins dawvrilebiT moaxsenes axalcixeSi Seqmnili viTarebis Sesaxeb da

situaciis daregulirebis mizniT sakuTari mosazrebebi gaacnes. golovinma saWirod miiCnia

damatebiTi zomebis miReba, risTvisac man axalcixeSi daarsebul komitets Semdegi zomebis

gatareba daavala: 1. yoveldRiurad unda CaetarebinaT sxdomebi da sxdomis oqmis erTi asli

misTvis unda gaegzavnaT, xolo meore – Savi Wirisagan amierkavkasiis dacvis komitetisTvis.

2. axalcixeSi Savi Wiris damarcxebis, misi sanjayebSi gavrcelebis aRkveTis mizniT sakaran-

tino wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis Sesruleba aucilebeli iyo. 3. Savi Wir-

is SeCerebis saqmeSi gansaxorcielebeli RonisZiebebisTvis saWiro Tanxebi unda gamoeyene-

binaT Seuferxeblad, amisTvis gansakuTrebuli nebarTva saWiro ar iyo. komitetis TiToeul

wevrs sakuTari keTilgonierebiT unda gaeTvaliswinebina saxazino interesebi. 4. komitetis

wevrebad unda SeeyvanaT keTilsindisieri da damsaxurebuli moqalaqeni. qalaqis sami nawi-

lidan unda SerCeuliyo sami adamiani, romlebic komitetis saidumlo policias Seqmnidnen.

maT daevalebodaT mokvleva, Tu romel saxlSi vin daavadda, Savi Wirisagan vin gardaicva-

la, malulad vin sad dakrZales da a. S. 5. qalaqgareT mokle vadebSi unda mowyobiliyo

lazareTi, sadac adgilobrivi macxovreblebi da samxedro pirebi erTad ganTavsdebodnen.

6. lazareTTan moewyoboda ganyofileba, romelic saeWvo mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebi-

sTvis iqneboda gankuTvnili. swored iq moTavsdebodnen dasnebovnebulTa ojaxebSi mcx-

ovrebi moqalaqeni da samxedro pirebi. 7. mZime danaSaulisTvis sasjeldadebuli patimrebis

sakmao raodenoba axalcixeSi Tu ar aRmoCndeboda, saWiro iyo karantinis momsaxure person-

alad moqalaqeebis daqiraveba. 8. unda momxdariyo qalaqis macxovrebelTa gayvana banakebSi,

an specialurad mowyobil fanCaturebSi, xolo maTi saxlebis dezinfeqcia unda Caetare-

binaT sakarantino wesebis mixedviT. 9. axalcixeSi myofi yaraulis garda banakebSi unda gaey-

vanaT yvela samxedro piri gamonaklisebis gareSe. qalaqSi unda Sewyvetiliyo yovelgvari

saxis samuSaoebi. 10. droTa ganmavlobaSi sakarantine wesebis dacviT unda gaewmindaT axal-

cixis cixesimagre, qalaqis axali nawili da ebraelTa ubani, romelic qalaqis Zvel nawils

emijneboda (sadac Savi Wiri mZvinvarebda). 11. komitetis Sexedulebisamebr qalaqis Zvel

nawilSi ganTavsebuli yvela saxazino samsaxuri unda gadasuliyo sxva adgilebSi. 12. unda

Sewyvetiliyo axalcixis mcxovrebTa yovelgvari kavSiri axalcixis mxaris sanjayebTan,

risTvisac unda mowyobiliyo oTskaciani piketebi, isini axalcixis garSemo ganlagdebod-

nen. 13. axalcixeSi ikrZalebda savaWro tvirTbrunva, vidre epidemia ar Sewydeboda. 14. sa-

fosto kantoraSi unda akrZaluliyo yvela saxis amanaTis miReba, im CamonaTvalis mixed-

viT, romelic saolqo safosto kantorisTvis iyo gawerili. 15. mosaxleobis Rarib fenas

kviraSi erTxel unda darigeboda fqvili, romlis xarjic komitetis Tanxidan daifarebo-

da. 16. SeSis moTxovnileba dakmayofildeboda saxazino tyidan. aqedanve moxdeboda masalis

– 108 –

giorgi sosiaSvili

gamoyofa specialuri fanCaturebis da saTavsoebis mowyobis mizniT. 17. komitets ufleba

hqonda gamoeyenebina sainJinro uwyebis da samxedro hospitlis specialistebi, romlebsac

komitetis davalebebi unda SeesrulebinaT. 18. mZime tvirTis, aseve sursaTis gadazidvis

dros komitets SeeZlo esargebla saxazino da samxedro danayofebis kuTvnilebaSi arsebu-

li: xarebiT, cxenebiT da sxv. 19. qalaqidan mosaxleobis gayvanis SemTxvevaSi komitetis gan-

kargulebaSi iqneboda samxedro uwyebis kuTvnili orasi karavi. 20. axalcixis garnizonis

dasaxmareblad gaigzavna qveiTTa batalioni da kazakTa aseuli. 21. gagzavnili iyo sakmarisi

Tanxa komitetis epidsawinaaRmego RonisZiebebis danaxarjebisTvis (aqtebi 1884: 75-77, #82).

xelisuflebis mier skrupulozurad gawerili gegmis miuxedavad axalcixeSi „Savi Wir-

is“ gavrcelebis faqtebi mainc SeimCneoda. 1838 wlis seqtemberSi daavadebiT 18 wlis biWi

gardaicvala. amanaxis sasazRvro saguSagoze „Savma Wirma“ sami kazaki imsxverpla. oficial-

uri monacemebiT, epidemiis SemTxvevebi aRar fiqsirdeboda: valeSi, adigenSi da abasTumnis

ebraul ubanSi (aqtebi 1884: 77-78, #83).

informacia axalcixis mxareSi „Savi WiriT“ dainficirebulebis, gardacvlilTa da

gamojanmrTelebulTa Sesaxeb Semogvinaxa erT-erTma rusulma dokumentma. dokumenti

daTariRebuli ar aris, Tumca, savaraudod, axalcixesa da mis garSemo arsebul soflebSi

1838 wlis epidemiis Sedegebia asaxuli. aRniSnuli dokumentis mixedviT: qarTuli saxazo

#1 batalionidan – daavadda 97 mamakaci da 4 qali, gardaicvala 75 mamakaci da 3 qali, gamo-

janmrTelda 18 mamakaci, avad iyo 4 mamakaci da 1 qali; saartilerio razmidan – daavadda 7

mamakaci, gardaicvala – 5, gamojanmrTelda – 2; sainJinro uwyebis samxedro muSaTa aseuli-

dan – daavadda 20 mamakaci da 6 qali, gardaicvala 16 mamakaci da 6 qali, gamojanmrTelda 3

mamakaci, daavadda 1 mamakaci; hospitlis personalidan – daavadda 15 mamakaci, gardaicvala

12, gamojanmrTelda 3; qalaqis (axalcixe) macxovreblebidan – daavadda 44 mamakaci da 32

qali, gardaicvala 26 mamakaci da 23 qali, gamojanmrTelda 18 mamakaci da 9 qali; donis ka-

zakTa #23 polkidan – daavadda 1 mamakaci, gamojanmrTelda 1; donis kazakTa #24 polkidan

– daavadda 4 mamakaci, gardaicvala 2, gamojanmrTelda 2; uralis kazakTa polkidan – dain-

ficirda 1 mamakaci, avadaa 1 mamakaci; kerZo pirebidan – daavadda 12 mamakaci da 6 qali, gar-

daicvala 9 mamakaci da 4 qali, gamojanmrTelda 3 mamakaci da 2 qali; sul daavadda 201 mamak-

aci da 48 qali, gardaicvala 145 mamakaci da 36 qali, gamojanmrTelda 50 mamakaci da 11 qali,

avad iyo 6 mamakaci da 1 qali; sofel abasTumnis, ebraelTa ubnidan – daavadda 7 mamakaci da

5 qali, gardaicvala 5 mamakaci da 5 qali, gamojanmrTelda 2 mamakaci; sofel abodan – daa-

vadda 10 mamakaci da 9 qali, gardaicvala 2 mamakaci da 4 qali, gamojanmrTelda 8 mamakaci da

5 qali; sofel valedan – daavadda 1 qali, gardaicvala 1 qali; sofel adigenidan – daavadda

1 qali, gardaicvala 1 qali; sofel xonadan – daavadda 3 mamakaci da 3 qali, gardaicvala 2

mamakaci da 2 qali, gamojanmrTelda 1 mamakaci da 1 qali; sakarantino xazidan – daavadda

3 mamakaci, gardaicvala 3 mamakaci; koCkaevskis karantinidan – daavadda 2 mamakaci, garda-

icvala 2 mamakaci; sul daavadda 25 mamakaci da 19 qali, gardaicvala 14 mamakaci da 13 qali,

gamojanmrTelda 11 mamakaci da 6 qali. axalcixis mxareSi epidemiiT dainficirebulTa saer-

To raodenobam Seadgina 226 mamakaci da 67 qali, gardaicvala 159 mamakaci da 49 qali, gamo-

janmrTelda 61 mamakaci da 17 qali. dokumentis Sedgenis dros epidemiiT daavadebuli iyo 6

mamakaci da 1 qali (aqtebi 1884: 80, #88).

kavkasiaSi „Savi Wiris“ gavrcelebis safrTxe momdevno wlebSic arsebobda. mefis-

nacvalma mixeil voroncovma (1844-1854) ruseTis centralur xelisuflebas epidemiis axali

talRis prevenciis mizniT sakarantino sivrceebis SenarCunebiT „Savi Wirisagan“ damcavi

xazis Seqmna SesTavaza. saidumlo mrCevlis perovskis saxelze 1845 wlis 21 maiss gagzavnil

werilSi grafi voroncovi aRniSnavda:

kavkasionis iqiT karantinebis SenarCunebiT TurqeTSi, an sparseTSi gadamdebi daavadebis

xelaxali afeTqebis SemTxvevaSi Cven nebismier dros gveqneba SesaZlebloba maSinve ava-

moqmedoT isini. kavkasiis sakarantino xazze dauyovnebliv miviRoT prevenciuli zomebi

da Cvens sazRvrebSi epidemiis Tundac umniSvnelo SemoRwevis SemTxvevaSi adgilebze um-

kacresi policiuri zomebis gatarebas SevudgeT, rac daavadebis sawyis etapze Sewyvetis

TvalsazrisiT erTob efeqturia. amierkavkasiaSi karantinebis SenarCunebiT, imperiis

Sida nawilis dasacavad, sakarantino-policiur zomebs Seuferxeblad ganvaxorcielebT.

– 109 –

„Savi Wiris“ epidemia saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis I naxevarSi

amrigad, Cven gveqneba: 1. kavkasiis damcavi xazi; 2. amierkavkasiis mTavari damcavi xazi; 3.

xazi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze bugasidan Cvens sazRvramde (TurqeTTan) (aqtebi

1885: 214, #220).

kacobriobas araerTi gansacdeli axsovs. saxelmwifoTa Soris gauTavebeli omebi,

bunebrivi kataklizmebi, kontinentebs modebuli pandemiebi didi msxverpliT mTavrdebo-

da. istoriis rTul, winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse gzaze mravali gamowvevis winaSe yofila Cve-

ni qveyanac, romelmac araerTxel igema momakvdinebeli epidemiis – „Savi Wiris“ Semoteva.

Tumca unda iTqvas, rom msxverpli saqarTveloSi SedarebiT naklebi iyo, SesaZlebelia, amas

ganapirobebda qarTvelTa sacxovrisis geografiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinare saukuneTa

manZilze Camoyalibebuli imuniteti. vfiqrobT, Cven mier moZiebuli informaciis gacnoba

da gaanalizeba mkiTxvels saSualebas miscems gaecnos, rogor umklavdebodnen qarTvelebi

kacobriobisTvis mniSvnelovan gamowvevad qceul infeqciebs XIX saukunis I naxevarSi.

SeniSvnebi

1 im droisTvis Tbilisis komendanti maiori saakaZe iyo.

2 rusul dokumentSi moxseniebuli „milicia“ axalcixis gansaTavisufleblad mebrZoli qarT-

velebiT dakompleqtebuli SenaerTi iyo (lomsaZe 2011: 132).

3 Tavrizidan wamosulma epidemiam 1831 wlis aprilSi eraySic SeaRwia da aTasobiT adamiani imsx-

verpla. „Savi WiriT“ dainficirda baRdadis gamgebeli, warmoSobiT qarTveli daudfaSa manve-

laSvili, romelic epidemias Zlivs gadaurCa (janeliZe, silagaZe 1967: 300-301, 306).

damowmebani

avaliSvili 1984: g. avaliSvili. mgzavroba Tbilisidan ierusalimamde, qarTuli proza, VI, Tbilisi.

aqtebi 1868: , собранные Кавказской Археографи-ческой комиссией



aqtebi 1870: , собранные Кавказской Археографи-ческой комиссией

aqtebi 1873: , собранные Кавказской Археографи-ческой комиссией

aqtebi 1881:  собранные Кавказской Археографи-ческой комиссией        



aqtebi 1884: собранные Кавказской Археографической комиссией

aqtebi 1885: собранные Кавказской Археографической комиссией

gamba 1987: J.-f. gamba. mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi, frangulidan Targmna, komentarebi daurTo mzia

mgalobliSvilma, tomi pirveli, Tbilisi.

guguSvili 1949: p. guguSvili. saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTareba XIX-XX ss.

Tbilisi.

dadiani 1962: n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, S. burjanaZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi.

ioseliani 1978: p. ioseliani. cxovreba giorgi mecametisa, Tbilisi.

ioseliani 1980: saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi, prof. a. ioseliani redaqtorobiT. Tbilisi.

lomsaZe 2011: S. lomsaZe. samcxe-javaxeTi, Tbilisi.

orbeliani 2009: a. orbeliani. mogonebebi, XIX saukunis qarTveli moRvaweni, Tbilisi.

Jordania 1967: T. Jordania. qronikebi, gamosacemad moamzades givi Jordaniam da SoTa xanTaZem, t.,

III, Tbilisi.

rexviaSvili 2020: j. rexviaSvili. Savi Wiri, qolera, saxadi, „ispanka“, ras gadaurCa saqarTvelo?!

veb-gverdi:https://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/a/Savi-Wiri-qolera-saxadi-ispanka---ras-gadaurCa-saqarTve-

lo-/30468650.html (nanaxia: 16.05.2021)

samuSia 2015: j. samuSia. Savi Wiris epidemia saqarTveloSi, 1802-1804 wlebSi general sergei tuCkovis

cnobebis mixedviT, saistorio krebuli, weliwdeuli, t., 5.

sosiaSvili 2019: g. sosiaSvili. britaneli mogzaurebi Carlz leonard irbi da jeims mengelsi Tur-

qebis mier tyved gayiduli qarTvelebis Sesaxeb XIX saukunis I meoTxedSi, saerTaSoriso

simpoziumi, qarTul-Turquli urTierTobebi, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, ankara.

qarTveliSvili 1952: i. qarTveliSvili. memuarebi, a. ioselianis gamokvleviT, redaqciiT da SeniS-

vnebiT, Tbilisi.

janeliZe, silagaZe 1967: d. janeliZe, b. silagaZe. qarTveli mamluqebi egviptesa da eraySi, Tbilisi.

– 110 –

giorgi sosiaSvili

OUTBREAK OF PLAGUE PANDEMIC IN GEORGIA DURING THE

FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

Giorgi Sosiashvili

During the reign of the King Giorgi XII the “Black Death” outbreak had occurred on several occasions

in Georgia, however the Royal house had nor possessed enough power to set up quarantine places. Due to the

fact that the spread of the epidemic had occurred from Turkey, the Georgian royal house had set the bounds

on trades in Akhaltsikhe. It is worth noting that these measures had become successful for some time. Due to

the many disease cases, the Russian government had set up a special quarantine near the “Blue” monastery

in Tbilisi, for the population diseased with the plague. In 1802, there had been a new outbreak in Georgia, in

Javakheti. Apart from Javakheti, many cases had taken place in the villages on Kartl-Kakheti, as this is attested



Tbilisi, in village on December 23, 1802. The information about the outbreak of the epidemy had been passed

-



and therefore had decreed to close down Tbilisi and not let anyone beyond the city. Due to the fact spread of

the disease, on January 13, 1803 Tsitsianof had requested Petersburg to provide necessary medical personnel

and medicine to counter the epidemic threats. As according to the governmental decree, a special quarantine

had been set up in Dusheti on August 1803. According to the sources from General Tuchkov, the population



the information provided by Executive Expedition members 1570 people had died of the epidemic in Georgia

during 1803-1804.

The new wave of the “Black Plague” had been spread throughout the Caucasus from Turkey, among

which was the case, when the epidemic outbreak had spread in the villages near Akhaltsikhe. The wide spread

of the outbreak had occurred in Georgia in 1811 too. In 1812 plague had once more occurred in Georgia, which

is attested in the “Chronicles of Abashidze” (“Imeretian Chronicles”), and according to which, the pandemic

-

ever, the local government had not informed the center. In Summer 1812, the epidemy had spread in the work-



the infected, 30 had died, whereas the rest had undergone the mandatory 10-day quarantine. In the end of Sep-



ones, during the endemic outbreak in Tbilisi, whereas as of the governmental decree he had been appointed to

the quarterly supervisor and the quarantine commissioner positions. In the beginning of the nineteenth century,

the waves of epidemic outbreak had put the population in terrible situation. The western part of Georgia had



This had not been coincidental, as the epidemic spread had started from Turkey and the ports on the Black Sea

coastline, from the diseased travelers, which had assisted in fast-spreading of the disease.

– 111 –

Tamar-daviTis monetebi

somxeTSi aRmoCenili upasporto ganZidan

irakli faRava

daviT aRmaSeneblidan rusudanis CaTvliT saqarTvelos numizmatikuri istoria Se-

darebiT kargad aris Seswavlili. vgulisxmobT rogorc samoneto tipologiis kvlevas,

aseve am periodis qarTul saxelmwifoSi fuladi mimoqcevis sakiTxebs. axali monacemebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos samefoSi samoneto mimoqcevis sistemurad Seswavlis mcd-

elobas warmoadgens Cveni 2018 wels gamoqveynebuli monografiis Sesabamisi kari (faRava

2018: 66-86). gasaTvaliswinebelia am epoqis 2018 wlis Semdgomac gamoqveynebuli samoneto

kompleqsebi (berikaSvili, patariZe 2019); (faRava, WumburiZe 2020). am epoqis saqarTvelos

samefos fuladi mimoqcevis kvleva, bunebrivia, unda gagrZeldes, Sesabamisi samoneto kom-

pleqsebis meta-analizis safuZvelze. amisaTvis ki, bunebrivia, mosamzadebel samuSaos war-

moadgens cnobaSi moyvanili ganZebis (da monetebis calke aRmoCenis faqtebis) winaswari, Se-

Zlebisdagvarad srulad Seswavla-publikacia.

winamdebare naSromic Semdgomi meta-analizisTvis mosamzadebel samuSaos warmoad-

gens. Cveni mizania, gamovaqveynoT Tamar-daviTis (mefe Tamarisa da daviT soslanis) saxeliT

moWrili wesieri Wedvis monetebi somxeTSi aRmoCenili upasporto ganZis Semadgenlobidan.

unda aRiniSnos, rom garkveul interess warmoadgens ara marto Tavad ganZi, rogorc samon-

eto kompleqsi, aramed ganZis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali calkeuli monetebic.

***

ganZi napovnia 2010 wlis pirvel TveebSi, Tanamedrove somxeTis respublikis teri-

toriaze. aRmoCenis zusti adgili da garemoebebi ucnobia (amgvarad, ganZi, metwilad, upa-

sportod unda CaiTvalos). sabednierod, mpovnelTan piradi nacnobobis daxmarebiT (2000-

ian wlebSi samsaxureobrivi mivlinebebiT xSirad gviwevda q. erevanSi Casvla) maSinve movi-

poveT ganZSi Semavali 17 monetis adekvaturi gamosaxuleba da metrologiuri monacemebi,

aseve, Tundac, zogadi cnobebi ganZis Semadgenlobaze. samwuxarod, damatebiTi informaciis

miReba veRar moxerxda, mpovnelis udrood gardacvalebis gamo. Tumca, Cveni azriT, gamo-

qveynebas imsaxurebs ganZis es SedarebiT mciredi fragmentic ki.

mpovnelis gadmocemiT, ganZi Sedgeboda ramdenime aTeuli monetisgan mainc, da kera-

mikul WurWelSi iyo moTavsebuli. monetebi warmoadgenda XII-XIII saukuneebis wesieri Wed-

vis (sic) monetebs. maT Soris, sakmaod bevri iyo qarTuli, kerZod, Tamar-daviTis (magram

ara giorgi III-is, javaxT ufal laSa giorgisa Tu rusudanis) monetebi. danarCeni monetebi

metwilad, srulad Tu ara, islamuri iyo, umravlesoba, ildegizian mmarTvelTa saxeliT

moWrili. SeviswavleT ganZis qarTuli komponenti (Tu am komponentis meti wili), anu, 16

Tamar-daviTis moneta (da kidev 1 islamuri moneta).

moviyvanT samoneto masalis aRwerilobas. jer mogvyavs Tamar-daviTis zogadi samone-

to tipis aRweriloba, romelic cnobilia 2 qve-tipad (paxomovi 1970: 94-95):

qvetipi 1 (TariRiani):

Subli: centrSi qarTvel bagratovanTa niSani (faRava 2017a: 74-83). daqaragmebuli

asomTavruli legendebi –

niSnis marcxniv ႧႰ T(ama)r, marjvniv ႣႧ d(avi)T.

zemoT marcxniv Ⴕ, zemoT marjvniv Ⴉ, qvemoT marcxniv Ⴗ, qvemoT marjvniv Ⴉ, anu q(oroni)

k(oni) uk (420) (= qristeSobidan 1200 w.).

irgvliv rkali.

zurgi: oTx striqonad arabuli legenda –

– 112 –

ODÃÇÖÆC öÃÇÕ

ÛéjÆC Ü DêÙjÆC ÅÌX

ëÂÝêÂ öÚLC mDÕDP

dêsÖÆC nêæ¬

dedofali dedofalTa

dideba qveynisa da sarwmunoebisa

Tamari qaliSvili qiurqisa [giorgisa]

mesiis Tayvanismcemeli

irgvliv rkali.

qvetipi 2 (uTariRo):

winas identuria, im erTaderTi gansxvavebiT, rom Sublze ar aris TariRis aRmniSvneli

asomTavruli legenda, e. i. zemoT marcxniv Ⴕ, zemoT marjvniv Ⴉ, qvemoT marcxniv Ⴗ, qvemoT

marjvniv Ⴉ, anu q(oroni)k(oni) uk (420) (= qristeSobidan 1200 weli).

mogvyavs monetebis sia qvetipebis mixedviT Sesabamis metrologiur monacemebTan

erTad. aRweriloba mogvyavs mxolod standartisgan gadaxris SemTxvevaSi. sagangebod aR-

niSnulia damRis/damRebis arseboba.

qvetipi 1 (TariRiani):

სურ. 1

სურ. 2

moneta 1. wona 6.02 g., kveTa 24.5-25 mm. standartuli legendebi, zurgze damRa Ⴃ

სურ. 1

სურ. 2

moneta 2. wona 7.97 g., kveTa 25-26 mm. standartuli legendebi, Sublze damRa iO.

irakli faRava

– 113 –

Tamar-daviTis monetebi somxeTSi aRmoCenili upasporto ganZidan

სურ. 3

სურ. 4

moneta 3. wona 7.70 g., kveTa 25.5-26 mm. standartuli legendebi, dadamRuli araa.

სურ. 3

სურ. 4

moneta 4. wona 8.74 g., kveTa 24.5-26 mm. standartuli legendebi, zurgze damRa Ⴃ

სურ. 5

სურ. 6

moneta 5. wona 7.51 g., kveTa 25-26 mm. standartuli legendebi, Sublze damRa Ⴕ

– 114 –

irakli faRava

სურ. 5

სურ. 6

moneta 6. wona 7.12 g., kveTa 27-29 mm. standartuli legendebi, zurgze damRa Ⴃ

სურ. 7

სურ. 8

moneta 7. wona 8.48 g., kveTa 26.5 mm. standartuli legendebi, zurgze damRa Ⴃ

სურ. 7

სურ. 8

moneta 8. wona 8.47 g., kveTa 25.5-27 mm. standartuli legendebi, zurgze damRa Ⴃ

– 115 –

Tamar-daviTis monetebi somxeTSi aRmoCenili upasporto ganZidan

სურ. 9

სურ. 10

moneta 9. wona 7.10 g., kveTa 25-26 mm. standartuli legendebi, Sublze damRa iO, zurgze

damRa Ⴃ

სურ. 9

სურ. 10

moneta 10. wona 9.22 g., kveTa 26.5-27 mm. standartuli legendebi, zurgze damRa Ⴃ

სურ. 11

სურ. 12

moneta 11. wona 6.57 g., kveTa 26.4-28.4 mm. standartuli legendebi, Sublze damRa iO, zurgze

damRa Ⴃ

– 116 –

irakli faRava

სურ. 11

სურ. 12

moneta 12. wona 7.22 g., kveTa 24.5-26.5 mm. standartuli legendebi, zurgze damRa Ⴃ

sainteresoa, rom es damRa periferiulad ar aris dartymuli, rogorc Cveulebriv aris

xolme.

სურ. 13

სურ. 14

moneta 13. wona 7.70 g., kveTa 26-26.5 mm. rogorc asomTavruli, aseve arabuli legen-

debi anomaluria. Sublze yuradRebas ipyrobs q(oroni)k(onis) sarkiseburad Setrialebuli

Ⴉ; Tamar-daviTis saxelebSi qaragmis niSnebis forma da acileba; sazogadod, asomTavruli

grafemebis ucnauri moxazuloba; Secdoma Tamaris daqargmebul saxelSi Ⴐ grafemis anom-

aluri moyvaniloba (sarkiseburi Ⴑ-s magvari). arabul legendaSi Secdomebi ar aris, magram

warweris kaligrafia sakmaod daudevaria, gakrulia, da, aSkarad, gansvavdeba Tamar-daviTis

sxva, Tundac amave ganZSi Semavali monetebisgan. giorgis saxeli weria rogorc ëÂÝÂ. damRis

gareSe.

სურ. 13

სურ. 14

moneta 14. wona 7.41 g., kveTa 25-25.7 mm. rogorc asomTavruli, aseve arabuli legen-

debi anomaluria. Sublze yuradRebas ipyrobs TariRSi Semavali Ⴉ-s ucnauri moxazuloba;

aso-niSnebis daxriloba; Tamaris daqaragmebul saxelSi grafema Ⴐ aSkarad miRebulia Tav-

– 117 –

Tamar-daviTis monetebi somxeTSi aRmoCenili upasporto ganZidan

dapirvelad arasworad / arasakmarisad amoWrili niSnis damatebiT Sesworebis gziT; davi-

Tis daqaragmebul saxelSi Semavali grafemebis mkveTrad gansxvavebuli zoma; sazogadod,

asomTavruli grafemebis ucnauri moxazuloba. arabuli legenda degradirebulia, aRsan-

iSnavia Semdegi sityvebis moxazuloba: ÛéjÆC Ü DêÙjÆC / dêsÖÆC. giorgis saxeli weria rogorc ëÂÝÂ.

zurgze damRa ႣTu misi imitacia?

სურ. 15

სურ. 16

moneta 15. wona 6.72 g., kveTa 26-26.5 mm. standartuli legendebi, Sublze damRa ႵdamRa

periferiulad ar aris dartymuli

qvetipi 2 (uTariRo):

სურ. 15

სურ. 16

moneta 16. wona 7.30 g., kveTa 26.5 mm. standartuli legendebi, Sublze damRa iO, zurgze

damRa ႣdamRa am SemTxvevaSic periferiulad ar aris dartymuli).

moviyvanT aseve im erTaderTi araqarTuli monetis aRwerilobasac, romelic ganZSi

Sedioda da Sesaswavlad xelmisawvdomi gaxda.

ganZis araqarTuli nawili:

სურ. 17

– 118 –

irakli faRava

moneta 17. wona 6.83 g., kveTa 26.2-27.7 mm. warmoadgens gadaWedil da dadamRul monetas.

maspinZeli moneta, rogorc Cans, bizantiuri (anonimuri?) folisia, an misi minabaZi (kargad

Cans macxovris Saravandi da berZnuli legendebis naSTi). moneta daidamRa inalidi mmarTv-

elis, amidis mflobelis, jamal ad-din mahmudis mier ara ugvianes hijris 579 wlisa (1183 – i.

f.); damRac mis saxels atarebs (louiqi da sxvebi 1977: 33-34):

jÆC ÈÖX

iÝÖcÕ (sic) Ø

jamal ad-

[di]n mahmud

dadamRvis Semdeg ki moneta gadaiWeda kizil-arslanis mier, sakuTari sulTan sanjar b.

suleimanSahis saxeliT, h. 584-587 / 1188-1191 wlebSi (quimjiani 1969: 327-331).

***

es ganZi iZleva saSualebas ramdenime mosazreba gamovTqvaT am periodis saqarTvelos

samefosa da regionis samoneto mimoqcevaze.

pirvel rigSi, aRvniSnavT, rom Cveni klasifikaciiT (faRava 2018: 78-86), es ganZi mie-

kuTvneba II jgufs; am jgufSi Sedis Tamar-daviTis wesieri Wedvis spilenZis monetebis Sem-

cveli ganZebi (faRava 2018: 78-79): aqamde es jgufi warmodgenili iyo oTxi ganZiT; aqedan

ori aRmoCenilia saqarTvelos samefos Sida, eTnikurad qarTul, mxareebSi (kaxeTsa da qvemo

qarTlSi), kidev ori ki Tanamedrove somxeTSi, anu, XIII saukunis dasawyisis mdgomareobiT,

saqarTvelos samefos samxreT, Crdilo-somxur provinciebSi. pirveli ori eqskluziurad

Tamar-daviTis monetebisgan Sedgeba (100%), ukanaskneli orSi ki Tamar-daviTis monetebi

warmodgenilia ucxour islamur monetebTan erTad (17.9% ptRnis ganZSi, ucnobi procentu-

li wili aRnaTunis ganZSi).

am TvalsazrisiT, es axali upasporto ganZic Tavisi SemadgenlobiT igivenairia.

Tumca, samwuxarod, zust ricxvze ver visaubrebT; ganZisa Tu misi fragmentis

raodenobrivi kvleva mizanSewonili ar aris, vinaidan, CvenTvis, samwuxarod, ucnobia, ganZ-

Si Semavali monetebis saerTo raodenobis ramden procents Seadgens Tamar-daviTis mon-

etebi; an Tu ramdenad randomul (reprezentatiul) amonarCevs warmoadgens Tamar-daviTis

ganxiluli 16 moneta da 1 islamuri monetac. Tumca ki, gvrCeba SesaZlebloba, garkveuli

Tvisobrivi xasiaTis daskvna gamovitanoT.

ganZis tezavracia, aSkarad, rusudanis mier Tavisi wesieri Wedvis monetebis gamoSve-

bamde moxda (1227), rac warmoadgens ganZis tezavraciisTvis terminus post quem non-s; meores

mxriv ki, terminus post quem aris, bunebrivia samoneto tipis emisiis dasawyisi – 1200 weli.

vvaraudobT, rom uTariRo monetebic amaze adre ar moWrila).

II jgufis ganZebi SeiZleba or qvejgufad daiyos:

II-a qvejgufSi Sedis saqarTvelos samefos Sida regionebSi aRmoCenili ganZebi; am gan-

Zebis mixedviT, iq wesieri Wedvis spilenZis monetebis mimoqcevas praqtikulad eqskluzi-

urad Tamar-daviTis monetebi emsaxureboda;

II-b qvejgufSi ki Sedis saqarTvelos samefos samxreT, ufro gvian SemoerTebuli, pro-

vinciebSi aRmoCenili ganZebi; maTi mixedviT, saqarTvelos samefos Crdilo-somxur provin-

ciebSi samoneto mimoqceva ramdenadme gansxvavdeboda: wesieri Wedvis spilenZis monetebis

mimoqcevas emsaxureboda ara marto da ara imdenad (?) Tamar-daviTis monetebi, aramed ucx-

ouri spilenZis safasec, maT Soris, wina aTwleulebSi moWrilic (am mxriv samagaliToa mo-

neta 17); Tumca, Tamar-daviTis monetebic, arsebiT da mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda.

ganZis Semadgenlobas rom davubrundeT, saintereso garemoebad gveCveneba, rom erT-

sa da imave ganZSi moxvda Tamar-daviTis rogorc standartuli, TariRiani monetebi, aseve,

erTi mainc, uTariRo (iSviaTobas warmoadgens) monetac. vejinis ganZSi uTariRo monetebis

xvedriTi wili 3.7%-ia (lomouri 1936: 282-283). gvrCeba STabeWdileba, rom rogorc TariRi-

ani, aseve uTariRo monetebis statusi, anu, Rirebuleba (?) erTnairi iyo; Teoriulad, Sei-

Zleba warmovidginoT, rom gansxvavebuli Rirebuleba hqonodaT, magram, es, Cveni azriT, na-

kleb mosalodnelia, Semdegi mosazrebebiT:

– 119 –

Tamar-daviTis monetebi somxeTSi aRmoCenili upasporto ganZidan

1) samoneto kompleqsebi, sazogadod, xSirad, erTgvarovani Rirebulebis monetebisgan

Sedgeba;

2) metrologiurad Tamar-daviTis wesieri da uweso Wedvis monetebi, Cans, identuria;

3) wesieri da uweso Wedvis monetebis dadamRvis praqtikac, rogorc Cans, identuria;

4) dizainiTa da legendebiT wesieri da uweso Wedvis monetebi erTmaneTs Zalian ems-

gavseba. sxvaoba Tamar-daviTis TariRian da uTariRo monetebs Soris (Sublze kuTxeebSi

qoronikonis aRmniSvneli oTxi asomTavruli grafemis arseboba-ararseboba) metwilad, sa-

varaudod, wera-kiTxvis ucodinari mosaxleobisTvis yovelTvis ar iqneboda advili misax-

vedri; wesieri da uweso Wedvis monetebs, sxvadasxva Rirebulebis SemTxvevaSi, safiqrebe-

lia, dizainiT ufro mkveTrad ganasxvavebdnen.

amasTanave, unda davaskvnaT, rom, dRemde gaugebaria, Tu ram ganapiroba da ra dan-

iSnuleba hqonda Tamar-daviTis uTariRo monetebis emisias.

Tamar-daviTis monetebze moTavsebuli damRebi sxva naSromSi gvaqvs ganxiluli, da, am-

jerad, am sakiTxs aRar SevexebiT (faRava 2017b).

samagierod, ar SeiZleba gverdi avuaroT or metad ucnaur monetas, romelic am gan-

Zis sxva monetebTan erTad iyo tezavrirebuli. saubaria monetebze 13-14 (ix. aRweriloba

zemoT). orives SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs asomTavruli legendebis (Sublze) anomaluri kaligra-

fia da uxeSi Secdomebic ki; arabuli legendebi ki Tamar-daviTis monetebisTvis uCveulo

kaligrafiiT aris Sesrulebuli monetaze 13, Tumca, advilad ikiTxeba; monetaze 14 ki isini

aSkarad anomaluria, rac gvafiqrebs, rom erT SemTxvevaSi arabulenovani zurgis siqas amza-

debda arabulis mcodne xelosani, meore SemTxvevaSi ki – armcodne.

ibadeba logikuri SekiTxva; ras warmoadgens es ori moneta? 1) qarTveli monarqebis

oficialuri zarafxanis nawarms, Tumca ki, daudevrad amoWrili siqebiT Sesrulebuls (rac

xelosnis pirovnebasa Tu kvalifikaciaze, aseve zarafxanis administraciis mier warmoebu-

li kontrolis simkacreze msjelobisTvis gamodgeba); 2) imdroindel yalb monetas; 3) im-

doindel minabaZs, romelic saqarTvelos samefos (ekonomikuri) zegavlenis qveS myof (ka-

vkasiis?) romelime regionSi iWreboda.

sakiTxi Riad rCeba. somexi numizmatebis wreSi gavrcelebulia mosazreba (pirad sau-

brebSi gauziarebiaT), rom saqarTvelos samefos erT-erTi zarafxana CrdiloeT somxeTSic

iyo ganlagebuli, da Tamar-daviTis saxeliT wesieri Wedvis wesiT safases Wrida; es monete-

bi, maTi azriT, gamoirCeva legendebisa da niSnis anomaluri kaligrafia-moxazulobiT. am

hipoTezis dasadastureblad an uarsayofad raime xelSesaxebi mowmoba ar gvaqvs. is faqti,

rom somxeTSi aRmoCenili ganZis fragmentSi 16 Seswavlili monetidan 2 anomaluri aRmoCn-

da, arafers amtkicebs. am mxriv, saintereso iqneboda saqarTvelos samefos sxva regionebSi

aRmoCenili ganZebis (magaliTad, vejinis ganZis, romelic siRrmiseulad ar gamoqveynebula)

Seswavla-gadamowmeba, da maT Soris anomaluri monetebic procentuli wilis dadgena. isic

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Tamar-daviTis anomaluri monetebis emisiis ramdenime centric

arsebobda.

winamdebare statiiT vagrZelebT XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos samefos numizma-

tikuri istoriisadmi miZRvnili publikaciebis cikls. gamosaqveyneblad mzaddeba am epoqis

kidev ramdenime samoneto kompleqsi.

damowmebani

berikaSvili, patariZe 2019: d. berikaSvili, m. patariZe. samSvildis ganZi. Tbilisi, saqarTvelos uni-

versitetis gamomcemloba.

lomouri 1936: T. lomouri. Tamaris fulebis ganZi. tfilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, I.

louiqi da sxvebi 1977: N. Lowick, S. Bendall, P. Whitting. The Mardin Hoard. Islamic Countermarks on Byzantine

Folles. A. H. Baldwins + Sons Ltd., 1977.

paxomovi 1970Монеты Грузии

faRava 2017a: i. faRava. Suasaukunovan qarTul monetebze gamosaxuli figuruli niSnebis interpreta-

cia: heraldikuri figura da ara monograma, heroldi, 5, 2017.

– 120 –

irakli faRava

faRava 2017b:          

      Нумизматические чтения Государственного

исторического музея 2017 года. Москва, 23 и 24 ноября 2017 г. Материалы докладов и сообщений. Памяти

Татьяны Юрьевны Стукаловой (17.12.1958-16.01.2017). Москва: РИА Внешторгиздат.

faRava 2018Нумизматическое прошлое Дагестана и Грузии

faRava, WumburiZe 2020: i. faRava, p. WumburiZe. rusudanis zeobis droindeli monetebis qsnis ganZi.

Tbilisi: universali.

quimjiani 1969: D. Kouymjian. A Numismatic History of Southeastern Caucasia and Adharbayjān Based on the Islam-

ic Coinage of the 5th/11th to the 7th/13th Centuries. PhD Thesis, Columbia University.

TAMAR-DAVITI COINS FROM A HOARD WITH UNSPECIFIED FIND

LOCATION IN ARMENIA

Irakli Paghava

Our goal is to study and publish the regularly struck copper coins of Queen Tamari and Davit Soslani

     

monetary circulation in the 12th-13th cc. Georgia. The hoard was discovered and dispersed in 2010. It was

deposited in a clay jar, and comprised several tens of copper coins, including both Georgian and Islamic (Ild-

egizid) ones. We succeeded in obtaining the images and metrology information of 17 specimens: 16 coins of

Tamari-Daviti and 1 Islamic one – the 11th c. (?) Byzantine follis or imitation thereof with Inalid c/m (Jamal

ad-Din Mahmud of Amid, tpqn 1183 CE) restruck into an Ildegizid issue of Qizil-Arslan and Sanjar Sulay-

manshah (1184-1187). These 17 coins were not selected randomly, unfortunately, and cannot by analyzed



hoard thereof). 2 sub-groups are distinguished: IIa (hoards comprising exclusively Tamari-Daviti coins, and

deposited on the territory of the inner provinces of the Georgian Kingdom), and IIb (hoards deposited on the

territory of the southern, north-Armenian provinces of the Georgian Kingdom, and comprising mainly Islamic

regularly struck coins along with regularly struck coins of Tamari and Daviti). The hoard was deposited in

1200-1227. 1 coin out of 16 bears no date. The author argues that all Tamari-Daviti coins with or without the

date had equal value. However, it remains unclear, why some of the coins were issued without the date. Two

particular coins with legends of anomalous calligraphy are discussed. They can constitute 1) the unskillful

-



operated in north-Armenian provinces of the realm, issuing Tamari-Daviti coins.

saerTaSoriso prezentacia

INTERNATIONAL PRESENTATION

– 123 –

qoroRos reliefebi, rogorc adgilobrivi Temis mier

eklesiis agebisa da erToblivi flobis damadasturebeli

pirveladi istoriuli wyaro1

lado mirianaSvili

istoriul mTiuleTSi, xadas xeobaSi, duSeTidan 84 kilometris daSorebiT, mTiule-

Tis qedis samxreT kalTaze gaSenebulia sofeli qoroRo. mis siaxloveSi, samxreTiT mdebare

mTis ferdobis odnav movakebul adgilas mdebareobs qoroRos saeklesio kompleqsi. komp-

leqsis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis yovladwminda RvTismSoblis eklesia da mis samxreT kedelTan

axlos mdgomi e. w. zurgiani koSki (sur. 1), agreTve mcire samlocvelo da akldamis nangrevebi.

yovladwminda RvTismSoblis eklesia agebulia natexi qviT, fiqliTa da, nawilo-

briv, Tlili qviT. Tlili qva gamoyenebulia konstruqciul nawilebSi: TaRebis, svetebis,

svetisTavebis, konqisa da kamarebisTvis, agreTve fasadebis dekoratiuli gaformebisT-

vis. eklesia yvelaze ukeT dasavleTis mxridan Cans, ris gamoc dasavleTi fasadis lavgar-

dani gamorCeulad gauformebiaT. is rom qoroRos eklesia farTodaa cnobili, swored mis

dasavleT lavgardanze Sesrulebuli reliefebisa da kidev ori sxva reliefis damsaxure-

baa. es ukanasknelni amJamad aRar arsebuli samxreT karibWis svetsa da svetisTavze yofila

moTavsebuli. eklesiis dasavleTi lavgardanis reliefebi, da Sesabamisad eklesiac, Tavda-

pirvelad X saukuniT daaTariRes, mogvianebiT ki gadaaTariRes da reliefebis Seqmnis dro

X-XI saukuneebis mijniT gansazRvres. orive TariRi xelovnebaTmcodne rusudan mefisaSvils

ekuTvnis.2 rac Seexeba zurgiani koSkis agebis TariRs, romelic eklesiis samxreT kedelTan

dgas, am tipis koSkebs ZiriTadad adre Sua saukuneebSi (X saukunis CaTvliT) agebdnen, Tum-

ca gamonaklisis saxiT gvian Sua saukuneebSic gvxvdeba, araugvianes XVII saukunis pirveli

naxevrisa (zaqaraia 1962: 82). is faqti, rom yovladwminda RvTismSoblis eklesiis samxreTi

kedeli, sxva kedlebisgan gansxvavebiT, saerTod udekoroa, imaze migvaniSnebs, rom eklesiis

mSeneblobis dawyebamde am adgilas koSki ukve idga.

eklesiis 50 santimetris simaRlis lavgardanis3 reliefebis mimdevrobaze gamosaxul-

ni arian mSeneblobis procesSi CarTuli sxvadasxva xelobis muSakni (sur. 2). mSeneblebisa

da samSeneblo procesis erTeuli gamosaxulebebi gvxvdeba rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise ucx-

oeTSic, magram mSeneblobis sxvadasxva procesis amsaxveli scenebis Tavmoyrilad gamosax-

va gamonaklisia. am TvalsazrisiT, qoroRos lavgardanis gaformeba sruliad unikaluria.

naTela aladaSvilma Tavis wignSi qoroRos reliefebze asaxuli samuSaoebis ciklis para-

lelad wlis Tormeti Tvis alegoriuli gamosaxulebebi moiyvana, romlebic wm. ursini bur-

Jelis eklesiis karis timpanzea Sesrulebuli. Cemi azriT, isini qoroRos gamosaxulebaTa

ciklis paralelad Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT ar gamodgeba, da ai, ratom: XII saukuniT

daTariRebul wm. ursini burJelis eklesiis reliefebze Tveebis simboluri gamosaxule-

bebia warmodgenili (sur. 3), romlebsac erTmaneTTan mxolod is akavSirebs, rom maTi er-

Toblioba weliwads Seadgens. TiToeul Tveze miniSneba im savele samuSaos gamosaxvis gziT

moxda, romelic konkretuli TvisTvis aris saxasiaTo (Tesva, mka, mosavlis aReba da sxv.).

