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Article Info
Article history
Received 25 October 2021
Revised 13 December 2021
Accepted 14 December 2021
Published Online 30 December 2021
Keywords
COVID-19
Diseases
Immunity
Health
Phytochemicals
Wild fruits
Review article: Open access
Role of wild fruits in combating COVID-19 infection: An overview
Kanchan Bhatt, Sunakshi Gautam, Abhimanyu Thakur, N.S. Thakur, Hamid* and Kritika Kaushal
Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173230,
Himachal Pradesh, India
*Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab-144411, India
Abstract
COVID-19, a disease caused by SARS-COV-2 virus was the reason for the pandemic and loss of many lives.
The viru s transmission from huma n-to-human touch led to outbreaks of this disease. World health
organization has recommended a list of precautionary measures to avoid the major infection of this
virus. This list includes various medicinal plants, fruits and vegetables which can boost the immunity
and help in reducing the risk of infection. Due to this COVID-19, the food habits of most of the people
changed which led to shift towards healthier lifestyle. As most of the Indian population is vegetarian,
so the health based plant food including wild plant sources have been explored extensively. The wild
fruits like bael, aonla, jamun, rubus, aakhe, simul and many more have the antiviral properties and
immune boosting properties which could be incorporated in our diet. The bioactive compounds lik e
polyphenolics, flavonoids, tannins, phytosterols, vitamins, minerals, etc., present in above mentioned
wild fruits can be utilized to have healthful benefits. As these functiona l components can help in
reducing various diseases like asthma, bronchitis, cold, fever, flu, inflammatory diseases, cancer,
cardiovascular diseases and ultimately boost up the immunity to cope up with COVID-19 illness.
Copyright © 2021 Ukaaz Publications. All rights reserved.
Email: ukaaz@yahoo.com; Website: www.ukaazpublications.com
Co rre sponding author : Ms . Sunakshi Gautam
Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr. Yashwant Sin gh
Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173230,
Himachal Pradesh, India
E-mail: sunakshigautam7@gmail.com
Tel.: +91-9805588330
Annals of Phytomedicine, Volume10, Special Issue2 (COVID-19): S128-S140, 2021
Annals of Phytomedicine: An International Journal
http://www.ukaazpublications.com/publications/index.php
Print ISSN : 2278-9839 Online ISSN : 2393-9885
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.54085/ap.covid19.2021.10.2.15
Special Issue2 (COVID-19)
Review Article : Open Access
1. Introduction
COVID-19 a disease caused by member of Coronaviridae family,
subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, order Nidovirales commonly known
as SARS-CoV-2 and have unique surface projections/spikes from where
it gets its name, i.e., corona which means crown in Latin. The
symptoms of COVID-19 are similar to severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and
common cold (Shaikh et al., 2021). The emergence of COVID-19 as a
pandemic was reported on December, 2019, in Wuhan China
(Wiersinga et al., 2019). Originally, the initial spread has started by
zoonotic transmission from seafood market of Wuhan, China was
considered as the major reason for outbreak. However, later the
human-to-human transmission was considered as major cause of its
uncontrolled outbreak (Yuki et al., 2020). The most prominent
symptoms of infections of SARS virus are respiratory symptoms
such as cough, breathing problems, fever and in more severe cases, it
led to acute respiratory syndrome, pneumonia and sometime death
(WHO, 2020). Besides these symptoms, it also affects nervous,
cardiovascular and gastrointestinal system of human body (Monnerat
et al., 2020). The individual factors which plays a crucial role in the
severity of infection are age of the person, social conditions, ethnicity,
nutritional status, malnutrition, pre-existing health conditions and
most important the immunity status (Sooriyaarachchi et al., 2021).
Food plays a very important role in prevention of infection of
coronavirus by enhancing the immunity by providing various
phytonutrients and bioactive components. According to the report
of WHO (2020), bioactive compounds obtained from natural food
sources have the capability to lower the risk of this deadly disease.
The presence of flavonoids, polyphenols, sterols, alkaloids,
terpenoids, vitamins, minerals, unsaturated fatty acid and
micronutrients which are abundantly present in fruits and vegetables
helps in prevention and control of this deadly viral infection in
human body (Hamid et al., 2021). These bioactive functional
components can be used as therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2
or help in preventive activities of COVID patients (Monnerat et al.,
2020). The phytoconstituents like polyphenols, flavonoids and
tannins are very essential as they act as antioxidants and anti-
inflammatory agents and regulate the immune cells as well as gene
expressions (Monnerat et al., 2020). The functioning of immune
system depends on the nutritional status of body and interaction
among different food components (Thakur et al., 2019). It has been
observed that due to spread of this deadly virus, the eating pattern,
habits, healthy-unhealthy food ratio changed very drastically and
people are becoming more inclined towards immune boosting healthy
foods (Kutyauripo et al., 2021).
Although, major proportion of world’s population is getting
vaccinated and the chances of this deadly disease is minimized by
taking care of precautionary measures. But, due to changes in its
genetic makeup and mutation, this virus can still cause harm to
human race. So, it become as very important to maintain health and
immunity to fight against virus/disease. According to World health
organization report, about 80 % of total world population rely on
vegetarian diet to fulfill their nutritional requirement as plant possess
bioactive compounds with antivairal and anti-inflammatory activities
(Ashraf et al., 2021). In India, the wide plant diversity makes it
possible to ensure better health. The country occupies 2% of earth
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surface consists of 5% world’s diversity and known as a hotspot for
biodiversity (Sasi and Rajendran, 2012). There are various wild fruits
species available in various geographical areas of India which can be
helpful in prevention of future outbreaks of these kind of diseases.
The wild flora and fauna of India containing high concentration of
bioactive compounds and nutritional components, which can directly
or indirectly help in prevention of COVID-19 infection. So, by keeping
in mind the symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on
different body parts; this review covers the role of wild fruits and
their bioactive components which can help in prevention of this
deadly virus.
2. Wild fruit species available in India
Wild fruits are very important for villagers and farmers as they are
the chief source of food as well as for economic aspects for their
livelihood (Mahapatra et al., 2012). India is the natural habitat of
many species of fruits with therapeutic and medicinal properties.
