PreprintPDF Available

Linked Topical Bibliography - Wuhan’s House of Cards: Proponents of COVID-19’s natural-origin continue to ignore China’s own published evidence

Authors:
Preprints and early-stage research may not have been peer reviewed yet.

Abstract

Discrepancies between epidemiological data from the WHO COVID-19 Origins Report and other published studies are dichotomous, with potentially major consequences for the COVID-19 origin investigation
© Charles H. Rixey, 2022
Charles H Rixey, MA
Wuhans House of Cards: Proponents of COVID-19s natural-origin continue to ignore
Chinas own published evidence
Discrepancies between epidemiological data from the WHO COVID-19 Origins Report and
other published studies are dichotomous, with potentially major consequences for the COVID-19
origin investigation
Working reference list:
Linked Topical Bibliography
World Health Organization investigation reports
WHO-convened Global Study of the Origins of SARS-CoV-2 [China Part]
WHO-convened Global Study of the Origins of SARS-CoV-2 [Annexes]
Wuhan Outbreak early case information
WuhanCrisis.com - Weibo Original Data archive
Exploring Urban Spatial Features of COVID-19 Transmission in Wuhan Based on Social Media Data
Is 'Patient Su' Covid's Patient Zero?
"The first infections could be in September 2019"
Timing the SARS-CoV-2 index case in Hubei province | Science
【独家】公函泄疫情爆发比中共公布早数月 | COVID-19 | 中共病毒 | 新冠病毒 | 纪元 Early Case Numbers
in Wuhan
Rushed data collection of suspected early Covid-19 cases in Wuhan
Health Times - Early Onset Cases
Dissecting the early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan
China's mishandling of the early stages of Covid-19 pandemic revealed by leaked documents
COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan demonstrates the limitations of publicly available case numbers for epidemiological
modeling
Dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, Hubei & China: a 2nd derivative analysis of the cumulative daily
diagnosed cases during the first 85 days
Novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: early estimation of epidemiological parameters and epidemic predictions
Real-time tentative assessment of the epidemiological characteristics of novel coronavirus infections in Wuhan,
China, as of 22 January 2020
The epidemiological characteristics of deaths with COVID-19 in the early stage of epidemic in Wuhan, China
Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel CoronavirusInfected Pneumonia
Chinese NHC [National Health Commission] updates
COVID-19 [NCP] Case Definition Guidelines from the Chinese NHC
Update on the outbreak of new coronavirus pneumonia as at 2400 hours on 1 April
Update on the outbreak of new coronavirus pneumonia as of 2400 hours on 16 April
Revision of data on the outbreak of new coronary pneumonia in Wuhan, Hubei Province
Wuhan City NCIP Outbreak Prevention and Control Command on the number of confirmed cases of NCIP in
Wuhan City confirmed cases of death revised status
Wuhan City NCIP Confirmed Cases Confirmed Cases Of Deaths Revised Situation Answering Reporters
Wuchang District studies & data
Epidemiological analysis of new coronavirus pneumonia in Wuchang District, Wuhan
Wuhan's experience in curbing the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) [Wuchang]
Epidemiological characteristic analysis of NCIP in Wuchang District, Wuhan
Wuhans House of Cards Topical Bibliography C. H. Rixey
P a g e 2 | 13
Genomic & other general epidemiological studies
Epidemiological characteristics and the entire evolution of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China
Estimating the daily trend in the size of the COVID-19 infected population in Wuhan
Reconstruction of the full transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in Wuhan
The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of COVID-19
Evolution of the nCoV from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human
transmission
Decoding the evolution & transmissions of the NCIP (SARS-CoV-2 / HCoV-19) using whole genomic data
Recovery of deleted deep-sequencing data sheds more light on the early Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 epidemic
Seroprevalence studies and Estimates
Profile of Immunoglobulin G and IgM Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2
Seroprevalence of IgM and IgG Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Asymptomatic People in Wuhan: Data from a
General Hospital Near South China Seafood Wholesale Market during March to April in 2020
Antibody seroprevalence in the epicenter Wuhan, Hubei, and six selected provinces after containment of the first
epidemic wave of COVID-19 in China
Seroprevalence & epidemiological characteristics of immunoglobulin M & G antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in
asymptomatic people in Wuhan, China
Post-lockdown SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid screening in nearly ten million residents of Wuhan, China
Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin antibodies in Wuhan, China: part of the city-wide massive testing
campaign
Estimating Asymptomatic & Undetected Cases in the COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan
Seroprevalence study suggests 6.9% of Wuhan population had COVID antibodies by April, 82% of cases were
asymptomatic
Seropositive Prevalence of Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China
Health Care Worker data
Epidemiology of and Risk Factors for COVID-19 Infection among Health Care Workers: A Multi-Centre
Comparative Study
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in Hubei Province,
China
Spatiotemporal Differences of COVID-19 Infection Among Healthcare Workers and Patients in China From January
to March 2020
Analysis of the Infection Status of Healthcare Workers in Wuhan During the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-
sectional Study
Spatiotemporal characteristics and factor analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infections among healthcare workers in Wuhan,
China
Wuhan City announces list of fever outpatient medical institutions and designated medical institutions
Mapping the Accessibility of Medical Facilities of Wuhan during the COVID-19 Pandemic
14 Medical Personnel were infected by a single source: 中科院:武汉冠状病毒有很强感染人能力 组织:
可能持续人传 [Xinhua]
Modeling & Projections
First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time surveillance and
evaluation with a second derivative model
Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating
in Wuhan, China: a modelling study
Using the COVID-19 to influenza ratio to estimate early pandemic spread in Wuhan, China and Seattle, US
Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China
Clinical features of patients during the outbreak
Clinical course & risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retro cohort study
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics analysis of COVID-19 in the surrounding areas of Wuhan, Hubei