TiToeul reliefs Tan axlavs warwera Sesabamisi Tvis dasaxelebiT. wm. ursini burJelis

eklesiisgan gansxvavebiT, qoroRoSi gamosaxulia sxvadasxva xelobis xelosani da samuSao

operacia. gamosaxulebaTa erToblioba erTi konkretuli eklesiis mSeneblobas asaxavs:

qvebis gapoba da xarebSebmuli marxiliT gadazidva, lodebis zurgiT gadatana, qvis gaTla,

duRabis Semzadeba, ostati qvis dasamuSavebeli iaraRiT xelSi. aqvea qalis gamosaxuleba,

romelsac kalaTiT produqti miaqvs. kompoziciis centrSi, lavgardanis kexTan, yovladw-

minda RvTismSobeli qriste-emanuelTan erTadaa gamosaxuli,4 misgan marcxniv ki – qtitori,

romelic RvTismSobels marjvena xeliT eklesiis models uZRvnis, marcxena xeli ki mkerdze

aqvs midebuli.

riT iyo ganpirobebuli qoroRoSi mSeneblobis amsaxveli mravalsiuJetiani ciklis ga-

– 124 –

mosaxvis aucilebloba? n. aladaSvili Semdeg axsnas gvTavazobs:

ostati ar SemoisazRvra kanonikuri religiuri siuJetebiT da asaxa realuri movlenebi.

swored amaSi mdgomareobs qoroRos reliefebis gansakuTrebuloba: isini gadian religi-

uri azrovnebis farglebidan da mianiSneben saero, „realuri“ tendenciebis arsebobaze

pirobiTsa da dogmatur Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi (aladaSvili 1977: 109).

aSkaraa, rom eklesiis lavgardanis reliefur gamosaxulebebs mxolod dekoris funq-

cia ar akisria da garkveuli datvirTva aqvs. daviT xoStarias varaudiT, soflis xelosneb-

ma eklesiis lavgardanis reliefebze gamosaxvis pativi imiT daimsaxures, rom isini mSeneb-

lobaze albaT usasyidlod muSaobdnen, iyvnen ra erTgvari „koleqtiuri Semwirvelebi“ (xo-

Staria 2012: 9). Cemi azriT, qoroRos lavgardanis reliefuri gamosaxulebebi migvaniSnebs

soflis Temis wevrTa mier eklesiis erTobliv qtitorobasa da imavdroulad flobaze, rac,

Tavis mxriv, miuTiTebs feodaluri klasis warmomadgenlTa minimalur gavlenaze imdroin-

dreli mTiuleTis socialur cxovrebaze: qoroRoelebs batonymobis uReli jer kidev ar

edgaT da Tavisufal mwarmoeblebad rCebodnen. amaze odnav qvemoT vimsjeleb.

istorikosebi saistorio wyarod ZiriTadad matianeebs, sabuTebs, kolofonebs, lap-

idarul Tu nakawr warwerebs, nawilobriv hagiografiul Txzulebebsac moviazrebT da

mxedvelobis miRma gvrCeba gamosaxulebebi, romlebic werilobiTi wyaroebis msgavsad, mniS-

vnelovan istoriul konteqsts Seicavs. kacobrioba gamosaxulebebs uxsovari droidan, jer

kidev damwerlobis gamogonebamde da tipografiuli dazgis Seqmnamde iyenebda. im dros ga-

mosaxulebebi iyo erTaderTi saSualeba informaciis gasavrceleblad sivrcesa da droSi.

gamosaxuleba, erTi SexedviT, statikuri informaciis matarebelia, arada mas mravalmxrivo-

ba da mravalazrovneba axasiaTebs. es, gansakuTrebiT, adre Sua saukuneebis gamosaxulebebSi

SeimCneva (mirianaSvili 2000: 112). amitomacaa, rom vizualuri saistorio wyaro iseTive kri-

tikul analizs saWiroebs, rogorsac werilobiTi wyaro.

winamdebare statiaSi qoroRos RvTismSoblis eklesiis qtitorebis dasadgenad swored

reliefur gamosaxulebebs movixmob. saqme isaa, rom gansaxilveli eklesiis warweraSi qti-

toris saxeli naxsenebi araa. misi vinaoba arc werilobiTma wyaroebma Semogvinaxa.

qoroRos yovladwminda RvTismSoblis eklesiis mSeneblobis droisTvis (X-XI sauku-

neTa mijnaze), mTiuleTi politikurad kaxeTis samTavros (1008 wlidan – kaxeTis samefos)

eqvemdebareboda. leri TavaZes miiCnevs, rom VIII saukunidan moyolebuli, „qarTuli sais-

torio tradiciis mixedviT“, mTiuleTs erisTavi ganagebda (TavaZe 2011: 49). misi azriT,

taZris mSenebloba dakavSirebuli iyo gavlenian feodalur sagvareulosTan, romelic,

SesaZloa, warmoadgenda, rogorc konkretul erisTavs farTo saero uflebebiT, aseve

kaxeTis mTavars. dasaSvebia afxazTa samefo ojaxis monawileobac (TavaZe 2011: 50).

j. gvasalia qoroRos eklesiis mSeneblobas kaxeTis samTavros erT-erT qorepiskoposs

ukavSirebs (gvasalia 1983: 60, sqolio 71).

Cemi azriT ki, feodaluri institutebisadmi mTiulebis uaryofiTi damokidebulebi-

sa da feodalebisadmi gaweuli aqtiuri winaaRmdegobis,5 gansaxilvel periodSi feodalTa

mxriv adgilobrivTa saqmianobaze minimalur gavlenis, agreTve, regionis miuvalobis gamo,

naklebad savaraudoa, rom mTiuleTis erTi rigiTi soflis eklesiis mSeneblobis safasi

kaxeTis qorepiskoposs Tu mTavars, an xeobebis gaerTianebis safuZvelze Seqmnili qveynis

gamgebels gaeRo.6 Sesabamisad, l. TavaZisa da j. gvasalias mosazrebebs eklesiis qtitoris

Taobaze ar viziareb. Cem mosazrebas qtitorobis sakiTxis Sesaxeb, qoroRos reliefebis an-

alizis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, qvemoT warmovadgen.

vis SeeZlo eTava qoroRoSi eklesiis mSenebloba? rasakvirvelia, adgilobriv Tems,

romelsac sakuTari Tavi im mxaris realur patron-gamgeblad miaCnda da romlisTvisac

eklesiis mSenebloba uSualo interesis sagans warmoadgenda. Temis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT

eklesiis agebis faqti mTiuleTisTvis ucxo ar unda yofiliyo, miT ufro, rom msgavsi prec-

edenti dasavleT saqarTveloSic dasturdeba. kerZod, vgulisxmob saCxeris raionis sofel

savanis wminda giorgis eklesiis erToblivi mSeneblobisa da mflobelobis formas, rac mis

lado mirianaSvili

– 125 –

qoroRos reliefebi, rogorc adgilobrivi Temis mier eklesiis agebisa...

aRmosavleT fasadze Sesrulebuli, 1046 wlis asomTavruli warweridan irkveva.7 momyavs

naxsenebi warweris teqsti:

saxeliTa RmrTisaiTa, me, erisTavT-erisTavman giorgi, dauwere da mivec amis eklesiisa

naxevari savanisa sofelsa. Tanadamidges, odes Seneba¡ daviwyeT, muSaobiTa, fasiTa da

yovliTa feriTa. RmerTman ubednieren ukunisamde. vin uqcios, hrisxavs-mca RmerTi da

wmida¡ giorgi (silogava 1980: 62-63).

am warweris Sinaarsobrivi mxare pirvelad ilia anTelavam gaiazra. man daaskvna, rom

savanis feodalurad damokidebul Tems jer kidev ar edga batonymobis uReli (anTelava

1980: 69-70). sxva SemTxvevaSi, erisTavT-erisTavi soflis mcxovrebTa Rvawlis aRniSvnas saW-

irod ar miiCnevda: isini yma-glexebi rom yofiliyvnen, batonisTvis usasyidlod muSaobis

valdebuleba eqnebodaT. i. anTelavas mohyavs sxva magaliTebic – hagiografiul Txzuleba-

Si daculi cnobebi, istoriuli warwerebi, agreTve imowmebs sxva istorikosTa mosazrebeb-

sac, romelTa Tanaxmad IX-XI saukuneebis saqarTvelos regionebSi batonymuri urTierTo-

bebi jer kidev ar iyo damkvidrebuli da Tavisufali mwarmoebelni mosaxleobis did nawils

Seadgendnen (anTelava 1980: 66-74).

sanam qtitorobis sakiTxs ganvixilavde, mimovixilav qoroRos yovladwminda RvTism-

Soblis eklesiis reliefebis arsebul aRwerebs, interpretaciebsa da warmovadgen Cem mier

maTSi Setanil Sesworebebs.

r. mefisaSvili iyo pirveli, vinc gamoaqveyna qoroRos eklesiis reliefebis aRw-

era. man axsna reliefebze asaxuli siuJetebis Sinaarsi da moaxdina pirTa identificireba.

r. mefisaSvilis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi srulad gaiziares n. aladaSvilma, rusul

enaze gamocemul monografiaSi (aladaSvili 1977) da d. xoStariam Tavis inglisurenovan

statiaSi (xoStaria 2011).

eklesiis dasavleT lavgardanze reliefur gamosaxulebaTa uwyveti rigi ixilveba.

r. mefisaSvilis dakvirvebiT, calke aRebul TiToeul filaze erTi konkretuli, dasrule-

buli siuJetia gadmocemuli (mefisaSvili 1969: 220).

saxuravis samxreTi qanobis dasavleTi gverdis gayolebaze mowyobili lavgardanis me-

aTe filaze trapezis aqeT-iqiT mdgomi ori figura Cans (sur. 2 da 4): trapezis marjvniv md-

gomi mamakaci, romelic, r. mefisaSvilis dakvirvebiT, kabasa da mis zemodan mosxmul mosasx-

amSi aris Semosili (mefisaSvili 1969: 226), da trapezis marcxniv – orantis pozaSi mdgomi,

xelapyrobili mamakaci. es ukanaskneli isevea Cacmuli rogorc, zogadad, muSaobis proce-

sis amsaxvel reliefebze gamosaxuli mSromelebi. msgavsadvea Semosili winmswreb mecxre,

viwro filaze, orantis pozaSi gamosaxuli mamakacic, romelsac r. mefisaSvili gancalkev-

ebiT mdgom figurad aRiqvams. mkvlevarma, miaqcia ra yuradReba im faqts, rom mecxre da me-

aTe filebze gamosaxuli, orantis pozaSi mdgomi mamakacebis samosi Sromis procesSi monaw-

ile pirTa samosisagan ar gansxvavdeba da, miuxedavad amisa, isini sxvebisgan gamorCeulad

– orantis pozaSi dganan, Tanac erT-erTi maTgani calkea gamosaxuli, es ukanaskneli, raime

argumentis moxmobis gareSe, sapasuxismgeblo samuSaos Semsrulebel ostatad, an samuSao-

Ta zedamxedvelad miiCnia (mefisaSvili 1969: 226), xolo meore, aseve uargumentod – piro-

biTad arqiteqtorTan gaaigiva (mefisaSvili 1969: 227). Cemi azriT, mecxre da meaTe filebis

gamosaxulebebi ara erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli, aramed erTi kompoziciis Semadgeneli

nawilebia. orantisa Tu vedrebis pozaSi mdgom figuraTa simetriulad ganlageba tradici-

ulia da qristianul xelovnebaSi sakmaodaa gavrcelebuli. magaliTad SemiZlia moviyvano

kvaisa-jvaris (X saukune, sur. 5) da orjalaris (X saukune, sur. 6) eklesiebis reliefebi.

zogadad, arsebobs bizantiur samyaroSi Seqmnili mravali aseTi gamosaxuleba. naxsenebi

siuJetis or filaze ganawileba imitom gaxda aucilebeli, rom is lavgardanze gamosax-

ul sxva siuJetebTan SedarebiT ufro vrcelia. r. mefisaSvili meaTe filis marjvena nax-

evarze gamosaxul, trapezTan mdgom mamakacs mRvdelmsaxurad miiCnevs da varaudobs, rom

mTlianad siuJeti qoroRos eklesiis mSeneblobis dasrulebis Semdgom kurTxevas asaxavs8

(mefisaSvili 1969: 227). Cemi azriT, kompoziciaSi trapezis CarTva ar aris imis ueWveli ni-

Sani, rom gamosaxuleba maincdamainc kurTxevis process unda gadmoscemdes. magaliTad

– 126 –

lado mirianaSvili

SemiZlia moviyvano miniatura grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa XI saukunis qarTuli

Targmanidan (xelnaweri A-109). es miniatura, romelzec trapezis cal mxares wminda grigo-

li, xolo meore mxares – orantis pozaSi gamosaxuli msmenelebi dganan (sur. 7), konstanti-

nopolis mTavarepiskoposis qadagebas asaxavs (miniatura darTuli aqvs teqsts saTauriT

„sityua¡ naTlisRebisa mimarT“). naxseneb miniaturaze asaxuli siuJetis analogiiT mimaCnia,

rom qoroRos gamosaxulebis SemTxvevaSic sasuliero piri qadagebs, ra drosac morwmuneni

orantis pozaSi dganan.

momdevno, meTerTmete filaze warmodgenilia qtitori eklesiis modeliT xelSi (sur. 8).

r. mefisaSvilis aRweris Tanaxmad, igi, „mRvdelmsaxuris msgavsad, himationSia Semosili“

(mefisaSvili 1969: 227). mkvlevari agreTve aRniSnavs, rom lavgardanze gamosaxul xelosan-

Ta Tavsaburavisagan gansxvavebiT, mas Tavze brtyelzedapiriani qudi hxuravs. qtitori

eklesiis models yovladwmida RvTismSobels uZRvnis, romelic qriste-emanuelTan erTad

aris gamosaxuli.

lavgardanis meaTe filaze gamosaxul mqadagebelsa da meTerTmete filaze gamosaxul

qtitors kvarTi acviaT, xolo mis zemodan bisoni9 mosavT, romelic tradiciisamebr, kvar-

Tze odnav mokle iyo. orive figuras qveda samosi welze sartyliT aqvs Sekruli (meTerT-

mete filaze gamosaxuli figura mowiwebis niSnad welSi odnav moxrilia, amitom am SemTx-

vevaSi sartylis mxolod mcire fragmenti Cans). X-XI saukuneebSi Sida samoss sartyliT

ikravdnen episkoposebi, iseve rogorc saero pirebi. erT-erT vizualur nimuSad SegviZlia

soxumis midamoebSi napovn filaze gamosaxuli episkoposis samosi movixmoT (es reliefi X

saukuniT TariRdeba). rogorc n. CofikaSvili aRniSnavda, episkoposis kvarTis „gadmoweuli

zedatani iseT STabeWdilebas tovebs, TiTqos kvarTze sartyelia SemoWerili“ (CofikaSvili

1964: 95).

meaTe filaze gamosaxuli mqadageblisa da meTerTmete filaze gamosaxuli qtitoris

Cacmuloba – sartyliT Sekruli kvarTi da zemodan wamosxmuli bisoni – identuria. orives

erTnairi qudi hxuravs da wveris formac msgavsi aqvs.10 amgvarad, arsebobs imis safuZveli,

rom es ori figura erTsa da imave pirovnebasTan, konkretulad ki episkoposTan gavaigivoT.

rogorc Cans, figuris gverdxedSi gadmocemam da reliefis ufro metad detalizebis Seu-

Zleblobam ganapiroba is, rom saepiskoposo samosze olari ar gairCeva. rac Seexeba enqers:

episkoposebi mas marjvena TeZos mxares atareben, amitom enqeri reliefze ver aisaxeboda

(orive SemTxvevaSi, figura marcxena gverdidanaa naCvenebi). samosze zemore msjelobisas

veyrdnobi im faqts, rom X saukunisTvis, orTav aRmosavleT da dasavleT qristianul sam-

yaroebSi, mRvdlisa da mRvdelmTavris samosis forma ukve dakanonebulia, Tanac orivegan

es Sesamoseli erTmaneTis msgavsia (devonSir-jonsi, miurei 2013: 636).

orive filaze gamosaxul episkoposs dabali, cilindruli formis Tavsaburavi hxur-

avs. samwuxarod, ar mogvepoveba vizualuri masala an werilobiTi wyaro, romlebic adreul

Sua saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli saepiskoposo mitris formas gagvacnobda.

viciT mxolod, rom Zveli qarTvelebi mitras „xuiris“ saxeliT icnobdnen: es termini melqi-

sedek kaTalikosis dawerilSia naxsenebi (1031/1033) (enuqiZe da sxvebi 1984: 23). anu, XI sauku-

nis pirveli naxevrisTvis, mitra saqarTvelos maRal saeklesio ierarqTa mier Tavsaburavad

ukve gamoiyeneboda. analogiuri mdgomareoba Cans dasavleT saqristianoSic: werilobiTi

wyaros Tanaxmad, 1063 wels, romis papma mitris tarebis pativi, marTalia, ara episkoposs, ma-

gram aseve maRali xarisxis sasuliero pirs – kenterberis wminda avgustinis monastris abats

– egelsinuss uboZa (milneri 1846: 150). arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebac, romlis Tanax-

mad mitra, rogorc episkoposis Tavsaburavi, dasavleT saqristianoSi erTi saukuniT gvian

– XII saukuneSi gamoCnda (bertoldi 2009: 249). zemoT moyvanili cnobebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom X saukuneSi qarTveli episkoposebi mitras, rogorc Cans, jer ar

iyenebdnen da iseTive formis TavsaburaviT sargeblobdnen, rogoriTac didebulni. qoro-

Ros reliefebze aRbeWdili gamosaxulebebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, am Tavsaburavs cil-

indruli forma da brtyeli zedapiri hqonda.

SevajamoT zemore msjelobis Sedegebi: r. mefisaSvili wers, rom mqadagebeli „Semo-

silia kabasa da mantiaSi“ (mefisaSvili 1969: 226), xolo qtitori – „mRvdelmsaxuris msgavsad,

himationSi“ (mefisaSvili 1969: 227). Cemi azriT, orive es figura zustad erTnairad – kvarT-

– 127 –

qoroRos reliefebi, rogorc adgilobrivi Temis mier eklesiis agebisa...

sa da bisonSia Semosili da orive SemTxvevaSi erTi da igive mRvdelmsaxuri, kerZod, episko-

posia gamosaxuli; anu, mqadagebelica da qtitoric erTi da igive pirovnebaa. Tavis mxriv,

zemore daskvnidan gamomdinare, irkveva is mizezi, ramac qoroRoSi eklesiis mSeneblobis

scenebis mimdevrobis gamokveTis saWiroeba ganapiroba, ris axsnasac qvemoT Sevecdebi.

qtitoris orjer gamosaxva – erTxel qadagebisas, meored ki eklesiis modelis

yovladwminda RvTismSoblisTvis miZRvnis procesSi da am ori siuJetisTvis samSeneblo

operaciebis amsaxveli scenebis damateba mafiqrebinebs, rom qoroRos eklesiis mSeneblo-

ba episkoposisa da adgilobrivi Temis erToblivi qtitorobiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo.

vgulisxmob imas, rom adgilobrivi Temis wvlili eklesiis mSeneblobaSi Temis wevrTa mier

samSeneblo samuSaoTa usasyidlod SesrulebaSi gamoixateboda. rogorc zemoTac aRvniSne,

saqarTveloSi mdabioTa monawileobiT eklesiis mSeneblobis jgufuri qtitorobis SemTx-

vevebic gvxvdeba, risi damadasturebeli warwerac moviyvane (silogava 1980: 62-63). imis gamo,

rom qtitorTa mravalricxovani jgufis gamosaxvis tradicia ar arsebobda, reliefebis

gamomkveTma ostatma adgilobrivi Temis wevrebi konkretuli saqmianobis procesSi gamo-

saxa,11 xolo krebsiTi qtitoris roli erT warCinebul pirs – episkoposs daakisra, romelic,

imavdroulad, Cveuli saqmianobis – qadagebis procesSic gamosaxa. qoroRos yovladwminda

RvTismSoblis eklesiis mSeneblobis droisTvis mTiuleTis samwyso wilknis eparqias eqvem-

debareboda da amitom, krebsiT qtitorad wilkneli episkoposi unda moviazroT.12

vnaxoT, xom ar iZleva damatebiT informacias lavgardanis CrdiloeT boloSi Cas-

muli kuTxis filis zeda Taroze, reliefuri gamosaxulebis zemoT amokveTili ramdenime

asomTavruli grafema? pirvelia Sveuli xazi, qveda boloSi marjvniv cerad gaziduli mok-

le morCiT. qvis kidis Camomtvrevis gamo grafemis marcxena naxevari dakargulia. pirve-

li, dazianebuli grafemis Semdeg, garkveviT ikiTxeba oTxi grafema – „warm“ da kidev erTi

gaurkveveli grafema. aSkaraa, rom saqme daqaragmebul sityvasTan an sityvis fragmentTan

gvaqvs, romlis savaraudo Sinaarsis aRsadgenad eklesiis dasavleTi fasadis ori sarkmel-

idan erT-erTis, kerZod, kedlis CrdiloeT nawilSi gaWrili sarkmlis zedanze amokveTili

asomTavruli warwera movixme, radgan am warweris sawyis nawilSic igive oTxi grafema „warm“

ikiTxeba.

pirveli cnoba qoroRos am warweris Sesaxeb sergi makalaTias wignSi iZebneba. teqsts

warweris arcTu cudi xarisxis fotoc aqvs darTuli, Tumca mkvlevars grafemebis garCeva

gasWirvebia, teqsti SecdomiT amoukiTxavs („nu warmvline [t] ag [a] xad“) da amitom azric

ver gamoutania (makalaTia 1930: 183). am warweris wakiTxva mocemuli aqvs j. gvasalias. mas

paleografiuli analizis detalebi ar mohyavs da zogadad aRniSnavs, rom orTav – lavgar-

danze amokveTili grafemebi da dasavleTi fasadis sarkmlis zedanis warwera „paleografi-

uli niSnebis mixedviT XII saukuneze adre ar SeiZleba iyos Sesrulebuli“ (gvasalia da sxvebi

1983: 36). am warweris arseboba, teqstis moyvanis gareSe, naxsenebia ZeglTa aRwerilobis II

tomSi. aRniSnulia, rom „paleografiuli niSnebiT orive warwera XII saukuniT TariRdeba da

eklesiis agebis Semdgomaa Sesrulebuli“ (dvali 2008: 330). rogorc vxedavT, or gamocemaSi

warweris Sesrulebis TariRad XII saukunea miTiTebuli. warwerisa da eklesiis mSeneblobis

TariRebis erTmaneTTan Seusabamisobis nivelirebisTvis, orive avtori aRniSnavs, rom warw-

era mSeneblobis dasrulebidan sakmao xnis gasvlis Semdegaa Sesrulebuli.

qoroRos yovladwminda RvTismSoblis eklesiis dasavleTi fasadis sarkmlis zedanze

Sesrulebuli warwera erTstriqoniania (sur. 9). striqonis mkacri horizontaluroba dac-

uli ar aris. warweras qaragmisa da gankveTilobis niSnebi ar axlavs. sityvebi erTmaneTisa-

gan dacilebuli araa. warwera uTariRoa. qoroRos RvTismSoblis eklesiis sarkmlis warw-

eris teqstSi sul sami sityvaa romlebic Semdegnairad ikiTxeba:

nu warm[a]vlineb cecx[l]ad

es warwera savedrebel warweraTa jgufs miekuTvneba, Tumca misi Sinaarsi aratradici-

ulia. teqsti ar Seicavs standartul frazebs – „qriste Semiwyale“, an „ufalo Semiwyale“.

amgvar dasawyiss, mavedreblis saxelTan erTad, dakargulad ver miviCnevT: zedani, romel-

– 128 –

lado mirianaSvili

zec warweraa Sesrulebuli, sakmaod grZeli, erTiani qvaa, romlis simetriis vertikalur

RerZze sarkmlis Riobis wriuli daboloebaa CakveTili, rac migvaniSnebs, rom sazedane qvas

samxreTi da CrdiloeTi daboloebebi Camomtvreuli ar aqvs da is Cvenamde sruli saxiTaa

moRweuli.

mavedrebeli, romlis saxeli teqstSi moxseniebuli ar aris, ufals sakmaod original-

uri fraziT SesTxovs sulis meoxebas: „nu warmavlineb cecxlad“. uflisadmi amgvari Tx-

ovniT mimarTva aris gamoZaxili saxarebaSi ramdenjerme gaJRerebuli Segonebisa imis Sesax-

eb, Tu ra gansacdeli moelis TiToeul codvils gankiTxvis dRis dadgomisas: „esreT iyos

aRsasruli amis soflisa¡: rameTu gamoviden angelozni da ganaSornen ukeTurni igi Soris

marTalTa. da STasTxinen igini Soris saPumilsa mas cecxlisasa. mun iyos tirili da RrWena¡

kbilTa¡“ (maTe 13: 49-50).

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom warwera uTariRoa, mis daTariRebas paleografiul Tav-

iseburebebze dayrdnobiT Sevecdebi. grafemebis moxazulobaSi gakuTxovnebis tendencia

SeimCneva, rac IX-X saukuneebis warwerebs axasiaTebs, xolo XI saukunidan aRar gvxvdeba

(SoSiaSvili 1980: 237). sxva mosazrebis Tanaxmad ki, asomTavruli asoebis gakuTxovneba ara

IX saukunidan, aramed X saukunidan daiwyo (danelia, sarjvelaZe 1997: 7). Cvens warweraSi „u“

bgera erTi grafemiTaa gadmocemuli (u). saerTod miCneulia, rom „u“ bgeris Ⴍ da grafe-

mebis wyvilis meSveobiT gadmocema V-X saukuneebis dawerilobis Taviseburebaa (silogava

1999: 83), Tumca arsebobs iSviaTi SemTxvevebi, roca „u“ bgera erTi grafikuli niSniT ukve IX

saukunidan gadmoicema (danelia, sarjvelaZe 1997: 16-17). kidev erTi saxasiaTo paleografi-

uli niSania Ⴀ grafemis zeda horizontaluri xazis qveda rkalidan (muclidan) daSoreba.

rene Smerlingis dakvirvebiT, X-XI saukuneebis mijnamde rkali da xazi erTmaneTs ebmoda

(Smerlingi 1979: 113). valeri silogavas azriT ki, anis ganivi xazi muclis rkals pirvelad

XII saukunidan daSorda (silogava 1999: 161). Cemi dakvirvebiT, daSoreba aSkaraa XI saukunis

dasawyisisTanave. magaliTad gamodgeba warwera gabriel mTavarangelozis xatze mestiidan,

romelic X-XI saukuneTa mijniT, XI saukunis dasawyisiTaa daTariRebuli (CubinaSvili 1959:

276, tab. 68); warwerebi XI saukunis dasawyisis kacxis sakurTxevlis jvarze da raWis erisTav

ratis mier Sewirul jvarze (CubinaSvili 1959: 481, fotoebi 275-276, tab. 70), agreTve gvaza-

vas naxelav, XI saukunis pirveli mesamedis macxovris xatze (CubinaSvili 1959: 382, tab. 106);

XI saukunis fxotreris mTavarangelozis xatze (CubinaSvili 1959: 602, foto 381). dabolos,

rogorc zemoTac aRvniSne, warweras qaragmisa da gankveTilobis niSnebi ar axlavs da arc

sityvebia erTmaneTisgan dacilebuli, rac adreulobis niSania: sityvaTa gancalkeveba da

gankveTilobis niSnebis xmareba IX saukunidan daiwyes, XI saukunidan ki es wesi mtkiced dam-

kvidrda.

zemoT moyvanili paleografiuli niSnebis erTobliobis safuZvelze, qoroRos

yovladwminda RvTismSoblis eklesiis dasavleTi fasadis sarkmlis zedanze Sesrulebu-

li warwera, X-XI saukuneTa mijniT unda daTariRdes da, amdenad, is eklesiis mSeneblobis

Tanadroulia.

savaraudoa, rom Tavdapirvelad, warweris avtorma grafemebis amokveTa eklesiis lav-

gardanis kuTxis filis zeda Taroze daiwyo, Tumca maleve gadaifiqra da savedrebeli war-

wera eklesiis dasavleTi fasadis sarkmlis zedanze amokveTa. amis savaraudo mizezi albaT

is iyo, rom eklesiaSi misuli momlocveli sarkmlis zedanze Sesrulebul warweras ufro

advilad waikiTxavda, vidre masze ufro maRla, lavgardanze ganTavsebul warweras.

warwerisa da reliefebis Sesrulebis Tanadrouloba SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs vivar-

audoT, rom miuxedavad warweris teqstSi mxolobiTi ricxvis pirvel pirSi dasmuli mimarT-

vis gamoyenebisa, es aris Temis wevrTa krebsiTi savedrebeli uflisadmi da warwera amito-

mac ar Seicavs mavedreblis saxels.

qoroRos yovladwminda RvTismSoblis eklesiidan kidev erTi reliefiani qvaa cno-

bili, romelic Tavis droze eklesiis karibWis svetisTavs warmoadgenda, axla ki gvian-

deli samxreTi minaSenis kedelSi meoradi gamoyenebis qvad aris Catanebuli. svetisTavze

amokveTilia samfiguriani kompozicia saSualo asakis wveriani mamakacis, savaraudod, ojax-

is Tavisa, da misi uwveruli vaJebis gamosaxulebebiT (sur. 10). mamakacis zeda samosi, qveda

samosTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro mokle da mniSvnelovnad ufro metad xalvaTia, vidre

– 129 –

qoroRos reliefebi, rogorc adgilobrivi Temis mier eklesiis agebisa...

lavgardanze gamosaxuli episkoposis Sesamoseli (pirvelis samosis nakecebi qvemoTken mk-

acrad vertikalurad eSveba, maSin roca sasuliero piris samosis SemTxvevaSi, nakecebi zur-

gis mimarTulebiT irkaleba). svetisTavze gamosaxuli mamakacis Sesamoseli Sesabamisi peri-

odis saero samosis analogiuria: mas saero kaba da mosasxami acvia. e. i. karibWis svetisTavze

gamosaxulia saero piri Tavis vaJebTan erTad.

r. mefisaSvilic aRniSnavs, rom svetisTavze gamosaxuli pirebi didgvarovan moxeleTa

wris warmomadgenlebi arian da varaudobs, rom maT eklesiis agebasTan garkveuli kavSiri

unda hqondeT (mefisaSvili 1965: 36): mkvlevarma wveriani mamakacis saxiT qoroRos eklesi-

is meore qtitori dainaxa. r. mefisaSvili am varaudis gamoTqmisas Suaxnis mamakacis xelT-

an gamosaxuli sworkuTxa sagnis miseul interpretacias efuZneba, aigivebs ra mas eklesi-

is gegmasTan. mkvlevari Tavisi mosazrebis Sesamagreblad ambobs, rom sagnis zeda nawilSi

amokveTili samrkaliani mrudi qoroRos eklesiis samnawilian sakurTxevels asaxavs. igive

azrisaa d. xoStariac (xoStaria 2012: 2). qoroRos sakurTxeveli, marTlac, samnawiliania:

eklesiis sakurTxevlis xazze mdgom or kvadratul burjze dayrdnobili, aRmosavleTis

mimarTulebiT gadayvanili orsafexuriani TaRebi eklesiis sakurTxevels sam nawilad hy-

ofs da TiToeuli es nawili konqiT aris dasrulebuli. magram Tu am „gegmas“ eklesiis re-

alur gegmas SevadarebT, aRmoCndeba, rom im dros roca konqebis aRmniSvneli samive rkali,

sinamdvileSi, aRmosavleT kedels ebjineba, anu erT xazzea ganlagebuli (sur. 11), reliefze

asaxul „gegmaze“ Sua rkali gareTkenaa gaziduli. amave „gegmaze“ kidev ori uzustobaa:

masze naCvenebi araa eklesiis interierSi mdgomi sami sveti, agreTve karibWe. uzustobaa

daSvebuli reliefuri gamosaxulebis r. mefisaSviliseul aRweraSic: mkvlevari miiCnevs,

rom „gegma“ mamakacs xelSi uWiravs. sinamdvileSi ki mewinave mamakaci, iseve rogorc mis ukan

mdgomi Wabuki da yrma, vedrebis pozaSia gamosaxuli da misi xelebi gansaxilvel „gegmas“

arc ki exeba (sur. 11).

r. mefisaSvilma da d. xoStariam am Seusabamobebs didi mniSvneloba ar mianiWes13

da eklesiis „gegma“, simbolurad, eklesiis modelTan gaaigives (mefisaSvili 1969: 229);

(xoStaria 2012: 3), anu miiCnies, rom naxseneb reliefze gamosaxuli qtitori eklesiis „ge-

gmas“, eklesiis modelis mniSvnelobiT, wmindans miarTmevs. am mosazrebis Sesamagreblad,

r. mefisaSvilma ori gverdi dauTmo imaze msjelobas, rom Sua saukuneebSi ukve arsebobda

wesi, romlis Tanaxmad, eklesiis mSeneblobis dawyebamde mis gegmas xazavdnen. mkvlevris mo-

sazreba saqtitoro gamosaxulebaSi eklesiis modelis misive gegmiT Canacvlebis Taobaze

arasworad mimaCnia, pirvel rigSi imitom, rom msgavsi ram ucnobia rogorc aRmosavleTi, ise

dasavleTi samyaros qristianuli xelovnebisaTvis. r. mefisaSvilis mosazrebis sawinaaRm-

dego kidev ramdenime sxva argumentic maqvs, romlebsac saTiTaod ganvixilav.

cota xniT davuSvaT, rom r. mefisaSvilis interpretacia sworia da svetisTavze ga-

mosaxuli „gegma“ eklesiis modelis tolfasi saqtitoro atributia. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ro-

gor unda aixsnas is realoba, rom qtitors saqtitoro atributi xelSi ar uWiravs? rogorc

ukve aRvniSne, wveriani mamakacis xelebi gansaxilvel „gegmas“ arc ki exeba: igi, ubralod,

vedrebis pozaSia gamosaxuli. sxvaTa Soris, kontaqtis dakargva qtitoris xelis mtevansa da

eklesiis models Soris ufro mogviano periodSi, kerZod, XIII saukunis dasawyisidan mTiani

yarabaRis teritoriaze arsebuli somxuri eklesiebis reliefebze SeiniSneba da es movlena

saqtitoro kompoziciis axleburad gaazrebas ukavSirdeba. kerZod, am droidan, eklesiis

modelma ZRvnis mniSvneloba dakarga da zeciuri eklesiis simbolod gadaiqca, romelic sa-

sufevelze mianiSnebs (karile 2014: 6-7). amgvarad, qoroRos eklesiis karibWis svetisTavze

amokveTili gamosaxuleba qtitoris mier mfarveli wmindanisadmi eklesiis modelis miZ-

Rvnis dakanonebul sqemas ver akmayofilebs. garda amisa, Tu hipoTeturad mainc davuSvebT,

rom yarabaRis somxuri eklesiebis reliefebze dadasturebuli, qtitoris xelis mtevansa

da eklesiis models Soris kontaqtis dakargvis mxatvruli xerxi jer kidev X-XI saukuneebSi

gamoiyeneboda, ra drosac qarTvelma ostatma misi ganmeoreba qoroRos eklesiis gansaxil-

vel „saqtitoro“ reliefis kompoziciis agebisas gadawyvita, igi zeciuri sasufevlis sim-

bolod eklesiis „gegmas“ namdvilad ar moixmobda, radgan qristianuli samyaro, romelic

qarTul, bizantiur, aRmosavleTisa Tu dasavleTis eklesiebs moicavs, zeciuri eklesiisa

da sasufevlis gadmosacemad eklesiis gegmis gamoyenebis simbolizms ar icnobs.

– 130 –

lado mirianaSvili

r. mefisaSvilis mier gamoTqmuli da SemdgomSi sxvaTa mier gameorebuli mosazrebis

sawinaaRmdegod, romlis Tanaxmad svetisTavze saqtitoro portretia gamosaxuli, mesame

argumentic maqvs: eklesiaSi qtitorTa gamosaxvis tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeuZle-

belia, rom modeliTa da modelis imitaciiT „xeldamSvenebuli“, eklesiis maSenebeli ori

qtitori (Tu amgvar SemTxvevasTan marTlac gvaqvs saqme) erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebulad,

nagebobis xvadasxva nawilebSi gamoesaxaT. Tu gavixsenebT oSkis taZris samxreTi fasadis aR-

mosavleT nawilSi ganTavsebul qtitorul reliefs (963-973), eklesiis modelebTan erTad

gamosaxuli orive maSenebeli – bagrat erisTavT-erisTavi da daviT magistrosi, romlebic

qtitorebad warweraSic arian moxseniebulni, erTi kompoziciis Semadgeneli nawilia. ro-

gorc vaxtang jobaZe aRniSnavs, orive modeli erTsa da imave eklesias asaxavs, oRond sxva-

dasxva kuTxidan danaxuls: erTi modeli taZris samxreT mxares warmoaCens, meore ki – calke

aRebul samxreT mklavs (jobaZe 1991: 27, sqolio 43). erTi kompoziciis nawilia hagia sofias

mozaikaze gamosaxuli ori qtitori – bizantieli imperatorebi iustiniane da konstantine

didi, romlebic Cviled RvTismSobels modelebs miarTmeven: iustinianes xelSi hagia so-

fias modeli uWiravs, xolo konstantine dids – konstantinopolis modeli. gvxdeba iseTi

kompoziciuri gadawyvetac, roca or qtitors saziaro modeli uWiravs, magaliTad ro-

gorc Sepiakisa (X saukune, sur. 12) da fetobanis (X saukune, sur. 13) eklesiebis reliefe-

bzea. amasTan erTad, cnobilia qtitorTa erTi da igive wyvilis erTdroulad eklesiis or

sxvadasxva fasadze gamosaxvis SemTxvevac. kerZod, dadivanqis monastris mTavari eklesiis

(1214) qtitorebi – hasan da grigor arwaxelebi, saziaro eklesiis modelTan erTad, or sx-

vadasxva – aRmosavleT da samxreT fasadebze, orive SemTxvevaSi gverdigverd arian gamosax-

ulni. qoroRos eklesiis Tanadrouli qarTuli eklesiebis zemoT damowmebuli reliefebi-

sa da dadivanqis eklesiis XIII saukunis reliefis magaliTebze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba dabe-

jiTebiT iTqvas, rom erTi eklesiis sazRvrebSi ramdenime qtitoris gamosaxvis saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi, es qtitorebi aucileblad erTad, erTi siuJetis farglebSi gamoisaxeboda.

amitom qoroRos karibWis svetisTavze gamosaxuli qtitori eklesiis maSenebeli ver iqneba,

ramdenadac realuri qtitoris gamosaxuleba, eklesiis modeliT xelSi, dasavleTi fasadis

lavgardanzea moTavsebuli.14 svetisTavze gamosaxuli pirebi verc calke karibWis mSeneb-

lobis qtitorebi iqnebian, radgan karibWe da darbazi erTdroulad aigo, Tanac karibWe ar-

qiteqturulad da gaformebis mxriv saerTod arafriT gamoirCeva.

maqvs meoTxe argumentic: bizantiuri tradiciisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTul eklesiebze

qtitorebis reliefebi yovelTvis eklesiis fasadze gamoisaxeboda, Tanac mxolod mTavar

nagebobaze da TvalsaCino adgilas. aSkaraa, rom eklesiis arafriT gamorCeuli karibWis

svetisTavis reliefi am tradiciasTan winaaRmdegobaSi modis.