The fruit species like Carissa spinarum, Opuntia sp., Syzygium
cumunii, Aegle marmelos and many other are available in central
parts of India throughout the year, whereas, Artocarpus laucha,
Physalis peruviana, Diospyros sp. are prevalent in western and
northern sides (Ahirvar et al., 2017; Biswas et al., 2018). North and
South parts of India are known for wild fruit species like Ficus
palmate, Elaeagnus umbellate, Morus alba, Phyllanths emblica,
Ziziphus mauritiana, Opuntia sp., etc. (Kumar and Shiddamallayya,
2016; Bhatia et al., 2018). All over India, there is abundance of wild
fruit species having high nutritional as well as medicinal value and
there is wide scope of their utilization in curing many diseases which
needs to be explored. The list of some important wild fruits commonly
consumed in India has been presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Different wild fruit species available in India
Sr. No. Wild fruit Common name Fa mily Refer enc es
1. Aegle marmelos Bael Rutaceae He et al., 2016;
2Artocarpus laucha Dheu, Monkey jack, Lakuchi Moraceae Younus et al., 2016;
3. Baccaurea sapida Bermese grape Euphorbiaceae Ota et al., 2016;
4. Berberis aristata Kashmal, Indian barberry, Tree turmeric, Daruharidra Berberidaceae Gogoi, 2017;
5. Bombax ceiba Silk cotton tree, Simal, Semul, Shalmali Bombacaceae Hamid et al., 2017;
6. Carissa spinarum Karondhu, Kharnu, Garna Apocynaceae Kaunda and Zhang, 2017;
7. Cordia dichotoma Bhokar, Lasuda, Indian cherry, Gondi Boraginaceae Prajapati et al., 2017;
8. Cornus capitate Himalayan strawberry tree, Tharbal Cornaceae Thakur et al., 2017;
9Crataegus songarica Bansangli Rosaceae Manandhar et al., 2018;
10 Diospyros lotus Wild persimmon Ebenaceae Bhat et al., 2018;
11. Elaeagnus umbellate Ghain, Chndar, Bastard oleaster Elaeagnacea Neag et al., 2018;
12. Ficus auriculata Timble, Timla, Timble, Gular Moraceae Kabra et al., 2019;
13. Ficus palmate Anjiri, Bedu, Khemri Moraceae Sharma et al., 2019;
14. Juglans regia English or Persian walnut Juglandaceae Bhatt et al., 2020;
15. Morus alba White mulberry, Shehtoot Moraceae Murathan, 2020;
16. Myrica esculenta Kaiphal or katphal Myricaceae Zulfqar et al., 2020;
17. Phyllanths emblica Amla, Indian gooseberry Phyllanthaceae Hamid et al., 2020;
18 Physalis peruviana Rasbhary, Cape gooseberry Solanaceae Sahu et al., 2020;
19. Pinus gerardiana Chilgoza Pinaceae Thakur et al., 2020;
20. Prunus americana Chulli, Chulu Rosaceae Pal, 2020;
21. Punica granatum Daadu Punicaceae Ahmad et al., 2021;
22. Rubus ellipticus Yellow Himalayan Raspberry, Hisalu Rosaceae Tamta et al., 2021;
23. Ziziphus mauritiana Ber, Chinese date Rhamnaceae Soni and Malik, 2021
24. Sy zygium cumunii Jamun, Java plum, Indian blackberry Myrtacea e
25. Celtis australis Mediterranean hackberry, European nettle tree, or Cannabaceae
the lote tree
26. Malus baccata Siberian crab apple Rosacea
27. Opuntia dillenii Wild prickly pear Cactaceae
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3. Wild fruits and COVID-19
Wild fruits are the rich source of nutrients and more concentrated
source of bioactive components and act as healthy therapeutic
alternative because of their better tolerance in human body as they
are derived from natural sources (Singh et al., 2021). The functional
components present in these fruits can be used for positive
pharmacological effects and have the potential to act as antiviral
agent and boost the immunity (Hamid et al., 2021). The fruits and
their bioactive components have been reported for their use in
quenching respiratory diseases, viral infections, immune boosting
properties, regulation of natural processes in human body and other
health related effects associated to COVID-19 infection. The various
fruit which can directly or indirectly helps in preventing/reducing
the risk of COVID-19 has been enlisted in Table 2 and the role of
some of the important wild fruits in preventing COVID-19 illness
has been explained further.
3.1 Bael (Aegle marmelos)
Bael fruits are known to effectively reduce the respiratory diseases,
thus can prevent the infection of lungs and COVID-19 (Yadav et al.,
2020). The various phytochemicals present in its fruit act as anti-
coronavirus agent and play a crucial role in quenching various other
diseases (Khadka et al., 2021). The presence of marmele/marmelide
(C16H14O4) compound in bael fruit is responsible for its various antiviral
properties. This component influences the early stage of replicative
cycle of viruses such as adsorption, penetraton, etc. (Maity et al.,
2009) and blocks the receptors site for virus binding (Santhi et al.,
2021). It also block the replication of genetic material of virus replication
which led to minimize the contact with host and does not allow it to
show cytotoxicity. Mermelide showed the similar results as that of
ribavirin which is a popular virucidal and chemotherapeutic agent
(Yadevendra et al., 2020) and exhibits antimalarial activity by
suppressing the development of Plasmodium falciparum. The higher
concentration of vitamin C helps in lowering the effect of H1N1 (swine
flu) and CV-B3 virus titers by relieving lung irritation and respiratory
illness (Yadav et al., 2020; Santhi et al., 2021).
3.2 Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica)
The fruits of aonla are used in Indian as well as Unani medicine
system due to abundance of phytochemicals present in it. In relation
to COVID-19, the phytoconstituents like ascorbic acid,
phyllaemblicin, phyllaemblinol and 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-
glucose plays an important role in preventing its infection.
Phyllaemblicin G7 and B and phyllaemblinol are reported to suppress
the viral activity in COVID-19 (Khadka et al., 2021). These are
helicase inhibitor which does not allow the virus of COVID to replicate
as helicase is the key protein and essential for viral growth (Singh et
al., 2021). Whereas 1,2,4,6-tetra-O -galloyl-β-D-glucose is a
polyphenolic compound present in aonla fruits which act as a
potential antiviral agent works against HS virus by inhibition of
penetration, suppression of intracellular growth, thus suppressing
early infection and inhibition of viral biosynthesis in host cells
(Gyawali et al., 2020; Ahmed et al., 2021). Besides these health
benefits, the other components present in aonla fruit like geraniin
and isocorilagin have immunostimulatory effects and helps in
boosting the immune system (Ahmed et al., 2021).