Province in 2020
Estimating clinical severity of COVID-19 from the transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China
Wuhans House of Cards Topical Bibliography C. H. Rixey
P a g e 3 | 13
Epidemiological features and medical care-seeking process of patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a
descriptive study
The Comparison of Epidemiological Characteristics Between Confirmed and Clinically Diagnosed Cases With
COVID-19 in Wuhan, China
12-month systemic consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a prospective cohort study in
Wuhan, China
Epidemiologic Characteristics of and Prognostic Factors for COVID-19 Among Hospitalized Patients: Updated
Implications From Hubei Province, China
Epidemiological characteristics of patients with severe COVID-19 infection in Wuhan, China: evidence from a
retrospective observational study
Associating COVID-19 Severity with Urban Factors: A Case Study of Wuhan
Clinical Characteristics of 70 fatal patients with COVID-19 - [Confidential Revision-Only Document]
The epidemiological characteristics of deaths with COVID-19 in the early stage of epidemic in Wuhan, China
Clinical characteristics and risk factors of fatal patients with COVID-19: a retro. cohort study in Wuhan, China
Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study
Mitigation efforts & Results
An investigation of transmission control measures during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in China
Association of Public Health Interventions With the Epidemiology of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China
Wuhan Lockdown: Reflections on the Public Health and Urban Space of COVID-19 Epidemic
Population Movement, City Closure in Wuhan, and Geographical Expansion of the COVID-19 Infection in China in
January 2020
Geospatial features & considerations in Wuhan
Associations of Spatial Aggregation between Neighborhood Facilities and the Population of Age Groups Based on
Points-of-Interest Data
Analysis of Urban Greenness Landscape and Its Spatial Association with Urbanization and Climate Changes
Exploring the Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of Land Carrying Capacity in Wuhan
Exploring the interactive coupled relationship between urban construction and resource environment in Wuhan,
China
Health-Oriented Evaluation of the Spatial Distribution of Urban Green Space in the Wuhan inner city area of China
A spatial design network analysis of street networks and the locations of leisure entertainment activities: A case
study of Wuhan, China
Exploring the Dynamics of Urban Greenness Space and Their Driving Factors Using Geographically Weighted
Regression: A Case Study in Wuhan Metropolis, China
Geospatial characteristics of the Wuhan outbreak
Population Mobility and the Transmission Risk of the COVID-19 in Wuhan,
Spatiotemporal analysis of COVID-19 outbreaks in Wuhan, China
Geographic information system methods tell spatiotemporal transmission and its drivers of COVID-19 in Wuhan,
China at street-level
Identification of the high-risk residence communities and possible risk factors of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China
Distribution of COVID-19 Morbidity Rate in Association with Social and Economic Factors in Wuhan, China:
Implications for Urban Development
The Geographical Destination Distribution and Effect of Outflow Population of Wuhan When the Outbreak of
COVID-19
Wuhan Lockdown: Reflections on the Public Health and Urban Space of COVID-19 Epidemic
Population Movement, City Closure in Wuhan, and Geographical Expansion of the COVID-19 Infection in China in
January 2020
Associating COVID-19 Severity with Urban Factors: A Case Study of Wuhan
Mapping the Accessibility of Medical Facilities of Wuhan during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Temporal and spatial analysis of COVID-19 transmission in China and its influencing factor
Demographics
Epidemiology of COVID-19 in older persons, Wuhan, China
Wuhans House of Cards Topical Bibliography C. H. Rixey
P a g e 4 | 13
A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 nCoV indicating person-to-person transmission: a study
Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan: Supplementary Appendix 2
Investigations
Bayesian Analysis of COVID-19's Origins - Quay, Bayesian Analysis 2.0
When did the US learn about the Wuhan outbreak?
Recovery of deleted deep-sequencing data sheds more light on the early Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 epidemic
Dissecting the early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan
Qualitative follow-up on the possible manipulation by China, of initial data on SARS-CoV/2 Pandemic in Hubei-
Wuhan: communication; deaths; COVID19 violence.
COVID-19 and the Wuhan Institute of Virology
Origins of nCoV
Wuhan's House of Cards: the outbreak of COVID-19, in context
Prometheus & Pandora II: The West must not go gently into a COVID-19 goodnight
Open Letter: Call for a Full and Unrestricted International Forensic Investigation into the Origins of COVID-19
Open Letter to the WHO: Evidence that is Undisputed Favoring Lab Origin of COVID Needs to Be Acknowledged
The Origins of SARS-CoV-2: A Critical Review
Where Did the 2019 Coronavirus Pandemic Begin and How Did it Spread?..... Line 2 of the Wuhan Metro System
The Lab-Leak Hypothesis Made It Harder for Scientists to Seek the Truth - Scientific American
Early 2020 News & Commentary
Will the Largest Quarantine in History Just Make Things Worse?, We Made the Coronavirus Epidemic, Is China
Setting Itself Up for Another Epidemic?, Coronavirus and the Panic Epidemic
Primary data sources
Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan: Supplementary Appendix 2
Spatiotemporal characteristics and factor analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infections among healthcare workers in Wuhan,
China - Journal of Hospital Infection
Epidemiology of and Risk Factors for COVID-19 Infection among Health Care Workers: A Multi-Centre
Comparative Study
WuhanCrisis.com - Weibo Original Data archive
Wuhans House of Cards Topical Bibliography C. H. Rixey
P a g e 5 | 13
References
The 2019-nCoV Outbreak Joint Field Epidemiology Investigation Team. 2020. China CDC
Weekly 2, 79 (2020).
Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI et al. 2020. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat
Med 26, 450452 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9.
Bai J et al. 2020 . The epidemiological characteristics of deaths with COVID-19 in the early stage
of epidemic in Wuhan, China. Global Health Research & Policy.
Bao L. 2020. “Looking for the first infected person in the South China Seafood Market,”
video, The Paper, 25 March 2020. https://bit.ly/2YikwEa.13
Bloom JD. 2021. Recovery of Deleted Deep Sequencing Data Sheds More Light on the Early
Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 Epidemic. Molecular Biology & Evolution. 246.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab246.
