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Practical Guide to ‘Free-Energy’ Devices. Version: 34.8

February 2022

Authors:

Brendan Darrer

The Starburst Foundation

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Interpenetrating morphologies for photovoltaic devices

March 2000

The morphology of blends and double layers of (E,E,E,E)-1,4-bis[(4-styryl)styryl]2-methoxy-5- (2′-ethylhexoxy)benzene (MEH-OPV5) is investigated and their photovoltaic characteristics are reported. Oligo(phenylenevinylene)s are studied as model compounds for the understanding of the optoelectronic properties of poly(phenylenevinylene)s and conjugated polymers. For a controlled engineering of the ... [Show full abstract] morphology towards the requirements of a photovoltaic device, the microphase separation of block copolymers into well-defined structures are employed. The objective is the spontaneous formation of an interpenetrating network of the acceptor and donor blocks, driven by their unfavorable free energy of mixing.

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Work as an external quantum observable and an operational quantum work fluctuation theorem

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We propose a definition of externally measurable quantum work in driven systems. Work is given as a quantum observable on a control device which is forcing the system and can be determined without knowledge of the system Hamiltonian ĤS. We argue that quantum work fluctuation theorems which rely on the knowledge of ĤS are of little practical relevance, contrary to their classical counterparts. ... [Show full abstract] Using our framework, we derive a fluctuation theorem which is operationally accessible and could in principle be implemented in experiments to determine bounds on free energy differences of unknown systems.

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Bifurcations from a 8-fold orientational order quasipattern in a polarization instability device

September 1996 · Optics Communications

The stability of the 8-fold orientational order quasipattern is studied both analytically and numerically. Close to the intensity threshold, the sequence, that minimizes the free energy, displays structures built up with four, two and one modes, successively, as the linear refractive index decreases. Differently, when increasing the intensity above the threshold, the 8-fold orientational order ... [Show full abstract] quasipattern bifurcates to a three mode quasiperiodic pattern, followed by a robust rhombic pattern. A multiconical emission process is invoked to explain the occurrence of the rhombuses.

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Free energy loss analysis for solar cells

August 2008

This paper analyses power losses in arbitrary solar cells in terms of free energy rather than recombination currents and Joule dissipation. We derive equations for the loss rates of free energy due to recombination, transport of electrons, and transport of holes, respectively. The electrical power extracted from the cell equals the photogeneration rate of the free energy minus all the above loss ... [Show full abstract] rates. By considering the free energy, all entities have units of mW/cm^2. Thus, transport losses due to Joule heating, due to diffusion, or a combination of both become directly comparable in magnitude with recombination losses (the latter are usually quantified in mA/cm^2 rather than mW/cm^2). The impact of various loss mechanisms on cells efficiency becomes apparent with this procedure. In particular, losses in free energy due to minority carrier diffusion become an integral part of device optimization.

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