3.3 Box myrtle (Myrica esculenta)
In box myrtle (kaphal) fruits, myricitrin a glycosylated analog of
myricetin has been found effective for the prevention of Ebola virus,
HIV and SARS coronavirus (Joshi et al., 2021). Also, myricitrin have
higher binding affinity as compared to myricetin and it inhibit the
helicase protein which is essential protein for SARS virus for ATPase
activity and replicate its genetic material, thus can help in reducing
the risk of COVID-19 (Patel et al., 2021).
3.4 Dheu (Artocarpus laucha)
The fruits of Atrocarpus lakucha are rich in various flavonoids and
triterpenoids and prevent various viral diseases as well as malaria.
The flavonoids block the transcription and translation process in
virus and does not allow it to replicate, thus does not allow the
infection causing virus to get attached with host cells (Buddhisuharto
et al., 2021).
3.5 Dharu/wild pomegranate (Punica granatum)
The fruits of dharu are rich source of anthocyanins and ellagitannins,
more specifically punicalagins and its derivatives. These components
are responsible for the antiviral properties of this fruit and they
prevent binding, penetration, cell-to-cell infection and secondary
infection (Sallese et al., 2021). Also, punicalagin has been reported
as the major component to suppress the activity of influenza virus
and showed synergistic effects with oseltamivir which is a influenza
curing drug (Sallese et al., 2021). Zivkovic et al. (2021) have reported
the juice and peel extract was reported to be beneficial for preventing
human noroviruses (HuNoV). In other studies on COVID/ SARS, the
components like ellagic acid, gallic acid and quercetin exhibited
antiviral activity against its viral infection and these compounds are
abundantly present in P. granatum fruits. Pomegranate extract has
also been used effectively against herpes, influenza and human
immunodeficiency virus (Shaygannia et al., 2015).
3.6 Prickly pear (Opuntia dillenii)
The fruits of prickly pear contain β-sitosterol and β-glucuronidase,
which act as anti-inflammatory agents and also effective against
herpesvirus, coronavirus and other viral diseases (Shin et al., 2004).
3.7 Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana)
Ber fruits are used in Persian, Chinese and Korean system of medicine
since ancient time. Fruits of Ziziphus sp. has been used for curing the
chest complaints and other related diseases (Goyal et al., 2012). The
components like triterpenic and betulinic acid are the active ingredient
responsible for immune boosting property, whereas, betulinic acid
and Jujuboside B are responsible for curing the various cardiovascular
diseases (Shahrajabian et al., 2019).
3.8 Rasbhary/cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana)
The fruits of cape gooseberry has been reported to be effective for
the treatment of asthma, malaria, sore throat, eye infection and act as
immunity booster (Kasali et al., 2021).
3.9 Chilgoza (Pinus gerardiana)
The nuts of chilgoza are very effective antimicrobial (antiviral,
antifungal, antibacterial) and antiseptic agent and helps in regulating
the blood pressure. Also, the antidiabetic component of this fruit is
responsible for inhibiting the α-amylase activity, thus helpful in
reducing cardiovascular diseases (Zulfqar et al., 2019). The
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sesquiterpenes are responsible for antiseptic property of the nut,
whereas, flavan-3-ols and benzoic acid helps in inhibition of α-amylase
activity and decrease the blood glucose level (Bhardwaj et al., 2021).
3.10 Daru haldi (Berberois aristata)
Berberine, a phytochemical present in B. aristata showed the effective
results for the treatment of various viral diseases like malaria and
fever and also cure diabetes (Neag et al., 2018).
3.11 Bushplum/Kurundhu (Carissa spinarum)
The phytochemicals (flavonoids, alkaloids, alanine, etc.) present in
the fruit of C. spinarum showed the effectivity against fever, sore
throat, malaria and antiviral activity (Fatima et al., 2013).
3.12 Simul (Bombax ceiba)
The presence of phytochemicals in simul fruit, the extract of B.
ceiba fruits showed hypotensive, hypoglycaemic and antioxidant
activity as well used as an anti-inflammatory agent and analgesic
(Jalalpure and Gadge, 2011). Also, due to the presence of higher
concentration of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, it helps in
neutralizing the free radicals like H2O2 and protect the cells from
hemolysis (Divya et al., 2012).
3.13 Ghain/Chndar (Elaeagnus umbellate)
The fruits of ghain/bastard oleaster are rich in carotenoids (lycopene,
α and β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, β-carotene, phytofluene and phytoene),
flavonoids, monoterpenes, organic acids and vitamin C and oils
(vitamin E and phytosterol). This oil/phytosterols are used to cure
various heart diseases as its anticoagulant property helps in lowering
the blood cholesterol (Ahmad et al., 2005). These barriers are known
to prevent the chain reactions, neutralizing short-lived oxidative
damage prevent deterioration of tissues and can cure cancer,
immunological activity, cardiovascular diseases and degenerative
diseases (Ozen et al., 2017). The anticancerous properties and high
singlet oxygen quenching ability of its fruit are used to cure diabetes
and inflammations (Gamba et al., 2020).
3.14 Anjiri/Bedu/Khemri (Ficus palmate)
The fruits of F. palmate are very effective against lung diseases and
hypoglycemia, gastrointestinal disorders, ulcer, tumour,
hyperlipidemia, diabetes and fungal infections (Joshi et al., 2014).
Since the ancient times, the fruit extract of wild figs has been used to
cure respiratory diseases like sore throats, cough, bronchial problems,
etc., and used as an demulcent, emollient, laxative and poultice agent
(Rusmadi et al., 2020).
3.15 Aakhe (Rubus ellipticus)
The presence of flavonoids in aakhe fruits make it an important
antioxidant with high redox potential. Its components can effectively
scavenge reactive oxygen species and bind free radicals in the human
body (Cao et al., 1997). Flavonoids and related components act as
anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antiulcer, antiallergic, antiviral
and anticancerous agent (Umamaheswari and Chatterjee, 2008).
3.16 Jamun (Syzygium cumunii)
The fruits of jamun are well known for its use in curing diabetes,
malaria, cough, cold, bronchitis, etc. This fruit has antibacterial,
antiviral, antifungal as well as antioxidant properties (Sahu et al.,
2020). Antidiabetic properties of it are due to the presence of
glycoside, jamboline and ellagic acid which controls blood glucose
level (Giri et al., 1985). It was evident that people suffering from
diabetes were more prone to COVID-19, thus jamun can really help
the diabetic patients in lowering down their sugar level. This fruit
contains various phytoconstituents like flavonoids, phenols,
carotenoids and vitamins, thus are very helpful in lowering down the
oxidative stress as well as degenerative disesases (Kubola et al.,
2011).