Boni MF, Lemey P, Jiang X, Lam TT-Y, Perry BW, Castoe TA, Rambaut A, Robertson DL.
2020. Evolutionary origins of the SARS-CoV-2 sarbecovirus lineage responsible for the COVID-19
pandemic. Nature Microbiology. 5(11):14081417.
Caixin [wire]. 2020. 14 Medical Personnel were infected by a single source 中科院:武汉冠状
病毒有很强感染人能力 世卫组织:可能持续人传. Caixin.
Cao S et al. 2020. Post-lockdown SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid screening in nearly ten million
residents of Wuhan, China. Nature Communications.
Chan JF-W, Yuan S, Kok K-H, To KK-W, Chu H, Yang J, Xing F, Liu J, Yip CC-Y, Poon RW-
S, et al. 2020. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating
person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 395(10223):514523.
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, et al. 2020.
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan,
China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 395(10223):507513.
Chen T et al. 2020. Clinical Characteristics of 70 fatal patients with COVID-19 - [Confidential
Revision-Only Document]. BMJ.
Chen T et al. 2020. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease
2019: retrospective study. BMJ.
Chen Y, Hui W, Wang H, Yana Z, et al. 2020. Epidemiological characteristics of new
coronavirus pneumonia in Wuchang District, Wuhan City. Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2020, 41
(10): 1616-1622. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20200412-00565.
Chinese CDC. 2020. Memo to the Offices of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and
Prevention. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/7340336-China-CDC-Sup-Regs.html.
Wuhans House of Cards Topical Bibliography C. H. Rixey
P a g e 6 | 13
China CDC. 2020. Update on the outbreak of new coronavirus pneumonia as at 2400 hours on 1
April. National Health Commission.
Chinese Office of Health. 2020. Revision of data on the outbreak of new coronary pneumonia in
Wuhan, Hubei Province. National Health Commission PRC.
Chinese Office of Health Emergency Management. 2020. 123日新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫
情情况 Introduction of the condition of 17 deaths [the first 17 deaths in Wuhan]. Chinese Communist
Party.
Chinese Office of Health Emergency Response. 2020. COVID-19 [NCP] Case Definition
Guidelines from the Chinese NHC. National Health Commission PRC.
Chinese Office of Health Emergency Response. 2020. Update on the outbreak of new coronavirus
pneumonia as of 2400 hours on 16 April. National Health Commission PRC.
Chinese Office of Health Emergency Response. 2020. Wuhan Release: Wuhan City New Crown
Pneumonia Outbreak Prevention and Control Command on the number of confirmed cases of New Crown
Pneumonia in Wuhan City confirmed cases of death revised status. National Health Commission PRC.
Chinese Office of Health Emergency Response. 2020. Wuhan Releases: Wuhan City New Crown
Pneumonia Confirmed Cases Confirmed Cases of Deaths Revised Situation Answering Reporters .
National Health Commission PRC.
Cohen J. 2020. Wuhan seafood market may not be source of novel virus spreading globally.
Science. 10. doi:10.1126/science.abb0611.
Demaneuf, Gilles. 2020. Rushed data collection of suspected early Covid-19 cases in Wuhan.
Medium.
Demaneuf, Gilles. 2021. When did the US learn about the Wuhan outbreak? ResearchGate.
DRASTIC & the Paris Group. 2021. Open Letter: Call for a Full and Unrestricted International
Forensic Investigation into the Origins of COVID-19. Wall Street Journal.
Du Z et al. 2020. Using the COVID-19 to influenza ratio to estimate early pandemic spread in
Wuhan, China and Seattle, US. Eclinical Medicine.
Editorial. 2021. Seroprevalence and humoral immune durability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies
in Wuhan, China: a longitudinal, population-level, cross-sectional study. The Lancet (2021). DOI:
10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00238-5, www.thelancet.com/journals/lan … (21)00238-5/fulltext.
Editorial. 2021. WHO's SARS-CoV-2 origin.” Lancet Infectious Diseases May 2021, Volume 21
Number 5 p579-742, e110-e140. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/issue/current.
F. Li et al. 2021. Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan: Supplementary Appendix
2. Lancet Infectious Diseases.
Garry RF. 2021. Early appearance of two distinct genomic lineages of SARS-CoV-2 in different
Wuhan wildlife markets suggests SARS-CoV-2 has a natural origin. https://virological.org/t/early-
Wuhans House of Cards Topical Bibliography C. H. Rixey
P a g e 7 | 13
appearance-of-two-distinct-genomic-lineages-of-sars-cov-2-in-different-wuhan-wildlife-markets-
suggests-sars-cov-2-has-a-natural-origin/691.
Global Times. 2020. Wuhan’s Huanan seafood market a victim of COVID-19: CDC director.
https://web.archive.org/web/20200528062530/https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1189506.shtml.
Guo X et al. 2021. Identification of the high-risk residence communities and possible risk factors
of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Journal of Safety Science & Resilience.
Hao X et al. 2020. Reconstruction of the full transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in Wuhan.
Nature.
Harris JE. 2020. The Subways Seeded the Massive Coronavirus Epidemic in New York City.
Social Science Research Network No. 3574455, April 13, 2020. HarrisJE_WP2_COVID19_NYC_24-
Apr-2020 (mit.edu).
Health Times. 2020. Experts judge the source of the new coronavirus: December 8 last year may
not be the earliest time of onset. Archived & detailed at: https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-
1vTQxG822DtqP7IZSjLj751Mrm8Ev7leksXfjBLsA9KJ0_tbGV6YJAAjuijPnwz_YmUQGY1PZUl5LcC
I/pub.
He, Jianxuan. 2020. 【独家】公函泄疫情爆发比中共公布早数月 | COVID-19 | 中共病毒 |
冠病毒 | 大纪元 Early Case Numbers in Wuhan. Epoch Times.