Sejamebis saxiT aRvniSnav, rom qoroRos yovladwminda RvTismSoblis eklesiis

svetisTavis reliefze gamosaxuli pirebis kavSiri eklesiis agebasTan ar dasturdeba. sxva-

nairad rom vTqva, am reliefze or vaJTan erTad gamosaxuli qarTveli didebulis mier

mfarveli wmindanisadmi TiTqosda eklesiis „gegmis“ miZRvnis Taobaze arsebul mosazre-

bas ar viziareb da mas arc eklesiis mSeneblobis qtitorad miviCnev. is mocemuloba, rom

reliefze mxolod ojaxis Tavi da misi vaJebia gamosaxuli, mafiqrebinebs, rom gamoqanda-

kebis droisaTvis maTi meuRle da deda ukve gardacvlili iyo. aseT SemTxvevaSi, vedrebis

pozaSi mdgomi ojaxis wevrebi mfarvel wmindans, savaraudod yovladwminda RvTismSobels,

gardacvlili meuRlisa da dedis sulis caTa sasufevelSi dasamkvidreblad meoxebasa da

Tavisi ojaxisTvis orTav cxovrebaSi Sewevnas SesTxoven.

imisaTvis, rom svetisTavze gamosaxuli sworkuTxa sagnis raobis sakiTxi Riad ar darC-

es, Sevecdebi, rom frTxili varaudis doneze mas garkveuli axsna movuZebno.

SesaZloa, rom qoroRos samfigurian reliefur kompoziciaSi, sworkuTxedis fargleb-

Si, yovladwminda RvTismSoblis keramikuli xati yofiliyo Casmuli. zogadad, samrkaliani

arSiiT, rogoric reliefzea, miniaturebsa da freskebs aCarCoebdnen. magaliTad, garejis

kedlis moxatulobaSi amis araerTi magaliTi gvaqvs.

keramikuli CanarTebis gamoyeneba eklesiis gasamSveneblad qarTuli saeklesio xelov-

nebisTvis ucxo araa. magaliTad, religiuri gamosaxulebebiT gaformebuli keramikuli

filebi (Sorenkecebi) wirqolis, yanCaeTis kabenisa da qurTas eklesiebis dekorirebisT-

– 131 –

qoroRos reliefebi, rogorc adgilobrivi Temis mier eklesiis agebisa...

vis iyo gamoyenebuli. es filebi naxsenebi eklesiebis Tanadroulad aris miCneuli (VIII-IX)

(maisu raZe 1967: 8-9, 13). maTi sisqe 3-5 santimetris farglebSi meryeobs. filebze aRbeWdili

reliefuri gamosaxulebebi, damatebiT, wvetiani iaraRis meSveobiT aris damuSavebuli: daS-

trixulia figurebis Tma, wveri da samosi; CaRrmavebulia Tvalebis, yurebisa da piris Rr-

mulebi (maisuraZe 1967: 11). yanCaeTis kabenis eklesiis gumbaTis Camoqcevis Semdeg gamovle-

nil keramikul filebze gamosaxul wmindanTa samosze datanilia wiTeli da moruxo-lurji

zolebi (xundaZe 2014), riTac keramikuli gamosaxulebebis gaxatovneba moxda. gvaqvs ucx-

ouri magaliTebic. 711 wlamde periodis terakotas mcire zomis xatebi aRmoCenilia vinikaSi

(makedonia). moWiquli keramikuli xatebi mzaddeboda preslavSi (bulgareTi). adre da gan-

viTarebuli Sua saukuneebis qristianul xelovnebaSi gamosaxulebis „gacocxlebis“ mizniT

masSi gansxvavebuli masalis CarTva miRebuli xerxi iyo. magaliTad: a) monacisfro-lurji

feris moWiquli keramikis CanarTebiani qvis frizi hqonda panaRia parigoritisas samonastro

eklesias (1283-1296, q. arta, saberZneTi) (Javoronkovi 1991: 123). b) salernos kaTedralis

(italia) XII saukunis qvis saqadago kaTedris reliefuri gamosaxulebebi mozaikur fonzea

ganTavsebuli (tavenor-peri 1906: 401); g) monreales kaTedralis (1174-1189) mTavari Ses-

asvlelis gaformebaSi marmarilos reliefebi da mozaikuri foni monacvleobs (kierikete

1987: 9, tab. 6); d) qalaq prienesTan (amJamad TurqeTi) mdebare bazilikaSi (savaraudod V-VI

saukuneebis mijna) kankelis qvis svetis zedapirze amokveTili jvrebi metalis CanarTebiT

iyo Sevsebuli (vestfaleni 2000: 279). zogjer, gamosaxulebebi naxevradZvirfasi da Zvirfa-

si qvebiTac ki irTveboda. magaliTad, 1223 wels, trapezunis akropolis eklesiaSi arsebuli

yovladwmida RvTismSoblis mozaikuri gamosaxuleba, imperator andronike II-is brZanebiT,

Tval-margalitiT Seamkes (papadopulo-keramevsi 1897: 115, 131).

gavimeoreb, rom mosazreba svetisTavis reliefSi keramikuli xatis CanarTis Sesa-

Zlo arsebobis Sesaxeb mxolod da mxolod frTxili varaudia da is erTaderTi mizniT –

samfrTiani kamaris mqone sworkuTxa sagnis raobis asaxsnelad gamovTqvi. momavalSi am

varaudis sisworis an SesaZlo mcdarobis dadgena veranair zegavlenas ver moaxdens im mTa-

var daskvnaze, romlis Tanaxmad svetisTavis reliefze vaJebTan erTad gamosaxuli didg-

varovani qoroRos eklesiis mSeneblobis qtitori ar aris. es daskvna ara CanarTis arsebo-

ba-ararsebobas, aramed qtitorTa gamosaxvis tradiciuli wesebis analizs emyareba.

qoroRos reliefebis istoriuli wyaros TvalsazrisiT Seswavlam da maTma axleburma

gaazrebam eklesiis Sesaxeb arsebul codnaSi garkveuli cvlileba da siaxle Seitana. anal-

izis Sedegad Semdegi ZiriTadi daskvnebi iqna miRebuli:

1. qoroRos yovladwminda RvTismSoblis eklesiis dasavleTi fasadis lavgardanze ar-

sebuli reliefebis analizma gvaCvena, rom eklesia episkoposisa da adgilobrivi Temis

warmomadgenelTa erToblivi qtitorobiT aigo.

2. lavgardanis reliefur gamosaxulebaSi asaxuli, episkoposisa da adgilobrivi Temis

wevrTa erToblivi qtitorobis faqti gamoricxavs im arsebuli mosazrebis SesaZleblo-

bas, rom qoroRos eklesiis ageba romelime didebulis, an kaxeTis samTavros qorepisko-

posis qtitorobas ukavSirdeboda.

3. rogorc paleografiulma analizma aCvena, qoroRos yovladwminda RvTismSoblis ekle-

siis dasavleTi fasadis sarkmlis zedanze Sesrulebuli warwera TariRdeba ara XII

saukuniT, rogorc aqamde iyo miCneuli, aramed X-XI saukuneebis mijniT da, Sesabamisad,

eklesiis mSeneblobis Tanadrouladaa Sesrulebuli.

4. eklesiis karibWis svetisTavis reliefze gamosaxuli sworkuTxa, samfrTiani kamaris

mqone sworkuTxa sagani eklesiis gegmas ar warmoadgens, rogorc aqamde iyo miCneuli.

5. eklesiis karibWis svetisTavze or vaJTan erTad gamosaxuli Suaxnis mamakaci, romelic

aqamde eklesiis qtitorad iyo miCneulni, sinamdvileSi mxolod mavedrebelia.

SeniSvnebi

1 winamdebare statia efuZneba Cem moxsenebas, romelic wavikiTxe 2015 wlis 19 dekembers pirvel

saerTaSoriso konferenciaze „aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis istoria da siZveleebi“, 19

– 132 –

lado mirianaSvili

dekemberi, 2015 weli, gudauri. moxsenebis saTauri iyo „qoroRos eklesiis arasamSeneblo Si-

naarsis reliefTa axleburad gaazrebisTvis“.

2 r. mefisaSvilma qoroRos eklesiis gaformebisadmi miZRvnil Tavis pirvel statiaSi reliefe-

bis TariRi iribad miuTiTa da is X saukunis farglebSi moaTavsa (mefisaSvili 1965: 37). amave

avtorma 1969 wels rusul enaze gamoqveynebul statiaSi, aRniSna ra, erTi mxriv, reliefuri

gamosaxulebebis siuJeturi mxaris eqspresiuli xazgasma, rac X saukunis bolo meoTxedisT-

visaa damaxasiaTebeli, xolo, meore mxriv, gaiTvaliswina ra mTiuleTis religiuri da sazoga-

doebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebis CamorCena qveynis centraluri regionebis ganviTarebasTan

SedarebiT, miiCnia, rom qoroRos reliefebi X-XI saukuneebis mijnaze unda SeeqmnaT (mefisaS-

vili 1969: 233). d. xoStaria Tavis statiaSi RvTismSoblis eklesiis mSeneblobis TariRad, raime

analizisa Tu dasabuTebis gareSe, X saukunis miwuruls uTiTebs (xoStaria 2011: 96).

3 lavgardani Tormeti gansxvavebuli siganis filisgan Sedgeba.

4 RvTismSoblis mkerdis doneze yrma qristes gamosaxulebiani medalionia moTavsebuli. yovlad-

wmida RvTismSoblis xatis es tipi VI saukunidanaa cnobili. bizantiaSi is gansakuTrebiT pop-

ularuli X-XII saukuneebSi iyo. mas Semdeg rac 1170 wels, novgorodelebsa da suzdalelebs

Soris gamarTuli brZolis dros, analogiurma xatma novgorodelebs saswaulebrivad gaamar-

jvebina, is ruseTSic popularuli gaxda. qarTul saeklesio xelovnebaSi naxsenebi tipis xati

naklebad iyo gavrcelebuli. r. mefisaSvilis azriT, qarTveli ostati yovladwmida RvTismS-

oblis gamosaxulebis qvaSi kveTisas, lavgardanis sxva gamosaxulebebis kveTisagan gansxvave-

biT, mza nimuSiT xelmZRvanelobda (mefisaSvili 1969: 228), rac savsebiT bunebrivia.

5 j. gvasalia xadas xeobaSi TavdacviTi koSkebis sistemis arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT varaudobs,

rom maTi mSenebloba „politikuris garda SeiZleba aixsnas socialuri momentiTac. sustad

diferencirebuli xadis sazogadoeba (mTa) ewinaaRmdegeboda samxreTidan (baridan) momaval

feodalizacias. igive faqtorma SeiZleba axsnas xadaSi koSkTa simravle“ (gvasalia 1983: 61,

sqolio 71). mTiulTa mier feodalebisTvis gaweuli winaaRmdegoba XIV saukuneSic ki imdenad

Zlieri da sisxlismRvreli iyo, rom mefe giorgi brwyinvale iZulebuli gaxda sakanonmdeblo

kreba moewvia da mTiuleTis Temis wevrebis mier feodalTa mkvlelobebis aRsakveTad special-

uri iuridiuli normatiuli dokumenti – „Zeglisdeba“ gamoeca.

6 rogorc cnobilia, VIII-IX saukuneebSi calkeuli xeobebi qveynebad gaerTiandnen. TiToeul

aseT qveyanas romelime warCinebuli ganagebda (berZeniSvili 1990: 143).

7 cnoba savanis warweris Sesaxeb Temo jojuam momawoda, risTvisac misi madlobeli var.

8 igives imeoreben n. aladaSvili (aladaSvili 1977: 106) da d. xoStaria (xoStaria 2011: 97).

9 sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, bisoni aris samefo an samRvdelo samoseli.

10 zogadad, sasuliero piris wveris sigrZe saeklesio kanoniT ar regulirdeboda da mis sig-

rZe-simoklesa Tu formas piradi arCevani gansazRvravda.

11 sxvaTa Soris, eklesiis lavgardanze, mSenebel mamakacTa darad, qalic aris gamosaxuli, ro-

melsac kalaTiT produqti miaqvs. rogorc d. xoStaria aRniSnavs, „mSeneblobis amsaxveli Sua

saukuneebis siuJetebi qalis gamosaxulebas arasdros Seicavdnen“ (xoStaria 2011: 97).

12 wilkneli mwyemsmTavari iwodeboda muxranis, orsave aragvisa da bazaleTis episkoposad.

13 d. xoStaria aRniSnavs, rom radgan „es aris skulpturuli gamosaxuleba da ara sakuTriv samuSao

gegma, detalebis gadmocemis mizani arc arsebula“ (xoStaria 2012: 3).

14 qtitoris gamosaxulebis mxolod da mxolod qoroRos eklesiis lavgardanze arsebobis faqts

aRniSnavs maria kristina karilec, oRond argumentaciis gareSe: „samfiguriani gamosaxuleba

[d. xoStarias mier] interpretirebulia rogorc qtitorTa gamosaxuleba. magram, namdvili

saqtitoro scena dasavleTi kedlis frizzea moTavsebuli da is mRvdelmsaxuris mier RvTism-

Soblis centraluri figurisadmi eklesiis miZRvnas asaxavs“ (karile 2014: 11, sqolio 9).

damowmebani

aladaSvili 1977:Монументальная скульптура Грузии: Фигурные рельефы V-XI веков



anTelava 1980: i. anTelava. XI-XV saukuneebis saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri istoriis

sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, ganaTleba.

berZeniSvili 1990: n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, mecniereba.

bertoldi 2009: J. R. Bertold. Materials, Methods, and Masterpieces of Medieval Art. Santa Barbara, Greenwood.

gvasalia 1983: j. gvasalia. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis narkvevebi (Sida

qarTli), Tbilisi, mecniereba.

– 133 –

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Tbi lisi, mecniereba.

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li universitetis gamocema, Tbilisi, nekeri.

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Architecture, Oxford.

dvali 2008: T. dvali. qoroRo, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, t. 2,

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enuqiZe da sxvebi 1984: qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi IX-XIII ss., qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis

korpusi, t. I, Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades T. enuqiZem, v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma.

Tbilisi, mecniereba.

vestfaleni 2000: St. Westphalen. The Byzantine Basilica at Priene, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 54.

zaqaraia 1962: p. zaqaraia. simagreTa erTi ucnobi saxe. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe,

XXIII-b, Tbilisi.

TavaZe 2011: l. TavaZe. feodaluri saqarTvelos socialuri Semadgenloba qoroRos reliefis

mixedviT. iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTvelos istoriis

institutis Sromebi, IV, Tbilisi.

karile 2014: M. Cr. Carile. Buildings in their Patrons’ Hands? The Multiform Function of Small Size Models between

Byzantium and Transcaucasisa, Online Art Journal, Nr. 3. https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/18452/8347/

carile.pdf (nanaxia: 19/05/2021).

kieriketi 1987: S. Chierichetti, The Cathedral of Monreale, Milan, Co. Graf.

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9, Tbilisi.

makalaTia 1930: s. makalaTia. mTiuleTi. tfilisi, saxelgami.

mefisaSvili 1965: r. mefisaSvili. mSeneblobis amsaxveli reliefebi qoroRos Zeglze, Zeglis

megobari, 5, Tbilisi.

mefisaSvili 1969:             

Советская археология,

milneri 1846: of the See of Limer-

ick. The United States Catholic Magazine and Monthly Review, Vol. 5, Baltimore.

mirianaSvili 2020: L. Mirianashvili. Theological Content of a Mural in a Church of the Tetri Udabno Monastery

of Gareji, Proceedings of the International Conference: Davitgareji – Multidisciplinary Study and Development

Strategy, April 18-20, 2019, Georgia. Tbilisi.

papadopulo-keramevsi 1897:    Сборник источников по истории Трапезундской

империи

Javoronkovi 1991:  Культура Византии: XIII в. - первая половина

XV в., к XVIII международному конгрессу Византинистов (8—15 августа 1991 года, Москва),

silogava 1980: qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebis korpusi, II: dasavleT saqarTvelos warwerebi,

nakv. I (IX-XIII ss.). Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada valeri silogavam, Tbilisi, mecniereba.

silogava 1999: v. silogava. warwerebi garejis mravalwyarodan (IX-XIII ss.), Tbilisi, inteleqti.

tavenor-peri 1906: J. Tavenor-Perry. The Ambones of Ravello and Salerno, The Burlington Magazine for Connois-

seurs, IX (1906).

Smerlingi 1979:Художественное оформление грузинской рукописной книги IX-XI вв



SoSiaSvili 1980: qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebis korpusi, I: aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo

(V-X ss.). Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada nukri SoSiaSvilma. Tbilisi, mecniereba.

CofikaSvili 1964: n. CofikaSvili. qarTuli kostiumi (VI-XVI ss.), Tbilisi, saqarTvelos ssr mecniere-

baTa akademiis gamomcemloba.

CubinaSvili 1959:         



xelnaweri A-109: grigol RvTismetyvelis Txzulebani, xelnaweri A-109, korneli kekeliZis saxelo-

bis saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.

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Europe and Beyond, November 2-9, 2009, Florence, Italy. Tbilisi.

xoStaria 2012: D. Khoshtaria. Medieval Architectural Design and Building Process According to the Sculptural Im-

ages in Korogo Church, Masons at Work: Architecture and Construction in the Pre-Modern World. Edited by R.

Ousterhout, R. Holod, and L. Haselberger. Center for Ancient Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

https://www.academia.edu/28209208/MEDIEVAL_ARCHITECTURAL_DESIGN_AND_BUILDING_PRO-

– 134 –

lado mirianaSvili

CESS_ACCORDING_TO_THE_SCULPTURAL_IMAGES_IN_KOROGO_CHURCH (nanaxia: 20/05/2021).

xundaZe 2014: T. xundaZe. xuroTmoZRvruli keramikis nimuSebi Sida qarTlis taZrebidan, eleqtro-

nuli Jurnali Ars Georgica, seria b. http://www.georgianart.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=arti-

cle&id=175&Itemid=&ed=15 (nanaxia: 15/03/2021).

jobaZe 1991: v. jobaZe. oSkis taZari, Tbilisi.

sur. 5 kvaisa-jvaris eklesiis

reliefi

sur. 6 orjalaris eklesiis reliefi

sur. 1 qoroRos eklesia da koSki sur. 2 qoroRos eklesiis lavgardanis

reliefuri gamosaxulebebi

sur. 3 wm. ursini burJelis eklesiis timpanis

reliefebi

sur. 4 trapezTan mdgomi figurebi. qoroRos

reliefi

– 135 –

qoroRos reliefebi, rogorc adgilobrivi Temis mier eklesiis agebisa...

sur. 7 wm. grigol RvTismetyveli qadagebis dros. miniatura

sur. 8 yovladwminda RvTismSobeli da qtitori eklesiis modeliT. qoroRos

reliefi

sur. 9 qoroRos eklesiis dasavleTi fasadis sarkmlis zedanze Sesrulebuli warwera

– 136 –

lado mirianaSvili

sur. 10 qoroRos eklesiis karibWis

svetisTavis reliefi

sur. 11 karibWis svetisTavis reliefis

fragmenti da eklesiis gegma

sur. 12 Sepiakis eklesiis reliefi

(X s.)

sur. 13 fetobanis eklesiis reliefi

(X s.)

THE BAS-RELIEFS OF KOROGO AS PRIMERY HISTORICAL

SOURCES CONFIRMING THE FACT OF JOINT CONSTRUCTION

AND SHARED OWNERSHIP OF THE CHURCH BY LOCAL

COMMUNITY

Lado Mirianashvili

The Korogo church is erected on a mountain slope in Khada Gorge, East Georgia. The church dates to

the turn of the 10th century to the 11th century. The west façade’s cornice is lavishly adorned with bas-reliefs.

In contrast to decorative approach to reliefs, the majority of Korogo bas-reliefs show the workers doing their



others are preparing mortar, etc. Thematically all these images are related to the church construction. Our Lady



individuals near the altar table are shown. All the above images provide a valuable information not only about

the methods used by medieval builders, but they can also be considered a primary historical source for judging

about the social life in the past.

One of the main conclusions reached in the study is that the Kororgo Church was constructed jointly by

ktetorship of the bishop and local community members. It was in joint ownership of the community. This fact



– 137 –

qoroRos reliefebi, rogorc adgilobrivi Temis mier eklesiis agebisa...

10th-11th cc. This fact is not always clear from written sources.

Another image of interest is a sculpture carved on a large rectangular stone that served as a capital of the

church porch column. Later, it was reused in other part of the church. Three individuals – a bearded adult male

and two beardless youth behind him are depicted on the stone. Their left hand is raised in supplication. Despite







by the ktetor. This interpretation is rejected in the article based on the analysis of a number of representations

of church’s patrons with church model in their hands.

The paleographical analysis of the inscription found on the north side of the west façade of the Korogo

Church was performed and a new date – turn of the 10th century to the 11th century, instead of the 12th century,

was suggested.

– 138 –

qarTlis samefos Crdilokavkasiuri

politikis istoriis erTi furceli1

anri bogveraZis naTel xsovnas

gaga SurRaia

CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan urTierToba: masTan damakavSirebel kldekarebze absolutu-

ri kontroli, Crdilokavkasieli tomebis saqarTvelos samefosTan kulturuli daaxloeba,

maTTan megobruli urTierTdamokidebuleba da qarTuli saxelmwifos samsaxurSi maTi Cay-

eneba qarTlis samefos Camoyalibebis dRidan saqarTvelos saWeTmpyrobelTa ekonomikuri,

kulturuli da samxedro politikis prioritetuli mimarTuleba iyo (meliqiSvili 1959:

292-298); (meliqiSvili 1970: 458-462); (SavxeliSvili 1963: 55-76). qarTuli saxelmwifos mes-

veurebs kargad esmodaT, rom sarwmunoebrivad, kulturulad da politikurad ucxo Crdi-

loeT kavkasia maTTvis sabediswero safrTxe iqneboda, qarTul kulturul-strategiul

sivrceSi moqceuli ki did politikur da samxedro resursad iqceoda samxreTidan da aR-

mosavleTidan momavali mtris asalagmavad. amdenad, brZnuli Crdilokavkasiuri politikis

ganxorcieleba maT saqarTvelos warmatebuli saxelmwifoebriobis erT-erTi upirveles

winapirobad esaxebodaT. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi XIV-XV saukuneebis mijnaze Temurlengis

ramdenimewlianma laSqrobebma gawyvita saqarTvelos saukunovani organuli kavSiri Crdi-

loeT kavkasiasTan da saTave daudo Cveni qveynisaTvis CrdiloeTis zurgis sabediswerod

morRvevas (javaxiSvili 1982: 227-228), magram gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom

carizmis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos samxedro aneqsiamde qarTvelma mefeebma yvelaze

garTulebul saerTaSoriso viTarebaSic ki warmatebiT gaarTves Tavi am titanur amocanas.

1801 wlis Semdeg CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi poziciebis TandaTanobiT daTmoba, xolo sabolood

maTze uaris Tqma ideis donezec ki dRes ara mxolod qarTuli saxelmwifos ususuroba-

ze, aramed Cveni mmarTveli klasis politikur sibeceze metyvelebs, ris cocxal mowmobad

postsocialistur saqarTveloSi ucxo Zalis mier provocirebuli fataluri eTnikuri

konfliqtebic gamogvadgeba.

qarTlis samefos aRmosavleTiT mdebare teritoriasTan erTad (berZeniSvili 1964:

241); (musxeliSvili 1977: 216-218); (musxeliSvili 2004: 165-166); (SurRaia 2018: 256-258), Crdi-

loeT kavkasiaze kontroli erT-erTi umTavresi prioriteti iyo Zveli qarTlis udide-

si mefis, vaxtang I gorgaslis sagareo politikaSic, romelic iseve, rogorc V

saukunis meore naxevris kavkasiis am erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli politikuri da samxe-

dro moRvawis cxovrebasTan da moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli sakiTxebi, mema-

tianeTa sityvaZvirobisa, Tu imdroindeli msoflios istoriaSi Cveni mwiri codnis gamo

dRemde naklebad Seswavlili rCeba. es Seexeba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi vaxtangis laSqrobasac.

1. „ovsTa spaTa uricxvTa“ Semoseva qarTlSi

juanSeri afiqsirebs qarTlSi „ovsTa spaTa uricxvTa“ Semosevas, magram ar miuTiTebs,

Tu rodis da saidan gadmovidnen isini CrdiloeT kavkasiidan. maT „motyuenes qarTli Tav-

iTgan mtkurisaT vidre xunanamde,2 da moaoPrnes velni, aramed cixe-qalaqni daurCes, TKnier

kaspisa. xolo kaspi qalaqi Semusres da tyue yves“. gaitaces mefis da, sami wlis mirandux-

ti. ver SeZles kaxeTSi, klarjeTsa da egrisSi SeWra, magram Cavles rani da movakani. bolos

darubandis karis gziT Tavian qveyanaSi dabrundnen. aTi wlis vaxtangma maTTvis winaaRmde-

gobis gaweva ver SeZlo (yauxCiSvili 1955: 145-146).3

am bolo dros daviT musxeliSvilma am Semosevis anarekli, Cveni azriT, mcdarad dain-

axa V saukunis bizantieli istorikosisa da politikuri moRvawis, priske panionelis (daaxl.

410/20 – 472-is Semd.)4 „guTebis istoriis“ me-8 fragmentSi. kerZod, SekiTxvaze, atila spar-

– 139 –

seTSi ra gziT, SeiZleba, SeiWraso, 449 wels dasavleTis komesma da dasavleT romis imper-

atoris, valentiniane III-is (425-455) elCma atilasTan (martindali 1980: 949), romulusma,

ganacxada:

[...] basixi da kursixi,5 skviTTa6 samefo gvaris wevrebi da spaTa uricxvTa mxedarTmTa-

varni, swored isini, vinc SemdgomSi romSi samSvidobo zavis dasadebad Camovidnen, mediis

regionamde mividnen. mogviTxres, am teritoriis gadasalaxavad rogor gadalaxes udab-

noebi da raRac tbac, romelic, romulusis azriT, meotis zRva unda yofiliyo, da TxuT-

metiode dRis Semdeg, romelTa ganmavlobaSi zogierT mTaze gadaiares, mediaSi Sevidnen.

vidre aoxrebdnen da daTareSobdnen im qveyanaSi, sparselTa imdenad mravalricxovani

jari moadgaT, rom maTma isrebma haeri aavso da imaTac, dainaxes ra kars momdgari saSiS-

roeba, ukan daixies, gadaiares mTebi da Tan mciredi nadavlis waReba moaxerxes, romelTa

udidesi nawili medielebisaTvis waerTmiaT. mtris mdevari rom Tavidan aecilebinaT, sxva

gziT dabrundnen ukan: im [adgilis] Semdeg, sadac wyalqveSa kldidan ali amodis,7 kidev

ramdenime dRis gza galies da Sin dabrundnen. ase gaiges, rom skviTTa miwa-wyali didad

ar aris daSorebuli mediisagan (karola 2008: 41); (gamyreliZe, yauxCiSvili 1961: 262-263).

rogorc d. musxeliSvili SeniSnavs, toponim „mediaSi“ romulusi unda gulisxmobdes

ara media-atropatenes, anu samxreT azerbaijans,8 aramed – kavkasiis, CrdiloeT azerbaijans,

xolo gamoTqmaSi £t¡ra ÐdÎv, anu „sxva gza“ moiazreba gza, romelic navTobiT mdidari kaspi-

ispireTis gavliT darubandisken miemarTeba (musxeliSvili 2004: 144-145). pativcemuli mkv-

levari iziarebs zogierTi mecnieris mier basixisa da kursixis laSqrobis daTariRebas 448

wliT (markvarti 1901: 96, 67); (pigulevskaia 2000: 235-236) da varaudobs, rom, daaxloebiT,

zemoxsenebul wels sakuTriv qarTlSi am Semosevas, „SesaZlebelia, alan-osTa didi talRac

Semohyoloda da amitom qarTvelTa mexsierebaSi [igi] ‘ovsTa’ Semosevad SemorCa“ (musxeliS-

vili 2004: 145).

Cveni azriT, basixisa da kursixis laSqrobis identificireba qarTlSi „ovsTa“ Semos-

evasTan garkveul dazustebas moiTxovs.

upirveles yovlisa, mizanSeuwonlad gveCveneba, erTmaneTs SevujeroT priskesa da

juanSeris zemoaRniSnuli cnobebi mxolod im hipoTezis safuZvelze, rom es ori laSqro-

ba, mkvlevris azriT, saerTo marSruts emyareba. vfiqrobT, rom Cvens varauds pativcemu-

li mecnieric iziarebs, radganac ramdenime gverdis Semdeg wers: „[...] ar aris gamoricxuli

juanSeris mier aRwerili ‘ovsTa’ Semoseva hunTa orive (448 da 466 wlebis) samxedro reidebis

erToblivi anarekli iyos“ (musxeliSvili 2004: 194-195). sinamdvileSi, rogorc irkveva, am

ori laSqrobis marSruti sulac ar aris erTi da igive.

kerZod, gavril spiridonis Ze destunisma Tavis droze Semdegnairad moiazra basixisa

da kursixis laSqrobis marSruti: azovis zRvidan wamosulni, 15 dRis Semdeg, romlis dro-

sac, daaxloebiT, 600-750 verss gaivlidnen, darialis xeobis gavliT Semovidnen qarTlSi, sa-

dac sparsTa laSqars gadaawydnen (destunisi 1861: 63-64). marTalia, „ovsTa“ Semosevis dros

– magram, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, ara 448 wels – qarTli, SesaZlebelia, sparselTa garnizo-

nis „dacvis“ qveS yofiliyo, magram, Cveni azriT, Zneli warmosadgenia, hunTa monaTxrobis

berZnuli da romauli samyarosaTvis gasagebi geografiuli terminebiT gadmocemisas ro-

mael priskes qarTlis samefo „iberiis“ nacvlad „mediad“ moexsenebina. amdenad, Cveni az-

riT, am monaTxrobis safuZvelze SeiZleba, mxolod is vivaraudoT, rom basixi da kursixi

pirdapir mediaSi, anu, rogorc amas d. musxeliSvili gulisxmobs, Tanamedrove CrdiloeT

azerbaijanSi SeiWrnen, magram – ara darialis xeobisa da qarTlis gavliT, aramed – kidev

ufro aRmosavleTidan, im xeobiT, romelsac priske samjer moixseniebs rogorc ,Iouroei-

paƒc (karola 2008: 70, 74).

sarwmunod ar gveCveneba arc „ovsTa“ Semosevis daTariReba qarTlSi. marTalia, ro-

mulusma „skviTTa“ (lege hunTa) Semosevis Sesaxeb, daaxloebiT, 449 wels uambo romaelebs

(karola 2008: 15), xolo da basixi da kursixi araerTma mecnierma miiCnia atilas sardlebad,9

magram priskes monaTxrobidan TvalnaTliv Cans, rom romulusi gadmoscems ara mis Tanad-

roul,10 aramed pƒlai (karola 2008: 41), anu „didi xnis winaT“ momxdar movlenebs. swored

amitom specialur literaturaSi basixisa da kursixis winamZRolobiT mowyobili laSqroba

qarTlis samefos Crdilokavkasiuri politikis istoriis erTi furceli

– 140 –

gaga SurRaia

395 wliT TariRdeba (menxen-helfeni 1973: 52)11 da, amdenad, dakavSirebulia atilamde hunTa

yvelaze did SemosevasTan romis imperiaSi.

rogorc vxedavT, istoriuli wyaroebis analizi gamoricxavs, daaxloebiT, 448 wels

alan-ovsTa Semosevas qarTlSi. Tumca, es garemoeba ase TvalnaTliv romc ar yofiliyo

dafiqsirebuli wyaroebSi, vaxtang gorgaslis laSqroba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, romelsac

d. musxeliSvilic 466 wliT aTariRebs (musxeliSvili 2004: 147), xolo juanSeri vaxtangis

mier mowyobil damsjel samxedro operaciad warmogvisaxavs, mainc ver CaiTvleboda 448

wlis Semosevis pasuxad. Zneli warmosadgenia, qarTvel mematianes qarTlis mefis laSqroba

18 wlis winaT momxdari Semosevis pasuxad Seefasebina. rac Seexeba „alan-osTa did talRas“,

Tavis droze anri bogveraZem gamoTqva savsebiT dasabuTebuli Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb,

rom juanSeris TxzulebaSi „osTa“ xseneba karga xnis Semdgomdroindeli redaqtoris Care-

vis Sedegi unda yofiliyo.12 mkvlevris marTebuli SeniSvniT, dRevandel osTa winapari al-

anebi V saukuneSi aRaraviTar angariSgasawev samxedro da politikur Zalas aRar warmoad-

gendnen (bogveraZe 1979: 40).13 amitom dasazustebelia mariam lorTqifaniZis Semdegi SeniSv-

na: „V s.-is Sua wlebSi Crdilo kavkasiis momTabare tomebi, romelTa umravlesobas, rogorc

Cans, osebi Seadgendnen, qarTlSi SemoiWrnen“ (lorTqifaniZe 1998: 88).

juanSeris mier motanil faqtebSi nodar lomourma da a. bogveraZem moiazres hunTa,

anu saragurTa 466 wlis laSqroba mas Semdeg,14 rac isini Tavs daesxnen15 akatirebs – isini ar

unda agverios romaeli istorikosis, iordanes (daaxl. 500-570) mier moxseniebul (junta,

grilone 1991: 17) akacirebSi (markvarti 1903: xxii-xxiii); (heningi 1952: 503)16 – da sxva tomebs

(“ ,Akat©roiv ka¿ ˆlloiv ¦qnesin ¢piq¡menoi“). am faqtebs priske Semdegnairad gadmogvcems:

saragurebma akatirebsa da sxva tomebze Tavdasxmis Semdeg sparselebis winaaRmdeg

gailaSqres. jer kaspiis karebs miadgnen, magram rodesac dainaxes, rom iq sparselTa

garnizoni idga, sxva gzas daadgnen, romliTac iberiaSi mividnen, aaoxres igi da so-

mexTa soflebi[c] moarbies. amdenad, sparselebi, romlebic, didi xania, kidaritebTan

omSi iyvnen Cabmulni, SeaSfoTa am Semosevam; maT elCebi miavlines romaelebTan, ro-

melTac sTxovdnen, an fuli moecaT, an meomrebi [moeSvelebinaT] iuroipaaxis simagris

dasacavad. eubnebodnen, rac araerTxel uTqvamT elCebisaTvis: radgan uSualod Cven

veomebiT barbarosTa tomebs, maT saSualebas ar vaZlevT, Tqven winaaRmdeg ilaSqron

da, amgvarad, romaelTa miwa-wyali uvnebeli rCebao. imaT ki miuges, yovelma meomarma,

romelic sakuTar qveyanas icavs, Tavad unda mixedos sakuTar cixe-simagreebso. [amde-

nad, elCebi] kvlavindeburad uSedegod dabrundnen [TavianT qveyanaSi] (karola 2008: 74);

(gamyreliZe, yauxCiSvili 1961: 259-260).17

gamoTqmaSi ¢p¿ aÂ KaspÀav pÖla, anu „kaspiaze [mdebare] karebSi“, romael istorikoss

ueWvelad mxedvelobaSi unda hqonoda darubandi (inaZe 1948: 24). qarTul istoriul wyaroeb-

Si „zRvis karad“18 cnobil am viwrobs prokopi kesarieli KaspÀa-s, anu „kaspiis“ saxeliT

icnobs da wers: „igi erTaderTi viwrobia, romliTac SesaZlebelia iberiis mTagrexilis

gadalaxva. kacis xeliT gakeTebuli gegoneba, magram sinamdvileSi bunebis qmnilebaa es

frialo zona, savalad friad uvargisi“ (hauri 1905: 45-46). radganac sparselTa garnizons

igi sagangebod gaemagrebina, hunebi iZulebuli gaxdnen, sxva, SedarebiT usafrTxo gza moe-

naxaT ufro dasavleTiT da qarTlsa da persarmenias19 Seesivnen. rogorc nikoloz janaSia

varaudobs, isini unda gadmosuliyvnen ‘Iouroeipa‚c froÖrion, anu cixe-simagre iuroipaaxis

gziT (janaSia 1986: 37); (meliqiSvili 1973: 92), romelic, rogorc Cans, sagangebod ar iyo

gamagrebuli, radgan hunebma warmatebiT gadalaxes igi da sparselebi iZulebuli gaxdnen,

romaelebisaTvis eTxovaT daxmareba mis dasacavad. TavisTavad cxadia, es gamoricxavs zo-

gierTi mkvlevris mier Zvelad da axlad wamoyenebul hipoTezas darubandis xeobasTan misi

identifikaciis Sesaxeb.20

2. iuroipaaxis cixe-simagre

mravalma mecnierma problematuri toponimi ,Iouroeipaƒc, anu iuroipaaxi somxuri ga-

moTqmisiv[i]roY pahak“), anu „iberiis cixe-simagre“ safuZvelze berZnul-

– 141 –

qarTlis samefos Crdilokavkasiuri politikis istoriis erTi furceli

Si gadasul barbarizmad miiCnia (markvarti 1901: 101); (drueni 1895: 143); (Somoni 1973: 689);

(musxeliSvili 2004: 147). rogorc cnobilia, es gamoTqma dadasturebulia agaTangelosis

„somxeTis istoriaSi“, sadac vkiTxulobT

(agaTangelosi 1930: 26),21 anu „gaxsna ra alanTa kari da iberiis cixe-simagre“.

Cveni azriT, SeuZlebelia, igi somxuris kalki iyos sami garemoebis gamo. pirveli,

gaugebaria, ratom unda moexsenebinaT berZen avtorebs qarTlis erT-erTi umTavresi cixe-

simagre somxuri saxelwodebiT, Tanac – ise, rom ver garkveuliyvnen sazRvrulis

anu „cixe-simagre“ mniSvnelobaSi da igi sakuTar saxelad gadaetanaT berZnulad, xolo Sem-

deg kalkad gadaRebuli sintagmis azris sinaTlisaTvis daematebinaT berZnuli sazRvruli

froÖrion, anu „cixe-simagre“. meore, gaugebaria isic, ratom gadavidoda berZnulSi somxuri

xSuli yru emfatikuri Tanxmovanik/ ara misi Sesatyvisi berZnuli fonemiT k /k/, aramed –

napralovani yru fSvinvieriT c /x/. da mesamec, ratom unda gadasuliyo es sityva berZnul-

Si maincdamainc somxuridan, rodesac siriulSi dadasturebulia zustad aseTive forma:

nibergi 1974: 213)?

es enobrivi monacemebi (destunisi 1861: 94); (musxeliSvili 2004: 147)22 aradamajer-

ebels xdis mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom iuroipaaxis cixe-simagre mdinare ivris xeobaSi

(javaxiSvili 1979: 279), anda CrdiloeT kavkasiidan samxreTSi gadmomaval meore saxel-

ganTqmul gzaze,23 darialis xeobaSi (yauxCiSvili 1965: 240); (artamonovi 1962: 63) mdebare-

obda. am ukanasknel mosazrebasTanvea dakavSirebuli hipoTeza kaspiis karebis darialTan

identifikaciis Sesaxeb, romelic damajereblad ar gveCveneba.

saqme isaa, rom 384 wels Temistiosis (daaxl. 317-388) mier naxseneb gamoTqmaSi PÖlai

Kƒspiai, anu „kaspiis karebi“ (Senkli 1971: 218) darubandis nacvlad d. musxeliSvili didi

sifrTxiliT xedavs darials da wers: „ramdenadac aq saubaria erTi mxriv, alanebze, xolo,

meore mxriv, iberebze, eWvi ar aris, rom ‘kaspiis karebi’ darialans gulisxmobs. imdroinde-

li istoriuli situacia, mgonia, gamoricxavs romaelTa darubandSi gasvlas“ (musxeliSvili

2004: 67). simon yauxCiSvilis mosazrebiT, gamoTqmaSi „kaspiis karebi“ priskes Txzulebis 37-e

fragmentSi igulisxmeba dariali, xolo 31-eSi – darubandi (yauxCiSvili 1965: 240-241). sinam-

dvileSi romaeli istorikosi arc 37-e fragmentSi unda moiazrebdes darials, radganac igi

aq mxolod imas ambobs, rom radganac „kaspiaze mdebare karebSi“ sparselTa garnizoni idga,

hunebma „mimarTes sxva gzas“, romelic, pativcemuli mkvlevris azriT, unda iyos dariali.

sxva wyaroebSi, magaliTad, e.w. „pasqalur qronikaSi“ (VII s.-is pirveli naxevari) es gamoTqma

aSkarad niSnavs darubands (dindorfi 1832: 60); (yauxCiSvili 1941: 10). savsebiT marTebulad

SeniSnavda plinius ufrosi (23-79): „[...] Portae Caucasiae [e. i. Dariali – g. S.] magno errore multis

Caspiae dictae [...]“ (rekhemi 1947: 358), anu „[...] mravalni uaRresad SecdomiT uwodeben kavkasi-

is karebs [e. i., darials – g. S.] kaspiisas [...]“ da ramdenime striqonis qvemoT azrs kidev ufro

naTlad ganmartavda: „Corrigendus est in hoc loco error multorum, etiam qui in Armenia res proxime cum

Corbulone gessere. namque hi Caspias appellavere portas Hiberiae quas Caucasias diximus vocari, situsque

depicti et inde missi hoc nomen inscriptum habent“ (rekhemi 1947: 366), anu „am mimarTebiT gasaswore-

belia mravalTa Secdoma, maTic ki, vinc am ukanasknel dros korbulonTan erTad somxeTSi

ioma. maT kaspiisa uwodes iberiis karebs, romlebic, rogorc vTqviT, kavkasiisad iwodeba; es

saxelia miwerili swored imave adgilebidan gamogzavnil rukebzec“.

rodesac 1963 wlis gazafxulze xazarTa dedaqalaq semenderis ZiebaSi lev nikolozis

Ze gumiliovma mdinareebis Tergisa da sulakis datborili delta ixila, ganacxada:

[...] naTeli gaxda, Zveli geografebi „kaspiis karebs“ ratom uwodebdnen darialis xeobas

da ara – darubandis maxloblad kaspiis zRvispira gasasvlels, [da – isic], arabi sardle-

bi xazareTSi SesaWrelad [Tu] ratom irCevdnen uReltexilebze gamaval rTul gzas da

ara – Tergisa da sulakis deltis dablobs, romelic darubandsa da xazareTs Soris mde-

bareobs [...]. im dros, rodesac Tergisa da sulakis napirebi gamagrebuli ar iyo da es bob-

oqari mdinareebi dablobSi miikvlevda gzas, wyaldidobis saSiSroeba ganuzomlad ufro

meti iyo, vidre – Cveni, SedarebiT mSrali [klimatis] pirobebSi. datborili adgilebi

cxenosani jarisTvis gadaulaxav wylis bariers warmoadgens. SeiZleba, mdinaris fonze

gaxvide, magram welamde wyalSi aTeulobiT kilometrs ver gaivli. adamianebi da cxenebi

daiRlebian, daegdebian da muxlamde wyalSic ki daixrCobian. Tavad xazarebs darubandze

– 142 –

gaga SurRaia

Tavdasasxmelad SeeZloT, mSrali sezoni SeerCiaT da, rogorc am adgilebis mkvidrni, ic-

nobdnen gzas, sadac wyali saSiSi ar iyo. ucxoelebi ki wyaldidobas ver gadalaxavdnen.