3.17 Shehtoot/mulberry (Morus alba)
The fruits of mulberry contain the compound, namely; 1-deoxyno
jirimycin which is responsible for its antiviral property as well as
used against hepatitis B and C viruses (Jacob et al., 2007). Its fruits
are also used against murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1), feline calicivirus-
F9(FCV-F9), human norovirus and for curing fever (Kumar and
Chauhan, 2008). The presence of gallic acid in this fruit is responsible
for inhibiting the internalization of the virus into the cells and enhance
its antiviral properties (Santhi et al., 2021).
3.18 Other fruits
Most of the fruits covered in this review are rich source of antioxidants,
due to which they have high free radical quenching potential and
help in boosting the immunity. Although, they are not contributing
directly in COVID-19 or in viral diseases, but they have direct
contribution in maintaining healthy life style. Thus, these fruits can
be beneficial in quenching diseases, boosting immunity and reducing
the risk of SARS infection.
Table 2: Importance of phytoche micals in disease quenching
Sr No. Fruit Phyt och emical/functional Key component Immunol ogic al Dise ases Refere nce s
components properties
1. Aegle marmelos Marmelide, Marmelosin, Antiviral Diabetes Maity et al.,
Aegeline, Phenols (arbutin, Immunomodulatory Diarrheal 2009;
p-coumaric acid,caffeic acid, agents diseases Lambole et al.,
cholorogenic acid, p-coum- Immunostimu lant Cancer 2010;
aroyl, protocatecheuic acid Alpha-glucosidase Ulcer Patel and Asdaq,
and quinic acid), Flavonoids, inhibitor Cardiovascular 2010;
Xanthotoxol, Imperatorin Marmelide Ant i-inflamma tory Gastrointestinal Sarkar et al.,
Antibacterial disorders 2020
Immune booster Relaxed the
histamine-
induced
Marmelosin contractions
132
2. Artocarpus Flavonoids, Tannins, Saponins, Antiviral Diabetes Hossain et al.,
lakucha Steroids, Glycosides, Triter- Anti HIV Prevent cellular 201 6
penoids, Phenolic compou nds, Antiglycation Aging
Squalene, ß-amyrin acetate Anti-inflammatory Coronary heart
and Lupeol acetate ß-amyrin acetate Antibacterial disease
Cancer
Neurodegene-
rative diseases
3. Baccaurea Ascorbic acid, Picrotoximaesin, Ant i-inflamma tory Rheu matoid Mann et al., 2015;
sapida Romarinic acid, Gallic acid, activity arthritis Gogoi, 2017;
(Bermese grape) Salicyclic acid Inhibit prostagland Cellulitis Singh and Pandey,
in biosynthesis Jaundice 2021
Ascorbic acid Antiviral Regulate
Lower body immune
temperature response
Analgesic
Cholesterol binding
Picrotoximaesin
Romarinic acid
4. Berberois Vitamin C Anti-inflammatory Diabetes Sharma et al.,
aristata Wound healing Cancers 2011
Diarrhea
Jaundice
Ascorbic acid Eye infection
5Bombax ceiba Phenols, Flavonoids, Tannins, Hepato-protective Inflammatory Nagamani et al.,
Saponins, Shamimicin, Lupeol, Hypotensive diseases 2012
Mangiferin, Antiangiogenic HIV
Shamimicin Antioxidant
activities
Diuretic
Lupeol
6Carissa Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Diuretic Malaria Ansari and Patil,
spinarum Glycosides, Tannins, Alanine, Anti-inflammatory Diabetes 2018;
Carindone, Carinol, Carissone, Antiviral Chest Berhanu et al.,
Carinol, Digitoxigenin, Lupeol, complaints 2020
Malonic and Glycolic acids, Cough
Oxalic acid, Odoroside-H, Carindone Fever
Phenyl alkaline, Vitamin C
Carindone
133
George et al.,
2016; Tamta et
al., 2021
Inflammatory diseases
Diabetes
Cancer
Hepatoprotective
Anticancerous
Antidiabatic
Hyperlipidemic
Hyperglycemic
Anti-inflammatory
Antioxidant
Antibacterial
Antifungal
Antiproliferative activities
Quercetin-3-O-β-D-
glucopyranoside
Coumarins
Phenols, Flavonoids (flavonols -
kaempeferol, quercetin,
myricetin), Glycosides, Tannins,
Lupeol, Betulinic acid,
Stigmasterol, Bergapten,
Scopoletin, β-sterol-3-O-β-,
Myricetin, D-glucopyranoside,
Quercetin-3-O-β-D-
glucopyranoside, Coumarins,
Triterpens, Sterols
Ficus
auriculata
13
Gamba et al.,
2020
Chronic diseases
Diabetes
Reduce blood pressure
Coughs
Antiviral
Pulmonary infections
Epigallocatechin
Epigallocatechin
Vitamins A, C, E, Alkaloids,
Flavonoids, Steroids, Saponins,
Phenolic acids (cinnamic acid
and benzoic acid), Terpenoids
and Flavonoids
(epigallocatechin gallate,
myricetin), Phytoene, β-
carotene, Lutein, Phytofluene, β-
cryptoxanthin and α-
cryptoxanthin
Elaeagnus
umbellate
12
Rashed et al.,
2012; Murathan,
2020
Diarrhea
Dry coughs,
Hypertension
Infections
Antitussive
Sedative
Antiseptic
Antitumor
Laxative
AntidiabeticGallic acid
Quercetin
Ellagic acid, Gallic acid,
Methyl gallate, Myricetin-3- O-
α-rhamnoside, Myricetin-3-O-β-
glucuronide, Quercetin
Diospyros
lotus
11
Hadi and Ibrar,
2016; Mohan
and Midha,
2017; Bhat et
al., 2018
Diarrhea
Slight phlegmasia
Tapeworm infections
Acute bacillary dysentery
Amenorrhea hepatic disorders
Oxidative stress-related
diseases
Cardio tonic
Dropsy
Diuretic
Anthocyanidins
Alkaloids, Terpenoids,
Flavonoids, Tannins, Phenolic
compounds, Saponins, Vitamin
C, Glycosides, Anthocyanidins
Crataegus
songarica
10
He et al., 2016;