He S et al. 2018. A spatial design network analysis of street networks and the locations of leisure
entertainment activities: A case study of Wuhan, China. Sustainable Cities & Society.
Holmes EC, Goldstein SA, Rasmussen AL, Robertson DL, Crits-Christoph A, Wertheim JO,
Anthony SJ, Barclay WS, Boni MF, Doherty PC, Farrar J, Geoghegan JL, Jiang X, Leibowitz JL, Neil
SJD, Skern T, Weiss SR, Worobey M, Andersen KG, Garry RF, Rambaut A. 2021. The origins of SARS-
CoV-2: A critical review. Cell. 2021 Sep 16;184(19):4848-4856.
https://doi.org.10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.017.
Hua J et al. 2020. Epidemiological features and medical care-seeking process of patients with
COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. ERJ Open Research.
Huaiyu T et al. 2020. An investigation of transmission control measures during the first 50 days
of the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Science.
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, et al. 2020. Clinical
features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 395(10223):497506.
Huang Q & Chen Y. 2020. Wuhan Lockdown: Reflections on the Public Health and Urban Space
of COVID-19 Epidemic. Clausius Scientific Press.
Huo X et al. 2020. Estimating Asymptomatic & Undetected Cases in the COVID-19 Outbreak in
Wuhan. Research Square.
Kang D, Cheng M, McNeil S. 2020. China clamps down in hidden hunt for coronavirus origins.
Available from: https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-coronavirus-pandemic-china-only-on-ap-bats-
24fbadc58cee3a40bca2ddf7a14d2955. [Per Worobey: The original China State Council order described
Wuhans House of Cards Topical Bibliography C. H. Rixey
P a g e 8 | 13
in the article is archived at https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/7340337-State-Research-
regulations.html]
Kang D, et al. 2020. Spatial epidemic dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. 2020.
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 94, 96 102.
Kang M, Wu J, Ma W, He J, Lu J, Liu T, Li B, Mei S, Ruan F, Lin L, et al. 2020. Evidence and
characteristics of human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv. 2020.02.03.20019141
Jin M, Lu Z, Zhang X, et al. 2020. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of fatal patients with
COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study in Wuhan, China. BMC Infect Dis 21, 951 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06585-8.
Li L et al. 2019. Exploring the Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of Land Carrying Capacity
in Wuhan. Sustainability.
Li L et al. 2021. Exploring the interactive coupled relationship between urban construction and
resource environment in Wuhan, China. Springer Nature.
Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. 2020. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel
coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 11991207 (2020).
Li W-Y et al. 2020. Wuhan's experience in curbing the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-
19) [Wuchang]. International Health.
Li X, Zhou L, Jia T, Peng R, Fu X, Zou Y. 2020. Associating COVID-19 Severity with Urban
Factors: A Case Study of Wuhan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.
2020; 17(18):6712. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186712
Li Z, et al. 2020. Antibody seroprevalence in the epicenter Wuhan, Hubei, and six selected
provinces after containment of the first epidemic wave of COVID-19 in China. The Lancet Regional
Health Western Pacific, Volume 8, 100094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100094
Lin Q-S et al. 2020. Estimating the daily trend in the size of the COVID-19 infected population in
Wuhan. Infectious Diseases of Poverty.
Lin X et al. 2021. Epidemiologic Characteristics of and Prognostic Factors for COVID-19
Among Hospitalized Patients: Updated Implications from Hubei Province. Frontiers in Public Health.
Ling R et al. 2020. Seroprevalence and epidemiological characteristics of immunoglobulin M and
G antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic people in Wuhan, China. The Lancet Public Health.
Ling R et al. 2021. Seroprevalence of IgM and IgG Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in
Asymptomatic People in Wuhan: Data from a General Hospital Near South China Seafood Wholesale
Market during March to April in 2020. Biomedical & Environmental Sciences.
Liu A et al. 2020. Seropositive Prevalence of Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China.
Allergy & Clinical Immunology.
Liu K et al. 2020. Population Movement, City Closure in Wuhan, and Geographical Expansion of
the COVID-19 Infection in China in January 2020. Clinical Infectious Diseases.
Wuhans House of Cards Topical Bibliography C. H. Rixey
P a g e 9 | 13
Liu T et al. 2021. 12-month systemic consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from
hospital: a prospective cohort study in Wuhan, China. Research Square.
Liu W et al. 2020. Geographic information system methods tell spatiotemporal transmission and
its drivers of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China at street-level. Research Square.
Lu R, Zhao X, Zhao J, Li P, et al. 2020. Genomic characterization and epidemiology of 2019
novel coronavirus: Implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 395, 565574 (2020).
Lui W et al. 2021. Spatiotemporal analysis of COVID-19 outbreaks in Wuhan, China. Scientific
Reports.
Luo M et al. 2021. Population Mobility and the Transmission Risk of the COVID-19 in Wuhan.
International Journal of Geo-Information.
Ma J. 2020. Coronavirus: China’s first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17.
South China Morning Post.
https://web.archive.org/web/20200315011702/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991
/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back.
Mahajan, S., Caraballo, C., Li, S.-X. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection hospitalization rate and
infection fatality rate among the non-congregate population in Connecticut. Am. J. Med. 134, 812816.e2
(2021).
Morel B, Barbera P, Czech L, Bettisworth B, Hübner L, Lutteropp S, Serdari D, Kostaki E-G,
Mamais I, Kozlov AM, et al. 2021. Phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 data is difficult. Mol Biol
Evol. 38(5):17771791.
Pan A et al. 2020. Association of Public Health Interventions with the Epidemiology of the
COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China. JAMA.
Peixiao, Wang. 2021. Spatiotemporal Differences of COVID-19 Infection Among Healthcare
Workers and Patients in China from January to March 2020. IEEE Access.
Pekar J, Parker E, Havens JL, et al. 2021. Virological 754 (2021).
https://virological.org/t/evidence-against-the-veracity-of-sars-cov-2-genomes-intermediate-between-
lineages-a-and-b/754.