[amitom] mTebze gadavidnen da amierkavkasiidan [ase] SemoiWrnen, raTa iavareyoT mdidari

qalaqi semenderi, romelic maT qveynis gulSi Sesasvlel gzaze eRobebodaT (gumiliovi

1996: 128).

Cveni azriT, es mosazreba garkveul dazustebas moiTxovs.

jer erTi, Cven mier zemoT moxmobili mxolod ramdenime antikuri avtoris citatebic

naTelyofs, rom yvela ar uwodebda darialis xeobas kaspiis karebs: aseTi mosazrebisa iyo

zogierTi mwerali, xolo sxvebi amas maT Secdomad uTvlidnen. rac Seexeba arabebs, isini

darubands kavkasiis umTavres karad miiCnevdnen. mas  anu „karTa kars“, an mx-

olods, anu „kars“ uwodebdnen (danlopi 1960a: 858), xolo darials – ubralod

s, anu „alanTa kars“ (danlopi 1960b: 860). arabi sardlebi swored darubandis, da ara –

darialis, gziT laSqravdnen xazarTa xakanats ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi (artamonovi

1962: 202-232); (novoselcevi 1990: 101-103). ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, dariali am konte-

qstSi mxolod samjer moixsenieba. pirvelad, rodesac igi 727 wels arabTa sardalma, maslama

ibn abd al maliqma daiWira; meored, rodesac 737 wels arabTa sardali, murvan yru, moma-

vali xalifa murvan II (744-750), xazareTs Seesia rogorc darubandis, aseve darialis gziT;

mesamed – 758 wels xazareTze arabTa laSqrobisas (danlopi 1960b: 860); (artamonovi 1962:

210, 219). maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo murvan yrus laSqroba, xolo misi gadasvla

darialze imiT iyo gamarTlebuli, rom ramdenime wliT adre, 730 wels Tavad xazarebi swored

darialis gziT gadmovidnen amierkavkasiaSi (danlopi 1960b: 860).24 varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom,

agreTve, 724 wels arabi sardali, jarah ibn alah al hakami darialis gziT unda gadasuliyo

xazareTSi (danlopi 1960b: 860)25 im faqts efuZneba, rom man momdevno wels alanebi daxarka,

sxva mxriv, „am laSqrobis detalebi cnobili ar aris“ (artamonovi 1962: 209), magram es argu-

mentad ver gamogvadgeba, radgan, rogorc irkveva, „ovsTa winaprebad miCneul alanebs XVIII

saukunemde [...] saerTod ar ucxovriaT kavkasionis mTavari gasasvlelis midamoebSi (Tergis

xeobaSi) [...]“ (vaSakiZe, TofCiSvili 2021: 76). amdenad, alanTa daxarkva verafers gvetyvis

imis Sesaxeb, Tu wina wels ra gziT ilaSqra arabTa sardalma CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.

meore, l. gumiliovis azriT, darialis gzas arabebi semenderamde (Tanamedrove

Selkovskaia stanicas maxloblad26) misasvlelad irCevdnen, xolo istoriuli wyaroe-

bi mowmobs, rom saamisod aucilebeli ar iyo Tergisa da sulakis deltis dablobis gav-

la. magaliTad, 721/2 wels darubandis CrdiloeTiT mdebare qalaq belenjeris aRebis Sem-

deg, arabTa zemoaRniSnuli sardali, jarahi, aqedan apirebda semenderisaken galaSqrebas

(artamonovi 1962: 208).

da rac yvelaze mTavaria, mesame, l. gumiliovis hipoTezidan is daskvna gamomdinare-

obs, rom Zveli geografebi darialis xeobas „kaspiis karebs“, TiTqos, imitom uwodebdnen,

rom igi kaspiispireTSi SeRwevis saSualebas iZleoda, rac SeuZlebeli iyo Tergisa da su-

lakis deltis dablobis gavliT. magram, gana, kidev ufro ioli ar iqneboda kaspiispireTSi

darubandis gziT SeRweva, radganac, rogorc didi sabWoTa mecnieri naTelyofs (gumiliovi

1996: 61), Cv. w.-aR.-is pirvel saukuneebSi kaspiis zRvis done 2-3 metriT kidev ufro dabali

iyo VIII-IX saukuneebis donesTan SedarebiT?

esec ar iyos, arabebs darialis xeobisaTvis „kaspiis karebi“ romc ewodebinaT da amis-

aTvis raime axsna rom mogveZebna kidec, es ver gamogvadgeboda imis gansamartavad, Tu ratom

uwodebdnen ase darials berZeni da romaeli avtorebi: romaelTa legionebs saerTod ar

ulaSqriaT CrdiloeT kaspiispireTSi, xolo mSvidobian mogzaurebsa da geografebs ar das-

WirdebodaT arc darialis xeobisa da arc Tergisa da sulakis deltis datborili dablo-

bis gavla, radganac saamisod sul iolad isargeblebdnen darubandis gziT, rac darialis

xeobidan, TiTqmis, SeuZlebeli iqneboda. amas TvalnaTliv cxadyofs plinius ufrosi, ro-

melic 63 wels romis imperator neronis (54-68) mier momzadebuli laSqrobis Sesaxeb wers:

„[...] Neronis principis comminatio ad Caspias portas tendere dicebatur, cum peteret illas quae per Hiberiam

in Sermatas tendunt, vix ullo propter oppositos montes aditu ad Caspiam mare“ (rekhemi 1947: 358), anu

„[...] ambobdnen, rom imperator neronis muqara kaspiis karebs Seexeboda. Tuki [laSqari] im

– 143 –

qarTlis samefos Crdilokavkasiuri politikis istoriis erTi furceli

[karebis] mimarTulebiT gaiWreboda, romelic iberiis gavliT sarmatiisaken [anu ruseTis

stepebisaken – g.S.] miemarTeboda, maSin Znelad Tu miaRwevda kaspiis zRvas barierad aRmar-

Tuli mTebis gamo“.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan mxolod is daskvna, SeiZleba, gamovitanoT, rom darialis

xeoba SecdomiT miiCnies „kaspiis karebad“ im antikurma avtorebma, romelTac mTlad naTeli

warmodgena ar hqondaT kavkasiis geografiaze.

vfiqrobT, Cvens varauds iuroipaaxis cixe-simagris lokalizaciaSi darialis xeobi-

sa da darubandis gzis gamoricxvis Taobaze mxars uWers kaspiis karebis Sesaxeb prokopi

kesarieliseuli cnobis (hauri 1905: 45-47); (yauxCiSvili 1965: 45-47) Sedareba ioane lides

(d. 490) cnobebTan (bekeri 1837: 244-246); (yauxCiSvili 1965: 236-239) im cixe-simagreze, ro-

melsac sparselebi patrÀwv, anu „TavianTi winaprebis enaze“ Biraparƒc-s, an Biriparƒc-s

uwodebdnen.27 ioane lide mas \Urkƒnh-sTan (bekeri 1837: 244); (yauxCiSvili 1965: 236), anu

Crdilo-aRmosavleT iranSi, ukidures samxreT-aRmosavleT kaspiispireTSi hirkaniasTan

axlo mdebared miiCnevs da gadmogvcems, rom igi aaSenes sparselebma mas mere, rac ivliane

gandgomilis (361-363) gardacvalebis Semdeg isini da romaelebi ver SeTanxmdnen, Tu rogor

aegoT erTad im adgilebSi cixe-simagre (bekeri 1837: 244-245); (yauxCiSvili 1965: 237). ker-

Zod, igi wers:

[iq], sadac mze lomis qveS [dgas da iqidan] amodis, kavkasionis viwro TavSi, [CrdiloeTis

qarTan], boreasTan28 axlos, kaspiis zRvis gaswvriv kavkasionis mTis Ziridan29 bunebrivad

ganiyofvis, rogorc CvenTvis, ise sparselTa uCumrad, gayvanilia Semosasvleli gza bar-

barosTaTvis,30 romlebic hirkaniis garSemo cxovroben. [...] im ubedurebis Semdeg, [rac]

romaelebs [imperator] ivlianes dros SeemTxvaT, [... romaelebma da sparselebma] moilapa-

rakes, raTa saerTo xarjiT aegoT cixe-simagre xsenebul SemosasvlelTan da CaeyenebinaT

am adgilebSi damxmare Zalebi am gziT SemoWrili barbarosebis mosagerieblad. xolo

radgan romaelebi dasavleTiTa da CrdiloeTiT omebSi iyvnen CaTreulni, sparselebi,

rogorc barbarosTa TavdasxmebTan yvelaze axlos myofni, iZulebulni gaxdnen, aegoT aq

cixe maTgan Tavis dasacavad; mas TavianTi winaprebis enaze viraparaxi uwodes da iq Zalebi

Caayenes [...] (bekeri 1837: 244-245); (yauxCiSvili 1965: 236-237).

ioane lides epoqaSi berZnuli aso-niSani „beta“ gabgerdeboda ara rogorc [b], aramed

rogorc – [v], meore xmovans „a“ an „i“ ki falaur Sedgenil saxelSi ori elementis SemaerTe-

beli uxmovno xmovani unda gadmoeca. amdenad, bizantieli mematianis mier dafiqsirebuli

toponimi, rogorc Cans, warmoiTqmeboda rogorc „viraparax“, an „viriparax“, rogorc es

savsebiT marTebulad ikiTxeba sakvlevi pasaJis s. yauxCiSviliseul TargmanSi (yauxCiSvil i

1965: 237). es toponimi unda exmianebodes ucnobi avtoris mier falaur enaze daweril, magram

xalifa al-mansuris zeobis (754-775) droindeli redaqciiT Semonaxul (markvarti 1931: 5)31

sasanelTa imperiis provinciaTa dedaqalaqebis usaTauro katalogs, romelsac misma pir-

velma gamomcemelma, iozef markvartmaanu „iranis miwa-wylis qalaqebi“

uwoda.

iranis qalaqTa saxelebi TxzulebaSi dajgufebulia oTxi kustis, anu mxaris mixed-

viT, ixsenieba maTi damaarseblebi, mokled motanilia zogierTi mniSvnelovani informacia

da am qalaqebSi momxdari zogierTi mniSvnelovani istoriuli faqti.32 kerZod, nawarmoebis

me-18 striqonSi qalaq yumisze naTqvamia  

dariai 2002: 14), anu „Sapuris Zem, iezdigerdma aaSena igi, Colebis

ajanyebis dros, iberielTa mcveli razmis mxare [?]“.33 falaur gamoTqmaSi  udavod

qarTlis samefo unda igulisxmebodes,34 xolo arsebiT saxelSi pahr – „cixe-simagre“ imis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom falaurad arsebiTi saxeli makkenzi 1986: 64) da misi Sesabam-

isi awmyos Tema nibergi 1974: 148-149) niSnavs „dacvas“, „meTvalyureobas“, xolo

am ukanasknelidan warmomdgari masdari falaur enaze Semonaxul maniqevlur te-

qstebSi aRniSnavs „irgvliv moZraobas“, „wres“, „brunvas“, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT ki –

„mfarvelobas“ (durkin-maisterernsti 2004: 274-275). deivid nail makkenzisa da desmond

durkin-maisterernstisagan gansxvavebiT, henrik samuel nibergi afiqsirebs arsebiT saxel-

sac pahr „mcvelebis“ mniSvnelobiT (nibergi 1974: 148). amdenad, Cveni azriT, ar SevcdebiT,

– 144 –

gaga SurRaia

Tu SesityvebasqarTulad vTargmniT ara sityvasityviT, aramed – rogorc „qarT-

lis“, anu „iberiis cixe-simagres“. am gamoTqmas afiqsirebs h. s. nibergic, Tumca, igi ingli-

surad sityvasityviTve gadaaqvs rogorc „the Gruzinian Guard“, anu „iberieli mcvelebi“ da mas

darubandis cixe-simagris saxelwodebad miiCnevs (nibergi 1974: 213), rogorc Cans, „iranis

miwa-wylis qalaqebis“ gavleniT.

sakvlevi pasaJis me-18 striqoni uaRresad problematuria. qalaqi yumisi, igive parTi-

is Zveli dedaqalaqi hekatomfilosi, anu dRevandeli Sahr-e yumisi mdebareobs dasavleT

xorasanSi, kerZod, semnanis ostanSi, qalaqebs semnansa da damRans Soris (dariai 2002: 40).

amdenad, TavisTavad cxadia, rom ucnobi avtori mogviTxrobs aRmosavleTis kustze (kūst-i

xwarāsān), magram masSi sxva kustebis istoriuli faqtebic Seaqvs. upirveles yovlisa, ro-

gorc savsebiT sworad SeniSna i. markvartma, aq ixsenieba Sapuris Ze iezdigerdi, anu iezdig-

erd I (399-420), magram avtori masSi unda gulisxmobdes vahram V-is (420-438) Zesa da memkvidre

iezdigerd II-s (438-457) (markvarti 1931: 57), romelic 441-453 wlebSi Sua aziaSi hefTalebs

ebrZoda (SurRaia 2018: 154-155, 213) da daamarcxa TeTri hunebis erT-erTi tomi – gurganis

CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi Colebi (markvarti 1931: 57); (qristenseni 1944: 287).35 Cveni azriT,

savsebiT marTebulad miuTiTebs bo utasi, rom eTnonimSi „Colianuunda moiazre-

bodes ara hunTa zemoaRniSnuli tomi, aramed – qalaqi Wora (utasi 1979: 122), romelic qar-

Tul istoriul wyaroebSi cnobilia Coris saxeliT (abulaZe 1963: 22, 24), xolo somxurSi ix-

senieba variantebiTac(„WorCoRaColaYCoraY“) da

(„WoraY“) (eremiani 1963: 76); (hiuseni, salvatiko 2001: 85 / ruka 36 Cveni azriT, b.

utasis hipoTezis sasargeblod metyvelebs ori – lingvisturi da istoriuli monacemi. pir-

veli, falaurSi grafema l gamoiyeneboda rogorc [l], ise [r] Tanxmovani bgerebis gadmosace-

mad (makkenzi 1986: x-xii); amdenad sityvaSeiZleba, wavikiTxoT rogorc eTnominiise

– toponimimeore, cnobilia, rom dasavleT kaspiispireTSi, darubandidan samxreT-aR-

mosavleTiT, kaspiis zRvasa da kavkasionis tots Soris, Tanamedrove azerbaijanis respub-

likis qalaq siazanis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, beS-barmakis, anu adgilobriv mcxovrebelTa

Soris xidir zunjas saxeliT cnobil mTaze,37 iezdigerd II-m marTlac aaSena cixe-simagre

(eremiani 1958: 316).

mosalodneli iyo, anonim avtors es cnobebi Seetana ara aRmosavleTis, aramed sasanel-

Ta imperiis azerbaijanis (kūst-i ādurbādagān)38 kustisadmi miZRvnil nawilSi, magram, rogorc

Cans, swored „Colisa“ da „Coris“ erTmaneTSi aRrevam ganapiroba sakvlevi frazis CarTva

„iranis miwa-wylis qalaqebis“ aRmosavleTis kustSi. imaze, rom me-18 striqonSi saubaria ka-

vkasiisa da ara aRmosavleT iranis realiebze, TvalnaTliv metyvelebs gamoTqmac

(„viropahr“), anu „iberiis cixe-simagre“, romelic udavod unda gulisxmobdes darubands mi-

uxedavad imisa, rom aseTi suraTi aranairad ar asaxavs imdroindel istoriul sinamdviles.

kerZod, sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvarma daruban-

damde mxolod daviT aRmaSeneblis (1089-1125) epoqaSi gadaiwia, rodesac lekeTi saqarTve-

los samefos ymadnafic qveynad iqca (javaxiSvili 1983: 206-207) da es viTareba XIV saukunis

mesame meoTxedamde gagrZelda. am periodSi, Teoriulad SesaZlebelia, darubandi iberiis

cixe-simagred mieCniaT, magram amas ver vityviT XI saukuneze adreul xanaze. isic gamor-

icxulia, rom SeiZleba, saqme gvqondes „iranis miwa-wylis qalaqebSi“ gviandel CanarTTan:

dResdReobiT dadgenilia, rom es Txzuleba asaxavs sasanelTa periodis irans, xolo masSi

mogvianebiT Setanili oTxiode Canamati, aseve, zogierTi toponimis gviandeli daweriloba

VIII saukunis Semdgom periods ar scildeba (utasi 1979: 120); (Cereti 2020: 93). es ase romc

ar yofiliyo, „iranis miwa-wylis qalaqebis“ Tavdapirvel redaqciaSi gamoTqmis

anu „iberiis cixe-simagre“ dafiqsirebis avTenturobis dasamtkiceblad sakmarisi iqneboda

is faqtic, rom amave saxelwodebis cixe-simagris arsebobas imave regionSi adasturebs V-VI

saukuneebis bizantieli mwerali ioane lide, Tumca, sxva sakiTxia, ratom aris igi arasworad

mikuTvnebuli aRmosavleTis kustisadmi.

rogor SeiZleba, avxsnaT wyaroebis urTierTwinaaRmdegobrivi cnobebi?

erTi mxriv, ioane lidesa da „iranis miwa-wylis qalaqebis“ zemoaRniSnuli cnobebis

kritikuli ganxilva TvalnaTliv cxadyofs Semdeg garemoebebs: 1) kavkasiis mTavar wyal-

gamyof qedze namdvilad arsebobda cixe-simagre viroparaxi, romelic 2) kaspiis zRvasTan

– 145 –

qarTlis samefos Crdilokavkasiuri politikis istoriis erTi furceli

axlos mdebareobda da 3) ver iqneboda darubandi. meore mxriv, priske afiqsirebs sparselTa

mier aSenebul analogiuri saxelwodebis cixe-simagre iuroipaaxs da misi siaxlove kaspiis

karebTan mxedvelobidan ar epareba arc mas da arc – ioane lides.39 amdenad, logikuria, vi-

fiqroT, rom iuroipaaxi darialsa da darubands Soris, ufro darubandTan axlos mdebare-

obda, axla ki SevecadoT misi saxelwodebis etimologiis dadgenas.

rogorc cnobilia, kavkasionis or ferdobze araerTi gadasasvleli arsebobda: dva-

leTisa da Tekveris (cxeniswylis auzis Sua welsa da rionis Senakadis, lajanuras xeobas

Soris mdebare teritoria) gzebi (javaxiSvili 1983: 69-70); (belecki 2004: 22), mdinare asas

xeoba, agreTve, mTianeTis, anu mTaTuSeTis, xevsureTisa da xevis CeCneT-inguSeTTan damakav-

Sirebeli qerigosa da qaCus uReltexilebi, da CiRos, amugos, Tebulos, girevisa da huyere-

Cos gza-bilikebi (SavxeliSvili 1972: 49, 51, 55-61); (SavxeliSvili 1980: 30-35).

am garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, Cveni azriT, SeiZleboda, gvevarauda, rom iuroipaax-

is simagre alaznis xeobaSi, darialsa da darubands Soris yofiliyo aSenebuli, pankisis

xeobidan bawaris wylis gadakveTiT sayornis uReltexilamde mimaval gzaze, romelic wi-

flovanis xeobasa da sayornis tyian ferdobs Soris mdinare alazans gadahkveTs,40 an sadme

mimdebare teritoriaze. ioli SesaZlebelia, sadRac am midamoebSi aSenebuli cixe-simagre

iseve moulodnelad wamoimarTos Cven Tvalwin, rogorc – is xazareTi, romelsac saukunee-

bis ganmavlobaSi mSvidad eZina miwisa da zRvis qveS, vidre 1959-1963 wlebSi lev gumiliovma

warmoudgenlad iolad ar aRmoaCina (gumiliovi 1996: 33-36, 41-52, 97-103, 108-109, 126-137).

ratom maincdamainc alazanze? Cveni azriT, berZnuli toponimis „iuroipaaxi“ pirvel

nawilSi unda ireklebodes hidronimi „iori“, Tumca, mdinare iorTan SedarebiT, iuroipaaxi

kidev ufro aRmosavleTiT, alazanze iyo aRmarTuli. rogorc cnobilia, hidronimi „iori“

mdinare mcire alazans aRniSnavda da kaxeTis aRwerisas vaxuSti batoniSvili (1696-1757) am

faqts Semdegnairad xsnida:

xolo ars queyanasa amas Sina udidesni mdinareni alazani da meore mcire alazani anu

iori, romelTa moiges saxelni alonis gamo, aramed iori gaorebisaTKs, vinaYTgan aquT

saxeli erTi – „iora am mdinarem“ (yauxCiSvili 1973: 526).41

yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, Cveni varaudiT, iuroipaaxis cixe-simagris

adgilmdebareoba da saxelwodebis istoria, SeiZleba, ase warmovidginoT:

1. igi sparselebma aaSenes IV saukunis bolos an V saukunis dasawyisSi mdinare alaznis

xeobaSi, romelzedac gadaitanes alaznis erT-erTi Senakadis, ivris saxeli ise, rom /u/

xmovnis saxiT daaviwroves xmovani /o/, romelic qarTul sinamdvileSic viwrovdeba /v/

fonemad hidronimis „iori“ mxolobiTi ricxvis naTesaobiT, moqmedebiT da viTarebiT

brunvebSi. mdinaris qarTul saxels daumates falauri arsebiTi saxeli pahr, anu „cixe-

simagre“ da miiRes Sedgenili arsebiTi saxeli: *Iuro-i-pahr („iuropahr“), rac sparsulad

„ivris cixe-simagres“ niSnavs;

2. zemoaRniSnuli sparsuli toponimi berZnul sinamdvileSi gadavida rogorc ,Iouroe-

ipaƒc („iuroipaax“), rogorc amas afiqsirebs V saukunis 60-ian wlebSi priske: sparsu-

li /h/ berZnulad Caweres rogorc c, romelic ukve am epoqaSi gamoxatavda ara ukana sa-

sismier xSul yru fSvinvier /kh/, aramed – ukana sasismier narnar yru fonemas /x/, xolo

bolokiduri /r/ daikarga;

3. male sparsul sinamdvileSi cixe-simagris saxelis pirveli elementi xelaxla gaazrebul

iqna ara rogorc sparselTaTvis ucxo hidronimi „iori“, aramed – sparsul enaze qarT-

velTa eTnikuri saxelivir“), riTac *Iuro-i-pahr, anu „ivris cixe-simagre“ „qarTvel-

Ta cixe-simagred“ gadaiqca

4. pirvelad am formas VI saukuneSi afiqsirebs bizantieli avtori, ioane lide, rogorc

Biraparƒc („viraparax“), an Biriparƒc-s („viriparax“). amjerad Sedgenili saxelis meore

elementSi /r/ da /h/ fonemebs Soris viTardeba metaTezisi da „hr“ „rh“ xdeba, xolo /h/

berZnulad isev ukana sasismieri narnari yru fonemis /x/ saxiT gadadis: „rx“;

5. es toponimi Tavad sparsul sinamdvileSi dafiqsirebulia SedarebiT gvian, VIII sauku-

nis meore naxevarSi, kerZod, TxzulebaSi „iranis miwa-wylis qalaqebi“. aqvi-

– 146 –

gaga SurRaia

ropahr“), anu „qarTvelTa cixe-simagre“ calsaxad gulisxmobs darubands, rac gviande-

li redaqtoris Carevis Sedegi ki ara, aramed uSualod Txzulebis anonimi avtoriseuli

Secdomaa. sparseli mwerali yurmokvriT icnobs am cixe-simagris saxels, magram icis misi

mniSvneloba Tavis mSobliur enaze da mas aigivebs misTvis yvelaze ufro maxlobel da am

periodSi sparselTaTvis mniSvnelovnad miCneul, sul ramdenime aTeuli wlis winaT maTi

uSualo gavlenis qveS myof darubandTan, magram mas dasavleT xorasanSi mdebare qalaq

yumisTan axlos aTavsebs (sic!);

6. sparseli avtoris moqmedebis Cveneuli axsna kidev ufro damajerebeli xdeba, Tu gaviT-

valiswinebT sam garemoebas. pirveli, „iranis miwa-wylis qalaqebis“ sakvlevi pasaJis me-

18 striqonSi moxseniebuli eTnonimiTeoriulad, SeiZleba, aRniSnavdes or realo-

bas: rogorc qarTlis samefos, ise – CrdiloeT avRaneTSi, antikuri xanis qalaq baqt-

riidan, anu dRes qalaq mazar-i-Sarifidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT 20 kilometrze mdebare

balxidan, samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebare geografiul punqts (heningi 1945: 89); (heningi

1947: 49). meore, uaRresad bundovania „iranis miwa-wylis qalaqebis“ sakvlevi pasaJis

me-18 striqonis sintaqsi, TiTqos, avtors naTeli warmodgena ar hqondes imaze, rasac

gadmogvcems.42 da mesame, sakvlevi pasaJis momdevno striqonebSic igi araerT uzustobas

uSvebs. magaliTad, rogorc b. utasi naTelyofs, me-19 da me-20 striqonebSi igi CamoTv-

lis xosro I anuSirvanis (531-579) mier daarsebul xuT qalaqs da mis mier aSenebul 180

farasangis43 sigrZis kedels imperiis dasavleT nawilSi, arada am striqonebSi saubaria

imperiis aRmosavleT kustze (utasi 1979: 122).

3. hunTa Semoseva qarTlSi da vaxtang gorgaslis

laSqroba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

466 wlis hunTa Semoseva hefTalebis,44 anu TeTr hunTa45 winaaRmdeg sparseTis Sahis,

perozis (459-484), pirveli laSqrobis konteqstSi Tavsdeba, magram, d. musxeliSvilis hipo-

Tezis sawinaaRmdegod, mas ver CavTvliT hunTa sxvadasxva tomis erTobliv gadawyvetile-

bad, dasavleTidanac SeetiaT mtrisaTvis (musxeliSvili 2004: 147). istoria marTlac ic-

nobs 395 wels mcire aziaSi hunebis mier erTi laSqrobis farglebSi uaRresad vrceli ter-

itoriis dalaSqvris faqts (menxen-helfeni 1973: 58),46 magram pativcemuli mecnieri Tavis

hipoTezaSi gulisxmobs Tvisebrivad sxvagvar – koordinirebul da, TiTqmis, ufarToesi

masStabis samxedro sinqronul operacias ukidegano sivrceze: Sua aziidan kavkasiamde. ase-

Ti RonisZiebis ganxorcielebas, Cveni azriT, mxolod saxelmwifo Tu SeZlebda, xolo aseTi

politikuri formaciis arsebobis damtkiceba ver xerxdeba hunTa socialur-politikuri

cxovrebis analizisas. rogorc cnobilia, Teoria momTabare tomebSi feodalizmis arsebo-

bis Sesaxeb (vladimircovi 1934); (fiodorov-davidovi 1973: 12-14)47 Semdgomi kvlevebiT mc-

dari aRmoCnda.48

cxadia, momTabare tomTa gaerTianeba da imperia didad ganirCeva erTmaneTisagan.49

amasTan, momTabare xalxebis imperiis ramdenime tipi arsebobs da gansxvavebuli eTnikuri

saxelebiTac ki aris cnobili (ix., mag., barTa 1988: 165-168), magram yvela maTgans axasiaTebs

erTi fundamenturi Tavisebureba: Sinagani erTobis uqonloba. rogorc rudi pol lindneri

(lindneri 1982: 689-711) naTelyofs, swored Sesabamis socialur da politikur struqtura-

Ta ararsebobis gamo, TviT erTi da imave saerTo winapari tomisagan warmomdgari momTabare

eTnikuri jgufebic ki, romlebic ganuwyveteli migracia-gafarToebis Sedegad uaRresad

vrcel teritoriaze gansaxldnen, veRar axerxebdnen verc erTmaneTis cnobas da verc – imis

gacnobierebas, rom maT erT saerTo socialur-ekonomikur, an politikur formaciaze da-

fuZnebuli kultura hqondaT (lindneri 1982: 696). piriqiT, calkeuli jgufi „aRmoaCenda“

iseT tomobriv genealogias, romelic konkretul politikur mizans upasuxebda (lindneri

1982: 696-697): „daecvaT TavianTi tomis wevrTa pozicia da ukeT warmoesaxaT igi farTo sam-

yaros winaSe“ (lindneri 1982: 699). aseT imperiaTa Seqmna da daSla damokidebuli iyo maTi

samxedro beladis warmateba-warumateblobaze, xolo imperiis saxelwodeba asaxavda im

tomis saxels, romlis garSemoc sxva tomebi iyvnen Semokrebilni maSin, rodesac ukidegano

sivrceSi ganfenili masebi laparakobdnen absoluturad gansxvavebul enebze (barTa 1988:

– 147 –

qarTlis samefos Crdilokavkasiuri politikis istoriis erTi furceli

160) da imperiis daSlisas „[...] maTi didi dampyroblis mier Seqmnili erovnuli an tomobrivi

organizaciis farglebSi agrZelebdnen cxovrebas, romlis wesic Zalian Znelad icvleboda“

(barTa 1988: 159).

rac Seexeba sakuTriv hunebs, aleqsandre natanis Ze bernStamma didi xnis winaT naTe-

lyo, rom socialuri da politikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT isini sulac ar idgnen

maT mier damarcxebul xalxebze maRla (bernStami 1951: 8, 16, 119, 122-123, 130-132).50 piriqiT,

swored am damarcxebuli xalxebis kulturuli zegavlenis, ufro sworad, maTi simdidris

xelSi iolad Cagdebis survilis Sedegad gardaiqmnen hunebi ukve atilas dros momTaba-

re meomrebidan „kaliebad“, romelTa ricxvis zrda uaryofiTad moqmedebda maT samxedro

efeqtianobaze (lindneri 1982: 703-704),51 radganac

mtaceblobas SeuZlia, Zlevamosili gaxados tomi, magram imavdroulad safuZveli Seu-

ryios kidec mis [mdgradobas]. gamoricxuli ar aris, tomi ise warmatebuli aRmoCndes,

rom misma wevrebma dakargon is Tvisebebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad tomis Seqmnas daedo

safuZvlad. am TvalsazrisiT, rac ufro warmatebulia tomi, es miT ufro uwyobs xels mis

daSlas (lindneri 1982: 706).

sabWoTa mecnieri cxadyofda imasac, rom hunebma xeli Seuwyves kacobriobis progress

mxolod im TvalsazrisiT, rom safuZveli Seuryies monaTmflobelur sazogadoebas da mas

feodalur urTierTobaze gadasvlisken ubiZges (bernStami 1951: 17, 163, 216). rogorc oto

jon menxen-helfenis analizidanac Cans, hunebis sazogadoebaSi socialuri ganviTarebis

ararsebobaze metyvelebs maTi ukiduresad SezRuduli socialuri diferenciacia da mon-

aTmflobelobis institutis, TiTqmis, uqonloba (menxen-helfeni 1973: 198-200).52 mxolod

atilas samefoSi daiwyo „[...] hunTa gaerTianebis klasobriv sazogadoebad gardaqmna da, Se-

sabamisad, – saxelmwifo struqturebis Camoyalibeba maTi mmarTveli klasis sasargeblod“

(harmata 1951: 141),53 magram monebis gamoyeneba patriarqaluri sazogadoebis farglebs ver

gascda, ris Sedegadac tomobrivi sazogadoebis daSlisas, socialur-ekonomikuri mdgo-

mareobis TvalsazrisiT, monebi didad aRar gamoirCeodnen gaRaribebuli mwyemsebisagan,

romlebic miwaTmoqmedebad iqcnen da Tavisufleba dakarges (harmata 1952: 302-305). ati-

las gardacvalebasTan erTad misi imperiac daiSala, radganac mas, rogorc nebismier sxva

analogiur, momTabareTa imperias (harmata 1952: 285-286), ar hqonda erToblivi ekonomikuri

sistema da saxelmwifoebrivi organizacia (harmata 1952: 288).54

mravali TvalsazrisiT, klanuri organizaciis kidev ufro konservatiuli (harmata

1952: 304-305) Taviseburebebi SeiniSneba Sua aziis hunebis, hefTalTa (litvinski 1999: 144-147)

socialur da administraciul struqturebSi miuxedavad imisa, rom isini icnobdnen urba-

nuli, samiwaTmoqmedo da momTabareTa ekonomikis formebsa da gamagrebuli qalaqebis ar-

qiteqturul iersaxes (litvinski 1999: 149-151).55

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Cveni azriT, priskes cnobebi asaxavs amierkavkasia-

Si momTabare tomTa erT-erT rigiT Semosevas da exmaureba aRmosavleT sirieli avtoris,

fsevdo-ieSua stilitis († 518) „qronikas“, romlis mixedviTac sparseTis Sahi, perozi fuls

sTxovda romaelebs ara rogorc gadasaxads, aramed – rogorc samarTliani madlierebis

damsaxurebul sazRaurs imisaTvis, rom sparselebma quSanebs gaumarTes omi, riTac maT ro-

maelTa teritoriis dalaSqvris saSualeba ar misces (raiTi 1882: 9/7, § 9). romaelTa uari

sparselTa am moTxovnaze, Cveni azriT, gamoZaxili unda iyos saragurebTan maT SeTanxmeba-

ze, razedac priske mianiSnebs. kerZod, bizantieli istorikosis Tanaxmad, daaxloebiT, 449

mdebare skviTeTSi“, anu CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi, saidanac, daaxloebiT, 463 wels omiT

gamoaZeves saragurebma, romlebic Semdeg sxva xalxebma Seaviwroves da „[...] romaelebTan

movidnen maTgan siyvarulis miRebis surviliT gulanTebulni. imperatorma da misma gare-

mocvamac didi pativiT miiRes isini da saCuqrebiT ukanve gaistumres“ (karola 2008: 69-70).57

Cveni azriT, swored am ambebze unda mianiSnebdes priskes Txzulebis 37-e fragmenti, romel-

Sic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saSualo gvaris aoristis mimReoba ¢piq¡menoi qarTulad unda

niSnavdes „Tavs daesxnen“.

– 148 –

gaga SurRaia

istoriuli wyaroebis mier sxvadasxvagvarad gadmocemuli ambebis a. bogveraZiseu-

li maxvilgonivruli gaazrebis Tanaxmad, romaelTa daxmarebis miRebaze imedgadawurulma

perozma hunTa laSqrobaze pasuxis gasacemad qarTlSi gamoistumra sparseTSi myofi vax-

tang gorgasali qarTlis laSqriT da Tan gamoayola sparsTa razmebi (bogveraZe 1976: 196),

Tumca, pativcemul mecniers mxedvelobidan gamorCa winaaRmdegoba qarTul da romaul wy-

aroTa Soris: Tu juanSeri Semosevasa da mis sapasuxo laSqrobas Soris periods xuTi-eqvsi

wliT gansazRvravs,58 priske panionelis mixedviT, sapasuxo laSqroba imave 466, an 467 wels

moewyo, radganac 467 wels qarTlis mefe ukve egrisSi ibrZoda (ix. SurRaia 2018: 177-191).