Bhatia et al.,
2019
DiabetesVirus inhibitory activity
Antidiabetic
Loganin
Loganin, Morroniside and
Uroslic acid
Cornus
capitate
9
Ota et al., 2016Colic
Amenorrhea
Dysentery
Diarrhea
Menstrual bleeding
Peptic ulcers
Antimicrobial activity
Lenitive and stomachic
properties
Immunity booster
Cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside
Cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside,
Pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-
glucoside, Epicatechin, Gallic
acid, Vanillic acid
Celtis
australis
8
Ganjare and
Raut, 2019
Fever
Cough
Antimicrobial activity
Hypoglycemic activity
Wound healing properties
Immune booster
Kaempferol
Arabinoglucon, Pyrrolizidine
alkaloids, Coumarins,
Flavonoids, Saponins, Terpenes,
Sterols, Quercetin,
Isorhamnetin, Cordioic acid,
Apigenin, Linolenic acid,
Hesperidin, Rutin, Arabinose,
Robinin, Caffeic acid,
Arabinoglucan
Cordia
dichotoma
7
George et al.,
2016; Tamta et
al., 2021
Inflammatory diseases
Diabetes
Cancer
Hepatoprotective
Anticancerous
Antidiabatic
Hyperlipidemic
Hyperglycemic
Anti-inflammatory
Antioxidant
Antibacterial
Antifungal
Antiproliferative activities
Quercetin-3-O-β-D-
glucopyranoside
Coumarins
Phenols, Flavonoids (flavonols -
kaempeferol, quercetin,
myricetin), Glycosides, Tannins,
Lupeol, Betulinic acid,
Stigmasterol, Bergapten,
Scopoletin, β-sterol-3-O-β-,
Myricetin, D-glucopyranoside,
Quercetin-3-O-β-D-
glucopyranoside, Coumarins,
Triterpens, Sterols
Ficus
auriculata
13
Gamba et al.,
2020
Chronic diseases
Diabetes
Reduce blood pressure
Coughs
Antiviral
Pulmonary infections
Epigallocatechin
Epigallocatechin
Vitamins A, C, E, Alkaloids,
Flavonoids, Steroids, Saponins,
Phenolic acids (cinnamic acid
and benzoic acid), Terpenoids
and Flavonoids
(epigallocatechin gallate,
myricetin), Phytoene, β-
carotene, Lutein, Phytofluene, β-
cryptoxanthin and α-
cryptoxanthin
Elaeagnus
umbellate
12
Rashed et al.,
2012; Murathan,
2020
Diarrhea
Dry coughs,
Hypertension
Infections
Antitussive
Sedative
Antiseptic
Antitumor
Laxative
AntidiabeticGallic acid
Quercetin
Ellagic acid, Gallic acid,
Methyl gallate, Myricetin-3- O-
α-rhamnoside, Myricetin-3-O-β-
glucuronide, Quercetin
Diospyros
lotus
11
Hadi and Ibrar,
2016; Mohan
and Midha,
2017; Bhat et
al., 2018
Diarrhea
Slight phlegmasia
Tapeworm infections
Acute bacillary dysentery
Amenorrhea hepatic disorders
Oxidative stress-related
diseases
Cardio tonic
Dropsy
Diuretic
Anthocyanidins
Alkaloids, Terpenoids,
Flavonoids, Tannins, Phenolic
compounds, Saponins, Vitamin
C, Glycosides, Anthocyanidins
Crataegus
songarica
10
He et al., 2016;
Bhatia et al.,
2019
DiabetesVirus inhibitory activity
Antidiabetic
Loganin
Loganin, Morroniside and
Uroslic acid
Cornus
capitate
9
Ota et al., 2016Colic
Amenorrhea
Dysentery
Diarrhea
Menstrual bleeding
Peptic ulcers
Antimicrobial activity
Lenitive and stomachic
properties
Immunity booster
Cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside
Cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside,
Pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-
glucoside, Epicatechin, Gallic
acid, Vanillic acid
Celtis
australis
8
Ganjare and
Raut, 2019
Fever
Cough
Antimicrobial activity
Hypoglycemic activity
Wound healing properties
Immune booster
Kaempferol
Arabinoglucon, Pyrrolizidine
alkaloids, Coumarins,
Flavonoids, Saponins, Terpenes,
Sterols, Quercetin,
Isorhamnetin, Cordioic acid,
Apigenin, Linolenic acid,
Hesperidin, Rutin, Arabinose,
Robinin, Caffeic acid,
Arabinoglucan
Cordia
dichotoma
7
Arabinoglucon
134
Kabra et al.,
2017; Kabra et
al., 2019; Patel
et al., 2021
COVID 19
Asthma
Cough
Fever
Throat infection
Chronic bronchitis
Diarrhea
Ear and nose disorders
Body ache
Inflammation
Antioxidant
Anticancer
Antidiabetic
Anti-inflammatory effects
Anxiolytic
Antibacterial
Antihelmintic
Antiallergic
Antimicrobial
Antiasthmatic
Myricitrin
Castalagin
Myricitrin, Tannins (castalagin),
Phenolic acids, Flavonoids,
Terpenes, Glycosides, Steroids,
Volatile oils, Epigallocatechin 3-O-
gallate, Gallic acid, 3-O-galloyl-
epigallocatechin-(4β→8)-epigalloc-
atechin3-O-gallate,
Epigallocatechin-(4β→8)-
epigallocatechin3-O-gallate
Myrica
esculenta
19
Devi et al.,
2013; Kadam et
al., 2019
Obesity
Diabetes
Cancer
Cardiovascular diseases
Neurological disorders
Prevents certain damage to the
retina
Immunomodulatory
Hypocholesterolemic
Antidiabetic
Antimicrobial
Antioxidant
Antistress
Antimutagenic
Anticancer
Anxiolytic
Anthelmintic
Nephroprotective
Hepatoprotective
Zeaxanthin
Ascorbic acid
Carotene
Zeaxanthin, Ascorbic acid,
Carotene, Vitamin B1, Folic acid,
Folinic acid, Isoquercetin,
Quercetin, Tannins, Flavonoids,
Saponins, Zeaxanthin, Resveratrol,
Anthocyanins, Lutein, Morin,
Moracin
Morus alba18
Kumari and
Dhaliwal, 2017;
Dadwal et al.,
2018; Petkova et
al., 2020
Cancers
Cardiovascular diseases
Asthma
Diabetes
Obesity
Strengthening the immune
system
Antibiotic
Anticancer
Antimicrobial
Anti-inflammatory
AntioxidativeQuercetin
Phloridzin
Quercetin (phloretin-2-xyloside,
quercetin-3-rhamnoside, quercetin-