Pekar J, Worobey M, Moshiri N, Scheffler K, Wertheim JO. 2021. Timing the SARS-CoV-2
index case in Hubei Province. Science. 372(6540):412417.
Peng Z et al. 2020. Exploring Urban Spatial Features of COVID-19 Transmission in Wuhan
Based on Social Media Data. International Journal of Geo-Information.
Pingui Z. 2020. China confirms unauthorized labs were told to destroy early coronavirus samples.
South China Morning Post.
https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124552/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3084635
/china-confirms-unauthorised-labs-were-told-destroy-early.
Wuhans House of Cards Topical Bibliography C. H. Rixey
P a g e 10 | 13
ProMED. 2019. Undiagnosed pneumoniaChina (Hubei): request for information.
https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=6864153.
Qu, Jiuxin. 2020. Profile of Immunoglobulin G and IgM Antibodies Against Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clinical Infectious Diseases.
Quay, Steven Carl. 2021. Open Letter to the WHO: Evidence that is Undisputed Favoring Lab
Origin of COVID Needs to Be Acknowledged. Zenodo.
Quay, Steven Carl. 2021. A Bayesian analysis concludes beyond a reasonable doubt that SARS-
CoV-2 is not a natural zoonosis but instead is laboratory derived (Version 3). Zenodo.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4642956.
Quay, Steven Carl. 2021. An Analysis of the Facts and Circumstances of the Worobey Science
Perspective Paper Suggests it Makes No Contribution to the Investigation of the Origin of SARS-CoV-2.
Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5717589.
Quay, Steven Carl. 2020. Where Did the 2019 Coronavirus Pandemic Begin and How Did it
Spread? The People's Liberation Army Hospital in Wuhan China and Line 2 of the Wuhan Metro System
Are Compelling Answers. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4119263.
Raimundez E et al. 2021. COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan demonstrates the limitations of publicly
available case numbers for epidemiological modeling. Epidemics.
Read JM et al. 2020. Novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: early estimation of epidemiological
parameters and epidemic predictions. Philosophical Trans of the Royal Society: Bio Sciences.
Rixey, Charles H. 2021. House of Cards: Epidemiology of the Wuhan Outbreak Annex A:
Epidemiological Studies, Sources & Analysis. ResearchGate (2021).
http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.11583.02727.
Rixey, Charles H. 2021. Prometheus Shrugged: Censorship & the Legacy of COVID-19.
ResearchGate (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.16943.25763.
Rixey, Charles H. 2021. SARS-CoV-2 Origins Research Reference Project 20211014.
ResearchGate (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12600.47367/2.
Sha Z et al. 2020. Exploring the Dynamics of Urban Greenness Space and Their Driving Factors
Using Geographically Weighted Regression: A Case Study in Wuhan Metropolis, China. Land.
Shi Z-L et al. 2018. Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in
Humans, China. Virologica Sinica.
Sirotkin K, Sirotkin D. 2020. Might SARS-CoV-2 Have Arisen via Serial Passage through an
Animal Host or Cell Culture? BioEssays 2020, 42, 2000091. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202000091.
Tsang TK, Wu P, Lin Y, Lau HY, Leung GM, Cowling BJ. 2020. Effect of changing case
definitions for COVID-19 on the epidemic curve and transmission parameters in mainland China: A
modelling study. Lancet Public Health 5, e289e296 (2020).
Wuhans House of Cards Topical Bibliography C. H. Rixey
P a g e 11 | 13
US House Energy & Commerce Committee. 2021. COVID-19 and the Wuhan Institute of
Virology. US House of Representatives.
Vicidomini, Salvatore. 2020. Qualitative follow-up on the possible manipulation by China, of
initial data on SARS-CoV/2 Pandemic in Hubei-Wuhan: communication; deaths; COVID19 violence.
Research Gate.
Walsh, Nick Paton. 2020. China's mishandling of the early stages of Covid-19 pandemic revealed
by leaked documents. CNN.
Wang D et al. 2020. Epidemiological characteristics and the entire evolution of COVID-19 in
Wuhan, China. Respiratory Research.
Wang F et al. 2020. Epidemiological characteristics of patients with severe COVID-19 infection
in Wuhan, China: evidence from a retrospective observational study. International Journal of
Epidemiology.
Wang F et al. 2020. The Comparison of Epidemiological Characteristics Between Confirmed and
Clinically Diagnosed Cases With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Global Health Research & Policy.
Wang M, Fu A, Hu B, Tong Y, Liu R, Liu Z, Gu J, Xiang B, Liu J, Jiang W, et al. 2020.
Nanopore targeted sequencing for the accurate and comprehensive detection of SARS-CoV-2 and other
respiratory viruses. Small. 16(32):2002169.
Wang WT & Wei F. 2020. Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus
(2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China. Journal of Medical Virology.
Wang Z. 2021. Why did Wuhan University researchers delete COVID-19 data at NIH? Substack.
https://pekingnology.substack.com/p/why-did-wuhan-university-researchers.
Wang, Zhenya. 2020. Health Times - Early Onset Cases. Health Times (China).
Wei J-T et al. 2020. Epidemiology of and Risk Factors for COVID-19 Infection among Health
Care Workers: A Multi-Centre Comparative Study. International Journal of Env. Research & Public
Health.
Weibo. 2020. WuhanCrisis.com - Weibo Original Data archive. [WuhanCrisis.com]
WHO. 2021. WHO-convened Global Study of the Origins of SARS-CoV-2 [China Part]. World
Health Organization.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-
china-part.
WHO. 2021. WHO-convened Global Study of the Origins of SARS-CoV-2 [Annexes]. World
Health Organization.
Worobey, Michael. 2021. Dissecting the early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan. Science 374, no. 6572,
1202-1204 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abm4454.
Wuhans House of Cards Topical Bibliography C. H. Rixey
P a g e 12 | 13
Worobey M, Pekar J, Larsen BB, Nelson MI, Hill V, Joy JB, Rambaut A, Suchard MA,
Wertheim JO, Lemey P, et al. 2020. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe and North America.