Cveni azriT, es Seusabamoba, SeiZleba, gairkves, Tu daveyrdnobiT margit biros (biro

1997: 53-60) hipoTezas, romelic juanSeris cnobebs ukavSirebs VII saukunis somexi is-

torikosis, eRiSes „vardanisa da somexTa omis istoriis“ monacemebs, romlebsac Semdgom,

TiTqmis, sityvasityviT imeorebs X saukunis somexi mematiane, mose kalakantueli. kerZod,

ajanyebul alvanTa mefis dasasjelad, romelmac ormuzd III-sa (457-459) da perozs Soris

taxtisaTvis gaCaRebuli brZoliT isargebla59 da perozis gamefebiT dasadgurebuli mSvi-

dobis Semdgomac ki uars ambobda Sahis samsaxurze, sparselebma „xailindirebis60 qveynidan

didZali simdidre gaitaces, ganaxvnes alanTa kari, Sekrbes hunTa auracxeli jari, mTeli

wlis ganmavlobaSi ebrZodnen alvanTa mefes“ da gaanadgures misi jari (ter-minasiani 1957: 198);

(Tomsoni 1993: 198).61

sparselTa waqezebiT hunTa am Semosevas m. biro aTariRebs perozis gamefebasa da 463

wels alvaneTis samefos gauqmebamde Soris periodiT, anu, ufro zustad, 461-sa da 463 wels

Soris ganvlili droiT (biro 1997: 56, 58-59), magram mas aranairad ar ukavSirebs priskes Tx-

zulebis 37-e fragmentSi aRweril saragurTa Semosevas imis gamo, rom romaeli istorikosi-

sagan gansxvavebiT, juanSeris mixedviT, hunebi sparselebs ar ebrZvian (biro 1997: 55). garda

amisa, mkvlevris azriT,

[...] SeiZleba, sruliad samarTlianad davaskvnaT, rom qarTul wyaroebSi moxseniebuli

laSqroba Seicavs or monacems, romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs, igi eRiSesa da mose ka-

lakantvacis TxzulebebSi aRweril hunTa laSqrobad miviCnioT. pirvelia qronologiu-

ri Tanxvedra, xolo meore – „ovsTa“ Semosevis mimarTuleba (biro 1997: 56).

kerZod, juanSeris mixedviT, „ovsTa“ (lege hunTa) Semoseva win uswrebs bizantiel-

Ta agresias, romlebic afxazeTidan SemoiWrnen da mdinare egriswylis gadmolaxvis Sem-

deg (musxeliSvili 1977: 112), egrisis teritorias cixe-gojamde daeuflnen (yauxCiSvili

1955: 146).62 es laSqroba exmaureba priskes Txzulebis 25-e fragments (karola 2008: 65);

(gamyreliZe, yauxCiSvili 1961: 254) da TariRdeba 460-463 wlebiT (bogveraZe 1976: 192); (biro

1997: 58).63 rac Seexeba juanSeris mier aRweril „ovsTa“ (lege hunTa) mier gavlil marSruts,

isic „[...] savsebiT gvarwmunebs, rom Semosevis umTavresi samizne iyo rani da movakani, anu

kavkasiis albaneTis teritoria“ (biro 1997: 56).

ra, SeiZleba, iTqvas yovelive amis Sesaxeb?

upirveles yovlisa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom eRiSes monaTxrobiT, alvane-

Tis samefos gauqmebas win uZRoda mTeli erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi omi am qveynis winaaRm-

deg,64 hunTa Semoseva alvaneTSi, SeiZleba, 460 wliT daTariRdes. amave dros, Cveni azriT,

juanSeris mier gadmocemuli „ovsTa“ Semoseva imitomac unda miviCnioT hunTa Semosevad,

rom qarTveli mematianis mier aRwerili marSruti zustad emTxveva eRiSes mier aRweril

faqts. kerZod, qarTveli istorikosi aRwers: maT Semosevas CrdiloeT kavkasiidan (Cveni az-

riT, ueWvelad darialis xeobidan), qarTlis darbevas „TaviTgan mtkurisaT vidre xunanam-

de“, kaxeTSi, klarjeTsa da egrisSi SeRwevis SeuZleblobas, ransa da movakanSi SeWrasa da

darubandis gziT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi dabrunebas. miuxedavad amisa, m. biros hipoTezisagan

gansxvavebiT, yovelive es uflebas ar gvaZlevs, hunTa laSqrobis ZiriTad obieqtad alvane-

Ti miviCnioT. etyoba, juanSeri aRwers CrdiloeT kavkasiidan gadmosuli tomebis morig Ta-

reSs, romelsac qarTlis mefem xuTi-eqvsi wlis Semdeg gasca pasuxi.

amrigad, juanSeris mier moxseniebuli laSqroba exmaureba eRiSes monaTxrobs da

TariRdeba 460 wliT, xolo juanSeris mier aRwerili CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi vaxtangis mier

– 149 –

qarTlis samefos Crdilokavkasiuri politikis istoriis erTi furceli

gamarTuli brZola – priskes Txzulebis 37-e fragments da TariRdeba 466 wliT. qarTveli

istorikosi samarTlianad aTavsebs am or movlenas Soris xuT-eqvs wels da miuxedavad imi-

sa, rom sityvas ar Zravs hefTalTa winaaRmdeg vaxtangis pirvel laSqrobaze (ix. SurRaia

2018: 191-193, 195-196, 213), mowmobs, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi qarTlis mefis gankargule-

baSi iyvnen „spani sparsTa nijadni“, anu sparsTa damxmare razmebi (yauxCiSvili 1955: 152).65

juanSeri ase avsebs priskes cnobebs, rodesac ambobs, rom vaxtangma ase dasaja „ovsni“.

daaTvaliera ra muxranisa da xerkis (Tanamedrove saguramosTan axlos mdebare) velze spani

samefosani, aseve, sparselTa razmebi da misi dedis Zmis, alvaneTis marzpanis, varaz-bakuris

mier gamogzavnili Tormeti aTasi mxedari, ganawyo jari, romelsac SeuerTdnen „mefeni

kavkasianni“ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 151, 157),66 anu veinaxTa (qistur-bacburi) tomebis beladebi67

da, savaraudod, CrdiloeT-dasavleTis kavkasiuri daRestnuli tomebis meTaurebic. daria-

lis xeobaSi gadamwyvet brZolaSi vaxtangma am ZalebiT gaanadgura „ovsTa“ jari, gaaTavisu-

fla Tavisi da, da „mefeTa ovsTanTa“ garda, Tavisad daiWira CrdiloeT kavkasiis queyanani,

anu paWanikeTi da jiqeTi (yauxCiSvili 1955: 156-157); (tiroiani 1884: 77-78); (abulaZe 1953:

150-151); (yauxCiSvili 1973: 104).

amasTan dakavSirebiT, aqve oriode sityviT unda SevexoT nuzalis eklesiis leqs-

epitafias „*** (Cven viyaviT cxrani Zmani)“,68 romelSic, rogorc cnobilia, mose janaSvil-

ma pirvelma SeniSna CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi vaxtangis laSqrobis gamoZaxili (janaSvili 1897:

20, 43-44). uSualod nuzalis eklesiasTan SedarebiT, warwera gacilebiT gvian (lolaSvili

1971: 60), rogorc Cans, 1755-1817 wlebs Soris unda iyos Sesrulebuli (lolaSvili 1971: 54);

(ZiZiguri 1974: 297), rodesac aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis dros ganaaxles eklesiis karidan marcx-

ena kedlis qveda nawilSi gamosaxuli Svidi Zmis portretuli freskebi (lolaSvili 1971:

49, 90). XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi igi ukve aRar ikiTxeboda imis gamo, rom, savaraudod,

1823 wels mRvdelma n. samarganovma ise Camofxika gaji, rom waSala „kedelze warwerili os-

bayaTaris leqs-epitafia [...], istoriul pirTa saxeebic, nawilobriv – warwerebic da iqve

adgil-adgil gajic“ moangria.69

miuxedavad imisa, rom naxevari saukunis winaT ivane lolaSvilis mier Sesrulebuli

naSromi „daviT soslanis akldamis saidumloeba“ dRemde saukeTeso gamokvlevad rCeba nu-

zalis eklesiis Sesaxeb, zogierTi mkvlevari dRemde aqtualurad miiCnevs leqs-epitafiis

juanSeris TxzulebasTan kavSirs, ris safuZvelzec undoblobas ucxadebs qarTveli mema-

tianis cnobebs. magaliTad, sxva mkvlevrebze (lolaSvili 1971: 90-91); (ZiZiguri 1974: 293)

dayrdnobiT, vladimer kuznecovi samarTlianad Tvlis foklorul motivad leqs-epita-

fiaSi os-bayaTaris mier „qarTveli batonis“ dis gatacebas, batonis mier mis damarcxebasa

da mdinareSi CaxrCobas, magram mis msgavs epizods juanSeris TxzulebaSic folkloridan

Semosul gadmocemad miiCnevs, rasac ver daveTanxmebiT.

pativcemuli mecnieris umTavresi sabuTi isaa, rom saxeli „baRaTari“ Turquli wa-

moSobisaa da arabul wyaroebSi X saukuneSi, xolo alanur sinamdvileSi VII-IX saukuneebSi

dasturdeba (kuznecovi 1990: 95-96). avtori alanur sinamdvilesTan mimarTebiT ukve dad-

genil WeSmaritebad moixmobs sakuTar gamokvlevas „alaneTis istoriis narkvevebi“, sadac

am mosazrebis gasamtkiceblad motanili aqvs ori istoriuli faqti: IX saukuneSi „qarT-

lis cxovrebaSi“ (mecnieri ar miuTiTebs konkretul Txzulebasa da pasaJs) moxseniebuli

 da alanTa mefe baRaTari, ris istoriul mowmobadac motanilia nu-

zalis eklesiis zemoT citirebuli leqsi-epitafia (kuznecovi 1984: 114) (sic!), romelsac,

rogorc aRvniSneT, mkvlevari folklorul legendad miiCnevs da, cxadia, verc istoriul

sabuTad da verc aTvlis wertilad gamogvadgeba. kuriozia isic, istorikosi undoblobas

ucxadebdes istoriul TxzulebaSi dafiqsirebul faqts imis gamo, rom igi, SeiZleba, gvi-

andeli epoqiT daTariRdes folkloruli, e. i., arasaimedo wyaroebis safuZvelze. arada,

viTareba odnav ufro rTulia.

osur enaSi arsebobs rogorc arsebiTi, ise zedsarTavi saxeli rac niSnavs

„devgmirs“, „bumberazs“, „gmirs“, „gmiruls“, „mamacs“ (gurievi da sxvebi 2015: 299), xolo

harold valter baili miuTiTebda narTebis eposSi dadasturebul epiTetzeanu

„Zlieri“, magram rus mecniers arc es faqtebi mohyavs da verc raime sinaTle Seaqvs osur

sinamdvileSi sakvlevi terminis damkvidrebis istoriaSi. esec ar iyos, cxadia, mecnierulad

– 150 –

gaga SurRaia

ver gavamarTlebT verc imas, qarTul istoriul matianeSi gviandel folklorul inter-

polaciad miviCnioT es saxeli mxolod imis gamo, rom igi aq arabul da alanur wyaroebze

adrea dadasturebuli. piriqiT, alanur sinamdvileSi, vin icis, rodis damowmebuli, magram

juanSeris mier dafiqsirebuli araalanuri saxeli kidev erTi sabuTia imis dasamtkiceb-

lad, rom qarTlSi „ovsTa spaTa uricxvTa“ SemosevasTan uSualod osebsa da maT winaprebad

miCneul alanebs araferi esaqmebodaT.

amasTan, isic unda SevniSnoT, rom saxeli „baRaTari“ aris ara Turquli, aramed – iranu-

li da momdinareobs zedsarTavi saxelidan *bakatura, romelic niSnavs „Zalian Zliers“ (baili

1975: 35); (baili 1985: 26), xolo, rogorc cnobilia, mecnierebi hunTa tomebs umTavresad

iranuli warmoSobisad miiCneven.70 amdenad, juanSeri ki ar gadmogvcems legendas, aramed

piriqiT, mis mier aRwerili istoriuli faqtebi iqca legendad da dRemde legendadve Semor-

Ca rogorc oseTSi (kuznecovi 1990: 94-95); (makalaTia 1942: 22), ise – saqarTveloSi, kerZod,

mTaraWaSi (ZiZiguri 1974: 282). swored amitom gadaiqca juanSeris mixedviT, vaxtangis mier

orTabrZolaSi damarcxebuli falavani „ovsTa“ mTavrad da vaxtangis dis, miranduxtis, gam-

taceblad qarTul da osur zepirsityvierebaSi. sxvaTa Soris, sakiTxis Sesaxeb i. lolaS-

vilisa da SoTa ZiZiguris fundamenturi gamokvlevebis gamosvlamde zaxari nikolozis Ze

vaneevi absoluturad marTebulad werda:

warweris [igulismeba nuzalis eklesiis leqsi-epitafia – g. S.] Sinaarsi momdinareobs

qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebidan da osuri zepiri gadmocemebidan, magram aSkaraa, rom

warweris avtori cudad icnobda rogorc pirvel, aseve meore wyaros da bundovani war-

modgena hqonda warweraSi moxseniebuli pirovnebebis Sesaxeb (vaneevi 1956: 18).71

legendaruli elferiT Seferil cnobaTa miRma, juanSeri udavod gadmogvcems isto-

riul faqtebs.72 rogorc viciT, mematiane hunTa nacvlad „ovsebs“ axsenebs, magram igi mar-

Tali iqneboda maSinac ki, maT nacvlad alanebi rom daesaxelebina. saqme isaa, rom, jer erTi,

berZeni da romaeli istoriografebi hunebad Tvlidnen mcxovreblebs im teritoriisa, ro-

melsac CrdiloeTiT esazRvreboda mdinareebi doni da maniCi, samxreTiT – yubanis sanapiro,

xolo dasavleTiT – azovis zRva,73 anu is teritoria, sadac alanTa mezobeli iranul-sar-

matuli tomebi „ultra paludes Maeoticas glacialem Oceanum“ (saba 2002 98), anu „yinulovani okean-

isa da meotis tbis gadaRma“ saxlobdnen. amave azrisani iyvnen gviandeli antikurobisa da

TviT Sua saukuneebis avtorebic, romelnic kaspiis karebsa da azovis zRvas Soris mdebare

teritorias hunTa samSoblod Tvlidnen (ix., mag., karola 2008: 81); (hauri 1905: 46); (keide-

li 1967: 176-177). magaliTad, 383 wlis pirvel ianvars imperator Teodosi I-is (379-395) sa-

dideblad warmoTqmul panegirikSi Temistiosic axsenebs imdroindel „[...] a×qƒdeia Skuqik¨

ka¿ tÎlma ‘Alanën ka¿ „pÎnoia Massagetën [...]“ (Senkli 1965: 297), anu „skviTTa Tavxedobas,

alanTa guladobasa da masagetTa ugunurobas“, xolo 384-385 wlebis zamTarSi da 385 wels74

warmoTqvams or sityvas. meore sityvaSi moixseniebs alanTa Semosevas (Senkli 1971: 218), ro-

316), anu „skviTuri ali“.

juanSeris mixedviT, vaxtangma oTx Tves ioma (yauxCiSvili 1955: 157).75 es am cnobis

avTenturobaze metyvelebs da niSnavs, rom saqme exeboda ara mTeli CrdiloeT kavkasiis da-

morCilebas, aramed – darialis xeobisa da misi mimdebare teritoriebis Tavisad daWeras,

rac aucilebeli iyo am strategiuli zonis gakontrolebisaTvis. juanSeris cnobebs mxars

uWers wm. „ninos cxovrebis“ metafrastuli redaqciebi, romelTa cnoba76 juanSeris Txzu-

lebis or xelnawerSic aris dafiqsirebuli, Tumca, ar gvxvdeba „qarTlis cxovrebis“ Semok-

lebul somxur redaqciaSi. am cnobis mixedviT, vaxtangma

[...] daimorCilna ovsni da yivCayni, aman Seqmnna karni igi ovseTisani, romelTa Cuen dari-

anisad uwodT, da aRaSenna mas zeda godolni maRalni da daadginna mcvelad maxlobelni

igi mTeulni,77 da dRendelad dRedmde ara Pel-ewifebis gamoslvad didTa maT naTesavTa

ovsTa da yivCayTa TKnier brZanebisa qarTvelTa mefisa (abulaZe 1971: 48).78

„ovsebTan“ erTad yivCaRTa moxsenieba kidev erTi aSkara anaqronizmia (javaxiSvili

1977: 190); (musxeliSvili 2004: 149)79 da XI saukunis redaqtoris Carevis Sedegi unda iyos, ma-

– 151 –

qarTlis samefos Crdilokavkasiuri politikis istoriis erTi furceli

gram is faqti, rom, juanSeris mixedviT, zemoaRniSnuli gadasasvlelebi vaxtangma „ovsebs“

da ara sparselebs gamohglija xelidan, juanSerisa da priskes cnobebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

saboloo jamSi am gviandel CanamatSi gadmocemuli cnobis avTenturobaze metyvelebs. amas

garda, specialurma gamokvlevebma (gvasalia 1976: 144); (meliqiSvili 1970: 462) cxadyo, rom

SeiZleba, gamarTleba movuZebnoT leonti mrovelis cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom dur ZukTa –

rogorc cnobilia, daudgeneli etimologiis, CeCnursa da inguSurSi ararsebuli es eT-

nonimi, qarTul da arabul istoriul wyaroebSi veinaxur tomebs aRniSnavs80 – morigi Semos-

evis sapa suxod II saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mtris damarcxebisa da damorCilebis Semdeg,

qarTlis mefem, mirian I-ma: „[...] Seabna karni qKtkiriTa, da uwoda saxelad darubal. da dajda

mirvan mcxeTas, mefobda nebierad da uSiSad“ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 28).81

juanSers mxedvelobidan ar rCeba darialis xeobis strategiuli mniSvneloba: samefos

dedaqalaqi, mcxeTa, mdebareobda mtkvrisa da aragvis SesarTavTan, xolo dariali aragvis

xeobis viwro yels ketavda. es kargad mianiSnebda qarTlis mefeTa Zalisxmevas, radac ar

unda dasjdomodaT, TavianTi kontroli daewesebinaT am xeobaze, romelic maRali mTebiT

mowyvetili iyo saqarTvelos teritorias (makalaTia 1942: 23). vaxtangma SeakeTa da gana-

mtkica mirianis mier aSenebuli cixe-simagre, rogorc amas dRes mowmobs mdinare Tergis

marcxena napirze aRmarTuli STambeWdavi cixe-simagre. man iseTi didi STabeWdileba moax-

dina mixeil iuris Ze lermontovzec, rom poetma igi Tavis „demonSi“ aRwera, Tumca, Sec-

domiT Tamaris mier agebulad miiCnia, Tumca, ara Tamar mefisa (1184-1213), aramed – imereTis

dedoflisa XVII saukuneSi (makalaTia 1934: 38-39).

ase gamoiyena vaxtangma CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi salaSqrod 466 wels amierkavkasiaSi

saragurebis Semosevis sapasuxod sparseTis Sahis, perozis, specialuri mandati82 da spars-

Ta spani, riTac man saTave daudo kavkasiaSi sasanelTa batonobis dasrulebas: sparselebs

xelidan gamostaca CrdiloeTidan samxreT kavkasiaSi gadmosasvlelze kontroli da gai-

marga zurgi, saidanac SeZlebda, gadmoeyvana da sparselTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Caeba mokav-

Sire Crdilokavkasieli tomebi. am movlenidan, daaxloebiT, oci wlis Semdeg, 483 wels somex

mokavSireTaTvis miweril baraTSi, mxolod am gadmosasvlelebis baton-patroni SeZleb-

da, dasaxmareblad moxmobil hunTa razmebis misamarTiT exmara gamoTqma   anu

„brZanebis micema“ (ter-mkrtCiani, malxasiani 1904: 132); (kuimjiani 1985: 132); (janaSia 1962: 249).83

am rTuli amocanis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis Semdeg vaxtangs SeeZlo, pretenzia wamoey-

enebina egrisis samefosadmi, sadac mis mier warmoebuli omi specialuri ganxilvis sagania.84

daskvna

amrigad, unda davaskvnaT, rom gamoricxulia, juanSeris mier aRwerili „ovsTa spaTa

uricxvTa“ qarTlSi Semoseva exmaurebodes V saukunis bizantieli istorikosisa da politi-

kuri moRvawis, priske panionelis „guTebis istoriis“ me-8 fragments skviTTa samefo gvaris

wevrebis, basixisa da kursixis mediaSi, anu kavkasiis, CrdiloeT azerbaijanSi laSqrobis Ses-

axeb. juanSeris mier aRwerili „ovsTa“ Semoseva qarTlSi gamoZaxili unda iyos CrdiloeT

kavkasiidan hunTa 460 wels gadmosvlisa, rac asaxulia VII saukunis somexi istorikosis,

eRiSes „vardanisa da somexTa omis istoriaSi“, sadac naTqvamia, rom ajanyebuli alvanTa me-

fis dasasjelad sparselebma „ganaxvnes alanTa kari, Sekrbes hunTa auracxeli jari, mTeli

wlis ganmavlobaSi ebrZodnen alvanTa mefes“ da gaanadgures misi laSqari.

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi vaxtangis mier gamarTuli brZola unda TariRdebodes 466 wliT

da warmoadgendes pasuxs amierkavkasiaSi saragurebis TareSze, romlis drosac, rogorc

priske panionelis Txzulebis 37-e fragmentSia gadmocemuli, maT akatirebsa da sxva tome-

bze Tavdasxmis Semdeg iberia daarbies. priskes cnobebi asaxavs amierkavkasiaSi momTabare

tomTa erT-erT rigiT Semosevas da exmaureba VI saukunis aRmosavleT sirieli avtoris,

fsevdo-ieSua stilitis „qronikas“, sadac istorikosi migvaniSnebs, agreTve, 463 wels ro-

maelebsa da saragurebs Soris dadebul urTierTmegobrobis xelSekrulebaze.

qarTlis imdroindeli proteqtoris, sparseTis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli am Sete-

vis sapasuxod, Sah perozis sagangebo misiiTa da sparselTa sajariso SenaerTebiT qarTl-

Si movlinebulma vaxtangma imave, 466 wels ilaSqra CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da oTxTviani

– 152 –

gaga SurRaia

brZolebis Semdeg mopovebuli warmateba Tavisi samefos sasargeblod gamoiyena. jer erTi,

man amiT sakadrisi pasuxi gasca sparselTa mier alvaneTis mefis dasasjelad eqvsiode wlis

winaT kavkasiaSi gadmoyvanil hunebs, romlebmac qarTlic dalaSqres da mefis da, mirandux-

ti gaitaces. amasTan, rac mTavaria, darialis xeoba vaxtangma sparselebs ki ar gadasca, ar-

amed saTavisod daiWira: xelaxla aRaSena misi winamorbedis, mirian I-is mier agebuli cixe-

simagre da Sig Tavisi garnizoni Caayena, riTac kavkasiaSi sasanelTa batonobis dasasrulis

winapiroba Seqmna. amiT sparselebs aRukveTa kontroli CrdiloeTidan samxreT kavkasiaSi

erT-erT umTavres gadmosasvlel xeobaze da gaimagra zurgi, saidanac SeZlebda, gadmoeyva-

na mokavSire Crdilokavkasieli tomebi sparselTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Casabmelad.

SeniSvnebi

1 winamdebare naSromis ZiriTadi debulebebi moxsenda ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa

da eTnologiis institutis mier 2021 wlis 25-27 ivniss Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

saxelmwifo universitetSi gamarTul simpoziums „kavkasiis kari – saqarTvelos CrdiloeTis

karibWe“. amasTan, vsargeblob SemTxveviT da guliTad madlobas vuxdi Cems megobarsa da ko-

legas, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis direqtors, prof.

giorgi WeiSvils nuzalis eklesiis Sesaxeb bibliografiuli cnobebisa da uaxlesi literatur-

is mowodebisaTvis, aseve, saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTekis biblioTekaTaSo-

risi abonementis ganyofilebis ufross, qalbaton nana xvedelians saqarTveloSi dastambuli

CvenTvis miuwvdomeli publikaciebis aslebis gadmogzavnisaTvis. amave dros, minda, madliere-

biT movixsenio Cemi megobari da kolega, iranuli filologiis aRiarebuli specialisti, romis

saxelmwifo universitetis „la sapiencas“ iranuli filologiis kaTedris profesori, mauro

maji, romelmac Cveni yuradReba miapyro „iranis miwa-wylis qalaqebSi“ dafiqsirebul termins

da uaxlesi bibliografia mogvawoda am sakiTxis garSemo, amasTan, erTgvari aproba-

cia misca Cvens hipoTezas iuroipaaxis cixe-simagris Sesaxeb da Tavisi azri gagviziara ise, rom

arsebiTi SeniSvnebi ar gamouTqvams Cvens mosazrebaze.

2 amave dasaxelebis provinciis centri, qalaqi xunani mtkvris marjvena napirze, mdinare Tauz-

Cais Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda. ix. (WilaSvili 1958: 193-195); (musxeliSvili 1974: 275-

277); (musxeliSvili 1977: 153-159); (berZeniSvili 1979: 23-24).

3 vaxuSti batoniSvili (yauxCiSvili 1973: 101) arafers ambobs maT mier ganvlil gzaze „TaviTgan

mtkurisaT vidre xunanamde“, xolo qvemo qarTlis mkvidris, somexi monofiziti mTargmnelis

mier XII saukunis meore naxevarSi Sesrulebuli (abulaZe 1953: 015-016) mokle somxuri Targmani

(tiroiani 1884: 75); (abulaZe 1953: 145) afiqsirebs am Semosevas, magram arafers ambobs vaxtangis

asakis Sesaxeb.

4 misi pirovnebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb ix. (balduini 1980: 18-61); (jiroti 2003: 243-246); (Sur-

Raia 2018: 50-52).

5 am pirovnebaTa Sesaxeb ix. (martindali 1980: 211, 327-328), xolo maT saxelTa Tavdapirveli for-

misa da etimologiis Sesaxeb – (menxen-helfeni 1973: 404-405).

6 am eTnonimSi igulisxmebian hunebi (ix. destunisi 1861: 19-20), radganac rogorc g. s. destuni-

si (destunisi 1861: 53) varaudobs, isini batonobdnen barbaros xalxebze, romelTac zogadad

skviTebs uwodebdnen miuxedavad imisa, rom isini xÖgkludev g‚r Óntev, anu „WeSmaritad domxali“

iyvnen (karola 2008: 34). am ukanaskneli sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. (destunisi 1861: 53-54).

7 igulisxmeba Tanamedrove qalaq baqos mimdebare teritoria. ix. (destunisi 1861: 65) bibli-

ografiiT.

8 ix., mag., (liCini 2017: 78). mediis istoriuli sazRvrebis Sesaxeb ix. (dandamaevi, medvedskaia).

9 ix., magdestunisi    pigulevskaia

2000: 236).

10 rogorc Cans, amave mosazrebiT atilas xuTi trusted adherents, anu „saimedo TanamebrZolis“ Sesax-

eb msjelobisas ianoS harmata (harmata 1951: 144-146) ar axsenebs basixsa da kursixs.

11 Sdr. (Tomfsoni 1999: 35), romelic zemoaRniSnul laSqrobas aTariRebs „daaxloebiT, 415-420

wlebiT, an – odnav ufro gviani xaniT“. am Semosevis 420-422, an 423-425 wlebiT daTariRebis Ses-

axeb bibliografia ix. (gordoni 2013: 220).

12 naTqvamis sailustraciod sakmarisia, movixmoT analogia priskes Txzulebis 42-e fragmentidan

(karola 2008: 79) (de buri 1883: 115-116, 5961 w.), sadac eTnonimSi „skviTebi“ aSkarad igulisxm-

ebian is hunebi, romlebic TrakiaSi daamarcxa aRmosavleT romis momavalma imperatorma, bas-

iliskma (475-476), riTac saxeli gaiTqva. amave dros, riCard nelson frai werda: „[...] antikuri

– 153 –

qarTlis samefos Crdilokavkasiuri politikis istoriis erTi furceli

avtorebi qristianobis xanaSi isev sayovelTaod xmarobdnen termins ‘skviTi’ stepebis sxva-

dasxva xalxis aRsaniSnavad iseve, rogorc mravali bizantieli avtori osmalebs ‘hunebad’ ixse-

niebda“ (frai 1965: 226).

13 ase, magaliTad, amiane marcelines (saba 2002: 105-106) cnobiT, swored isini aRmoCndnen 370-375

wlebs Soris hunTa moulodneli Setevis pirveli msxverpli (Sotki 2004: 575).

14 ix., mag., (markvarti 1901: 58); (bogveraZe 1976: 196); (bogveraZe 1979: 40-41); (lomouri 1989: 25).

15 rogorc diula moravCiki (moravCiki 1930: 60), Carlz duglas gordoni (gordoni2013: 12),

valter bruno heningi (heningi 1952: 502) da o. j. menxen-helfeni (menxen-helfeni 1973: 437),

Cvenc vTvliT, rom zmnis ¢pitÀqhmi saSualo gvaris aoristis mimReoba ¢piq¡menoi unda niSnavdes

„isini, vinc Seutia“, „isini, vinc Tavs daesxa“ da ara – „isini, vinc vinmes SeuerTda“, rogorc

es tradiciulad miiCneoda; o. j. menxen-helfenis (menxen-helfenis 1973: 437) mier citirebuli

SemTxvevebis garda, ix. (gamyreliZe, yauxCiSvili 1961: 259). i. harmata (harmata 1951: 137-138) sa-

gangebod asxvavebs erTmaneTisagan hunebsa da akatirebs, xolo v. b. heningi (heningi 1952: 502),

piriqiT, maT erTmaneTTan aigivebs da saamisod eyrdnoba eduard artur Tomfsonis (Tomfsoni

1999: 15) argumentebs; amas garda, mkvlevari erTsa da imave xalxad miiCnevs akatirebsa da xaza-

rebs (heningi 1952: 504-507); am hipoTezas iziarebs, agreTve, h. v. baili (baili 1954: 21). a. n. ber-

nStamis (bernStami 1951: 164) azriT, „huni-akatirebi“ „rogorc Cans, xazarebis winaprebi“ unda

iyvnen.

16 Sdr. (markvarti 1932: 208-209), sadac mkvlevari ukve gansxvavebuli azrisaa, magram ix., agreTve,

(menxen-helfeni 1973: 427) da deivid s. poteri (gordoni 2013: 217), romelTa azriT, isini erTi

da igive xalxia. amave azrisaa e. a. Tomfsoni (Tomfsoni 1999: 49, 175), romelic priskes mier gam-

oyenebul eTnonims ,Akat°roi yovelTvis „akacireb“-ad Targmnis. saragurebis Sesaxeb ix. (busa-

li 1950: 216) da (menxen-helfeni 1973: 436-437).

17 ix., agreTve, (qristenseni 1944: 293).

18 ix., mag., „[...] aaSena qalaqi zRvisa karsa da uwoda darubandi, romel iTqmis ‘daPSa kari’ “ (yaux-

CiSvili 1955: 13); (javaxiSvili 1983: 13). sityva „karis“ farTo semantikuri velis Sesaxeb Zvel

qarTul wyaroebSi ix. (javaxiSvili 1983: 15).

19 terminis Sesaxeb ix. (garsoiani 1999: ix).

20 ix., mag., (markvarti 1901: 101); (Somoni 1973: 689), romelic germaneli mecnieris gamokvlevis Se-

degebze dayrdnobiT, gamoTqmasanu „iberiis cixe-simagre“ kaspiis karis „udavod

uZveles saxelad“ miiCnevs (mkvlevari analogiuri azrisaa statiaSic (Somoni 1975: 110)) da (in-

aZe 1996: 63).

21 xeli ver migviwvda mama mxiTaristTa mier veneciaSi masze adre, 1835 welsa da 1862 wels ganxor-

cielebul gamocemebze; ix. (Tomsoni 1995: 91).

22 iuroipaaxis darialTan identifikaciis Sesaxeb Tavisi mosazrebis dasasabuTeblad da i. mark-

vartis mier adre gamoTqmuli SeniSvnis sapasuxod, romlis mixedviTac agaTangelosis fraza

  anu „alanTa kari da qarTlis cixe-simagre“ or gansxvavebul

sinamdviles, Sesabamisad, darialsa da darubands unda gulisxmobdes (markvarti 1901: 101),

d. musxeliSvili (musxeliSvili 2004: 195) gvTavazobs, varianti  anu „alanTa“ Sevas-

woroT rogorc anu „al[v]anTa“, radganac, rogorc cnobilia, somxur wyaroebSi

es ori eTnonimi zogjer erTmaneTSia aRreuli; ix. (janaSia 1962: 130-131, 181); (SurRaia 2018:

132). sinamdvileSi agaTangelosis Txzulebis rogorc pirvel, ise ukanasknel gamocemaSi avto-

riseulad miiCneva sakvlevi frazisagan gansxvavebuli ikiTxvisi

 anu „ganaxvna ra alanTa kari da Coras cixe-simagre“ (ter-mkrtCiani, ka-

naieanci 1909: 36); (Tomsoni 1976: 36); (Tomsoni 2010: 128); (ekaviani 2003: 1316), romelic aseve

gadadis am Txzulebis Tanamedrove ucxour TargmanebSi; ix., mag., (ter-davTiani, arevSatiani

2004: 29). amdenad, naTelia, rom mose xorenelsaviT, romelic saubrobs ninos saganmanaTleb-

lo moRvaweobis Sesaxeb alanTa karamde da kaspiis karamde (abeRiani, haruTiuniani 1913: 234),

agaTangelossac mxedvelobaSi aqvs ori gansxvavebuli sinamdvile. Tumca, avTenturi varianti

ikiTxvisisanu „Coras“ nacvladanu „qarTlisa“ romc yofiliyo, mainc SeiZle-

boda, agaTangelosis problematuri fraza naklebad kategoriulad migveCnia da aRgveqva ara

or gansxvavebul sinamdvileze mimaniSneblad, aramed – dazusteba-CarTulis Semcvelad, rac

aRniSnul sinamdviles ganmartavs ase: „alanTa kari – da, e.i., – cixe-simagre (sc.) iberiisa“.

23 ix., mag., „da iswaves xazarTa ornive ese gzani, romel ars zRKs-kari darubandi da aragKs-kari,

romel ars dariala“ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 12); (javaxiSvili 1983: 15, 69).

24 Sdr. (artamonovi 1962: 211).

25 Sdr. (artamonovi 1962: 209).

26 ix. (gumiliovi 1996: 163-164).

27 ix., agreTve, (gamyreliZe, yauxCiSvili 1961: 260); (yauxCiSvili 1965: 239-241); (destunisi 1861: 89).

– 154 –

gaga SurRaia

28 rogorc cnobilia, horizontis mxareebs Zveli berZnebi oTxi ZiriTadi qaris: jer mxolod

CrdiloeTisa (boreasi) da samxreTis (notosi), xolo Semdeg, maTTan erTad, aRmosavleTisa (ev-

rosi) da dasavleTis (zefiris) mixedviT gansazRvravdnen.

29 dedanSia sityva sfurÎv, romelic aRniSnavs fexis koWs, an raimes yvelaze dabal an ganapira naw-

ils. Tavis TargmanSi s. yauxCiSvils igi qarTulad gadmoaqvs rogorc „quslebi“.

30 dedanSia: „eÁsodov „potel¡sqh barbƒrwn toÊv „gnooum¡noiv «mÊn te ka¿ P¡rsaiv“, sadac zmnis

„gno¡w, anu „ar vici“, „ar vicnob“ saSual-vnebiTi gvaris awmyo drois mimReoba „gnooum¡noiv,

SeiZleba, orgvarad gaviazroT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi igi, SeiZleba, ganvixiloT, rogorc erTg-

vari absoluturi dativusi da, amdenad, mivumarToT Semasmenels „potel¡sqh, anu „gasrulebu-

li, bolomde miyvanili iqna“. ase esmis igi s. yauxCiSvils, romlis TargmanSi vkiTxulobT: „[...]

gakeTebulia – ise rom arc Cven da arc sparselebma ar vicodiT – Semosasvleli gza barbarose-

bisaTvis [...]“ (yauxCiSvili 1965: 236). meore SemTxvevaSi mimReobis micemiTi brunva, SeiZleba,

sintaqsur atraqciad migveCnia da CagveTvala atributad gansazRvrebisa `barbƒrwn~, anu „bar-

barosebisa“. rogorc Cans, ase gaizrebs mas emanuel bekeri da problematur frazas laTinurad

Targmnis, rogorc „introitus patefactus est barbaris, nobis Persisque ignotis“, anu „gaWrilia Semosasvle-

li barbarosTaTvis, romelTac arc Cven vicnobT da arc – sparselebi“ (bekeri 1837: 244). Cvens

TargmanSi SevecadeT, s. yauxCiSvilis msgavsad, zustad dagvecva originalis sintaqsi.

31 Sdr. (dariai 2002: 2, 7).

32 nawarmoebis literaturuli stilis Sesaxeb ix. (Cereti 2020: 93, 80-81).

33 sakvlevi winadadebis Targmanis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT, SeniSvna 42.

34 sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. (heningi 1947: 49).

35 ocdaaTi wliT adre i. markvarti (markvarti 1901: 73) maT Turqul tomad Tvlida. Colebi ix-

seniebian, agreTve, VI saukunis siriul hagiografiul TxzulebaSi, „karxa beT sloxis istoria

da misi martvilni“ (hofmani 1880: 50), romelic eZRvneba beT garmais regionis mTavari qalaq-

is, karxa beT sloxis (arameulad qalaqis saxeli „selevkis saxlis cixe-simagres“ niSnavs), dRes

eraySi, qalaq kirkukTan axlos, qristian mcxovrebTa wamebas iezdigerd II-is zeobaSi, 466 wels.

Txzulebis Sesaxeb ix. (haraki 2011: 242).

36 mari-luiz Somoni (Somoni 1975: 110) mas „kaspiis karTan“, anu darubandTan aigivebs.

37 Turqulad sityva  niSnavs „xuTs“, xolo barmak – „TiTs“. mTas ase imitom uwodeben, rom

konturebi xelis xuT TiTs mogvagonebs. mTis geografiuli koordinatebi ix. (standartuli

saxelebi 1979: 427).

38 rogorc cnobilia, sparselebi CrdiloeTs demonTa regionad Tvlidnen (giseleni 2000: 214);

(giseleni 2001: 12-13). amis gamo Tu danarCen sam kusts saxels qveynis mxareebis mixedviT

uwodebdnen, avi Tvalis Tavidan asacileblad, meoTxes erqva ara kūst-i abaxtar, anu „CrdiloeTis

kusti“, aramed – kūst-i ādurbādagān, anu „azerbaijanis kusti“. rogorc cnobilia, CrdiloeTis

mxare analogiuri SinaarsiT aris aRbeWdili qristianul literaturul tradiciaSic, ris Ses-

axebac ix. (siraZe 1987: 93-95).

39 ix. „[...] toà ,Iouroeipa‚c frourÀou, ¢p¿ tën KaspÀwn keim¡nou pulën [...]“, anu „kaspiis karebTan

mdebare iuroipaaxis cixe-simagrisa“ (karola 2008: 70); (gamyreliZe, yauxCiSvili 1961: 256) da

„[...] ¢n „rc¼ sten¼ toà Kaukƒsou, prÍv borÀan ˆnemon kat‚ t¨n KaspÀan cwrizom¡nwn fÖsei tën toà

Kaukƒsou sfurën [...]“, anu „kavkasionis viwro TavSi, [CrdiloeTis qarTan], boreasTan axlos,

kaspiis zRvis gaswvriv kavkasionis mTis Ziridan bunebrivad ganiyofis“ (bekeri 1837: 244); (yaux-

CiSvili 1965: 236).

40 am gzis detaluri aRwera ix. (SavxeliSvili 1972: 56-57); (SavxeliSvili 1980: 30-31).

41 es rTuli pasaJi savsebiT sworad aqvs gagebuli da frangulad Targmnili mari broses (brose

1842: 289). ix., agreTve, (javaxiSvili 1983: 27).

42 originalis bundovanebam mecnierebs ubiZga, urTierTgansxvavebulad eTargmnaT igi. i. mark-

vartma is inglisurad gadaiRo, rogorc

anu „iezdigerdma, Sapuris

Zem (iezdigerd I-ma), aaSena igi (yumisi) sursaTis maZiebeli Colebis winaaRmdeg, im mxaris (re-

gionis) Zlieri saTvalTvalo punqtis maxloblad“ (markvarti 1931: 12), Turaj dariaim – ro-

gorc „In the reign of Yazdgird, the son of Sabuhr made it during the invasion of the Col, at the boundary of

the Gruznian Guard“, anu „iezdigerdis zeobaSi Sapuris Zem aaSena igi, Colebis Semosevis dros,

iberielTa mcveli razmis sazRvarze“ (dariai 2002: 18), xolo karlo Ceretim – rogorc „In the



of that boundary“, anu „Sapuhran iezdigerdis zeobaSi, man (anu iezdigerdma) aaSena igi, Colebis

Semotevis dros, (rogorc) am sazRvarze iberielTa mcveli razmi“ (Cereti 2020: 83). Cvens Targ-

manSi daculia avtoriseuli inglisuri frazis niuansi: „aaSena... razmi“, romelic gadmoscems

falauri originalis azrobriv bundovanebas. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Cveni 2021 wlis 25

– 155 –

qarTlis samefos Crdilokavkasiuri politikis istoriis erTi furceli

agvistos elbaraTze profesorma mauro majim 30 agvistos gvipasuxa: „T. dariais Targmani ‘at

the boundary of the Gruznian Guard’, anu ‘iberielTa mcveli razmis sazRvarze’ ugulebelyofs sin-

taqs, [radganac] Teoriulad unda yofiliyo: ‘the Gruzian Guard at/of that boundary’, anu ‘iberielTa

mcveli razmi im sazRvarze, an im sazRvrisa’ [?]. Ceretiseuli Targmani ‘to be’, anu ‘yofna’ miznis

garemoebiTi damokidebuli winadadebis Semotanas ki ar emsaxureba, aramed, Cemi azriT, mecn-

ieri amiT migvaniSnebs, rom ‘the Gruznian Guard’, anu ‘iberielTa mcveli razmi’ pirdapiri damate-

ba ‘it’-is predikatia SesityvebaSi ‘built it’, anu ‘aaSena igi’, anu: ‘he built it as the Gruznian Guard’,

anu ‘aaSena igi, rogorc iberielTa mcveli razmi’. sityvisumTavresi mniSvneloba aris ‘mx-

are’, ‘mimarTuleba’, amdenad ar vici, ramdenad gamarTlebulia misi boundary-iT, anu ‘sazRvrad’

Targmna. iseTi STabeWdileba mrCeba, rom CvenTvis saintereso winadadebaSi raRac ar aris Tav-

is adgilas“. am ganmartebis fonze umniSvnelo detalad gveCveneba is, rom i. markvartma Tavis

TargmanSi gamotova sityvaanu „qarTlis“, „iberiis“, xolo T. dariaim da k. Ceretim igi

inglisurad gadaiRes ara rogorc Georgian, aramed – rusizmiT, anu, Sesabamisad, Gruznian (sic!)

da Gruzian, rogorc Cans, h. s. nibergis gavleniT, romelsac, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, es sityva

swored aseTi rusizmiT gadaaqvs inglisurad.

43 sigrZis am sparsuli erTeulis Sesaxeb ix. (gumiliovi 1996: 30-31).

44 am eTnonimis sxvadasxva enaSi dadasturebuli formebis Sesaxeb bibliografia ix. (menxen-helfeni

1959: 230-231). rogorc Cans, hefTalTa saxeli iranul rigobiT ricxviT saxels hapta, anu „Svids“

unda asaxavdes (hausingi 1953: 320-325), miuxedavad imisa, rom X saukunis sparseli istorikosis,

muhamed balamis (gard. 974 w.) mowmobiT, buxarul enaze igi „Zlier kacs“ niSnavda, rac mtkicdeba

saka kotanurSi, sadac es zedsarTavi saxeli „gulads“ niSnavs” (litvinski 1999: 135); ix., agreTve,

(baili 1979: 208). kerZod, balami werda: „buxaris enaze ‘Zala’ gamoiTqmeba rogorc ‘haital’ [...]“

(zotenbergi 1958: 128). VI saukunis, TiTqmis, ucnobi bizantieli avtoris, Teofanes „istoriis“

me-3 fragmentis Tanaxmad, am xalxs es saxeli maTi mefis, efTalanis – berZnulad ,Efqƒlanov; am

sakiTxze ix. (bernStami 1951: 184) – saxelis gamo ewoda (miuleri 1851: 270). dabolos, Tu zogierTi

wyaro, mag., (Seri 1909: 107), magram ix., agreTve, (busali 1950: 230), romelic Tvlis, rom „[...] hef-

Talebi Turqebi iyvnen“ – am eTnonims „Turqis“ sinonimad miiCnevs, al-masudis mixedviT, „hef-

Talebs buxarasa da samaryands Soris mcxovreb sogdelebs uwodeben“ (barbie-de-meinari, pave-

de-kurteili 1962: 231), roman girSmani hefTalTa enas miakuTvnebs „iranul enaTa ojaxs“ „maT

mier moWrili monetebis warwerebis“ safuZvelze (girSmani 1948: 66), xolo o. j. menxen-helfeni

damajereblad amtkicebs, rom hefTalTa mmarTveli birTvi Sedgeboda iranuli da ara Turqu-

li eTnikuri elementebisagan (menxen-helfeni 1959: 229-231); (menxen-helfeni 1957: 280-283).

a. n. bernStamis (bernStami 1951: 190-191) azriT, piriqiT, hefTalebi quSanTagan gadarCeni-

li erT-erTi tomia, romelic jer masaget-alanebs Seerwya, xolo Semdeg – Sua aziis hunur

tomebs, romelTac avtori Turqebad Tvlis (bernStami 1951: 102, 105-108, 113, 131, 144, 166-168,

192-193, 197, 210), romlebmac TavianT TavSi gaTqvifes ruanruanTa konfederaciidan ganadgure-

bas gadarCenili tomebi; amdenad, mkvlevris azriT, hefTalTa saxeli ewoda iranel da Turq

xalxTa am erTobas, romelic sabolood gaTurqebis Semdeg oRuzur tomebs Seeria (bernStami

1951: 197).

45 ase uwodeben hefTalebs prokopi kesarieli, romelic maT danarCen hunTagan ganarCevs TeTri

kaniTa da mkvidr adgilze cxovrebis wesiT (hauri 1905: 10), da Teofane JamTaaRmwereli (de

buri 1883: 122, 5968 w.). induri wyaroebic ganarCeven TeTr da wiTel hunebs (litvinski 1999:

169). amis sapirispirod, i. markvarti (1901: 55) da, mis kvalobaze, arTur qristenseni (1944: 293)

miiCneven, rom gamoTqma „TeTri hunebi“ Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda qionitebs da mxolod mogvi-

anebiT moixseniebdnen am saxeliT hefTalebsac.

46 sazogadod ix., agreTve, (menxen-helfeni 1973: 51-59); (Tomfsoni 1999: 30-32).

47 samecniero literaturisa da imave mimarTulebiT mimavali sxva gamokvlevebisaTvis ix.

(fiodorov-davidovi 1973: 10-11).

48 ix., mag., (tolibekovi 1955: 75-83); (tolibekovi 1959); (markovi 1976); (barTa 1988: 162).

49 (molnari 1949: 82) da Semd. [non vidimus], romelic Sejamebulia gamokvlevaSi (harmata 1952: 284-

285). aseve antal barTa ganarCevs tyiani stepebis mosaxleobas, romelic „[...] gaerTianebuli ar

aris politikuri organizaciis mier (winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, igi samxedro organizaciis iden-

turi iqneboda)“ balaxiani stepebis cxenosani mosaxleobisagan, romelsac, piriqiT, aqvs samxe-

dro organizacia (barTa 1988: 155).