3-Gal/Glu, quercetin-3-Xyl/Ara),
Phloridzin, Phloretin, Procyanidins,
Catechin, Epicatechin, Cyanidin
glycosides, Cinnamic and Caffeic
acids, Chlorogenic acid,
Malus
baccata
17
Jaiswal and
Tailang, 2017;
Al-Snafi, 2018
Respiratory diseases
Cardiovascular diseases
Cancer
Immunological disorders
Analgesic
Gastrointestinal and endocrine
disease
Bronchodilator
Antihypertensive
Immunomodulatory
Antioxidant
Antidiabetic
Antimicrobial
Antiparasitic
Antiinflammatory
Antihistaminic
Tocopherol
n-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA)
Flavonoids, Carotenoids, Alkaloids,
Nitrogen-containing compounds,
Polyphenolic, Tocopherol, Folate,
Melatonin, n-3 α-linolenic acid
(ALA), Phenolic acids, Quercetin,
Tannins (glansrins A, B and C,
casuarinin, stenophyllarin)
Juglans regia16
Bhatt et al.,
2017
Treat abscesses
Boils and weeping eczema
Swellings
Anti-inflammatory
Catechin
Phenolic acid, Flavonoids, Ascorbic
acid, Gallic acid, Catechin,
Fragaria
indica
15
Joshi et al.,
2014;
Alqasoumi et
al., 2014
Gastrointestinal disorders
Hypoglycemia
Tumour
Ulcer
Diabetes
Hyperlipidemia
Fungal infections
Demulcent
Emollient
Laxative
Poultice
Antitumor
Anti-inflammatory
Tonic medicament
Rutin
Germanicol acetate
Alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids,
Terpenoids, Cardiac glycosides,
Germanicol acetate, Psoralene,
Bergapten, Vanillic acid, Glycoside
rutin, Coumarins, Furanocoumarin
glycosides, Isoflavones, Lignans
Ficus palmate14
Kabra et al.,
2017; Kabra et
al., 2019; Patel
et al., 2021
COVID 19
Asthma
Cough
Fever
Throat infection
Chronic bronchitis
Diarrhea
Ear and nose disorders
Body ache
Inflammation
Antioxidant
Anticancer
Antidiabetic
Anti-inflammatory effects
Anxiolytic
Antibacterial
Antihelmintic
Antiallergic
Antimicrobial
Antiasthmatic
Myricitrin
Castalagin
Myricitrin, Tannins (castalagin),
Phenolic acids, Flavonoids,
Terpenes, Glycosides, Steroids,
Volatile oils, Epigallocatechin 3-O-
gallate, Gallic acid, 3-O-galloyl-
epigallocatechin-(4β→8)-epigalloc-
atechin3-O-gallate,
Epigallocatechin-(4β→8)-
epigallocatechin3-O-gallate
Myrica
esculenta
19
Devi et al.,
2013; Kadam et
al., 2019
Obesity
Diabetes
Cancer
Cardiovascular diseases
Neurological disorders
Prevents certain damage to the
retina
Immunomodulatory
Hypocholesterolemic
Antidiabetic
Antimicrobial
Antioxidant
Antistress
Antimutagenic
Anticancer
Anxiolytic
Anthelmintic
Nephroprotective
Hepatoprotective
Zeaxanthin
Ascorbic acid
Carotene
Zeaxanthin, Ascorbic acid,
Carotene, Vitamin B1, Folic acid,
Folinic acid, Isoquercetin,
Quercetin, Tannins, Flavonoids,
Saponins, Zeaxanthin, Resveratrol,
Anthocyanins, Lutein, Morin,
Moracin
Morus alba18
Kumari and
Dhaliwal, 2017;
Dadwal et al.,
2018; Petkova et
al., 2020
Cancers
Cardiovascular diseases
Asthma
Diabetes
Obesity
Strengthening the immune
system
Antibiotic
Anticancer
Antimicrobial
Anti-inflammatory
AntioxidativeQuercetin
Phloridzin
Quercetin (phloretin-2-xyloside,
quercetin-3-rhamnoside, quercetin-
3-Gal/Glu, quercetin-3-Xyl/Ara),
Phloridzin, Phloretin, Procyanidins,
Catechin, Epicatechin, Cyanidin
glycosides, Cinnamic and Caffeic
acids, Chlorogenic acid,
Malus
baccata
17
Jaiswal and
Tailang, 2017;
Al-Snafi, 2018
Respiratory diseases
Cardiovascular diseases
Cancer
Immunological disorders
Analgesic
Gastrointestinal and endocrine
disease
Bronchodilator
Antihypertensive
Immunomodulatory
Antioxidant
Antidiabetic
Antimicrobial
Antiparasitic
Antiinflammatory
Antihistaminic
Tocopherol
n-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA)
Flavonoids, Carotenoids, Alkaloids,
Nitrogen-containing compounds,
Polyphenolic, Tocopherol, Folate,
Melatonin, n-3 α-linolenic acid
(ALA), Phenolic acids, Quercetin,
Tannins (glansrins A, B and C,
casuarinin, stenophyllarin)
Juglans regia16
Bhatt et al.,
2017
Treat abscesses
Boils and weeping eczema
Swellings
Anti-inflammatory
Catechin
Phenolic acid, Flavonoids, Ascorbic
acid, Gallic acid, Catechin,
Fragaria
indica
15
Joshi et al.,
2014;
Alqasoumi et
al., 2014
Gastrointestinal disorders
Hypoglycemia
Tumour
Ulcer
Diabetes
Hyperlipidemia
Fungal infections
Demulcent
Emollient
Laxative
Poultice
Antitumor
Anti-inflammatory
Tonic medicament
Rutin
Germanicol acetate
Alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids,
Terpenoids, Cardiac glycosides,
Germanicol acetate, Psoralene,
Bergapten, Vanillic acid, Glycoside
rutin, Coumarins, Furanocoumarin
glycosides, Isoflavones, Lignans
Ficus palmate14
135
Hamid et al.,
2020; Thakur et
al., 2021
Diabetes
Viral disease
Cancer
Cardiovascular diseases
Antioxidant
Antiviral
Anticancer
Antibacterial
Antidiabetic
Antimutagenic
Anticarcinogenic activities
Delphinidin 3-glucoside
Punicalagin
Phenolics, Flavonoids,
Anthocyanins (delphinidin 3-
glucoside, cyaniding), Hydrolyzable
tannins (punicalagin, gallic and
ellagic acid)
Punica
granatum
24
Sharma et al.,
2017
Serious colds
Bronchial asthma
Laryngitis
Lung ailments abscesses
Soothing ear infection and
deafness
Expectorant for dry throat
Antidiarrheal
Emetic
Anthelmintic in lever maladies
Antispasmodic
β-carotene
Flavons, β-carotene, Alkaloids,
Tannins, Phenols, Saponins
Prunus
americana
23
Sharma et al.,
2018; Singh et
al., 2021
Diabetes
Inflammations
Cardiovascular diseases
Allergies
Antithrombotic
Antioxidant activity
Antiplatelet activity
Anti-inflammatory activity
Antidiabetic activity
Antibacterial activity
Antifungal activity,
Lycopene
Linoleic acid
Oleic acid, Linoleic acid,
Albumenoids, Phytosterol,
Polyphenols, Carotenoids,
Tocopherols, Xanthenes,
Gallocatechin, Lutein, Lycopene,
Catechin,
Pinus
gerardiana
22
Hassanien,
2011; Singh et
al., 2019
Inflammation
Fever
Cancer
Cardiovascular diseases
Anti-inflammatory
Antispasmodic
Diuretic
Antiseptic
Sedative
AnalgesicWithanolides E
Physapruin A
Phenolic acids (caffeic, gallic,
chlorogenic, ferulic and pcoumaric
acids), Flavonoids and Phenols
(myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol
and rutin), Withanolide E and
Physapruin A, Campesterol,
Lanosterol, Stigmasterol, β-
sitostero, Terpenes, Carotenoids
Physalis
peruviana
21
Gaire and
Subedi, 2015;
Acharya et al.,
2021
Respiratory problems
Cold
Fever
Diabetes
Diarrhea
Pain
Cardiovascular diseases
Cancer
Diarrhoea
Jaundice
Inflammation
Constipation
Boils and spots
Antimicrobial
Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
Analgesic
Immunity booster
(immunomodulatory)
Antipyretic
Adaptogenic
Hepatoprotective
Antitumor
Antiulcerogenic activities
Ascorbic acid
Emblicannin A & B
Phyllemblic acid
Ascorbic acid, Gallic acids,
Arginine, Amlaic acid, Tannins
(Emblicanin A and Emblicanin B,
Pedunculagin and punigluconin),
Aspartic acid, Astragallin, β-
carotene, β-sitosterol, Chebulagic
acid, Chebulaginic acid, Chebulic
acid, Chebulinic acid, Corilagic
acid, Corilagin, Cysteine, Emblicol,
Gibberellins, Ellagic acid, Glutamic
acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine,
Leucodelphinidin, Kaempferol,
Methionine, Phenylalanine,
Phyllantidine, Quercetin,
Riboflavin, Rutin, Phyllemblic acid,
Thiamin, Threonine
Phyllanthus
emblica
20
Hamid et al.,
2020; Thakur et
al., 2021
Diabetes
Viral disease
Cancer
Cardiovascular diseases
Antioxidant
Antiviral
Anticancer
Antibacterial
Antidiabetic
Antimutagenic
Anticarcinogenic activities
Delphinidin 3-glucoside
Punicalagin
Phenolics, Flavonoids,
Anthocyanins (delphinidin 3-
glucoside, cyaniding), Hydrolyzable
tannins (punicalagin, gallic and
ellagic acid)
Punica
granatum
24
Sharma et al.,
2017
Serious colds
Bronchial asthma
Laryngitis
Lung ailments abscesses
Soothing ear infection and
deafness
Expectorant for dry throat
Antidiarrheal
Emetic
Anthelmintic in lever maladies
Antispasmodic
β-carotene
Flavons, β-carotene, Alkaloids,
Tannins, Phenols, Saponins
Prunus
americana
23
Sharma et al.,
2018; Singh et
al., 2021
Diabetes
Inflammations
Cardiovascular diseases
Allergies
Antithrombotic
Antioxidant activity
Antiplatelet activity
Anti-inflammatory activity
Antidiabetic activity
Antibacterial activity
Antifungal activity,
Lycopene
Linoleic acid
Oleic acid, Linoleic acid,
Albumenoids, Phytosterol,
Polyphenols, Carotenoids,
Tocopherols, Xanthenes,
Gallocatechin, Lutein, Lycopene,
Catechin,
Pinus
gerardiana
22
Hassanien,
2011; Singh et
al., 2019
Inflammation
Fever
Cancer
Cardiovascular diseases
Anti-inflammatory
Antispasmodic
Diuretic
Antiseptic
Sedative
AnalgesicWithanolides E
Physapruin A
Phenolic acids (caffeic, gallic,
chlorogenic, ferulic and pcoumaric
acids), Flavonoids and Phenols
(myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol
and rutin), Withanolide E and
Physapruin A, Campesterol,
Lanosterol, Stigmasterol, β-
sitostero, Terpenes, Carotenoids
Physalis
peruviana
21
Gaire and
Subedi, 2015;
Acharya et al.,
2021
Respiratory problems
Cold
Fever
Diabetes
Diarrhea
Pain
Cardiovascular diseases
Cancer
Diarrhoea
Jaundice
Inflammation
Constipation
Boils and spots
Antimicrobial
Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
Analgesic
Immunity booster
(immunomodulatory)
Antipyretic
Adaptogenic
Hepatoprotective
Antitumor
Antiulcerogenic activities
Ascorbic acid
Emblicannin A & B
Phyllemblic acid
Ascorbic acid, Gallic acids,
Arginine, Amlaic acid, Tannins
(Emblicanin A and Emblicanin B,
Pedunculagin and punigluconin),
Aspartic acid, Astragallin, β-
carotene, β-sitosterol, Chebulagic
acid, Chebulaginic acid, Chebulic
acid, Chebulinic acid, Corilagic
acid, Corilagin, Cysteine, Emblicol,
Gibberellins, Ellagic acid, Glutamic
acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine,
Leucodelphinidin, Kaempferol,
Methionine, Phenylalanine,
Phyllantidine, Quercetin,
Riboflavin, Rutin, Phyllemblic acid,
Thiamin, Threonine
Phyllanthus
emblica
20
136
Thakur et al.,
2020; Feugang
et al., 2006
Diabetes
Type-2 diabetes mellitus
(DM2)
Hypertension
Renal and hepatic impairment
Cancer
Amyotrophic lateral
Sclerosis
Alzheimer's
Parkinson's disease
Asthma and whooping cough
Anti-inflammatory
beta-sitosterol
Ascorbic acid, Phenolics,
Terpenoids, Flavonoids
(kampferrol, quercetin, narcissin
and toxifolin), Lactones, Alkaloids,
Betaxanthin, Betacyanin
Beta-sitosterol