Science. 370(6516): 564570.
Wu J et al. 2020. Real-time tentative assessment of the epidemiological characteristics of novel
coronavirus infections in Wuhan, China, as at 22 January 2020. Euro Surveillance.
Wu J et al. 2020. Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of
the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study .
The Lancet.
Wu J et al. 2020. Estimating clinical severity of COVID-19 from the transmission dynamics in
Wuhan, China. Nature Medicine.
Wu, Mingyang. 2020. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection
among healthcare workers in Hubei Province, China. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.
Xiao, Botao. 2020. Origins of nCoV. bioRxiv.
Xiao X, Newman CD, Buesching DW, et al. 2021. Animal sales from Wuhan wet markets
immediately prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Science Reports 11, 11898 (2021).
XK Xu. 2020. The Geographical Destination Distribution and Effect of Outflow Population of
Wuhan When the Outbreak of COVID-19. Research Gate.
Xu XC et al. 2020. Evolution of the nCoV from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its
spike protein for risk of human transmission. Science China Life Sciences.
Yan Guo et al. 2020. Epidemiology of COVID-19 in older persons, Wuhan, China. Age &
Ageing.
Yang DL. 2020. “China’s early warning system didn’t work on covid-19. Here’s the
story,” Washington Post, 24 February 2020.
Yang DL. 2020. “Wuhan officials tried to cover up covid-19and sent it careening
outward,” Washington Post, 10 March 2020.
Yang Y, Lu Q-B, Liu M-J, Wang Y-X, Zhang A-R, et al. 2020. Epidemiological and clinical
features of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. medRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.20021675.
Yi Zheng et al. 2020. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics analysis of COVID-19 in the
surrounding areas of Wuhan, Hubei Province in 2020. Pharmacological Research.
Yu B et al. 2020. First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in
China: real-time surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model. Global Health Research &
Policy.
Yu B et al. 2021. Dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, Hubei & China: a 2nd
derivative analysis of the cumulative daily diagnosed cases during the first 85 days. Science Direct.
Wuhans House of Cards Topical Bibliography C. H. Rixey
P a g e 13 | 13
Yu H et al. 2020. Distribution of COVID-19 Morbidity Rate in Association with Social and
Economic Factors in Wuhan, China: Implications for Urban Development. International Journal of Env.
Research & Public Health.
Yu, Wen-Bin. 2020. Decoding the evolution and transmissions of the novel pneumonia
coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 / HCoV-19) using whole genomic data. Zoological Research.
Yunbao, Pan. 2020. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin antibodies in Wuhan,
China: part of the city-wide massive testing campaign. Clinical Microbiology & Infection.
Yuping Dong & Helin Liu. 2019. Health-Oriented Evaluation of the Spatial Distribution of Urban
Green Space in the Wuhan inner city area of China. Eco- Architecture.
Zhang Q et al. 2020. Associations of Spatial Aggregation between Neighborhood Facilities and
the Population of Age Groups Based on Points-of-Interest Data. Sustainability.
Zhang, Yanping . 2020. The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of COVID-19. China
Centers for Disease Control Weekly.
Zheng L et al. 2020. Analysis of the Infection Status of Healthcare Workers in Wuhan During the
COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-sectional Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases.
Zhou F et al. 2020. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-
19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet.
Zhou H, Chen X, Hu T, Li J, Song H, Liu Y, Wang P, Liu D, Yang J, Holmes EC, et al. 2020. A
novel bat coronavirus closely related to SARS-CoV-2 contains natural insertions at the S1/S2 cleavage
site of the spike protein. Curr Biol. 30(11):21962203.
Zhou H, Ji J, Chen X, Bi Y, Li J, Wang Q, Hu T, Song H, Zhao R, Chen Y, et al. 2021.
Identification of novel bat coronaviruses sheds light on the evolutionary origins of Sars-Cov-2 and related
viruses. Cell. 184(17):43804391.
Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si H-R, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang C-L, et
al. 2020. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature.
579(7798):270273.
Zhou W & Liu K. 2020. Wuhan City announces list of fever outpatient medical institutions and
designated medical institutions - China Daily.com. China Daily.
Zhou Z et al. 2021. Mapping the Accessibility of Medical Facilities of Wuhan during the
COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Geo-Information.
Zongyao S et al .2020. Analysis of Urban Greenness Landscape and Its Spatial Association with
Urbanization and Climate Changes. Geoinformatics in Sustainable Ecosystem & Society.
???. 2020. Spatiotemporal characteristics and factor analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infections among
healthcare workers in Wuhan, China. Journal of Hospital Infection.
???. 2020. Temporal and spatial analysis of COVID-19 transmission in China and its influencing
factor. International Journal of Infectious Diseases.