50 daaxloebiT, 376-395 wlebSi (Tomfsoni 1999: 11) hunTa amiane marcelineseuli (saba 2002: 98-101),

Tumca, erTob pirquSi daxasiaTeba barbarosTa zne-Cveulebebis erT-erT yvelaze STambeWdav

aRwerad, SeiZleba, CaiTvalos, romlis Sesaxeb ix. (meTiuzi 2007: 332-342). amave dros, meored

mosvlisadmi miZRvnil Tavis erT-erT homiliaSi efrem asurs (daaxl. 306-373) hunebze gadaaqvs

winaswarmetyvel ezekielis monaTxrobi (ez. 38:1-39:20) magogis zne-Cveulebebis Sesaxeb (viden-

– 156 –

gaga SurRaia

greni 1984: 17-18). mas ar Camouvardeba iordanes TxzulebaSi daculi legenda hunTa Sesaxeb

(junta, grilone 1991: 53-54), romelSic o. j. menxen-helfeni (menxen-helfeni 1945b: 245-251) Zve-

li qristianuli tradiciis gamoZaxils xedavs. hunTa sazogadoebis Sesaxeb kompleqsuri sura-

Tis warmosaxvisa da specialuri bibliografiis moZiebisaTvis ix. (harmata 1952: 282-286), xolo

sxva miTiTebebi ix. (Tomfsoni 1999: 41-42); (bertini 1988: 539-545).

51 dasavlel da aRmosavlel hunTa urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb Zveli diskusiis Sesaxeb ix. erTi

mxriv, (bernStami 1951: 78-80, 117, 122, 138, 144-148, 214), romelic maT erTmaneTTan aigivebs da

Tvlis, rom IV saukuneSi maT dasavleTSi SeaRwies da mravali adgilobrivi eTnikuri elemen-

tic TavianT tomebSi gaTqvifes, xolo, meore mxriv, (menxen-helfeni 1945a: 222-243), romelic

kritikulad ganixilavs am kompleqsur problemas da daaskvnis: a) ar arsebobs araviTari lit-

eraturuli an arqeologiuri sabuTi ukiduresi aRmosavleTidan hunTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb, b)

ar moipoveba araviTari monacemi imis dasamtkiceblad, rom hunebi da xiongnu (hsiung-nu) tomi

erT enaze laparakobdnen, g) hunTa xelovnebis Zeglebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba xiongnuTa xe-

lovnebis nimuSebisagan.

52 ix., agreTve, (bernStami 1951: 53-54) da, sxvadasxva socialur-ekonomikuri urTierTobis Sesabam-

isi monaTa gansxvavebuli kategoriebis kompleqsuri suraTis Sesaxeb – (lencmani 1951: 47-69).

53 ix., agreTve, (harmata 1951: 142, 148-149, 151); (harmata 1952: 285, 292-293, 296-297, 301-302).

54 hunTa socialuri wyobis Sesaxeb ix. (harmata 1952: 288-304).

55 ix., agreTve, zemoT, SeniSvna 45. am arealSi momTabareTa sxvadasxva imperiis erTmaneTTan Sen-

acvlebisa da maTi socialuri struqturis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve, (bernStami 1946: 8, 192) ianoS

harmatas (harmata 1952: 286-287) kritikuli SeniSvnebiT.

56 akatirebis eTnikuri saxelis etimologiisa da maTi eTnikuri kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb diskusii-

saTvis ix. (menxen-helfeni 1973: 427-438).

57 SesaZlebelia, es garemoeba xsnides imasac, Tu ratom dasaxldnen akatirebi kidev ufro Crdi-

loeTiT, ruseTis Sua xazze, VI saukuneSi. iordanes cnobis bundovanebis miuxedavad, romlis

mixedviTac

ex diversis nationibus agregati“ (junta, grilone 1991: 17), anu „okeanis sanapiroze, sadac sami Sesar-

Tavidan mdinare vislas zvirTebi Sedis, cxovroben vidivarebi, romlebic sxvadasxva xalxisgan

Sedgebian“, es naTeli xdeba imis gamo, rom vicnobT aq dasaxelebuli sxva xalxebis geografiul

adgilmdebareobas (destunisi 1861: 59).

58 „ovsTa“ Semosevisas vaxtangi aTi wlis iyo (ix., agreTve, zemoT, SeniSvna 3), CrdiloeT kavkasi-

aSi laSqrobis saqveynod gancxadebisas – TxuTmetisa (yauxCiSvili 1955: 147); (tiroiani 1884:

75); (abulaZe 1953: 146), xolo „ovseTSi“ Sesvlisas – Teqvsmetisa (yauxCiSvili 1955: 151). mokle

somxur TargmanSi es monacemi moTavsebulia vaxtangis mier „ovsi“ falavnis, TarPanis mokvlis

Semdeg mis mier uflisadmi aRvlenili samadlobelo locvis Semdeg; ix. (tiroiani 1884: 77);

(abulaZe 1953: 150).

59 lingu defeni (583-666) Tavis „[Crdiloel] JuTa istoriaSi“ (557-581) sasanelTa samefo karze

memkvidreebze taxtis gadacemis Semdeg rituals gadmoscems. Sahi irCevs Tavis Svilebs Soris

yvelaze goniers da wers mis saxels sabuTze, romelic umkacres saidumlod inaxeba samefo ar-

qivebSi. Sahis gardacvalebisas misi Svilebi da ministrebi erTad xsnian dokuments, masSi aR-

niSnuli Svili Sahi xdeba, xolo danarCeni Svilebi midian maTTvis kuTvnili qveynis regionebis

samarTavad da TavianT sicocxleSi Zmebi erTmaneTs veRarc ki xvdebian. ix. (mileri 1959: 13-14).

60 saubaria hunebis erT-erT tomze (treveri 1959: 214), an hunebze mmarTvel erT-erT klanze

(markvarti 1901: 56), anda – ubralod, kavkasiis erT-erT hunur tomze (Cegledi 1955: 134) non

vidimus, citirebulia naSromSi (biro 1997: 55).

61 ikiTxvisistoponim „xaYlandriq/xaYlandurq“-is Sesaxeb ix. (markvarti 1901: 96,

98) – nacvlad, mose kalankatuelis „alvanTa qveynis istoriis“ araerTi xelnaweri gvTavazobs

ikiTxvissgaspariani 2012: 47), romelSic kamila treveri (treveri 1959: 215) kiTx-

ulobs udavo miTiTebas alvaneTze.

62 igi dafiqsirebulia mokle somxur TargmanSi, magram masSi gamotovebulia adgilis garemoeba,

anu „afxazeTiT“ (tiroiani 1884: 75); (abulaZe 1953: 145).

63 samecniero literaturaSi miRebulia, rom priskes „istoriis“ 25-e da 26-e fragmentebi unda

asaxavdes 455-456 wlebis ambebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, aRmosavleT romis imperiis, magister of-

ciorum-is, evfemiosis elCobis daTariReba 456 wliT – sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. (karola 2008: 65);

(martindali 1980: 424, 906); (balduini 1980: 25) –, xolo kidaritebTan omze miTiTeba movlenis

terminus a quo, anu zeda zRvars 459 wlamde wevs zemoT, rogorc amaze Tavis droze miuTiTeb-

da ivane javaxiSvili (javaxiSvili 1979: 278). a. bogveraZem naTelyo, rom araswori daTariReba

momdinareobs priskes „istoriis“ 26-e fragmentis mcdari gagebidan. kerZod, „roca istoriko-

si aRniSnavs, rom gubazs amas da amas urCevda evfemiosi, romelsac magistrosis Tanamdeboba

– 157 –

qarTlis samefos Crdilokavkasiuri politikis istoriis erTi furceli

eWira, da [...] dasZens: evfemiosi markianes dros ezosmoZRvari [¢pÀtropov] iyoo, igulisxmeba am

kariskacis karieris sxvadasxva periodi. magistrosis Tanamdeboba evfemioss, Cans, eWira mogvi-

anebiT, xolo ezosmoZRvari yofila adre, markianes xanaSi“ (bogveraZe 1976: 192). mogvianebiT,

margit biroc analogiur daskvnamde mivida: „Cemi azriT, markianes xseneba mxolod da mxolod

miTiTebaa konfliqtamdel romelime periodze da ar unda iyos dakavSirebuli uSualod frag-

mentSi gadmocemul movlenasTan. Tu miTiTebas markianes Sesaxeb gavigebT rogorc miniSnebas

imaze, rac adre moxda, maSin veRaravin Seitans eWvs imaSi, rom priskes 25-e, 26-e da 34-e fragmen-

tebi ganekuTvneba calkeul movlenaTa wyebas, romlebic yvela erTi da imave monarqis, leon

I-is, zeobis dros moxda“ (biro 1997: 58). azris sinaTlisaTvis srulad movitanT problemur

[...]“ (karola 2008: 66), anu “[...] urCia evfemiosma, romelsac magistratis Tanamdeboba hqonda;

mas saxeli ganeTqva gamWriaxobiTa da sityvis ZaliT, da markianes mefobisas saqmeTa zedamxed-

veloba moepovebina [...]”.

64 ix. zemoT, SeniSvna 61.

65 mokle somxur TargmanSi es pirdapir ar aris naTqvami, magram aRniSnulia, rom cxenosani

farsman-faxuri aris anu sparsi (tiroiani 1884: 76); (abulaZe 1953: 148) da ramdenime

striqons qvemoT vxvdebiT qarTlis mefes, romelic samSobloSi istumrebs sparselTa sajari-

so SenaerTebs (tiroiani 1884: 78); (abulaZe 1953: 151). vaxuSti batoniSvili afiqsirebs sparsTa

spaTa brZolas alvaneTSi (yauxCiSvili 1973: 104) da farsman-faruxs alvanelad acxadebs (yaux-

CiSvili 1973: 102-103).

66 vaxuSti batoniSvilma araferi icis maT Sesaxeb (yauxCiSvili 1973: 101-104). mokle somxur Targ-

manSi eTnonim „kavkasiani“-is nacvlad ikiTxeba toponimi anu „kavkasia“ pirvelad mx-

olobiTi ricxvis naTesaobiT brunvaSi (tiroiani 1884: 76); (abulaZe 1953: 147), xolo meored

– mravlobiTi ricxvis naTesaobiT brunvaSi (tiroiani 1884: 78); (abulaZe 1953: 151).

67 samecniero literaturaSi iTvleba, rom zedsarTavi saxeli „kavkasiani“ Sua saukuneebis qar-

Tul istoriografiaSi gulisxmobs CrdiloeT kavkasiis centraluri nawilis mcxovreblebs,

romlebic mkveTrad gansxvavdebian osebis, qarTvelebisa da daRestnelebisagan. ix. (gamrekeli

1961: 23); (SavxeliSvili 1963: 36-37).

68 teqstis variantebisa da filologiur-istoriuli analizisaTvis ix. (ZiZiguri 1974: 272-298).

warwerTan dakavSirebuli istoriuli da filologiuri problemebis Sesaxeb diskusiisaTvis

ix., agreTve, (lolaSvili 1971: 37-54); Sdr. (kuznecovi 1990: 50-52, 59, 77-96).

69 amis Sesaxeb ix. (lolaSvili 1971: 92-93).

70 ix. zemoT, SeniSvna 44.

71 ix. (ZiZiguri 1974: 295). analogiuri azrisa iyo am sakiTxze i. lolaSvili (lolaSvili 1971:

43-44, 49, 51).

72 mefis dis gatacebasa da mis gaTavisuflebaSi, romelic cnobil literaturul Temas exmaure-

ba, Cveni azriT, SesaZlebelia, davinaxoT konkretuli aqti, romelic, samwuxarod, arc erT is-

toriul wyaroSi ar aris asaxuli. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, SesaZlebelia, es gataceba iyos ara

mxolod Zaladobis erT-erTi detali „ovsTa“ Semosevisa, aramed – mxareebs Soris erTgvari

SeTanxmebisa: monarqis ojaxis wevris mZevlad micema SeTanxmebis misaRwevad. es kargad xsnis

juanSeris lakoniur, magram zust miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom vaxtangma moilaparaka da saku-

Tari da, miranduxti CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi laSqrobisas ayvanil tyveebze gacvliT gaaTavisuf-

la (yauxCiSvili 1955: 157).

73 amas TvalnaTliv adasturebs klaudios ptolemeusis „geografiis“ (nobe 1996: 168) analizi. igi

antikuri xanis pirveli avtoria, romelic axsenebs eTnonims Coànoi, anu hunebi.

74 Temistiosis sityvaTa daTariRebis Sesaxeb ix. (dagroni 1968: 24, 26).

75 mokle somxur TargmanSi dafiqsirebuli ar aris laSqrobis xangrZlivoba (tiroiani 1884: 77-78);

(abulaZe 1953: 151).

76 aseve, laSa janaSia wm. „ninos cxovrebis“ am cnobas ukavSirebs CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi vaxtangis

laSqrobis juanSeriseul aRweras (janaSia 1962: 144-146), magram mas yovelgvari istoriuli ko-

mentaris gareSe tovebs.

77 terminis „mTeulni“ mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ix. (javaxiSvili 1983: 42).

78 Sdr. (abulaZe 1971: 81); (yauxCiSvili 1955: 156); Sdr., agreTve, (tiroiani 1884: 77); (abulaZe 1953:

150). CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi vaxtangis laSqrobis Sesaxeb folkloruli wyaroebis Sesaxeb ix. (ka-

kabaZe 1959: 17-20).

79 sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve, (goilaZe 1991: 41-42).

80 sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. (gamrekeli 1961); (SavxeliSvili 1963: 37-38). abram SavxeliSvilis (SavxeliS-

vili 1963: 40-41) azriT, igi warmodgeba hidronim durjidan, CaRmis siaxloves mdinare alaznis

– 158 –

gaga SurRaia

marcxena Senakadis saxelidan, sadac, rogorc fiqroben, istoriulad veinaxuri tomebi unda

yofiliyvnen dasaxlebulni.

81 vaxuSti am cnobas Semdegnairad gadmogvcems: „amas queiT ars dariela aragKs aRmosavliT,

kidesa zeda, g~ mefis mirvanis [e. i. mirian I-is – g. S.] mier. Seaba kari da qmna simagre xazarTa

da ovsTaTKs, raTa umisod verRara vidodnen“ (yauxCiSvili 1973: 358). am cnobaSi arsebuli an-

aqronizmebis Sesaxeb ix. (makalaTia 1934: 37).

82 d. musxeliSvili werda: „vaxtang gorgaslis erTguli samsaxuris Sesaxeb SahanSahisadmi

juanSeris azri kargad gamosWvivis sindTa mefesTan mis ‘gabaasebaSi’ (qarTlis cxovreba, 1,

gv. 190-194)“ (musxeliSvili 2004: 195).

83 analogiur Tvalsazriss gamoTqvams, agreTve, d. musxeliSvili (musxeliSvili 2004: 149).

84 sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. (SurRaia 2018: 177-191).

damowmebani

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

ter-minasiani 1957Վասն Վարդանայ եւ հայոց պատերազմին

       



ter-mkrtCiani, kanaieanci 1909Պատմութիւն Հայոց



ter-mkrtCiani, malxasiani 1904Պատմութիւն Հայոց եւ թուղթ առ Վահան Մամիկոնեան,





tiroiani 1884       a. tiroianis redaqciiT],



treveri 1959Очерки по истории и культуре Кавказской Албании IV в. до н. э. – VII в. н. э



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истории

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

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des Morgenlandes, 7:3).

– 164 –

gaga SurRaia

A PAGE FROM THE HISTORY OF THE NORTH CAUCASIAN

POLITICS OF THE KINGDOM OF KARTLI

Gaga Shurgaia





enigmas even after more than 150 years of research. The same can be said about his campaign in the northern



Juansher, a Georgian historian of the eight century, describes an invasion of “countless Ossetian armies”

into Kartli, during which they “captured Kartli from the source of the Kura river until down to Khunani. They

ravaged the valleys, but could not capture the cities, except for Kaspi. So they captured Kaspi and took some



and politician, Priscus of Panion (c. 410/20 – after 472), which appears in the 8th fragment of his History of

Goths. We argue that Juansher’s story of an “Ossetian” invasion of Kartli may have been associated with the

Huns’ movement from the northern Caucasus in 460, which is recounted in the History of Vardan and the

Armenian War by the seventh-century Armenian historian, Yeghishe, who said that the Persians “opened the

Gates of the Alans, gathered an innumerable army of the Huns, fought with the King of Alvans for a year” and

destroyed his army.

We argue that Vakhtang’s war in the northern Caucasus took place in 466 in response to the Saragur raids

in the Transcaucasia. As Priscus says in the 37th fragment of his History, they attacked the Akatirs and other

tribes, and then raided Iberia. Shah Peroz (459-484) sent Vakhtang to Kartli on a special mission and with Per-

sian troops to repel the invaders. Vakhtang campaigned in the northern Caucasus that year and prevailed after



which paved the way to end the Sasanian rule in the Caucasus. In doing so, he prevented the Persians from

gaining control over one of the main passes from the northern to the southern Caucasus and strenghthened the

rear, which helped him to mobilise the allied North Caucasian tribes to resist the Persians.

– 165 –

MODERN NATION WITH DEEP ETHNIC ROOTS:

GEORGIAN IDENTITY OVER THE LONGUE DURÉE

Mariam Chkhartishvili

Introduction.

In the scholarly literature one might come upon the phrase like following: “identity is a narrative” or

another formulation of the same idea: “Identity has a discursive structure”.

Grasping the real meaning of these phrases is crucially important for the adequate understanding studies

devoted to the collective cultural identities.1

The point is that from the very beginning the readers have to be informed about the constructed nature

of identities. The awareness of this fact allows them get to know that human identities are situated in social

practices and do not represent natural givens.

-

lieve in existence of common ancestor, the shared spot of land referred as homeland, common language and

-



members were conscious about the peculiarities of the native community and importance (“special mission”)

of the particular grouping. All of them have to feel solidarity towards co-members. The value system has to

be shared by the majority and the interest in communal well-being should occupy the highest position in the

hierarchy of the collective values.

The chain of principal facts creates identity narrative in which the overall information about the we-

group (its past, present and future, its specialness and uniqueness) is represented. The discourse on common

values, perceptions, collective memories serves as cement for the consolidation of we-groups based on collec-

tive cultural identities.

Some academics think that nations are distinguished from the ethnic communities by availability of own

state; hence they consider territory and political institutions as main markers of the nations, while ethnic com-

munities are viewed as cultural entities. I cannot share above-mentioned opinion as it is not true for all cases.

Nations may lose statehood for a while and this fact cannot entails their momentous destruction. As for the

ethnic communities: they may have states, however, this fact automatically cannot ensure for them achieving

the national level of development.2

The main distinguishing feature of national and ethnic communities is the intensity of a culture’s circula-



the most members of the homogeneous community; in case of ethnic entities circulation of culture is limited to

the part of the society: this is a narrow segment presented by politically dominant classes. The social stratum

enjoying political power, monopolizes culture as well.

The Soviet historians often discussed the issues of national and ethnic communities; however, their

practices were based exclusively upon Marxism as a social theory. According to Marxism not perceptions and

memories, ethnic election myths etc., i.e. subjective factors make groups, but the objective ones play decisive

role in formation of ethnic and national communities. In historiographies of post-Soviet space this situation



-

vestigated. The scientists received great stimulus when after the breakup of the Soviet Union they were given

an opportunity to be acquainted with the western theories on nations and nationalisms.

In Georgian academic environment identity studies have not long history as well, however, the founda-

tion is already laid. Me also have contributed to this process and in this paper, I intend to familiarize the readers

with my experience.

Theory.



intellectual tool, i.e. social theory. Thus, before representation the history of Georgian national identity, a re-

searcher has to elaborate on theory.

– 166 –

The discussion on this subject I would like to begin with my personal story. As a scholar I began work



monuments in order to establish the original text; or investigating particular facts of Georgian history in Late

Antiquity. The practice of this kind did not require much theory. It was possible to operate comfortably within

the frames of Soviet historiography. However, by the end of the century it happened that I got involved in the

research project focused on the self-awareness of Georgians. Just in the process of making this project, became

clear for me that it would be impossible to represent the phenomenon like identity based on theory I have in my

disposal by that time. I mean Marxian sociology. Thus, I was faced by the problem of obtaining the relevant

one.



the relevant information. This book was entitled as Nationalism. It was issued by the Oxford University Press

(Hutchinson & A. D. Smith 1994). It was a reader and compilers and editors of this reader were two British

scholars: Anthony David Smith and John Hutchinson. I have read this book with an animate interest and for





of nation (Meissner 1976: 58-81). As for nationalism we all were taught that it was bourgeoise ideology, that

      



After analyzing in detail all chapters of the above-mentioned reader, I was able to distinguish three3

main positions: primordialist, modernist and ethno-symbolist approaches.

Primordialists treated nations as natural givens, as entities with eternal, and unchangeable essence. In

Soviet Union all historians actually were primoirdialists: Soviet social science was based on essentialist under-

standing of groups in general, and the ethnic communities and nations, in particular. I also shared this position.

However, after being acquainted with all papers of the above-mentioned reader for me became clear that this

was naïve understanding of social groups. As some scholars convincingly put it, actually, primordialism is not

a theory at all, rather a part of nationalist ideology (Coakley 2018). The leaders of nationalist movements are

adherents of this position as far as with primordialism which essentializes groups, it is easier to foster the sense

of belonging, forge in-group solidarity and mobilize masses.4

The modernist understanding of nation was in diametrical opposition to primordialist approach. Accord-

ing to them, nations are modern phenomena, nothing like them existed in pre-modern times. They are imagined

or constructed through deferent media by politically motivated intellectuals. According to modernism even

ethnicity is totally imagined and constructed for the purposes of the modern processes of national consolida-

tions.

This approach also was not “mine”. It could not help me to represent the history of nation with deep

ethnic roots, i.e. history of Georgian nation.

The last one i.e. ethno-symbolism (the editors of the volume were adherents of this position) was some-

how between these two. It also asserted the modern origin of nations and considered them as results of ac-

tivities of cultural elites, however, according to this approach, nations have real ethnic cores and even more:





levels of identity development just with support of culture, more precisely with intensity and limits of its cir-

culation.

I have decided right away that the last one was just that theory which I was looking for. The most at-

tractive feature of ethno-symbolist approach was its moderate character: it was not as naively essentialist as



coincidence with pre -existed ethnic culture, but as the selective reinterpretation of it. Thus, according to eth-

no-symbolism, the intellectuals do construct cultural identity for the native communities, however, they do

not do this voluntary outside the frames of available ethnic basis. The nations are constructs and at the same

time they are real (Smith 1996: 106-107). This assertion allows to trace the association and continuity between

ethnic and national communities.

One more feature which I liked in ethno-symbolist approach was its attitude to nationalism. According

      

mariam CxartiSvili

– 167 –

Tanamedrove eri Rrma eTnikuri fesvebiT: qarTuli identoba LONGUE DURÉE...

should be situated in the cultural one. And nationalist leaders are not always separatist politicians, but the em-

5

Gradually, I became familiar with more and more details about the ethno-symbolism. Under the terms

of exchange agreement between British and Georgian Academies of Sciences I was able to visit twice (2001,

2003) Great Britain, in particular, the London School of Economics and Political Science and meet one of the

principal founders of ethno-symbolism Professor A.D. Smith who in those times worked at this institute. The

exchanging ideas with Professor Smith, attending his seminars allowed me to enrich my research methods.

From 2002 began using Smith’s theory for representing history of Georgian past. In 2004 I have published

my translation of the one of Smith books into Georgian.6 This book was given to me by the eminent Professor



legacy in all post-Soviet space.7

Main Facts.

As far as this paper spans long period of time I will be able to provide a limited number of facts. In

this article I aim to present a general picture of the history of Georgian identity, and do not intend to elaborate

on details. The individual phases of Georgian identity were already concerned and I will refer to the relevant

contributions in case of necessity.

When historians are trying to represent historical processes, they respect chronology and display facts

strictly according to the chronological order. This helps them to show dynamics of the historical occurrences’

developments. However, for the present paper I will not follow this widely accepted practice8 and begin the



identity development; I will continue with displaying facts up to present day and only afterwards give look

back and consider premodern era: adoption of Christianity by Georgian Kingdom of Kartli and its aftermaths

for Georgian community and then epoch of paganism until the very early stages of Georgian we-group’s ex-

istence. This way of designing the paper is explained by my intention from the very beginning to make the

readers familiar with Georgian identity at the moment of its special saliency in the 19th century when premod-

ern ethnic community had been transformed into the modern nation on a ground of newly emerged Georgian

nationalism.9

Georgian nation belongs to that type of nations which did not result directly from the process of modern-

ization, but emerged on a ground of nationalism being inspired by the European idea of nation.

As it is widely accepted the nineteenth century was an epoch of birth of modern nations for European

countries. The European idea of nation was taken by Georgian cultural elite for making national idea and mobi-

lizing the native community. The soil for mobilization of this kind has been prepared already in premodernity,

however, this process had fully developed and came to the point in the 19th century.

Very often the above-mentioned date for the emergence of Georgian nation causes negative attitude of

the common people and also some Georgian historians who know nothing about the modern social theories of

-

tion of Georgia’s pre-modern past.10 This is of course misleading interpretation of the above-presented view.

Georgian cultural elite has created national idea on a basis of selective reinterpretation of the ethnic culture and



nation in the 19th century, we imply creative use of the past and not its neglection.11

Understanding of the phenomenon of collective-cultural identity ahistorically and arguing that it re-

mains unchangeable from ancient times till nowadays, is not academic position. It is shared by common peo-

ple (and some academics) mostly in result of the nationalistic rhetoric. Nationalist leaders almost always are

proponents of primordialist conceptualization of nations as far as this makes for them easier to foster the sense

of belonging in the members of their native communities.

Thus, I think that Georgian national identity is a historical phenomenon and the original given had gone



whole history of Georgian identity, for example in phrases like the following: “Georgian ethnic identity”. The

use one and same term (“Georgian”) for both (pre-modern and modern) cases helps to underline the continuity



       

S. Rapp uses “Kartvelian” for referring Georgians in period before the emergence united Georgian Kingdom

ruled by Bagrations: “in this study, while referring to the political and social enterprises “Georgia” and “Geor-

– 168 –

mariam CxartiSvili

gian”are employed only for the eleventh century and after, while “Kart’li” and Kart’velian” are preferred for

the preceding period“ (Rapp 1997: 3).

“Kartveli” is a self-name of Georgians. Using this term for designating for early period of Georgian

ethnic identity might create an impression that there is no continuation between deferent stages of Georgian

identity.

Georgian national consolidation in the nineteenth century begins with cultural mobilization. In making

of Georgian national narrative was involved Georgian cultural elite. This movement was leaded by the eminent

’s dissemination served

printed media,12 which was reaching the majority of Georgian we-group and through the readership fostered

the sense of national belonging. The Georgian national identity narrative discussed the topics of existential

importance. In particular, it provided answers on question like followings: “Who are we”?, “Who were we”?,

“What is our future”?. It aimed at minimization discrepancies (real or imagined) within the we-group and

maximization sense of Georgian exclusiveness (real or imagined) in face of others.

For the full picture it would be very important to mention how Ilia Tchavchavadze and his co-workers

conceptualized phenomenon of “nation”. Tchavchavadze’s view was ambivalent regarding it: on the one hand,

he considered nation in organicist way, as living being with characteristics of humans, on the other hand, he

ascribed to this concept some civic features as well.

In the 19th century for designating we-groups based on collective cultural identities Georgians began to

use the old Georgian social term eri instead natesavi. The latter was in practice during the entire premodernity.

E. Ranan’s famous essay “What is a Nation?” was translated into Georgian as “What is an Eri?” and not as

“What is a Natesavi”? Both above-mentioned terms natesavi as well as eri designate the collectives, however,

eri the kinship is not necessarily implied as a basic princi-

ple for shaping of group, while natesavi is an exclusively kinship-based community. The reconceptualization

of the nature of in-group bonds indicates the crucial change in designing the national idea: Georgian nation-

al identity had been forging according to the European matrix of nation (Tchkhartishvili 2014: 286-292);

(Chkhartishvili 2014: 202-213).

It would be not out of place to mention here that Tchavchvadze’s view on the essence of nation had

  

ideas from E.Renan as might be supposed. He had published his views much earlier than Renan’s above-men-

tioned essay. Evidently, a common European context had served for both authors as a source. Tchavchavadze

      



Georgian periodical “Iveria” already in 1882, i.e. very soon after French original’s publication. Later on, it was

followed by another Georgian translations and discussions. In Georgian society interest to E.Renan’s essay

and his conceptualization of “nation” has not faded for decades (Chkhartishvili & Mania 2011/2012: 72-89).

Tchavchavadze’s program of national consolidation implied cultural mobilization. Though from the

very beginning he had articulated the ideal of Georgia’s political independence, afterwards he did not un-



authorities before the time. As it seems to me, he thought that the cultural phase of national consolidation had

not been driven to its end yet.

The confrontation concerning the future activities caused the tension between Tchavchavadze and the



Georgia. Finally, in 1918 the fully consolidated Georgian nation created his own state (Democratic Republic

of Georgia) and acquired political armor for the Georgian national identity. This state was based on democratic

principles. In the declaration of independence several clauses were devoted to ethnic and religious minorities

and for their rights in independent Georgia (Chkhartishvili at al. 2015: 75-86).

The importance of this state is enormous in the history of Georgian identity. It could help to develop

its civic features; however, Democratic Republic of Georgia appeared to be very short-lived. It was ruined as

a result of the intervention of Soviet Russia. After this Georgia became part of the Soviet Empire. Within the

empire it is impossible to forge civic features of nation. Soviet national politics was characterized by great

accent on ethnicity (Slezkine 1994: 414-452). This fact made great obstacles for developing civic solidarities

within the “independent” Soviet republics. The above-mentioned policy was especially damaging for multi-

ethnic and multi confessional Georgia. In Georgia the minorities were privileged and encouraged by the Soviet

– 169 –

Tanamedrove eri Rrma eTnikuri fesvebiT: qarTuli identoba LONGUE DURÉE...

central government and infrequently they were the conductors of the policy of the Soviet center. They were not

solidary to Georgians, quite on the contrary: they opposed to the consolidation of the society, demonstratively

did not speak Georgian. Because of this in 1990s the main targets of the rhetoric of the dissident leaders were

ethnic Georgians. Ethnic minorities were not enthusiastic towards the liberation struggle of the titular nation

because they saw diminishing their privileges in emancipation of Georgia from Soviet burdens. In this very



-

ly for ethnic Georgians. This is not true. Gamsakhurdia’s aim was that titular nation i.e. Georgians enjoy equal

13

The Rose Revolution of 2003 marked a new stage in Georgia’s identity development. A new generation

of western-educated politicians came to power. They tried to lead the nation-building process in the framework

of the civic conception of nation and refashion social interrelations according to the principles of open society.

However, the third president of Georgia Michail Saakashvili (2004-2007 and 2008-2013) and his associates



ethno-cultural lines. For Georgians the state matters, however, civic principle for the membership of Georgian

we-group does not operates in full scale, despite the fact that Georgian self-same “Kartveli” morphologically

is a word designating territorial belonging. Thus, alongside with ethnic Georgian it can be successfully used

for ethnically non-Georgian citizens of Georgian state. Interestingly enough that in premodernity “Kartveli”



territorial identity as well. For example, Jews lived in Georgia were called as “Kartveli “while ethnic Geor-

gians alongside with “Kartveli” might be referred as “Kartlosiani”. “Kartlosiani” represents the derivate from

“Kartlos” – the name of the ethnarch of Georgians. Thus, “Kartlosiani” means the progeny of Kartlos. Today



and national identities and do not call themselves “Georgians” (Kartveli”) though many of them have rather

developed loyalty to Georgian state.

Now let us look at the Georgian premodernity and the most crucial fact of this epoch – adoption of

Christianity by the Georgian kingdom of Kartli in early 330s. This very fact is described in the “Life of Saint

Nino”. It is Georgian hagiographical monument of the fourth century devoted to the deed of the Illuminatrix of

Georgians Saint Nino.14 It represents a collection of memories of the Saint Nino and her pupils and co-work-



th century)

-

ever, we have no reason not to trust Leonti Mroveli.

Christianity is a cosmopolitan religion. Its adoption by Georgians meant destruction of the original reli-

gious marker. Thus, conversion was challenging for Georgian identity. The answer to this challenge was given

right away. This was the ideology of Georgian specialness created shortly after the conversion in the middle

of the 4th century. Through this ideology the Georgian political and cultural elites tried to prove electivity of

Georgians as Christians. This ideology is recorded in the above-mentioned hagiographical monument. The

core idea of this ideology is a Robe of Christ. According to the text Georgian Jews had brought this precious



2009: 131-150). The non-Georgian personages of the “Life of Saint Nino” narrate about it. Of course, it is

not an accident. Evidently, the compilers15 intended to show that this fact had assumed the overall recognition

among the other inhabitants of the Christian oikumene, in particular of Greeks and Armenians. The availability

of the Robe in Mtskheta was considered as a sign of the Lord’s special attitude to Georgians.



cultural (imagined) boundaries of Georgianness. Above described ideology of Georgian ethnic specialness

found the peculiar development in the eighth century, Georgian hagiographical monument the “Martyrdom



of Christian oikumene and Georgia as the world’s sacral center. This ambitious claim was predated by some

happenings important from the point of identity studies. I mean Georgian-Armenian ecclesiastical controversy

th century which ended with full scale separation of Georgians and Armenians in

ecclesiastical matters. It is impossible for me now to go deeply in case study of this fact.16 Instead this I will

articulate the main message which comes from this historical happening. Without any doubt the controversy

– 170 –

mariam CxartiSvili

and polemics on the issues of faith was provoked by the identity making processes. Activities of Georgian and

Armenian ecclesiastics as well as lay hierarchs were targeted at making bolder the cultural boundaries between

these two neighboring peoples.

The next epoch to be considered from the point of Georgian identity is 11th -12th centuries. In this period

Georgian state becomes politically very strong: it covers vast territories in the Caucasus extending its frontiers

      

Georgian medieval culture. Georgian artists, architects, writers, scholars were able achieved the highest level

of sophistication. Alongside with advancing culture the Georgian we-group solidarity sentiments become very

salient. Taking into account these facts one can evaluate this period of Georgian identity development as na-

tional stage. We can speak about shaping of pre-modern Georgian nation in 11th-12th centuries (Chkhartishvili

2016a).17

However, the political strength was not long-term. The permanent devastating invasions from outside,



and instead emergence several political unites. However, political fragmentation did not have decisively nega-



common origin; they were involved shared culture and tied with collective memory.

The next stage of Georgian identity development can be associated with 17th -18th cc. It is an epoch when

modernity paves way in Georgian economic and culture. One important indicator of this is commencing print-

ing of books. Language again became important for Georgian identity forging. Georgian erudite Sulkhan-Saba

Orbeliani’s (17th c) explanatory dictionary of the Georgian language is not accident at all, as well as the making

the collections of hagiobiographies by Catholocos Anthon I (18th c). presenting Saints of Georgian Church as

national heroes. The monumental historiographical work “The Description of Georgian Kingdom” by the emi-

nent historian and geographer Vakhushti Bagrationi (18th c) indicates to further developments: Vakhushti’s work

helped to reconceptualize collective past, i.e. revitalize collective memory (Kadagishvili & Chkhartishvil i

2014: 413-421); (Targamadze 2018); (Chkhartishvili 2017: 217-252).

After this what happened I have already described at the very beginning. Now let us look again back, for

this time in pre-Christian Georgia.

The roots of Georgian ethnic community are noticeable already in 15th-14th BC in ancient Colchis with

political center in the western Georgia. Assyrian and Urartian sources of 12th-8th cc provide data on early phase

of Georgian ethnic identity (Chkhartishvili 2013/2014: 207-221). This phase can be associated with later ones

through the community’s self-name (Chkhartishvili 2009c: 61-65); (Chkhartishvili 2016b: 304-325) and language

(Gamkrelidze 2003: 2-3). The Colchian stage of Georgian ethnic identity becomes part of Georgian collective

memory only from 4th-3rd cc when further crystallization of Georgian identity had taken place. This was time

of King Pharnavaz – the founder of the new Georgian state – Kingdom of Kartli with the political center in the

eastern Georgia. The King Pharnavaz initiated a number of reforms favorable for forging Georgian identity. In

particular, he established the new religion – cult of god Armazi intended exclusively for ethnic Georgians; gave

Georgian Asomtavruli.



2021: 101-113). Thus, the Georgian collective memory “switched on”.



Georgian ethnicity formation becomes irreversible.

Concluding Remarks.

In this article my aim was to represent the history of Georgian national identity.

As I have already mentioned, I share the opinion that nations are modern constructs, but some of which

have deep ethnic roots. On the basis of premodern cultural premises, the elite of the we-group creates a national

narrative, i.e. the idea of a nation around which members of a given ethnic community consolidate and through

the process of cultural mobilization, ethnic identity turns into national.

The picture I have represented is as follows: the presence of a Georgian ethnic community can be seen

already in the 15th-14th centuries BC in western Georgia. This community was politically represented by the

ancient Colchian Kingdom. Assyrian and Urartian sources of the 12th and 8th cc BC also give very important

information about the Colchian period of Georgian ethnicity. In the 4th-3rd cc BC, the political center of the

Georgian ethnic community moved from western to eastern Georgia, when the Kingdom of Kartli was founded

by King Pharnavaz. As a result of King Pharnavaz’s fundamental reforms, Georgian ethnicity had been crystalized.

– 171 –

Tanamedrove eri Rrma eTnikuri fesvebiT: qarTuli identoba LONGUE DURÉE...

In the 11th-12th centuries, the development of Georgian identity reached such a level that one can speak

of the formation of a pre-modern Georgian nation. Political fragmentation in subsequent centuries did not en-



the consciousness of a common origin, common culture and strong sense of communal solidarity.

In the 17th-18th centuries the impulses of modernization from Europe reached Georgia and established

th century, the

ideology of Georgian nationalism emerged, and in the second half of the 19th century, as a result of an intensive

ethno-cultural mobilization, a modern Georgian nation was formed. At the end of the second decade of the 20th

century, Georgian identity takes on a political shell: Georgians manage to create a state of the modern type, the

Democratic Republic of Georgia

national identity, despite the fact that it was soon destroyed as a result of the intervention by Soviet Russia.

In the Soviet empire, Georgian identity almost completely lost the civic characteristics acquired during

    Rose

Revolution. Georgian national identity gradually becomes inclusive again.

The development of Georgian national identity continues up to now. Maybe it is indeed “open ended

process, never fully complete”’ (Suny 1993: 11).

Epilogue.

The paper is based on presentation made at the online international conference initiated by the Mat-

eradaran (Mesrop Mashots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts) on July 1, 2021 dedicated to the Professor Hakob



Accordingly, the choice of the presentation’s topic was up to participant. I considered several themes. Finally,

I have decided to present paper on history of Georgian identity over the long period of time (actually historical

panorama) with the purpose to prepare soil for future collaboration with Armenian colleagues (and not only

with them as the conference was international). I could well hope for cooperation, because National Identity

Studies represent the most internationalized and interdisciplinary sphere of academic inquiries.

In the present paper I was able to display limited number of facts and underline only the main stages

of Georgian identity development. However, even this brief historical account can help pinning points for

future comparative studies. As the readers might noticed in several times, I have made the references to the



discrepancies as well) and their close investigation would help to represent not only the particular cases with

due insights, but go deeply in understanding of the phenomenon of national identity, in general.

In my previous contributions I was able to identify a number of topics for comparisons like followings:

perception of homeland, ideologies of ethnic election (Chkhartishvili 2009a: 386-391), terms used for desig-

nating a nation (“eri”, “azg”), conceptualizing others (Chkhartishvili 2009b: 107-125), conceptualizing the

West (Chkhartishvili 2019a: 147-164) etc. These are universal markers of national collective-cultural identi-



Armenian scientists in initiating comparative researches will ensure the best results.

P.S.

This paper was intended to be published in the above-mentioned international conference proceedings.

However, it was rejected shortly after the submissions without any evaluation procedure. I have received the

letter of Vahan Ter-Ghevondian − the director of Materadaran who in behalf of the editorial board explained

non-acceptance of the article by its inconsistency with their subject area, i.e. middle ages.

As I have mentioned above, the subject area and chronology of the presentations was not dened by the

conference organizers; in addition, my paper covers not only modern period, but premodernity as well because

it is about the pre-modern roots of the modern nation. Thus, the declared reason for rejection is not convincing

at all. As I have already mentioned in some cases, I had referred to Armenian experience in order to widen the

context of the representation. For me it is not easy to decide what kind of facts might be problematic for the

editorial board: those reecting history of Georgian identity or those reecting Armenian one? I was specially

invited to participate the conference, I was allowed to present this paper on this topic at the conference, I was

asked to prepare presented paper for publication, even reminded not to miss deadline. After this the paper was

rejected without any argumentation! I do not intend to evaluate the decision of the editorial board. Let’s the

readers decide themselves if the act of this kind can be compatible with academic ethics.

– 172 –

mariam CxartiSvili

Notes

1 The ethnic and national identities belong to this very type.

2 For more details on the issue ethnic communities (ethnies) vs nations see (Smith 2001:10-15).

3 

4 On constructivist conceptualization of nations see (Hebling 2007).

5 For more details see (Smith 2009). The readers can consult many other publications as well, among them

(

6 e. d. smiTi. nacionalizmi. Teoria, ideologia, istoria. Targmani inglisuridan m. CxartiS-

vilisa. qarTuli teqstis redaqtori r. amirejebi-maleni ,qarTuli enis saerTaSoriso centri,

2004 (Chkhartishvili 2004).

7 



8 

begin with early stages. See (Van Lint 2009: 251-278).

9 Nationalism is an ideology of in-group solidarity. The ideologies with similar functions were available in premo-

dernity as well (without solidarity ideologies it is impossible shaping we -groups. In premodernity also Georgians

had solidarity ideologies, for example the ideology of ethnic specialness. However, the ideologies for the modern

epoch are characterized by essentially new content and form of discourse. It is why they are referred by special

term, i.e. “nationalism”.

10 For the critical review of this kind of views see (Chkhartishvili 2020: 187-208).

11 It would be not out of place to mention here that by the analogous problem are confronted the researchers who

    

necessary to provide detail explanation for his constructivist position so that to justify view about the emergence

of Armenian nation in the 19th century. He (as me for Georgian case) underlines deep ethnic roots and premodern

religious-cultural identity of Armenians. The researcher considers the cases of essentialist, organicist conceptual-

ization of Armenian nation among the academics in post-Soviet Armenia as well. See (Panossian 2010: 122-123,

141-142); (Panossian 2006: 13-18); R.G. Suny also is concerned by the primordialism and even gen nationalism

among some Armenian scholars and common people. See (Suny); However, today as far as I was able to grasp the

primordialist view on the emergence of Armenian nation is seriously challenged by new approaches. See (Harutyu-

nyan 2009).

12 See (Chkhartishvili 2012: 188-211); (Chkhartishvili 2012: 426-447); (Chkhartishvili & Mania 2011). In this work

Georgian periodical ‘Iveria” which was issued since late 1870s during the three decades, is analyzed as a source for

describing the history of Georgian national mobilization. The book represents the perceptions of Georgian national

identity markers in all possible fulness. The analogous study though for the shorter period and with the relatively

limited number of evidences was conducted for the Armenian case by M. Bazinyan in her paper “Constructing

a Nation: Identity Markers of Armenians (According to the Mshak Periodical Published during 1872-1892)”,

(Bazinyan 2015: 67-80). The author has investigated the Armenian language periodical “Mshak” issued in Georgia

approximately in the same period as “Iveria”. Both these works (M. Bazinyan and mine) conceptualize nations as



constructivist view of the immanent nature of association between the print media and consolidation of nations in

the modern era. See (Anderson 2006).

 

of national identity; history textbooks also can be used as historical sources. See. (Chkhartishvili at al. 2016)

and compare it with the work which has an analogous focus, though based on Armenian case-study: (Zolyan &

Zakaryan 2008: 785-795).

13 For more details concerning Z. Gamsakhurdia see (Chkhartishvili 2019b: 138-146).

14 

15 

16 It would entails displaying many facts for this there is no place in this paper, however, in case of special interest

the readers can see the most recent publication on the subject: (Aleksidze 2018).

17 For more information about the Georgian history and culture of this period the readers can consult (Khintibidze



– 173 –

Tanamedrove eri Rrma eTnikuri fesvebiT: qarTuli identoba LONGUE DURÉE...

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researchgate.net/publication/324227065_Mtskheta_as_New_Jerusalem_Hierotopy_of_the_life_of_Saint_Nino_

Mtsketa_kak_Novy_Ierusalim_Ierotopiya_Zhitye_Sv_Nino

Tanamedrove eri Rrma eTnikuri fesvebiT:

qarTuli identoba LONGUE DURÉE perspeqtiviT

mariam CxartiSvili

statia efuZneba 2021 wlis 1 ivliss mesrop maSTocis saxelobis Zveli xelnawerebis

institutis _ matenadaranis mier organizebul profesor hakob papazianis xsovnisadmi

miZRvnil onlain saerTaSoriso konferenciaze Cem mier wakiTxul moxsenebas. is gamiznu-

li iyo am konferenciis masalebis krebulisaTvis da gagzavnil iqna kidec konferenciis

organizatorebisaTvis. Tumc maleve miviRe matenadaranis institutis direqtoris vahan

ter-Revondianis werili, romelSic miTiTebuli iyo, rom statia ver daibeWdeba, radgan is

ar Seesabameba maT Tematur fokuss anu ar Seexeba Sua saukuneebs. magram batoni ter-Revon-

dianis mier dasaxelebuli mizezi araa damajerebeli axsna statiis uaryofisaTvis: moxsene-

bebis Tematika da qronologia konferenciis organizatorebis mier ar yofila SezRuduli,

prezentacia uproblemod iqna CarTuli kidec konferenciis programaSi da sakonferencio

wardginebac Sedga. amas garda, winamdebare statia, romelic, rogorc iTqva, xsenebul mox-

senebas efuZneba, exeba ara marto saqarTvelos istoriis axal da uaxles periods, aramed

Sua saukuneebsac da antikur xanasac, ramdenadac misi mizania modernuli qarTuli naciis

Rrma eTnikuri fesvebis Cveneba. qarTul identobaze Cemi sxva naSromebisagan gansxvavebiT

am statiaSi araerT SemTxvevaSi SedarebisaTvis moxmobilia somxuri identobis istoriis

kvlevis gamocdileba. amitom CemTvis gamocanad rCeba realurad ra gaxda konferenciis

organizatorebis mier statiis uaryofis mizezi: qarTuli identobis istoriis is reprez-

entacia, romelic warmodgenilia Cems naSromSi Tu SedarebisaTvis moxmobili magaliTebi

– 176 –

mariam CxartiSvili

somxuri gamocdilebidan. iqneb statiis gacnobis Semdgom mkiTxvelma upasuxos am kiTxvas

da mkiTxvelmave gansajos akademiuri eTikis TvalsazrisiT ramdenad marTebulia saerTaSo-

riso konferenciaze wakiTxul moxsenebaze dafuZnebuli samecniero statiis recenzirebis

gareSe uaryofa.

rogorc saTauric aCvenebs am naSromis mizania warmoaCinos qarTuli erovnuli iden-

tobis formireba rogorc xangrZlivi procesi. avtori iziarebs da eyrdnoba mosazrebas,

rom erebi Tanamedrove konstruqtebia, Tumc zogierT maTgans Rrma eTnikuri fesvebi aqvs.

premodernul kulturul wanamZRvrebze dayrdnobiT mocemuli Cven-jgufis elita qmnis

erovnul narativs, e. i. eris ideas, romlis irgvliv konsoliddebian mocemuli eTnikuri

erTobis wevrebi da kulturuli mobilizaciis procesSi eTnikuri identoba gadaiqceva

erovnulad.

qarTuli eTnikuri erTobis arseboba ukve Zv.w. XV-XIV saukuneebSi xdeba SesamCnevi am

erTobas politikurad warmoadgenda Zveli kolxeTis samefo. qristes Sobamde XII da VIII

saukuneebis asuruli da urartuli wyaroebi, agreTve, Zalian mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis

qarTuli eTnikurobis kolxuri periodis Sesaxeb. Cvens welTaRricxvamde IV-III saukuneebSi,

rodesac mefe farnavazma qarTlis samefo daaarsa, qarTuli eTnikuri erTobis politikuri

centri gadmovida aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. swored farnavaz mefis reformebi imis mauw-

yebeli iyo, rom qarTuli eTnosis Camoyalibebis procesi Seuqcevadi gaxda.

XI-XII saukuneebSi qarTuli identobis ganviTarebis done saSualebas iZleva visau-

broT winaremodernuli qarTveli eris Camoyalibebaze. Semdgom saukuneebSi politikur

fragmentacias ar mohyolia qarTuli identobis ngreva: sxvadasxva qarTuli politikuri

erTeulebis mosaxleoba kvlav SekavSirebuli iyo saerTo warmomavlobis rwmeniT, saerTo

kulturisa da koleqtiuri solidarobis mZafri gancdiT

XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi modernizaciis impulsebi evropidan saqarTveloSi aRwevs da

Tavis tvifars aWdevs qarTuli identobis ganviTarebas. XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi

da Sua xanebSi gaCnda qarTuli nacionalizmis ideologia, xolo XIX saukunis meore nax-

evarSi sayovelTao eTnokulturuli mobilizaciis Sedegad, Camoyalibda Tanamedrove

qarTveli eri. XX saukunis meore aTwleulis bolos qarTuli identoba politikur

javSans iZens: qarTvelebi axerxeben Seqmnan Tanamedrove tipis saxelmwifo: saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublika. am saxelmwifos roli uzarmazaria qarTuli erovnuli iden-

tobis gamokristalebaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi maleve ganadgurda sabWoTa ruseTis in-

tervenciis Sedegad.

sabWoTa imperiaSi qarTulma identobam TiTqmis mTlianad dakarga is samoqalaqo max-

asiaTeblebi, rac man saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis periodSi SeiZina. viTare-

ba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala 2003 wlis vardebis revoluciis Semdeg. am droidan qarTuli

erovnuli identoba TandaTan isev ibrunebs moqalaqeobrivi eris niSnebs. qarTuli erovnu-

li identobis ganviTareba dResac grZeldeba.

Teoria istoriul kvlevaSi da

istoriografia

THEORY IN HISTORY RESEARCH AND

HISTORIOGRAPHY

– 179 –

tao-klarjeTis qarTuli mosaxleobis naTesaobis

terminologiuri modeli (eTnokulturuli da

sociolingvisturi problemebi)

nugzar mgelaZe

tao da klarjeTi mdinare Woroxis auzSi istoriuli samxreT saqarTvelos terito-

riul-eTnografiuli provinciebi iyo. isini dRes TurqeTis respublikis SemadgenlobaSia.

aqedan gamomdinare, mravalmxrivaa saintereso am miwa-wyalze mcxovrebi qarTuli mosaxle-

obis eTnografiuli panorama, gansakuTrebiT, qarTuli mosaxleobis tradiciuli socialu-

ri struqtura, maT Soris, naTesaobis terminTa sistema, romelmac gviani Sua saukuneebidan,

roca igi erovnul eTnokulturul organizms mowyda, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi multi-eT-

nikur da ucxo eTno-politikur garemoSi daiwyo ganviTareba. Sesabamisad, dasaxlebis sazo-

gadoebrivma struqturam tradiciuli iersaxe SeinarCuna, xolo calkeulma fragmentma da

masTan dakavSirebulma socialurma stereotipebma met-naklebad transformacia ganicada

da dominirebad eTnikur kulturas Seerwya.

taolebisa da klarjebis naTesaur urTierTobaTa sistema tradiciuli xasiaTisa iyo.

struqturul modelSi rogorc erTi, ise meore qarTveli xalxis ama Tu im istoriul-eT-

nografiuli jgufisaTvis niSandobliv tipologiur agebulebas inarCunebda, Tumca imis

gamo, rom taoelebsa da klarjebs xangrZlivi drois manZilze qarTulenovani monaTesave

jgufebisagan izolirebulad arseboba da axal eTnikur garemocvaSi ganviTareba uxde-

bodaT, maTma naTesaobis sistemam cvlilebebi ganicada, rac upirvelesad terminologia-

Si aisaxa. qarTuli terminebi xSir SemTxvevaSi Turqulma anda Turqulis gziT Semosulma

arabulma da sparsulma sityvebma Caanacvla.

taoelebsa da klarjebSi naTesaobis terminologia saojaxo sferosa da patronimi-

uli organizaciis genealogiur segmentTa socialur sivrces moicavda. igi tao-klarje-

Tis mosaxleobis sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi gansakuTrebul funqcias asrulebda

da garkveul individebs aRniSnavda. es terminologia ara marto gamovlenasa da savele

pirobebSi mis Sekrebas, aramed saTanado meTodebiT reestrirebas, struqturul da ti-

pologiur analizs saWiroebs. amasTan, SedarebiTi kvlevebis safuZvelze mniSvnelovania

taoelebisa da klarjebis terminologiuri paradigma Woroxis auzis sxva qarTul mxare-

Ta mosaxleobis naTesaobis modelebTan mimarTebaSi warmovaCinoT (mgelaZe 1988); (mgelaZe

1990); (mgelaZe 2004); (mgelaZe 2010); (mgelaZe 2014); (mgelaZe 2015); (mgelaZe 2016a). am amo-

canebis gadaWraSi ki uaRresad faseulia formaluri meTodebiT operireba. sazogadoebriv

movlenaTa maTematikuri modelirebis procesSi formaluri meTodebi yvelaze efeqturia

naTesaobis terminologiuri struqturis, socialur organizaciaTa arqiteqtonikisa da,

Sesabamisad, maTi tipebisa Tu ganpirobebulobis Sesaswavlad. am fenomenis analizis safuZ-

velze Cven SegviZlia met-naklebad ganvsazRvroT sxvadasxva tipisa da taqsonomiuri donis

adamianTa dajgufebis Sida socialuri agebuleba. formaluri meTodebiT naTesaobis ter-

minTa sistemis Seswavlas sakmaod soliduri sabazo wanamZRvrebi aqvs. faqtobrivi savele

wyaroebis gafarToebis procesSi anTropologiaSi – sociokulturul anTropologiasa da

eTnologiaSi, daisva sakiTxi naTesaobis terminologiuri sistemis Seswavlis tradiciuli

meTodis Secvlisa da axlis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebidan formalur-

ma – transformaciulma, Skalogramulma da komponenturma meTodebma daiwyo damkvidre-

ba (gudenafi 1956); (gudenafi 1964); (gudenafi 1971a); (gudenafi 1971b); (launsberi 1956);

(launsberi 1962); (launsberi 1965); (launsberi 1968).

marTalia, XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi sociokulturul anTropologiaSi formalur

meTods safuZvlad struqturuli lingvistikis Teoriuli monacemebi daedo, Tumca cno-

bilia, rom formaluri analizis Sinagani principebis agebis calkeul cdas eTnologiaSi

gacilebiT adre, XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSic hqonda adgili (tokarevi 1952: 189-194).

– 180 –

nugzar mgelaZe

samecniero literaturaSi naTesaobis sistemis Seswavlis procesSi kerZod, naTesao-

bis terminTa struqturul-funqciuri analizisa da istoriul-tipologiuri daxasiaTebi-

sas, erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba eTnografiuli masalis fiqsirebisa da misi Semd-

gomi analizis meTodis SerCevas eniWeba. es ama Tu im sazogadoebis naTesaobis sistemasTan

dakavSirebuli masalis didma wyaroTmcodneobiTma daniSnulebamac ganapiroba. amJamad, Se-

darebiT gavrcelebul da miRebul meTodad naTesaobis terminTa sistemis komponenturi,

transformaciuli da Skalogramuli meTodebi iTvleba, romlebic anTropologiaSi – so-

ciokulturul anTropologiasa da eTnologiaSi struqturuli lingvistikidan gavrcel-

da (gudenafi 1956); (gudenafi 1964); (gudenafi 1971a); (gudenafi 1971b); (launsberi 1956);

(launsberi 1962); (launsberi 1965); (launsberi 1968); (fablani 1965); (maranda 1964); (bor-

landi 1979); (kronenfeldi 1980); (kriukovi 1972); (Clenovi 1973); (kuznecovi 1971), rac bune-

brivicaa, radgan naTesaobis nomenklatura ara marto istoriul-eTnografiul, aramed,

upirvelesad, lingvistur doneze ganixileba. naTesaobis terminebi enis leqsikis nawilia

da, Sesabamisad, maTi arsis dadgenisaTvis aucilebelia naTesaobis leqsika fonetikuri da

morfologiuri aspeqtebiT diaqronul da sinqronul doneze gaviazroT. aseve, naTesaobis

aRmniSvneli cnebebi kompleqsurad, enis funqcionirebisa da ganviTarebis Sinagan kanonzom-

ierebaTa Suqze unda Seiswavlebodes. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba damajereblad vTqvaT,

rom kvlevis adekvaturi meTodis SerCeva warmoadgens msoflios eTnosTa naTesaobis ter-

minebis obieqturad aRweris myar sayrdens.

formaluri midgoma naTesaobis sistemis mTlianobaSi Seswavlas, calkeuli terminis

Sinagani cvlilebebis analizsa da struqturis warmomSobi principebis ganxilvas iTval-

iswinebs. meTodebs mkacrad gansazRvruli formalizebuli proceduruli kombinaciebi ax-

asiaTebT. es bunebrivicaa, radgan naTesaobis nebismieri sistema esaa semiotikur niSanTa

erToblioba, e. i. sistemaSi TiToeuli termini Tavis TavSi aRniSvniT da aRsaniSnavs irTavs.

pirveli bgeriT substancias gulisxmobs, xolo meore – terminSi kodirebul naTesaur urT-

ierTobas. simbolur, ufro zustad, kvlevis „simbolur enaze~ gadasvla sistemuri analizis

erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa, magram naTesaoba mxolod niSan-sityvaTa erToblioba-

ze ar daiyvaneba. formaluri meTodSi, Cveulebriv, naTesaoba simboloebiTa da idiomebiTaa

gamoxatuli. swored esaa misi kvlevis obieqti. amdenad, igi gacilebiT farTo mniSvnelobas

iZens: ena, rogorc simboloTa sistema, fonetikur da fonemur safuZvelzea agebuli, xolo

simboloTa sistemaSi naTesaoba sisxliT da moyvrobiT elementebze.

formaluri meTodis specifika erTiani metaenis safuZvelze kodebis – indeqsebis Se-

qmnas moiTxovs, romlebic biologiur da socialur naTesaobas Soris arsebul zRvars av-

lens. igi saSualebas iZleva naTesaobis struqturaSi msgavsi da gansxvavebuli niSnebi gan-

vsazRvroT, rac sxvadasxva xalxTa naTesaobis sistemis SedarebiTi SeswavlisaTvis saWiro

samecniero winapirobaa. kodirebuli terminebis safuZvelze am kategoriebis diferenci-

uli cvladebi, denotatebi da dezignatebi dgindeba, romlebiTac mocemuli naTesaobiTi

urTierTobebis socialuri funqcia irkveva (mgelaZe 2016b: 157-164). saerTod, naTesaobis

terminTa sistemis Sinagani TviTganviTarebis zogadi kanonzomierebis gamovlena ara marto

calkeuli kategoriis dezignatebisa da denotatebis amoxsnas, aramed maT Soris urTierT-

kavSiris gansazRvras moiTxovs. terminTa kodirebiT, garda socialur kategoriaTa deno-

tatebisa da dezignatebisa, irkveva diferenciuli cvladebic, romelTa meSveobiTac naTe-

saur urTierTobaTa sazogadoebrivi funqcia isazRvreba. cnobilia, rom terminTa denota-

ti naTesaobis terminSi kodirebul specifikur urTierTobas gulisxmobs, magram terminTa

universaloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man SeiZleba rogorc erTi, ise ramdenime naTesauri

urTierToba daakodiros. aRniSnuli klasi Tu savaraudo denotatTa erToblioba termin-

is dezignats warmoadgens (kriukovi 1972: 24). amdenad, terminis signifikatis dadgena Sei-

Zleba naTesaobis sistemis Seswavlis formaluri meTodis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes amo-

canad CaiTvalos. am amocanaTa gadaWra, Tavis mxriv, qmnis perspeqtivas mocemuli sistemis

struqturis warmomSobi komponentebi gamoiyos (popovi 1982: 88). formaluri – maTemati-

kuri meTodi miznad isaxavs ara imdenad naTesaobis sistemis axsnas, ramdenadac mis mkacr

aRweras. amasTan, analizis obieqti xdeba ara calkeuli termini, aramed sistemis saxiT ga-

moxatuli mTlianad terminologiuri aparati (Clenovi 1973: 167-168). komponenturi meTo-

– 181 –

tao-klarjeTis qarTuli mosaxleobis naTesaobis terminologiuri modeli...

dis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi Tavs iCens maSin, roca garegani niSnebiT monaTesave komponen-

tebi dajgufebas erT dezignatSi iwyebs im Sinagani diferenciuli principebiT, romlebic

mocemul sistemas udevs safuZvlad. swored amitom komponenturi analizis arsi im difer-

enciuli niSnebis Tu semantikuri principebis gansazRvraSi mdgomareobs, romlebic, Tavis

mxriv, saSualebas gvaZlevs saerTo klasSi ramdenime naTesauri tipi gavaerTianoT (Clenovi

1973: 154); (kriukovi 1983:9).

amdenad, yvela SemTxvevaSi, formaluri, maT Soris, komponenturi meTodis ramdenime

safexuriani operacia, xels uwyobs naTesaobis terminTa idealuri modelis agebis process.

faqtia, rom garkveuli principebis safuZvelze arsebiTi niSnebis SesatyvisobiT konstru-

irebuli naTesaobis terminTa sistemis tipi, mecnieruli abstraqciaa (kriukovi 1972: 222);

(kriukovi 1983). amitom, naTesaobis terminTa sistemis yoveli tipi, rogorc xelovnuri

modeli, SeiZleba etalonad ganvixiloT. specialur literaturaSi ki naTesaobis terminTa

ramdenime tipia dadgenili. konstruirebuli tipebi aqac idealuri modelebia.

formaluri meTodebis sakodifikacio sistemaSi kodebis sxvadasxva variantebi arse-

bobs, romlebic ama Tu im xalxisa Tu xalxebis damwerlobisaTvis gamoyenebuli anbanis safuZ-

velzea warmodgenili anda cifrebis kombinaciebzea dafuZnebuli. Cven vaxdenT taoelebisa

da klarjebis naTesaobis terminebis kodirebas rogorc laTinuri da inglisurenovani, ise

rusulenovani anbanis mixedviT, romlebic Sesabamis cxrilebsa da sqemebs erTvis. kodur

sistemaze dafuZnebuli naTesaobis terminTa sistemis formaluri – komponenturi anal-

izis meTodi, romelic dasaSvebia laTinuri – inglisurenovani, aseve, SesaZloa, rusuli an-

banuri kodebiT iyos gamoxatuli, biosocialuri matricis umTavres elementebs Seicavs.1

formaluri meTodebis arss misi ZiriTadi principebi warmoadgens, romlebic ram-

denime Tanmimdevrul analitikur operacias moicavs. maTgan mniSvnelovania: 1. naTesaobis

terminTa sruli siis Sedgena; 2. terminTa mniSvnelobis kodireba; 3. naTesaobis terminTa

diferenciuli cvladebis – sqesis, TaobaTa donis, linealobis: pirdapiri da gverdiTi –

kolateraluri xazebis dadgena; 4. makavSirebel naTesavTa gansazRvra;2 5. terminTa Soris

im semantikuri kavSiris gamovlena, romelic sayrdens qmnis sistemis struqturuli princi-

pebis daxasiaTebisaTvis.

naTesaobis nebismieri sistemis Seswavla, romelic terminTa da naTesaur urTierTo-

baTa erTobliobas warmoadgens, naTesaobis nomenklaturis analiziT iwyeba. taoelTa da

klarjTa naTesaobis sistemis Seswavlis pirvel etapze Cven TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi moq-

ceuli tao-klarjeTis qarTuli mosaxleobis naTesaobis aRmniSvneli terminebis sruli sia

SevadgineT da TiToeuli leqsikuri erTeulis – leqsemis mniSvnelobis kodireba ganvaxor-

cieleT:

taoelTa da klarjTa kodirebul terminTa CamonaTvali

№

taouri naTesaobis termini klarjuli naTesaobis

terminebi

Savi da marmarilos

zRvis auzebis klarj

muhajirTa naTesaobis

terminologia

kodi

1–didi dede (didi babua)didi dede (didi ded-

eY)



2–didneneY (didnene/didi

nene/didi neneY)

dinene (didi nene/didi

neneY/didnene/didneneY)



3–didi babane (bananene)didi babane (babanene) 

4dede dede dede (dedeY)

5aRas aRa – – 

6babane babane babane (babaane) 

7nene/didi anaY/dineneY (ebeY) didnene (didneneY/didi

neneY/didi nene)

didnene (didneneY/didi

neneY/didi nene)



8anane (ananeY)anane anane (anaYne) 

– 182 –

nugzar mgelaZe

9–didi simamri didi simamri 

10 –didi sidedri didi sidedri 

11 simamri simamri simamri 

12 sidedri (yainana) sidedri sidedri 

13 mamamTili mamamTili mamamTili 

14 dedamTili dedamTili dedamTili 

15 baba (babo/aRaY) babo (baba)babo (baboY/babaY/baba)

16 anaY (ana/ane) nene (ana) nene (neneY) 

17 biZa biZa biZa 

18 emi (emia) emia emi (emia) 

19 tai taia taia 

20 bibi bibia bibia (xala) 

21 Teize Teiza Teiza (xala/xalaY)

22 abla abla abla 

23 kaci (Cemi kaci)/beri qmari (kaci)qmari (kaci)

24 qali (coli//soli/dekaci/beberi) coli coli 

25 –qal-kaci (col-qmari) –

26 yaini yaeni (yaini) yaeni (yaini) 

27 siZe siZe siZe 



–siZe (siZeY)siZe (siZeY) HSIP

28 zali (rZali/gelini) Zali (rZali/gelini)Zali (gelini) 



30 –ienge (ianga) ienge (ianga) 

31 balduzi baldizi baldizi (balduzi) 

32 mazli mazli mazli 

33 muli muli muli 

34 Sili (elTi) Sili Sili 

35 bajanaRi bajanaRi bajanaRi 

36 Zma (yardeSi/yardaSi) Zma (yardaSi)Zma (yardaSi)

aRabei (abi) aRabei (abi) aRabei (abi) B

38 tada 

39 baji da (baji/bajiaY) da (baji/bajiaY) 

40 Svili Svili Svili 

42 biWi, Cemi biWi (oRle/oRli/

ola)

biWi (biWiSvili) biWi (biWiSvili) 

43 gogo, Cemi gogo (Cemi/bgano/

gano/ gno)

gogo (gogoSvili) gogoSvili 

44 biZaSvili biZiSvili biZiSvili (biZaSvili) 

45 emiSvili/emiaSvili (emoRli) emiaSvili emiaSvili 

46 bibiSvili/bibiaSvili (biboR-

li)

bibaSvili bibiSvili (bibiaSvili) 

47 taiaSvili taiaSvili taiaSvili 

48 TeizoRli TeizeSvili (xalaSvi-

li)

TeizeSvili (xalaSvi-

li)



50 Yegani (Zmiswuli/ZmisSvili)iegani iegani 

51 diswuli (disSvili) – – 

52 mazlis biWi – – 

53 badiSi (Tori/Toruni) badiSi (Toruni) badiSi (Toruni) 

– 183 –

tao-klarjeTis qarTuli mosaxleobis naTesaobis terminologiuri modeli...

sociokulturul anTropologiasa da eTnologiaSi aRniSnuli kombinaciebis garda

naTesaur kategoriaTa komponentebis gamoxatvis, maT Soris, diferenciuli cvladebis gan-

sazRvris sxva formebic arsebobs. am formaTa safuZvelzec Tanamedrove naTesaobis siste-

mebi aRiwereba. aseT gamokvlevebSi kodirebisaTvis laTinuri asoebi, SedarebiT algebri-

zebuli Canawerebi da sxva xerxebic gamoiyeneba, romelTa daxmarebiT naTesaobis termine-

bi sxvadasxva doneze kombinirdeba. saerTod, TiTqmis yvela anTropologis mier terminTa

abstrahirebisaTvis winare safuZvlebis momzadebisa da garkveuli procedurebis Catare-

bis aucilebloba erTxmadaa aRiarebuli. t. r. treitmani axasiaTebda ra e. w. „dravidul

sistemas“ Tvlida, rom „dravidulis“ meSveobiT SesaZlebeli iyo am tipis yvela problemis

gadawyveta, Tumca amis ganxorcieleba mosaxerxebeli iyo mxolod ganmsazRvreli niSnebis

matarebel iseT siaze dayrdnobiT, rogoricaa toloba, magaliTad, FB=F, MB

≠

F da sxva, anu

es igivea, mocemuli tipi platonuri ideis gamoxatulebas SevadaroT. sakuTriv „dravid-

uli sistema“ genealogiur Tu genetikur klass warmoadgens, romlis wevrebic erTmaneTs

Taobebis meSveobiT eTanadebian. ase rom, gadamwyvet rols warmomavloba da sistemis mem-

kvidreobiToba TamaSobs. amis safuZvelze t. r. treitmani askvnis, rom swored amitomaa saWiro

sxvadasxva meTodi da kombinacia, romlis mizania sistemis yvela magaliTis Sedareba, raTa Semd-

gomSi dadgenili Taviseburebebis modelireba ukeT ganxorcieldes (treitmani 1987). diferen-

ciuli cvladebi SeiZleba dajgufdes im saxiT (gudenafi 1965: 264-269, 274-285), rogoradac isi-

ni asaxulia v. arsenevisa da vladimer popovis naSromSi. v. arsenevisa da v. popovis mier dif-

erenciuli cvladebi Semdegnairadaa gadmocemuli: 1. naTesaur urTierTobaTa xasiaTi – 1.1:

sisxliT naTesaoba, 1.2: moyvrobiTi kavSirebi, 1.3: sisxliT naTesavi da Sida moyvare, 1.4: Sida

moyvare, 1.5: gare moyvare; 2. genealogiuri Taoba – 2.1: +2 Taoba, 2.2: +1 Taoba, 2.3: 0 Taoba,

2.4: -1 Taoba, 2.5: -2 Taoba, 2.6: -3 Taoba; 3. alteris sqesi – 3.1: mamrobiTi, 3.2: mdedrobiTi; 4.

sisxliT naTesavTa lateraluroba – 4.1: patri-lateraluroba, 4.2: matri-lateraluroba;

5. Taobis farglebSi alteris SefardebiTi asaki – 5.1: ufrosi, 5.2: umcrosi; 6. koneqtoris

sqesi – 6.1: mamrobiTi; 6.2: mdedrobiTi (arsenevi, popovi 1978: 176-177).

taoelTa da klarjTa naTesaobis terminTa maTematikuri kombinaciebi

№naTesaobis klasi

naTesaobis

xasiaTi

Taobrivi

genealogia

lateris

sqesi

naTesaobis lat-

eraluroba

sisxlismieri moyvrobiTi patri matri

1dede (aRas aRa) 1.1 – 2.1 3.1 – –

2nene (didi anaY/dineneY/

anane/ebeY)

1.1 – 2.1 3.2 – –

simamri – 1.2 2.1 3.1 – –

sidedri (yainana) – 1.2 2.1 3.2 – –

mamanTili – 1.2 2.1 3.1 – –

dedamTili – 1.2 2.1 3.2 – –

baba (babo/aRaY) 1.1 – 2.2 3.1 4.1 -

anaY (ane/ane) 1.1 – 2.2 3.2 – 4.2

emi (emia) 1.1 – 2.2 3.1 4.1 –

bibi 1.1 – 2.2 3.2 4.1 –

tai 1.1 – 2.2 3.1 4.1 –

Teize 1.1 – 2.2 3.2 – 4.2

abla – 1.2 2.2 3.2 4.1 4.2

kaci (Cemi kaci/beri) – 1.2 2.3 3.1 – –

qali (coli//soli/ be-

beri/dekaci)

– 1.2 2.3 3.2 – –

yaini – 1.2 2.3 3.1 – –

siZe – 1.2 2.3

2.4

3.1 – –

– 184 –

nugzar mgelaZe

zali (rZali/gelini) – 1.2 2.3

2.4

3.2 – –

balduzi – 1.2 2.3 3.2 – –

mazli – 1.2 2.3 3.1 – –

muli – 1.2 2.3 3.2 – –

(Sili) elTi – 1.2 2.3 3.2 – –

bajanaRi – 1.2 2.3 3.2 – –

yardaSi 1.1 – 2.3 3.1 – –

baji 1.1 – 2.3 3.2 – –

emiSvili 1.1 – 2.3 3 4.1 –

bibiSvili/bibiaSvili (bi-

boRli)

1.1 – 2.3 3 4.1 –

taiaSvili 1.1 – 2.3 3 – 4.2

TeizoRli 1.1 – 2.3 3 – 4.2

Svili 1.1 – 2.4 3 – –

Yegani 1.1 – 2.4 3 4.1 –

diswuli (disSvili) 1.1 – 2.4 3 - 4.2

Tori

(Toruni/badiSi)

1.1 – 2.5 3 4.1 –

naTesaobis terminTa formalizacia diferenciuli cvladebis (sqesi, Taobrivi done,

linealoba) zogadi komponentebis dadgenis gziTac xorcieldeba: isazRvreba pirobiTi niS-

nebi, ZiriTadi komponentebi da cvladi sidideebi, romlebic naTesaobis terminTa sistemaSi

TiTqmis yvela SesaZlebel urTierTobas TvalsaCinod gadmogvcems. taoelTa da klarjTa

naTesaobis sistemis Sesaswavlad sakmaris pirobad CavTvaleT diferenciuli cvladebis

qvemoT moyvanili komponentebis gamoyeneba, romlebic sxvadasxva safexurebrivi doneebi-

Taa warmodgenili. naTesaobis terminTa simboloebi Taobebis, naTesaobis xazisa da sqesis

mixedviT gansxvavdeba. magaliTad: 1. A alter-is sqesi: A1 – mamakaci; A2 – dedakaci; A – sqesi

gamoyofili araanaTesaur kavSirTa xasiaTisisxliT naTesaobamoyvrobiTi

urTierTobebi; 3. B – alter-is Taoba: B1=+2T; B2 =+1T; B3=0 T; B4=-1T; B5=-2 T; 4. C – linealo-

ba: C1 – pirdapiri xazi; C2 – gverdiTi xazimakavSirebeli naTesavis sqesi – mamakaci,

dedakaciaradiferencirebuli sqesinaTesaobis linealobamamis xazi,

dedis xaziaradiferncirebuli sqesi; 7. E – ego-s sqesi: E 1 – mamamakaci, E 2 – dedak-

aci, E – sqesi araa diferencirebuliis SefardebiTi asakiSefardebiTi asa-

ki relevanturiaSefardebiTi asaki ararelevanturiaterminebis lingvisturi

doneelementaruli termini Sedgenili termini aRwerilobiTi termini; 10.

terminis socialuri ganzomilebaindividualuri terminijgufuri termini,

klasifikatoruli termini.

amgvarad, Tu movaxdenT naTesauri urTierTobebis – mamis anda dedis mniSvnelobebis

kodirebas, Cven miviRebT Semdeg formulasmamadeda da sxva misTanani

(kriukovi 1972: 25-26). kodirebis dadebiTi Tvisebaa abstraqtul genealogiur sqemaze ama

Tu im terminis gansazRvrisa da empiriuli monacemebis urTierTSedarebis SesaZleblobebi

da sistematizaciis xelsayreloba. kodebi komponenturi analizis safuZvelze mis Semdgom

damuSavebas aadvilebs.

taoelTa da klarjTa naTesaobis terminologiis diferenciuli cvladebi da maTi

semantikuri kombinaciebi

№termini kodi diferencialuri cvladebi

1didi dede (didi dedeY/didi babua)  

2didneneY (didnene/didi nene/didi neneY/

dinene)

 

– 185 –

tao-klarjeTis qarTuli mosaxleobis naTesaobis terminologiuri modeli...

3didi babane (bananene)  

4dede  

aRas aRa  

2nene (didi anaY/dineneY/ananeY/ebeY)  

3simamri  

4sidedri (yainana)  

5mamamTili  

6dedamTili  

7baba (babo/aRaY)  

8anaY (ana/ane)  

9biZa  

10 emi (emia)  

12 tai  

13 bibi  

14 Teize  

15 abla  

16 kaci (Cemi kaci)/beri  

17 qali (coli//soli/dekaci/beberi)  

18 yaini (yaeni)  

19 siZe 





20 zali (rZali/gelini) 





21 balduzi  

22 mazli  

23 muli  

24 Sili (elTi)  

25 bajanaRi  

26 yardeSi (yardaSi)  

27 aRabeY  

28 tada  

29 baji  

30 Svili (oRli)  

31 Cemi biWi (oRle/oRli/ola)  

32 Cemi gogi (Cemi bgano/gano/gno) 

33 biZaSvili  

34 emiSvili/emiaSvili (emoRli) 

35 bibiSvili/bibiaSvili (biboRli)  

36 tai[a]Svili  

37 TeizoRli  

38 Yegani (Zmiswuli/ZmisSvili) 

39 diswuli (disSvili) 

40 Tori (Toruni/badiSi) 

taoelTa da klarjTa naTesaobis terminTa CamonaTvalidan kargad Cans, rom leqsikis

erTma nawilma (simamri, sidedri, mamamTili, dedamTili, kaci, qali, mazli, muli, zali,

siZe) enobrivad qarTuli iersaxe ucvlelad Semoinaxa, ise rogorc amas samxreT saqarTve-

los sxva im araerT kuTxeSi aqvs adgili, romlebic gviani Sua saukuneebisaTvis osmaleTis

mmarTvelobas daeqvemdebara. amasTan, eseni swored is sityvebia, romlebic Woroxis auzis

sxvadasxva kuTxis mosaxleobaSi – taoSi, klarjeTSi, SavSeTSi, aWaraSi qarTul lingvistur

– 186 –

nugzar mgelaZe

safuZvels rom ar mowyda, rasac, bunebrivia, saTanado axsna esaWiroeba. saerTod, taoelTa

da klarjTa, aseve, Woroxis auzis sxva qarTul provinciaTa mosaxleobis naTesaobis ter-

minTa sistemis Seswavlisas gasaTvaliswinebelia sxvadasxva qronologiur doneze mimdinare

istoriuli procesebi, rac qarTuli enis taouri da klarjuli dialeqtebis sabaziso le-

qsikaSi cvlilebebs ganapirobebda. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis

miwuruli da gviani Sua saukuneebi unda gamoiyos, roca regionSi osmalTa eqspansia daiwyo,

xolo Semdeg osmalTa mmarTveloba damyarda, ramac leqsikaSi, gansakuTrebiT, naTesaobis

terminologiaSi, garegnuli cvlilebebi gamoiwvia da ucxo warmoSobis, arabuli da Turqu-

li terminologiis damkvidreba ganapiroba. terminTa am wyebam adre arsebuli zogierTi qar-

Tuli sityvis adgili daikava. XV-XIX saukuneebSi tao-klarjeTSi am mxriv bevri ram Seicva-

la, Tumca naTesaobis sistemis sferoSi zogierTi qarTuli sityva Sedgenil sityvebSi – si-

tyvaTa kombinaciaSi mainc SemorCa, magaliTad iseTebSi, rogorebic iyo, vTqvaT, emiSvili,

bibiSvili da taiaSvili, sadac termini SvilinaTesaobis kategorias gansazRvravs.

naTesaobis terminebi uecrad ar icvleboda da socialur pirobebTan SesatyvisobaSi isini

axal formebSi TandaTanobiT gardaiqmneboda. mmarTvelobis osmalurma wesma sazogadoe-

brivi yofis axal iseT normebs Cauyara safuZveli, romelic cxovrebis qarTuli socialu-

ri normebisagan radikalurad gansxvavdeboda, Sesabamisad, aman naTesaobis terminologiur

struqturazec didi gavlena iqonia. es bunebrivic iyo, radgan, rogorc cnobilia, naTesao-

bis terminologia pirvel rigSi socialuri organizaciis niSan-Tvisebebs aireklavs. igi

socialuri organizaciis ama Tu im tipiTaa ganpirobebuli, bunebiT konservatorulia da

arsebobas agrZelebs maSinac, roca sazogadoebriv wyobaSi misi ganmapirobebeli socialuri

organizacia ukve aRar arsebobs. amanac gansazRvra taoelTa da klarjTa terminTa siste-

maSi ama Tu im qarTuli warmomavlobis naTesaobis kategoriis didi xniT Semonaxuloba. am

mxriv yuradRebas iqcevs +1 TaobaSi warmodgenili mdedrobiT sqesis gamomxatveli iseTi

termini, rogoric nene – [bebia: mamis da dedis dedaiyo. droTa ganmavlobaSi,

savaraudod, gviani Sua saukuneebSi, taosa da klarjeTSi osmalTa mmarTvelobis periodSi

igi klarjebSi or naTesaur kategoriad gaiyo: „bananed“ („babaanedda „ananed“

gvian Sua saukuneebSi tao-klarjeTSi mamis Zmisada dedis Zmis – BM

aRmniSvnelad erTi klasifikatoruli termini biZa arsebobda, romelic

droTa ganmavlobaSi or naTesaur kategoriad, jgufuri xasiaTis or terminad daiyo: mamis

Zmad [emi//emia da dedis Zmad [(tai//taia e. i. +1 TaobaSi termi-

nologiurad erTmaneTisagan mamisa da dedis xazebi gaimijna. adekvaturad moxda cvlilebe-

bi nulovan, ego-s TaobaSi, sadac qarTuli klasifikatoruli erTi termini biZaSvili – mamis

ZmisSvili da dedis ZmisSvili or sityvaSi gamoxatul

or naTesaur kategoriad danawevrda: emiSvili//emiaSvilida taiaSvili//

taiaSviliTu adre termin „biZaSi“ mamisa da dedis xazebi erTmaneTs erwy-

moda, ukve gviani Sua saukuneebidan es xazebi gaimijna, Tumca terminebi – biZa da biZaSvili,

rogorc leqsikis pasiuri nawilebi, tradiciis ZaliT taoelTa da klarjTa metyvelebaSi

dResac SemorCenilia. taoelTa naTesaobis terminTa sistemis kvlevis procesSi sxva rigis

movlenebicaa gasaTvaliswinebeli. terminologiaSi SesaZlebelia axali sityvebi gaCndes

im pirobebSic, roca sazogadoebriv ganviTarebasTan SesatyvisobaSi realuri naTesauri

urTierTobebis gamosaxatavad SeuZlebeli xdeba Zveli kategoriebis gamoyeneba. naTesauri

urTierTobebis Zveli kategoriebis adgils axali urTierTobebis aRmniSvneli terminebi

iWers, riTac, bunebrivia, leqsikis Semadgenloba icvleba. cvlilebebs sxvadasxva Taobis

naTesaobis terminologiac daeqvemdebara anda Zvelis gverdiT damatebiT axalma naTesao-

bis terminebmac iCina Tavi. magaliTad, muhajir klarjebSi +1 TaobaSi qarTuli „mamidas“

Sesatyvisi „bibiasgverdiT, gamoCnda sityva xalaromelic sa-

kuTriv taosa da klarjeTSi, Cveulebriv, deidas   aRniSnavs. aseve SeiZleba

termin „siZis“ Sesaxebac iTqvas. sityva siZe, romelic Woroxis auzis sxvadasxva kuTxis mo-

saxleobaSi disada qaliSvilis qmarsSeesatyviseba, klarjebSi

damatebiT mamis dis qmarsa    da dedis dis qmars  

aRniSnavs.

taoelTa da klarjTa, ise rogorc Woroxis auzis sxvadasxva istoriul-eTnografiuli

kuTxis qarTuli mosaxleobis, sisxliT naTesavTa aRmniSvneli terminologiuri paradigma,

– 187 –

tao-klarjeTis qarTuli mosaxleobis naTesaobis terminologiuri modeli...

tradiciulad, erTmaneTisagan xuT Taobas ganasxvavebs, realurad ki igi babuis, Svilisa da

SviliSvilis sam Taobas aerTianebs (mgelaZe 1990: 55-56). maTSi naTesaobis yvela is katego-

ria aisaxeba, romlebSic ego-s potenciurad SeeZlo monawileobis miReba. xuTi Taobis ter-

minologiuri sqema garkveul socialur organizmSi babuis, mamis, Svilebis, SviliSvilebisa

da SvilTaSvilebis erTdroulad arsebobas ar gulisxmobs. aseT struqturaSi nulovani

Taoba faqtobrivad ar arsebobs (girenko 1974: 49). genealogiur totebze TiToeuli naTe-

sauri kategoria Sesabamisi leqsikuri erTeuliTaa gamoxatuli. tao-klarjeTSi mamrobiTi

sqesis aRmniSvneli naTesaobis termini sul ToTxmetia: dede simamri

mamamTili baba (babo)emi (emia)tai (taia)

kaci    yaini    siZe    da   mazli   

bajanaRi  yardaSi  tada    da oRli  xolo

mdedrobiTi sqesisa – cameti: nene (didi anaY/dineneY/ananeYsidedri (yainana)–

dedamTilianaYbibiTeize 

abla qali (coli)zalidabalduzi –

muli Sili (elTibajiCemi bgano –

gaudiferencirebeli sqesis terminologiaSi erTiandeba cxra iseTi sityva, rogori-

caa: SvilibiZaSvili emiSvili bibiaSvili – CHSIF

 taiaSvili    TeizoRli    iegani (Zmiswuli/

ZmisSvilidiswuli (disSvili)Tori (Toruni/badiSi) – CHCH



taoelTa da klarjTa sisxliT naTesaur birTvSi gamoiyofa ZiriTadi terminebi, ro-

melTagan naTesaobis terminologiis didi nawilia nawarmoebi, upiratesad, +1, 0-vani da -1

Taobebis pirdapiri da gverdiTi xazis calkeuli naTesauri kategoriis aRmniSvneli nomen-

klatura. aseT birTvSi +1 TaobaSi unda dasaxeldes emi (emia)bibi (bibia) – SIF

tai (taia)da Teize – maTgan -1 Taobis daRmavali naTesave-

bis aRmniSvneli sityvebi „Svilis“ darTviTaa Camoyalibebuli. esenia emiSvili (emiaSvili)

– bibiSvili (bibiaSvili) taiSvili (taiaSvili) – CHBM

da TeizoRli -  calke unda gamoiyos mSoblebis gamomxatveli

sityvebi – baba (baboda anaY (ana/ane): romlebic socialuri mniSvnelobiT mk-

acrad individualuria, Tumca maTgan erTi – anaY (deda) +2 Taobis mdedrobiTi sqesis aRmniS-

vneli Sedgenili terminis konstruqciaSi mkafiodaa CarTuli. misi CarTulobiT iwarmoeba

didedas aRmniSvneli sityva – didi anaY/dineneY (nene/ananeY), rac Sinaarsobrivad igive didi

dedaa. „babosada „nenestipis naTesaobis terminebi taos garda saqarTve-

los sxva kuTxeebidanac kargadaa cnobili (janaSvili 1906: 44; 1938: 15); (JRenti 1953: 8, 54);

(foCxua 1974: 314-315). arnold Ciqobavas Tanaxmad, megrulSi babamumasTan

SedarebiT SeiZleba meoreuli movlena yofiliyo, Tumca avtori iqve miuTiTebs, rom sityva

baba sabavSvo leqsikis kuTvnilebas warmoadgens da savsebiT SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva enaSi

sesxebis gareSe damoukidebeli msgavsi agebulebis sityva miviRoT. sxvaTa Soris, Turqul-

idan sesxebis sawinaaRmdegod laparakobs isic, rom afxazurSi a – ab Ziri gvaqvs, romel-

ic axlos dgas „babasTan“ (Ciqobava 1938: 16). afxazurSi ab mamasniSnavs, xolo arba

– mamals. am ukanasknelSi Zireul elementad -ba forma gamoiyofa, romelic sityva „mamis~

Zirs warmoadgens (lomTaTiZe 1976: 83, 95). termini babafonologiurad axlos dgas

svanur „bubasTanda qarTul „babuasTanisini erTi warmoebisa unda

iyvnen (soselia 1983: 3-8), rac gvavaraudebinebs, rom garkveul istoriul epoqaSi svanuri

buba, ise rogorc saerTo qarTveluri baba anda babua, arqauli klasifikatoruli sistemi-

saTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeboda (mgelaZe 1990: 58). aseTive

viTareba SeiniSneba termin „anaisa“ da „nenesTan“ mimarTebaSi, romelic taosa da klarjeTSi

+1 (nanaYda +2 TaobaSi (didi neneY da didi anaY/dineneY/ananeYgvxvdeba.

n. iakovlevi qarTulSi termin „nenas“ sityva „dedis~ variantad Tvlida, miRebuls donisa

da anis SenacvlebiT (iakovlevi 1930: 168). +1, +2 da +3 TaobaSic ki saqarTvelos ama Tu im

kuTxis mosaxleobam naTesaobis terminTa sistemaSi kavkasiuri leqsikis uZvelesi plas-

tebidan msgavsi sityvebi sakmaod farTod Semogvinaxa, iseTebi rogorebicaa magaliTad nana,

nena da nene, romlebsac tipologiuri analogiebi ara marto iberiul-kavkasiur, aramed in-

– 188 –

nugzar mgelaZe

doevropul enebSic aqvT. qarTul enaSi nana da nene leqsemebis arseboba kavkasiis xalxTa

uZveles kulturul-istoriul urTierTobebze miuTiTebs, magaliTad, vainaxurSi, kerZod

ki CeCnur enaSi termini nana (nanai), naniu/nanuoSinguSurSi nani da nai – M

wovurSi nan (nani)lakurSi ninu yabardoulSi dedisadmi moferebiT

mimarTvaSi – nane (nene). am sityvis meore marcvali dedis mniSvnelobiT sityva „haneSi“ meor-

debaafxazurSi (bzifuri dialeqtSi) gvaqvs nanSdr. „ans“], CerqezulSi

(ubixurSi, abazurSi, yabardoulSi) nana anda anaSdr. adiReuri ni da yabardouli

hane], udurSi nanagumuWrulSi ninudidourSi eniiurutulSi

nin dargulSi anacaxurSi nenabuduxurSi nana

kiaxurSi an da naneosurSi nana somxurSi nan [nanu/nana)zelinski

1899: 154-155); (JRenti 1936); (javaxiSvili 1937: 60, 612); (janaSia 1959: 105); (janaSia 1949: 148);

(janaSia 1973: 155). vasil abaevma sityva „nanas“ gavrcelebis farTo areals gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba miaqcia da daaskvna, rom igi ganekuTvneba leqsikas, romelic pirveli daRmavali

xazis naTesavebisa da SviliSvilTa Taobebis mier gamoiyeneboda. msgavsi sityvebi umetesad

dedisa da didedasadmi mimarTvis forma iyo. avtoris dakvirvebiT, am sityvis variaciebi im

xalxebSic gvxvdeba, romlebic teritoriiTa da enobrivi naTesaobiT erTmaneTTan ar iyvnen

dakavSirebuli. amis dadasturebas aRniSnuli sityvis indoevropulsa da sxva enebSi arse-

boba warmoadgens: xeTurSi ana   laTinurSi ana  aseve, dedamZuZe], Zvel

germanulSi anaZvel prusiulSi ane – (xnieri, xandazmuli dedaavRanurSi

anaudmurtulSi anai _rusulSi niania – (aRmzrdeli/ZiZa), serbiulsa da

xorvatulSi nanaalbanurSi nane, italiurSi nanaazerbaijanulSi nana

(babka), Zvel indurSi nana, sparsulSi nana, bulgarulSi nenia _beloruseb-

Si nana – babuanani ki bebiaabaevi 1973: 155); (abaevi 1958: 148). deidas

mniSvnelobiT es sityva berZnulSic gvxvdeba da, rac gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, ana Tur-

qulSi dedas aRniSnavs. T. goniaSviliT, miuxedavad imisa, rom leqsikuri erTeu-

li nana (nene) damaxasiaTebelia qarTveluri enebisaTvis, mainc Znelia igi gadawyvetiT am

enobrivi garemos organul nawilad miviCnioT, radgan am sityvas sxva enebSic aqvs farTo

gavrceleba (goniaSvili 1940: 599). n. javaxaZe osi xalxis naTesaobis terminTa struqturisa

da tipologiis Seswavlis procesSi am tipis sityvebs gansakuTrebul adgils uTmobda da

miuTiTebda, rom sxvadasxva eTnikur garemoSi vokatiur termin „nanas“ yovelTvis hqonda

moferebiTi mniSvneloba. iberiul-kavkasiurSi, ise rogorc indoevropul enebSi, termini

nana erTsa da imave tips – dedasada didedasaRniSnavda. moferebiTi mniS-

vnelobiT termin „nanas“ umetesi varianti vokatiur formas warmoadgenda, Tumca zogierTi

xalxis sociolingvistur praqtikaSi, magaliTad, inguSebSi, mas referatuli mniSvneloba

hqonda (javaxaZe 1968: 227); (javaxaZe 1979: 124). Tavdapirvelad termini nana (nina/ina) winaa-

ziuri, ufro zustad, mcireaziuri RvTaebis saxels warmoadgenda. amas qarTuli salocavis

saxelwodeba „aininac“ adasturebs. igi qarTuli kerpis saxelSi – „aininaSi“ Semoinaxa. dro-

Ta ganmavlobaSi, es sityva saqarTveloSi qalis sakuTar saxeladac Camoyalibda da qalis

erovnul saxelad iqca. aseTebia: nino, nana, nanuli (janaSia 1959: 193). XI saukunis qarTve-

li istorikosi leonti mroveli warmarTul qalRvTaebebs – aininasa da daninas moixseniebs,

romlebic ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, „qarTlis cxovrebis“ Tavdapirvel teqstSi warmod-

genili iyo ara „daninas“, aramed „ninas“ ufro zustad, „nanas“ formiT (javaxiSvili 1979:

142). nana cnobilia, rogorc winaaziuri RvTaeba. amasTan, nair-nairi Sesawiravebi, maT Soris,

Sesawiravi cxovelebi da frinvelebi, qarTveli xalxis udidesi RvTaebis didi dedis „nanas“

kultis sapativcemulod gamarTul ritualebSic mowmdeboda (bardaveliZe 1953: 124). es

bunebrivicaa, radgan qarTvelebSi winaaziur-kavkasiuri RvTaeba nana batonebis dedas gana-

saxierebda. amitomacaa, rom misi saxeli xSirad gvesmis batonebis sagaloblebSi, magaliT-

ad, „iav-nana, vardo-nana, iav-naninao“. sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT nana sandoms, saamos

niSnavs (orbeliani 1949: 252), Tumca calkeuli avtori „dananas“ saxiT leqsikografs meore

ganmartebasac miawers (alibegaSvili 1992: 242-245). daZinebis procesSi „iav-nanas“ misamReriT

RvTaeba nanas – didi dedas iebisa da vardebis saufloSi patarebis mfarvelobas SesTxovdnen.

klasifikatoruli terminis mniSvneloba ukanaskneli aTwleulebis samecniero lit-

eraturaSi sxvagvaradac iqna gaazrebuli rac luis henri morganis droindeli problebis

– 189 –

tao-klarjeTis qarTuli mosaxleobis naTesaobis terminologiuri modeli...

irgvliv arsebuli Teoriuli interpretaciebisagan gansxvavdeba. Tanamedrove Sexedule-

bebis mixedviT, klasifikatoruli kategoriis TiToeuli sityva ara marto ramdenime piris,

aramed im individebis aRniSvnasac emsaxureba, romlebic molaparakesTan – spikerTan sxva-

dasxva naTesaur urTierTobaSi imyofebian. lingvisturi struqturiT klasifikatoruli

terminebi SeiZleba rogorc elementarul, ise Sedgenil da aRwerilobiT kategoriebs gane-

kuTnebodnen (kriukovi 1972: 35). Tavis droze, jorj merdoki naTesaobis terminTa klas-

ifikaciaSi lingvisturi struqturis mixedviT e. w. elementarul, derivaciul da daskrip-

ciul –aRwerilobiT sityvebs gamoyofda, xolo dajgufebis niSnis mixedviT naTesaobis or

tips ganasxvavebda: denotatiursa da klasifikatoruls (merdoki 1949: 98-100). droTa gan-

mavlobaSi, naTesaobis terminologiuri aparatis lingvisturad da socialurad dajgufe-

bis niSan-Tvisebebi daixvewa da, sabolood, morfologiuri struqturiT naTesaobis ter-

minebi sam kategoriad daiyo: 1. elementarulad, 2. Sedgenilad da 3. aRweriTad, socialuri

ganzomilebis mixedviT ki terminebi danawilebulia: 1. individualurad, 2. jgufurad da

3. klasifikatorulad (kriukovi 1972: 35).

morfologiurad taosa da klarjeTSi ocdaoTxi termini gamoiyofa, romlebic Sed-

genilobiT elementarulia, radgan isini komponentebad dauSlel damoukidebel sityvebs

warmoadgenen. esenia: dede    simamri    baba (babo)    emi (emia)

 taia siZe _   kaci yaini – BW

mazlibajanaRiyardeSi (yardaSi)tada

SvilioRlexolo mdedrobiTi sqesisa – TerTmeti: nene – MP

anaY bibiTazeqali (coli/soli)zali

(rZali/gelini)  balduzi  muli  Sili (elTi) –

bajiTori (Toruni/badiSi)taosa da klarjeTSi

Cven gvxvdeba Sedgenili naTesaobis terminebic. zogjer naTesaobis erTi da igive kategoria

rogorc elementaruli, ise Sedgenili terminebiT aRiniSneba, e. i. naTesaobis ama Tu tips

ori anda meti sxvadasxva naTesaobis termini gamoxatavs, rac istoriuli ganviTarebis pro-

cesSi eTnikuri gavlenebis Sedegic unda iyos. Cveulebriv, Sedgenil terminebs safuZvlad

udevT iseTi elementaruli tipis sityvebi, romlebic ama Tu im leqsikuri erTeulebiT ar-

ian determinebulni, magram isini TavisTavad naTesaobis elementarul terminebs ar war-

moadgenen. taosa da klarjeTSi Sedgenili naTesaobis termini oTxiadidi anaY

(dinenY) da mamamTili    maTgan, magaliTad, zogierTi, elementaruli sityve-

biT, vTqvaT, „neneTi“ („ananeiT“ da „ebeYTi“) daaRabeiTi“ (ufrosi Zma) aRiniSneba.

danarCeni sxva sityva, romlebic ori anda meti terminis kombinacias warmoadgens, aRwer-

ilobiTia, magaliTad iseTebi, rogorebicaa  – aRaYs aRa (mamis mama), romelic si-

tyviT – „dedeTic“ gamoixateba, oRond orive sqesis mSoblis, rogorc mamis, ise dedisa,

biZaSviliemiSvili (emoRli),biboRli

(bibiaSvili),taiaSviliTeizoRli

Zmiswuli, igive, ZmisSvili (elementaruli terminis variantSi – iegani

diswuli, igive, disSvili. sul rva termini.

dajgufebis principebis mixedviT taosa da klarjeTSi naTesaobis amsaxveli individ-

ualuri termini rvaababa (baboY/aRaY) daanaY (ana/ane),simamri,

sidedri mamamTilidedamTilikaci da W

qali (coli), romlebic mkacrad gansazRvrul pirebs aRniSnaven. jgufur terminTa

ricxvs ganekuTvnebian    emi (emia),    tai    bibi, SIM

Teizeyaini (yaeni),balduzimazli,

muli,Sili (elTi),bajanaRi

yardeSi (yardaSi),tada (umcrosi Zma),bajiSviliCemi

biWiCemi bganoemiSvili (emoRli),bibiaSvili

(biboRli),taiSviliTeizoRliZmiswuli/

ZmisSvili (iegani)diswuli (disSvili),Tori (Toruni/badiSi).

jgufuri terminebi ocdasami da, rogorc wesi, isini molaparakesTan – ego-sTan erTsa da

imave naTesaur urTierTobaSi myof individTa jgufs aRniSnaven. klasifikatoruli niSniT

dayofili terminebi cotaa, sul oTxi: ablasiZe,

– 190 –

nugzar mgelaZe

zali (rZali/gelini),biZaSvili.

naTesaobis terminologiur paradigmaze diferenciul terminTa dezignatebisa da de-

notatebis, calkeuli leqsemis cvladebis gansazRvras Tan mosdevs axali operacia, kerZod,

terminologiuri modelis struqturis dadgena.

taoelTa sisxliT naTesaobis terminTa sistemis struqturuli principi

C1 C2

A1 A2 A1 A2

B1 dede/didi dedeY/dede

babua (aRas aRa)

nene

(didi anaY/didneneY)

–

B2 baba

(babo)

anaY

(nene)

emi tai bibi Teize

biZa

ego emiSvili (emiaSvili)

taiSvili (taiaSvili)

bibiSvili (bibiaSvili)

biZaSvili

Svili iegani

oRli

(Cemi biWi)

Cemi bgano

diswuli (disSvili)

Zmiswuli (ZmisSvili)

biboRli

–

emoRli

TeizoRli

B5 Tori

(Toruni/badiSi)

–

aqedan mkafiod Cans, rom taoelebisa da klarjebis naTesaobis terminTa struqtura

msgavsia da saerTo principebs efuZneba. Cveulebriv, naTesaobis terminologia tradici-

uli socialuri organizaciis bunebasa da qronologiuri ganviTarebis donesac asaxavs.

samecniero literaturaSi miCneulia, rom igi saojaxo-saqorwino urTierTobis Zveli mod-

elebis amsaxvelia, radgan konservatuli bunebiT gamoirCeva, ris gamoc sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis arqauli elementebis rekonstruqciis wyarodaa aRiarebuli. ama Tu im formis

naTesaobis terminologiur modelSi naTesaobis esa Tu is tipi maSinac agrZelebs arsebo-

bas, roca misi ganmapirobebeli socialuri organizacia da socialuri institutebi ukve

gamqralia. amasTan, naTesaobis nomenklatura sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze mgrZnobiared re-

agirebs da modeli Tanamedrove tipis socialuri garemos Sesabamisad axali leqsikuri er-

TeulebiT ivseba, gansakuTrebiT, maSin, roca mas eTnikurad mravalferovan garemoSi, ufro

zustad, ucxo eTnikur garemocvaSi uwevs arseboba. erT-erTi saukeTeso nimuSi taoelTa

da klarjTa naTesaobis sistemaa, Tumca Woroxis auzis qarTul mosaxleobaSi msgavsi vi-

Tareba sxva kuTxeebis magaliTzec SeiniSneba (mgelaZe 1988); (mgelaZe 1990: 45-66); (mgelaZe

2004); (mgelaZe 2010); (mgelaZe 2014); (mgelaZe 2015); (mgelaZe 2016a). aqedan gamomdinare, didi

mniSvneloba aqvs terminologiuri paradigmebis modelirebasa da tipologias. tradiciuli

– 191 –

tao-klarjeTis qarTuli mosaxleobis naTesaobis terminologiuri modeli...

socialuri organizaciebis lokaluri, eTnikuri da zogadi maxasiaTeblis gamovlenas gan-

sakuTrebiT xels uwyobs naTesaobis terminTa tipologiuri Taviseburebebis dadgena. am-

itom, taoelTa da klarjTa tradiciul sazogadoebriv formebsa da naTesaobis terminTa

tipebs Soris urTierTkavSiris socialuri arsisa Tu maTi socialuri ganpirobebulobis

srulyofili arsis gamosavlenad saWiroa taoelTa sisxliT naTesaobis aRmniSvneli ter-

minTa tipebi sociokulturul anTropologiasa da zogad eTnologiaSi cnobil naTesaobis

modelebs SevudaroT, romelTa pirobiTi saxelwodebebia: I tipi – havauri, II tipi – iroke-

zuli, III tipi – arabuli da IV tipi – inglisuri (kriukovi 1972: 39). amgvari tipologiis

asagebad aucilebeli pirobaa mamisa da dedis, pirdapiri da iribi xazis naTesavTa Serwymisa

da gamijvnis principebis garkveva. tipologiis Sesaqmnelad gamoyenebulia +1, nulovani da

-1 Taobis terminologia, radgan isini sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisa da socialuri cxovre-

bis sxvadasxva mxares yvelaze ukeTesad asaxaven. rogorc cnobilia, am TaobaTa esoden did

rols is socialuri faqtorebi ganapirobebs, romlebic maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli naTesao-

bis terminebis struqturuli wyobidan gamomdinareobs. +1, nulovani da -1 TaobaTa naTe-

saobis terminologia meti dinamiurobiT xasiaTdeba da yvelaze aqtiurad afiqsirebs im so-

cialur-ekonomikur cvlilebebs, romlebic ojaxisa da saqorwino urTierTobebis sferoSi

xdeba (javaxaZe 1985: 49). +1, nulovan da -1 TaobaSi taoelTa da klarjTa tipologiuri su-

raTi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:

taoelTa da klarjTa naTesaobis terminologiis tipologia pirvel aRmaval TaobaSi

terminTa tipi    terminTa

raodenoba

I tipi

havauri

mäkua käna 1

II tipi

irokezuli

hanit Hakno’ 2

III tipi

arabuli

abi amni khali 3

IV tipi

inglisuri

father unkle 4

III tipi

taouri da klarjuli

baba

(babo)

emi

(emia)

tai

(taia)

taoelTa naTesaobis terminologiis tipologia ego-s TaobaSi

naTesaobis tipi  CHSIM



CHBF



CHBM



CHSIF



terminTa

raodenoba

I tipi havauri  1

II tipi irokezuli  Akua: ’se:’ 2

III tipi

arabuli

akhi Ibn kialeti Ibn emmi Ibn khali Ibn ammeti 5

IV tipi inglisuri brother cousin 2

III tipi taouri da

klarjuli

Zma (yar-

daSi)

TeizeSvili emiSvili taiSvili bibiSvili 5

+1 da ego-s TaobebSi taoelTa da klarjTa naTesaobis terminTa tipologiis safuZ-

velze dadginda, rom +1 da ego-s TaobebSi igi III tipisaa. avtorTa didi nawili fiqrobs, rom

naTesaobis III tipi klanur – patronimiul organizaciaSi iyo warmoqmnili da didi saojaxo

urTierTobebis tradiciebs efuZneboda, xolo IV tipi klanuri socialuri organizaciis

gviani variantis rRvevis periodsa da axali modernizebuli monogamiuri ojaxis, rogorc

sazogadoebis ZiriTadi socialur-ekonomikuri ujredis, formirebis etaps emTxveva (kriu-

kovi 1972: 281-283). +1 da ego-s TaobebSi taouri da klarjuli naTesaobis sistemac III tipisaa

– 192 –

nugzar mgelaZe

da, Sesabamisad, naTesaobis terminTa struqtura didi saxleulisa da misgan warmoqmnili

lokalizebuli socialuri gaerTianebebis sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri Taviseburebebidan

gamomdinareobs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT taour da klarjul eTnografiul garemos, dasaxle-

baSi linijTa – „sulaleTa“ ganlagebis principebsa da yofiTi stereotipebis specifikas,

maSin SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom taosa da klarjeTSi naTesaobis III tipis dadastureba savse-

biT Seesabameboda regionis socialuri ganviTarebis dones. taosa da klarjeTSi ama Tu im

dasaxlebis qalaqebTan siaxlovem, urbanulma procesebma, savaWro-fuladi urTierTobebis

ganviTarebam da rigma sxva ekonomikurma faqtorma, tradiciuli socialuri institutebis

rRvevas Seuwyo xeli, maSin roca SedarebiT maRalmTianma kuTxeebma, romlebic central-

ur sakomunikacio gzebs mowyvetili da, Sesabamisad, naturalur TviTkmar meurneobaSi iyo

Caketili, klanuri organizacia SeinarCuna, saidanac naTesaobis III tipi gamomdinareobda.

aseT kuTxeebSi meurneobrivi specifika da masTan dakavSirebuli Sromis organizacia, rac

muSaxelis sakmaod didi ricxvis gaerTianebasa da erTobliv Sromas moiTxovda, adgilo-

briv mkvidrT aiZulebda did saxleulebSi tradiciuli saojaxo qonebrivi da samarTle-

brivi normebi daecvaT. ase ganviTarda socialuri movlenebi Woroxis auzis sxva regionTa

qarTul mosaxleobaSic (mgelaZe 1988); (mgelaZe 1990: 63-64); (mgelaZe 2004); (mgelaZe 2010);

(mgelaZe 2014); (mgelaZe 2015); (mgelaZe 2016a).

amrigad, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis garkveul etapze universaluri xasiaTis myari

socialuri erTobebi Camoyalibda, romlebic samecniero literaturaSi cnobilia didi

saxleulisa (saojaxo Temi, didi ojaxi) da patronimiuli organizaciis (linijTa siste-

ma – klani) saxelebiT. maT taoSi adgilobrivi tradiciuli terminebi SeesatyvisebodaT,

amasTan, amgvarma sazogadoebrivma gaerTianebebma socialur struqturaSi safuZveli Cau-

yares aRwerilobiTi xasiaTis naTesaur terminologias. socialuri organizaciis am formeb-

ma ego-sTan naTesaur urTierTobaSi myofi calkeuli individis saerTo saxelwodebis qveS

dajgufebas niadagi gamoacales da Sesabamisi saxelwodebebiT isini calkeul kategoriad

gamijnes. paradigmul konstruqciaSi struqturul erTeulTa aRmniSvneli terminebisagan

nawarmoebi nomenklaturiT naTesaobis garkveuli kategoriebis gamoxatvas, kompozitebad

Camoyalibebasa da funqciurad axali urTierTobebis warmoqmnas swored didi saxleuli

da patronimiuli organizacia ganapirobebda. patronimiuli organizacia, romelic taoSi

„sulaled“ iwodeba, socialurad srulad iTavsebs naTesaobis aRwerilobiT leqsikas. su-

lales wevrTa ufleba-movaleobebi urTierTobaTa sxvadasxva sferoSi, kerZod, uflebebi

da valdebulebebi socialur, samarTlebriv da qonebriv sferoSi, naTesauri kategoriebis

mixedviT iyo diferencirebuli. siSore-siaxlovis mixedviT sulales wevrTa naTesaur kat-

egoriebad dayofam da ufleba-movaleobebis Sesatyvisi diferencirebuli formebis Camoy-

alibebam, aucilebeli gaxada naTesaobis nomenklaturis aseTive diferencirebuli forme-

bis warmoSoba. amitomaa, rom naTesaobis terminebi sulales wevrTa Soris arsebul ufle-

briv normebs ireklavs. naTesaobis terminebsa da qcevis normebs Soris mWidro urTierTkav-

Siri arsebobs. Ego-sTan mimarTebaSi naTesavebi sxvadasxvagvarad iqcevian, nawili gansxvave-

bulad, nawili ki – msgavsad, e. i. erTi terminis qveS gaerTianebul individTa jgufi msgavsi

ufleba-movaleobebis matarebelia, xolo im pirebs, romlebic gansxvavebuli naTesaobis

terminebiT aRiniSnebian, naTesaobaSi sxvadasxva uflebrivi pozicia ukaviaT. TiToeuli

alter-i biologiuradaa dakavSirebuli ego-sTan, magram masTan mimarTebaSi erTi jgufi iden-

turi, xolo meore jgufi gansxvavebuli socialuri statusis matarebelia. sazogadoebrivi

urTierTobebis ganviTarebis paralelurad, axal socialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi taoSi

patriarqaluri cxovrebis wesi TandaTanobiT cvlilebebs daeqvemdebara, Sesabamisad, cvl-

ilebebi daiwyo naTesaobis terminologiurma tipebmac.

SeniSvnebi

1 kodebis konkretuli mniSvneloba: imisaTvis, rom naTesauri urTierTobebi ekonomiuri kuTxiT

daaxasiaTon, anTropologebi Semoklebebs axdenen kodebis kombinaciiT mniSvnelobiT sityvas

vRebulobT, vTqvaT, Fa (F) = Father, Mo (M) = Mather, Si (Z) = Sister, Br (B) = Brother, So (S) = Son, Da

– 193 –

tao-klarjeTis qarTuli mosaxleobis naTesaobis terminologiuri modeli...

(D) = Daughter, Sb = Sibling, Ne = Nephew, Ni = Niece, Pa = Parent, Ch = Child, Hu (H) = Husband, Wi (W)

= Wife, Sp = Spouse, La = In-Law, Gf = Grandfather, Cm = Grandmother, Gp = Grandparent (seimur-smi-

ti 1986: 1). magaliTad, Cven naSromSi Semdegi saxis inglisurenovani abreviaturis, sityvebis

pirobiT Semoklebas viyenebT: GF – Grandfather (papa/babua), GM – Grandmother (dideda/bebia), GP

– Grandparent (papisa da didedis mSoblebi – winaprebi), P – Parent (mSobeli); F – Father (mama), M –

Mother (deda), SI – Sister (da), B – Brother (Zma), SB – Sibling (siblingebi), CH – Child (Svili), SO – Son

(vaJi), D – Daughter (qaliSvili), NE – Nephew (ZmisSvili/disSvili – biWi), NI – Niece (ZmisSvili/

disSvili– gogo), H – Husband (qmari), W – Wife (coli), SP – Spouse (meuRleebi, col-qmari), LA

– In-Law (moyvrebi). mamis dis qaliSvili – FSICH. dResdReobiT eTnologTa garkveul wreeb-

Si popularulia iuri levinis koduri sistemis bazaze Seqmnili formaluri meTodic (levini

1970: 18-30). rusulenovani abreviatura, sityvebis kodebiT pirobiTi Semokleba, romelic mar-

jvnidan marcxniv ikiTxeba, Semdegi saxisaamSobeliSvilicolis anda qmris mxare.

aqedan SeiZleba miviRoTmamadedasimamrisidedri. iuri levins

damatebiT Semotanili hqonda sqesis gamomxatveli indeqsimamrobiTi sqesimdedrobi-

Ti sqesi, aseve, simboloebTan SesatyvisobaSi ufros-umcrosobis gamomxatveli niSani (-), ro-

melic simboloTa zemoT anda qvemoT ismeba, vTqvaT, aseufrosi Zma andaumcrosi Zma

(levini 1970: 18-30).

2 magaliTisaTvis aviRoT qarTuli termini mamida. am sityvaSi mama ego-sa da alter-s Soris makav-

Sirebel rgols warmoadgens.

damowmebani

abaevi 1958Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка,

abaevi 1973Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка,

alibegaSvili 1992: g. alibegaSvili. qarTuli xalxuri poeziis nimuSebi, V-VIII klasebisaTvis, damx-

mare saxelmZRvanelo zogadsaganmanaTleblo saSualo skolis moswavleebisTvis, Tbilisi.

arsenievi, popovi 1978: 

Полевые исследования института этнографии

bardaveliZe 1953: v. bardaveliZe. qarTuli (svanuri) saweso grafikuli xelovnebis nimuSebi,

Tbilisi.

borlandi 1979: C. H. Borland. Kinship Term Grammar. Abeview, Anthropos, 

girenko 1974СЭ

goniaSvili 1940: T. goniaSvili. leqsikuri Sexvedrebi CaCnurisa da qarTvelur enebTan, Tbilsi,

ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiiis saqarTvelos filialis gamomcemloba.

gudenafi 1956: Ward H. G. Goodenough. The Componential Analysis and the study of Meaning, Language, 

gudenafi 1964: Ward H. G. Goodenough. The Componential Analysis of Könkämä Lapp Kinship Terminology, Explo-

rations in Cultural Anthropology, New York.

gudenafi 1971a: Ward H. G. Goodenough. A new method of Analyzing Kinship Systems: componential Analysis, Read-

ing in Kinship and Social structure, Berkeley.

gudenafi 1971b: Ward H. G. Goodenough. The Nature of Formal analysis, Reading in Kinship and Social structure,

Berkeley.

zelinski 1899 Известия Кавказского

отдела импераеорского русского Географического общества

iakovlevi 1930 –  – –  

УЗИЭНКНВ

kriukovi 1972Система родства китайцев (эволюция и закономерности),

kriukovi 1983 Сэ, 

kronenfeldi 1980: D. A. Kronenfeld. Formal Analesis of Fanti Kinship Terminology (Chana), Anthropos, vol. 75.

kuznecovi 1971    О применения метода компонентного анализа в лексике, Синхронно-

сопоставителный анализ языков разных систем

launsberi 1956: Floyd G. Lounsbury. A Sematic Analysis of the Pavnee Kinship Usage, Language, vol. 32.

launsberi 1962: Floyd G. Lounsbury. The structural Analysis of Kinship Semantics, Preprints of Papers for the 9th

Interational Congress of Linguists.

launsberi 1965: Floyd G. Lounsbury. Another Viev of the Trobriand Kinship Categories, American Anthropologist,



launsberi 1968: Floyd G. Lounsbury. The Structural Analysis of Kinship Semantics, Kinship and social Organization

(Edited By Paul Bohannan and John Middleton), New York.

levini 1970СЭ

– 194 –

nugzar mgelaZe

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mgelaZe 1988Система кровного родства в Аджарии (историко-этнографическое исследование),



mgelaZe 1990: n. mgelaZe. sisxliT naTesaobis terminTa sistemis struqturul-tipologiuri analizi

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-

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этнографический сборник

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этнографии

javaxaZe 1968Кавказский этнографический сборник,



javaxaZe 1979         Кавказский

этнографический сборник

javaxaZe 1985: n. javaxaZe. xevsuruli SinSi da misi adgili naTesaobis sistemis Tanamedrove tipo-

logiaSi, Tbilisi.

javaxiSvili 1937: i. javaxiSvili. qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli buneba da naTesaoba,

Tbilisi.

javaxiSvili 1979: i. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. I, Tbilisi.

janaSvili 1906    Историко-археодогический очерк Гурии, Чорохского бассйна и Чанети

(Лазистана), Батум и его окрестность

janaSia 1949: s. janaSia. Sromebi, I, Tbilisi.

janaSia 1959: s. janaSia. Sromebi, III, Tbilisi.

janaSia 1973: s. janaSia. Sromebi, VI, Tbilisi.

– 195 –

tao-klarjeTis qarTuli mosaxleobis naTesaobis terminologiuri modeli...

TERMINOLOGICAL MODEL OF KINSHIP OF THE GEORGIAN

POPULATION OF TAO-KLARJETI (ETHNOCULTURAL AND

SOCIOLINGUISTIC PROBLEMS)

Nugzar Mgeladze

Tao and Klarjeti are historical parts of Georgia. Though today they are part of the Republic of Turkey,

they still mostly are populated by Georgians. The Georgian population of these regions was separated from

from the other Georgian regions for centuries. Therefore, their ethnographic panorama has preserved many

such ancient and traditional elements of culture, which have already disappeared in Georgia today. The same

can be said about traditional social relations and lifestyle. In a diverse ethnic setting we have focused on the

system of terms of kinship which has undergone terminological changes over time, but the basic paradigm and

typological model of kinship terms have remained unchanged.

The terminological model of kinship in Tao and Klarjeti is studied on the basis of the formal method.

As it is known, starting from the 1960s the formal – transformational, scalographic and componental methods



types of people in the world managed to read the intellectual products in the same way. The method was par-

ticularly focused on building of the paradigm models of kinship terms of various people, which prepared the

basis for general typology.

In Tao and Klarjeti the large houses and the traditional system of lineage laid the foundation for descrip-

tive terminology. The big housing and the lineage-type social organization, called “sulale” by the Georgian

population of Tao-Klarjeti, paved the ego-related way for the grouping of a separate individuals. They were

divided into separate categories with the corresponding names. Rights and obligations in the social, legal and

   sulale’s members into





the sule. The fact is that there is a close relationship between the terms of kinship and norms of behavior. In

relation to the ego



alter is biologically related to the ego, but in relation to it one



In parallel with the development of public relations, in the new socio-economic conditions, the patri-

archal way of life in Tao was gradually subject to change, and the terminological types of kinship began to

change as well.

– 196 –

Sua saukuneebis istoriis Seswavla saqarTveloSi

(XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan 1991 wlamde)

merab kalandaZe

winamdebare naSromi istoriografiul xasiaTs atarebs da Cven mier adre dawyebuli

samuSaos logikur gagrZelebas warmoadgens. Cven or monografiaSi: „dasavleT evropis Sua

saukuneebis istoriis Seswavla saqarTveloSi XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi“ (kalandaZe 1999)

da „qarTuli medievistikis saTaveebTan“ (kalandaZe 2009) SevexeT qarTuli medievistikis

pirvel nabijebs. axla saubari gveqneba Semdgom xanaze: 50-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan 1991

wlamde, i. stalinis gardacvalebidan sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde. es, Cveni azriT, erT-er-

Ti saintereso monakveTad _ sabWoTa periodis qarTuli medievistikis mesame qveperiodad

SeiZleba miviCnioT. Cven araerTi sakiTxi sxvagvarad gavaSuqeT, axleburad davsviT. am si-

axleTa Semotana miznad isaxavda Zveli marqsistuli stereotipebis gadasinjvas, romelmac

totalitarul-bolSevikuri reJimis ZalisxmeviT, farTod moikida fexi qarTuli sazoga-

doebis cnobierebaSi.

saqarTveloSi Sua saukuneebis istoriis problemebiT daintereseba iwyeba ara sabWo-

Ta periodis qarTul medievistikaSi, rogorc amas gvimtkicebdnen didi xnis ganmavlobaSi,

aramed gacilebiT ufro adre, jer kidev saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi 1918-

1921 wlebSi. am xanebSi gamosuli Sua saukuneebis istoriis pirveli erovnuli saskolo

saxelmZRvaneloebi, vfiqrobT, amis naTeli ilustraciaa. es saxelmZRvaneloebia: v. dondua,

„saS ualo saukuneTa istoria“ (1920), i. gvelesiani „saSualo saukuneebis istoria“ (1920),

a. wereTeli „msoflio istoria, nawili 2, saSualo saukuneebi “ (1920), a. vulfiusi „saSualo

istoriis saxelmZRvanelo“ (1919). raodenobrivad es, cxadia, Zalian cotaa, magram xarisxo-

brivad, Tvisebrivad, namdvilad ase ar gaxlavT. drois im mcire monakveTSi, romelic maT am

saqmisaTvis hqondaT gamoyofili, urigo Sedegi ar unda Candes.

Cven SevecadeT gadagveazrebina saqarTveloSi Sua saukuneebis istoriis Seswavlis

arsebuli suraTi, romelic umTavresad totalitarul-bolSevikuri reJimis ZalisxmeviT,

gamrudebul iqna. faqtobrivad, es iyo sakiTxis periodizacia. sabWoTa midgoma iyo Zalze

politizebuli da ideologizebuli da aranairi mecnieruli safuZveli ar gaaCnda, kidev

ufro meti: is iyo antierovnuli da arapatriotuli. mis mTavar Tezas warmoadgenda am

sferoSi winamorbedTa wvlilis sruli ugulebelyofa, ignorireba. gvimtkicebdnen, rom am

dargSi saqarTvelos gasabWoebamde pozitiuri araferi gakeTebula. es dargi uwarsulod

gamoiyureboda. es iyo kidev erTi sabWoTa miTi. Cven vcadeT gagvesworebina es Seusabamoba

da am sakiTxis ganxilva normalur mecnierul kalapotSi dagvebrunebina.

sabWoTa periodis qarTul medievistikas sakmaod kargad momzadebuli niadagi daxvda.

magram umTavresad, politikuri kataklizmebis gamo, im dros moRvawe mecnierebma dawyebu-

li saqmis bolomde miyvana ver SeZles. saqarTvelos istoriis „patara oqros xana“ Zalze

xanmokle aRmoCnda. saqme gvaqvs sakiTxisadmi mecnierul midgomasTan, romelic, umTavre-

sad, orientirebulia Tavisufal azrovnebaze, istoriuli movlenebisadmi mravalferovan

midgomaze, pluralizmze, progresul-liberalur Rirebulebebze, amitom am monakveTis Se-

ufasebloba, ise rogorc arc gadaWarbebuli Sefaseba ar aris mizanSewonili. miuxedavad

yovelive amisa unda iTqvas, rom am monakveTma qarTuli medievistikis istoriaSi mainc moas-

wro Tavisi kvalis datoveba da am periodis amoReba, am dargis istoriidan, rogorc amas

adgili hqonda sabWoTa xanaSi, mizanSewonilad ar migvaCnia. qarTuli medievistikis ganvi-

Tareba mecnieruli gziT midioda da, umTavresad, im novaciebze iyo orientirebuli, ro-

melmac Tavi iCina meoce saukunis dasawyisis evropuli medievistikaSi. da Tu ara politi-

kuri kataklizmebi, saqarTvelos gasabWoeba, es gza gagrZeldeboda, magram es ase ar moxda.

– 197 –

misma ganviTarebam sul sxva xasiaTi SeiZina, romelic wingadadgmul nabijad, Tavdapirveli

gzis gagrZelebad, Znelia miviCnioT (kalandaZe 2017a); (kalandaZe 1999); (kalandaZe 2009); (ka-

landaZe 2014); (kalandaZe 2015a).

sabWoTa periodis qarTuli medievistikis apologeturi Sefaseba, romelic dominan-

ti iyo sabWoTa wlebSi, dRes cxadia, ukve moZvelebulia, yavli gauvida, istoriografiis

ganvlili etapia. magram erTi ukiduresobidan meoreSi ar unda aRmovCndeT: verc sabWoTa

periodis qarTuli medievistikis uaRresad negatiuri Sefaseba Segviqmnis aRniSnul Temaze

srulyofil warmodgenas. es ukve sul sxva ukiduresobaa. orive ukiduresoba miuRebelia.

WeSmariteba, rogorc wesi, sadRac SuaSi Zevs. sasurveli iqneboda movZebnoT es Sualeduri

gza, romelic saSualebas mogvcems vaCvenoT rogorc miRweva, ise xarvezi. da SeZlebisdag-

varad vcadoT maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis axsna. ai, es gvesaxeba sakiTxisadmi mecnierul mid-

gomad.

winamdebare naSromi am saSualedo xazis moZiebis mokrZalebuli mcdelobaa.

msjelobis dawyeba marTebulad Cans profesor guram kutalias saintereso naSromiT

„Tsu Sua saukuneebis kaTedris istoria“ (kutalia 2004a), romelic am problemis Seswav-

lis gzaze wingadadgmul nabijad gvevlineba. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom mTel

Georgian Source-Studies 2021

Abstract