Betalains: betanin, 17-decarboxy-
betanin, isobetanin, 60-O-sinapoyl-
O-isogomphrenin, 20-Oapiosyl-4-
O-phyllocactin, 17-decarboxy-
isobetanin, 60-O-sinapoyl-
Ogomphrenin, 500-O-E-sinapoyl-
20- apiosyl-phyllocactin,
Tryptophan-Betaxanthin, Tyrosine-
Betaxanthin and Proline-
Betaxanthin; Phenolics:
Isorhamnetin-3-glucuronide and
Quercetin-3-O-glucoside
Optuntia
dillenii
27
Palejkar et al.,
2012
Chronic fatigue
Diabetes
Diarrhea
Loss of appetite
Anemia
Irritability anhysteria,
Anticancer
Sedative
Anodyne
Stomachache
Purify the blood
Styptic and tonic
Cytotoxic
Antimicrobial
Aid digestion
Antidiarrhoeal
Antidepressant
Immunomodulator
Hepatoprotective
Triterpenes
Spinosin
Zizyphus saponins I, II, III,
Triterpenes, Cyclopeptide alkaloi,
Flavonoids, Saponins, Alphitolic,
Betulinic, Maslinic, Oleanolic,
Ursolic, 3-O-trans-alphitolic, 3-O-
cis-p-coumaroylalphitolic, 3-O-cis-
p-alphitolic, 3-O-trans-
pcoumarylalphitolic acids,
Jujuboside B, kaempferol, Spinosin,
Swertisin, berberine, quercetin,
sitosterol, stigmasterol, lanosterol
Ziziphus
mauritiana
26
Saklani et al.,
2012; Sharma et
al., 2019
Fever
Colic
Coughs
Sore throat
Treatments of wounds
Bone fracture
Stomach-ache
Bacterial infection
Tumours
Indigestion
Constipation
Gastritis
Dysentery
Diarrhea
Renal tonic
Anti-inflammatory
Analgesic
Antipyretic
Antiproliferative
Antitumor
Antioxidant
Anticonvulsant
Antidiabetic
Antiproliferative activity
Nephroprotective
Febrifuge
Carminative
Pyrogoll
Catechol
Anthocyanin, Phenols,
Antioxidants, Ascorbic acid,
Flavonoids, Glycosides, Steroids,
Tannins (Pyrogoll and catechol)
Rubus
ellipticus
25
Thakur et al.,
2020; Feugang
et al., 2006
Diabetes
Type-2 diabetes mellitus
(DM2)
Hypertension
Renal and hepatic impairment
Cancer
Amyotrophic lateral
Sclerosis
Alzheimer's
Parkinson's disease
Asthma and whooping cough
Anti-inflammatory
beta-sitosterol
Ascorbic acid, Phenolics,
Terpenoids, Flavonoids
(kampferrol, quercetin, narcissin
and toxifolin), Lactones, Alkaloids,
Betaxanthin, Betacyanin
Beta-sitosterol
Betalains: betanin, 17-decarboxy-
betanin, isobetanin, 60-O-sinapoyl-
O-isogomphrenin, 20-Oapiosyl-4-
O-phyllocactin, 17-decarboxy-
isobetanin, 60-O-sinapoyl-
Ogomphrenin, 500-O-E-sinapoyl-
20- apiosyl-phyllocactin,
Tryptophan-Betaxanthin, Tyrosine-
Betaxanthin and Proline-
Betaxanthin; Phenolics:
Isorhamnetin-3-glucuronide and
Quercetin-3-O-glucoside
Optuntia
dillenii
27
Palejkar et al.,
2012
Chronic fatigue
Diabetes
Diarrhea
Loss of appetite
Anemia
Irritability anhysteria,
Anticancer
Sedative
Anodyne
Stomachache
Purify the blood
Styptic and tonic
Cytotoxic
Antimicrobial
Aid digestion
Antidiarrhoeal
Antidepressant
Immunomodulator
Hepatoprotective
Triterpenes
Spinosin
Zizyphus saponins I, II, III,
Triterpenes, Cyclopeptide alkaloi,
Flavonoids, Saponins, Alphitolic,
Betulinic, Maslinic, Oleanolic,
Ursolic, 3-O-trans-alphitolic, 3-O-
cis-p-coumaroylalphitolic, 3-O-cis-
p-alphitolic, 3-O-trans-
pcoumarylalphitolic acids,
Jujuboside B, kaempferol, Spinosin,
Swertisin, berberine, quercetin,
sitosterol, stigmasterol, lanosterol
Ziziphus
mauritiana
26
Saklani et al.,
2012; Sharma et
al., 2019
Fever
Colic
Coughs
Sore throat
Treatments of wounds
Bone fracture
Stomach-ache
Bacterial infection
Tumours
Indigestion
Constipation
Gastritis
Dysentery
Diarrhea
Renal tonic
Anti-inflammatory
Analgesic
Antipyretic
Antiproliferative
Antitumor
Antioxidant
Anticonvulsant
Antidiabetic
Antiproliferative activity
Nephroprotective
Febrifuge
Carminative
Pyrogoll
Catechol
Anthocyanin, Phenols,
Antioxidants, Ascorbic acid,
Flavonoids, Glycosides, Steroids,
Tannins (Pyrogoll and catechol)
Rubus
ellipticus
25
4. Conclusion
Current scenario says that the increasing threat of corona virus is not
going to end soon and nobody knows who will be the next prey to this
deadly virus. The re-occurring pandemic with new strains of virus
every now and then has become a worldwide concern. We have vaccines
but they are also strain specific however, the cocktail of drugs has
been proven beneficial to some extent but with many side effects.
Every doctor, nutritionist and health expert points on healthy food
habits as major preventive agents of this virus like whole grains, fruits,
vegetables and nuts. As we all know that indigenous fruits are potentially
better than exotic ones because of their hardy nature and phyto-
nutrients due to which they are used in “Ayurveda”. But, these
treasures of forests are being neglected due to ease of availability of
exotic fruits and digitalization of food system. Some of these wild
fruits are traditionally used against common cold, fever, diabetes, high
blood pressure, etc., however, many of them are used against different
types of viruses. This review stands affirm with the fact that use of
wild fruits have the capability to boost the immunity of individuals
against this ongoing pandemic as they are ocean of antioxidants.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest relevant to this article.
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