Technical Report
Full-text available
A. “The Pangolin Papers” presents a robust argument for the lab-mediated origin of SARS-CoV-2, particularly centered on experiments conducted at the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV) during 2018 and 2019. This report hypothesizes that the activities at WIV, involving Guangdong (GD) Pangolin-CoVs, RaTG13, and other unpublished bat coronaviruses in cell cultures, culminated in recombination and horizontal gene transfer, leading to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2. B. Furthermore, it challenges the prevailing narrative that the Huanan market served as the origin of the virus, drawing attention to negative SARS-CoV-2 tests in animals, the absence of precursor sequences, the dominance of lineage B, and evidence of viral circulation by September to October 2019, well before the market cases were reported (Bloom, 2023; Caraballo-Ortiz et al., 2022; Samson et al., 2024). The virus features a Furin cleavage site (FCS), likely acquired through recombination, which may have infected laboratory animals and subsequently a human worker, thus initiating the COVID-19 pandemic. C. Genetic analysis shows that the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of GD Pangolin-CoV is nearly identical to that of SARS-CoV-2, necessitating minimal mutations for adaptation to humans. Mid-2018 recombination events with bat coronaviruses further facilitated the introduction of the FCS, enhancing human infectivity. SARS-CoV-2 exhibits rapid adaptation in Vero E6 cells, coupled with quasispecies diversity, which increases the likelihood that a lab-derived strain could gain human infectivity. D. This report posits that the 99.78% sequence identity between GX_WIV and GX_P2V, along with its laboratory-adapted characteristics, reinforces the assertion that the Wuhan Institute of Virology engineered a precursor to SARS-CoV-2 (Jones et al., unpublished manuscript). Additionally, research by the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) appears to have transformed GX_P2V into a highly pathogenic strain, resulting in lethal outcomes in hACE2 mice by 2024, which raises significant concerns about deliberate enhancement (Lai et al., 2024). F. The 49-nucleotide Sequence section with a 12 nucleotide identical Furin cleavage site sequence noted by Jones et al., (2022) and Gadboit (2023) in WIV datasets, coupled with claimed atypical codon usage, indicates a synthetic origin is more likely than contamination (Gadboit, 2023a). G. Independent research over the past five years aligns with claims of a PLA-driven bio-research network at WIV that exploited pangolin CoVs (2017-2019) under military units like 63919 and AMMS, suggesting a militarized origin for SARS-CoV-2. H. The case of Xiangguo Qiu and Keding Cheng, dismissed from Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory in 2021, highlights significant biosecurity risks stemming from covert collaborations between Western researchers and Chinese military-linked institutions. Qiu, a virologist, and Cheng, a biologist, were implicated in transferring classified viral sequences, including Ebola and Nipah viruses, to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV). Their actions, supported by Chinese military funding and facilitated through unauthorized logistics, raised alarms about intellectual property theft and potential bioweapons development. Investigations revealed a systematic breach of security protocols, with evidence of Qiu's ties to the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and her involvement in projects that aligned with military virology agendas. Despite Canadian government reassurances, the incident exposed vulnerabilities in international scientific collaboration and underscored concerns about China's military-driven biotechnological ambitions. I. New data reveal that WIV possessed pangolin coronaviruses like GD/2019, with near-identical RBDs to SARS-CoV-2, by 2019, alongside bat viruses with FCS-like insertions (e.g., the mysterious RmYN02), suggesting a lab-mediated recombination event (Liu et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020). Cell-line studies indicate Vero E6 induced FCS deletions observed in early patients, while Calu-3 and HAE-ALI refined human tropism, supporting a hypothesis of SARS-CoV-2’s emergence from WIV’s pre-2020 experiments rather than natural spillover (Zhang, 2024a; Zou et al., 2021). J. New shell disorder analyses reveal SARS-CoV-2’s rigid M protein (PIDM ~5.9%), akin to GX-P2V/Pang2017, likely honed in VERO E6 cells, bolstering the case for a lab-mediated recombination at WIV with pangolin and bat coronaviruses K. As an important yet neglected side note, the investigation into the inaccessible WIV databases underscores significant concerns about transparency and potential cover-ups of research that could clarify the origins of SARS-CoV-2 (Bostickson, Demaneuf & Small, 2021). L. In conclusion, the experimental practices at WIV, when considered alongside genetic and historical evidence, strongly support a lab-leak origin for SARS-CoV-2. This challenges the dominant zoonotic hypothesis and underscores the urgent need for renewed scrutiny of biosafety protocols within virology research.
Article
Full-text available
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a global pandemic, resulting in considerable mortality. The risk factors, clinical treatments, especially comprehensive risk models for COVID-19 death are urgently warranted. Methods In this retrospective study, 281 non-survivors and 712 survivors with propensity score matching by age, sex, and comorbidities were enrolled from January 13, 2020 to March 31, 2020. Results Higher SOFA, qSOFA, APACHE II and SIRS scores, hypoxia, elevated inflammatory cytokines, multi-organ dysfunction, decreased immune cell subsets, and complications were significantly associated with the higher COVID-19 death risk. In addition to traditional predictors for death risk, including APACHE II (AUC = 0.83), SIRS (AUC = 0.75), SOFA (AUC = 0.70) and qSOFA scores (AUC = 0.61), another four prediction models that included immune cells subsets (AUC = 0.90), multiple organ damage biomarkers (AUC = 0.89), complications (AUC = 0.88) and inflammatory-related indexes (AUC = 0.75) were established. Additionally, the predictive accuracy of combining these risk factors (AUC = 0.950) was also significantly higher than that of each risk group alone, which was significant for early clinical management for COVID-19. Conclusions The potential risk factors could help to predict the clinical prognosis of COVID-19 patients at an early stage. The combined model might be more suitable for the death risk evaluation of COVID-19.
Article
Full-text available
The origin and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 remains shrouded in mystery. Here I identify a data set containing SARS-CoV-2 sequences from early in the Wuhan epidemic that has been deleted from the NIH’s Sequence Read Archive. I recover the deleted files from the Google Cloud, and reconstruct partial sequences of 13 early epidemic viruses. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences in the context of carefully annotated existing data further supports the idea that the Huanan Seafood Market sequences are not fully representative of the viruses in Wuhan early in the epidemic. Instead, the progenitor of currently known SARS-CoV-2 sequences likely contained three mutations relative to the market viruses that made it more similar to SARS-CoV-2’s bat coronavirus relatives.
Article
Full-text available
Background: Follow-up study of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors has rarely been reported. We aimed to investigate longitudinal changes in the characteristics of COVID-19 survivors after discharge. Methods and findings: A total of 594 COVID-19 survivors discharged from Tongji Hospital in Wuhan from February 10 to April 30, 2020 were included and followed up until May 17, 2021. Laboratory and radiological findings, pulmonary function tests, electrocardiogram, symptoms and signs were analyzed. 257 (51.2%) patients had at least one symptom at 3 months post-discharge, which decreased to 169 (40.0%) and 138 (28.4%) at 6-month and 12-month visit respectively. During follow-up period, insomnia, chest tightness, and fatigue were the most prevalent symptoms. Most laboratory parameters returned to normal, whereas increased incidence of abnormal liver and renal function and cardiovascular injury was evidenced after discharge. Fibrous stripes (213; 42.4%), pleural thickening and adhesions (188; 37.5%) and enlarged lymph nodes (120; 23.9%) were the most common radiographical findings at 3 months post-discharge. The abnormalities of pulmonary function included obstructive, restrictive, and mixed, which were 5.5%, 4.0%, 0.9% at 6 months post, and 1.9%, 4.7%, 0.2% at 12 months. Electrocardiogram abnormalities occurred in 256 (51.0%) patients at 3 months post-discharge, including arrhythmia, ST-T change and conduction block, which increased to 258 (61.1%) cases at 6-month visit and were maintained at high frequency (242;49.8%) at 12-month visit. Conclusions: Physiological, laboratory, radiological or electrocardiogram abnormalities, particularly those related to renal, cardiovascular, liver functions are common in patients who recovered from COVID-19 up to 12months post-discharge.
Article
Full-text available
Few study has revealed spatial transmission characteristics of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. We aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal spread of COVID-19 in Wuhan and its influence factors. Information of 32,682 COVID-19 cases reported through March 18 were extracted from the national infectious disease surveillance system. Geographic information system methods were applied to analysis transmission of COVID-19 and its influence factors in different periods. We found decrease in effective reproduction number (Rt) and COVID-19 related indicators through taking a series of effective public health measures including restricting traffic, centralized quarantine and strict stay-at home policy. The distribution of COVID-19 cases number in Wuhan showed obvious global aggregation and local aggregation. In addition, the analysis at streets-level suggested population density and the number of hospitals were associated with COVID-19 cases number. The epidemic situation showed obvious global and local spatial aggregations. High population density with larger number of hospitals may account for the aggregations. The epidemic in Wuhan was under control in a short time after strong quarantine measures and restrictions on movement of residents were implanted.
Preprint
Full-text available
This works contains 2 parts: 1) My combined raw commentaries concerning ongoing censorship of research into the potential lab-leak origins of SARS-CoV-2 2) An appendix with 173 pages of FOIA email correspondence and other documents, as well as my analysis of trends that show this censorship. The FOIA documents all derive from requests made by US Right to Know and Buzzfeed.
Article
Full-text available
At the beginning of 2020, a suddenly appearing novel coronavirus (COVID-19) rapidly spread around the world. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in China occurred during the Spring Festival when a large number of migrants traveled between cities, which greatly increased the infection risk of COVID-19 across the country. Financially supported by the Wuhan government, and based on cellphone signaling data from Unicom (a mobile phone carrier) and Baidu location-based data, this paper analyzed the effects that city dwellers, non-commuters, commuters, and people seeking medical services had on the transmission risk of COVID-19 in the early days of the pandemic in Wuhan. The paper also evaluated the effects of the city lockdown policy on the spread of the pandemic outside and inside Wuhan. The results show that although the daily business activities in the South China Seafood Wholesale Market and nearby commuters’ travel behaviors concentrated in the Hankou area, a certain proportion of these people were distributed in the Wuchang and Hanyang areas. The areas with relatively high infection risks of COVID-19 were scattered across Wuhan during the early outbreak of the pandemic. The lockdown in Wuhan closed the passageways of external transport at the very beginning, largely decreasing migrant population and effectively preventing the spread of the pandemic to the outside. However, the Wuhan lockdown had little effect on preventing the spread of the pandemic within Wuhan at that time. During this period, a large amount of patients who went to hospitals for medical services were exposed to a high risk of cross-infection without precaution awareness. The pandemic kept dispersing in three towns until the improvement of the capacity of medical treatment, the management of closed communities, the national support to Wuhan, and the implementation of a series of emergency responses at the same time. The findings in this paper reveal the spatiotemporal features of the dispersal of infection risk of COVID-19 and the effects of the prevention and control measures during the early days of the pandemic. The findings were adopted by the Wuhan government to make corresponding policies and could also provide supports to the control of the pandemic in the other regions and countries.
Article
Full-text available
Here we document 47,381 individuals from 38 species, including 31 protected species sold between May 2017 and November 2019 in Wuhan’s markets. We note that no pangolins (or bats) were traded, supporting reformed opinion that pangolins were not likely the spillover host at the source of the current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. While we caution against the misattribution of COVID-19’s origins, the wild animals on sale in Wuhan suffered poor welfare and hygiene conditions and we detail a range of other zoonotic infections they can potentially vector. Nevertheless, in a precautionary response to COVID-19, China’s Ministries temporarily banned all wildlife trade on 26th Jan 2020 until the COVID-19 pandemic concludes, and permanently banned eating and trading terrestrial wild (non-livestock) animals for food on 24th Feb 2020. These interventions, intended to protect human health, redress previous trading and enforcement inconsistencies, and will have collateral benefits for global biodiversity conservation and animal welfare.
Article
Elucidating the origin of the pandemic requires understanding of the Wuhan outbreak.
Article
Despite the discovery of animal coronaviruses related to SARS-CoV-2, the evolutionary origins of this virus are elusive. We describe a meta-transcriptomic study of 411 bat samples collected from a small geographical region in Yunnan province, China, between May 2019 and November 2020. We identified 24 full-length coronavirus genomes, including four novel SARS-CoV-2 related and three SARS-CoV related viruses. Rhinolophus pusillus virus RpYN06 was the closest relative of SARS-CoV-2 in most of the genome, although it possessed a more divergent spike gene. The other three SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses carried a genetically distinct spike gene that could weakly bind to the hACE2 receptor in vitro. Ecological modeling predicted the co-existence of up to 23 Rhinolophus bat species, with the largest contiguous hotspots extending from South Laos and Vietnam to southern China. Our study highlights the remarkable diversity of bat coronaviruses at the local scale, including close relatives of both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV.