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Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research
16(2): 1-7, 2022; Article no.AJFAR.81749
ISSN: 2582-3760
Growth Performance of Tilapia Fingerlings Fed with
Phytoadditives from Fruit Wastes (Pineapple, Citrus
and Banana) for Aquaculture
Maria Mojena Gonzales-Plasus a*, April Boy Barandino a, Arlene Avillanosa a
and Cristopher Caipang b
a College of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Western Philippines University, Puerto Princesa City,
Palawan, Philippines.
b College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City, Iloilo,
Philippines.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author MMGP designed the study,
performed statistical analysis, wrote the paper. Author ABB conducted the experiment, sampled the
fish, drafted the paper. Author AV assisted in the conduct of research, designed the study and author
CC designed the study, assisted in the writing of the paper, checked the content and literature cited in
the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/AJFAR/2022/v16i230366
Open Peer Review History:
This journal follows the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers,
peer review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors, etc are available here:
https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/81749
Received 20 November 2021
Accepted 23 January 2022
Published 25 January 2022
ABSTRACT
Aims: This study aims to determine the effects of the different fruit wastes (banana, citrus and
pineapple peel) on the zootechnical parameters (weight gain (WG), length, specific growth rate
(SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival of tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis sp.) and to
select which feed supplement is suitable for tilapia fingerlings.
Study Design: Feeding study was conducted and growth in terms of weight gain and length were
analyzed.
Place and Duration of Study: College of Fisheries and Aquatic Science Hatchery Laboratory from
January 2019 to March 2020.
Methodology: Tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis sp.) samples were used in this study. The
treatments used for this experiments were consisted of; commercial feeds (control), 2%, 5% and
10% levels of pineapple, citrus, and banana waste respectively.
Original Research Article
Gonzales-Plasus et al.; AJFAR, 16(2): 1-7, 2022; Article no.AJFAR.81749
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Results: Results showed that weight gain and FCR were significantly affected by the treatments
and that treatment contained 2% levels of pineapple, citrus and banana waste showed superior
growth and FCR than other treatments. Fish length and survival did not show any significant
difference at P≤0.05.
Conclusion: Although the weight gain was significantly affected by the treatments studied but the
length of tilapia fingerlings didn’t effect when fed with fruit waste. Better FCR and survival rate was
observed when fingerlings fed with 2% banana peel however, no found significant difference in
cases of 2% citrus or pineapple wastes. Besides, values of water parameters were at a normal
level (temperature, dissolve oxygen (DO), and pH) and they did not significantly affect these
treatments.
Keywords: Weight gain; FCR; feed supplementation; tilapia fingerlings.
1. INTRODUCTION
The quality and healthfulness of the food
products are reported to be some of the crucial
factors that influence the choice of consumers
when purchasing the food items. As consumers
are getting more health-conscious, they select
food that has positive health benefits.
Interest in the use of plants and various
phytochemicals as dietary additives for poultry
and livestock has increased in recent years; due
to the potential health benefits to these farmed
animals that result in better and healthier meat
quality. However, conflict in addressing food
security issues arise because most of the plants
that are used as feed ingredients are also those
that are produced primarily for human
consumption such as corn, wheat, barley,
soybean rice and many others. As such, novel
sources of animal feeds have to be explored to
avoid competition with providing sources of food
for the human population [1]. An example of a
novel alternative source of animal feed is fruit
waste and by-products. Currently, approximately
1.3 billion tons of food is lost and wasted
annually, and fruits form a substantial part of this
loss [2].
There is a change in the cropping pattern from
cereals to more lucrative fruit and vegetable
crops in several developing countries [2]. This
shift in the farming system will potentially
generate huge quantities of fruit and vegetable
wastes in the future. These wastes and by-
products have the potential to be recycled and
brought back to the food chain by converting
them to aquaculture feeds [1]. In addition, some
of these waste products could be sources of
some beneficial bioactive compounds that are
added to aquaculture feeds to improve the health
and growth performance of the aquaculture
species (Table 1).
On a global scale, there is an increasing demand
for food including fruits and vegetables [5]. The
annual fruit and vegetable wastes that are
generated in India is 1.81 million tons, The
Philippines 6.53 million tons, China 32.0 million
tons, and USA with 15.0 million tons [2]. The feed
cost can be as high as 70% of the total cost in
producing fish and livestock, and through the use
of these wastes, it is likely to reduce the cost of
feeding, resulting in a higher profit to the fish and
livestock producers.
Plants are being utilized by the food industry as
sources of spices, condiments, and culinary
herbs. Plant-based additives are also used as
preservatives for some food preparations
because they have antimicrobial properties
[6].Further, the food additives upon addition to
food result in preservation of flavor and
enhancement of taste and appearance [7].
Because of these benefits, plants have been
used to develop healthy and safe food for
humans as well as feeds for livestock, and also
these are potential alternatives to the use of
synthetic antimicrobials in animal feeds
[8, 9].
The content of processed fruit waste is highly
dependent on the type of fruit and the part of the
fruit that forms the main mass of the waste [10].
The presence of these bioactive compounds
from fruit wastes results in the stimulation of
immune responses of the fish [1, 11] and at the
same time contributes to the quality of the
carcass. A good quality fish flesh will also
contribute to a healthier source of food for the
consumers.
Gonzales-Plasus et al.; AJFAR, 16(2): 1-7, 2022; Article no.AJFAR.81749
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Table 1. Commonly used fruit wastes and by-products as feed additives or ingredients in the
animal feed industry
Common Name
Scientific Name
Parts Utilized
Banana
Musa acuminata/Musa paradisiaca
Peels
Cinnamon
Cinnamomum spp.
Bark
Citrus
Citrus spp.
Peels and pulp/rind
Papaya
Carica papaya
Peels
Passion fruit
Passiflora edulis
peels and rind
Pineapple
Ananas comosus
peels and core
Olusola et al. [3] and Steiner & Syed [4]
Present study aimed to determine the effects of
the different fruit wastes (banana, citrus and
pineapple peel) on the zootechnical parameters
(weight gain (WG), length, specific growth rate
(SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival
of tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis sp.) and to
select which feed supplement is suitable for
tilapia fingerlings. Result of this study could be
used as reference in developing fish feed
supplement from fruit waste and can be used as
a model in Tilapia culture.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Study Site
The study was conducted at the Aquatic Science
Laboratory of the College of Fisheries and
Aquatic Sciences of the Western Philippines
University – Puerto Princesa. Freshwater tilapia
(Oreochromis sp.) was used as a model species
to test this proof of concept.
2.2 Feed Preparation and Treatments
The raw materials (banana, citrus, and pineapple
peel) were gathered from the fruit vendor in a
local market of Puerto Princesa City, Palawan.
The collected fruit peel were washed trice using
tap water and distilled water were used for final
wash. The washed fruit peel were then sundried
for seven days at 60°C. The sundried fruit waste
samples were ground into fine pieces using a
mortar and pestle. The ground fruit wastes were
then sieve using fine mesh net and were
supplemented to the commercial feeds at 2, 5,
and 10% of the total feed weight. The feeds
added with fruit waste were fed to the Tilapia
fingerlings at initial rate of 5% of the body weight
for 30 days during the month of January to March
in year 2020. Adjustments in the feeding rate
were calculated every 15 days.
2.3 Experimental Setup
A randomized design was used in setting twelve
tanks (diameter 7 inches x height 12 inches) that
were used for this experiment. Tanks, air stones,
and hoses that were used in this experiment
were disinfected using chlorine (2ppm) prior to
the conduct of the feeding trial. All treatments in
this study were replicated three times. Tanks and
water containers were filled with 3 L of water and
stocked with 10 fish.
2.4 Sampling and Monitoring
Water were change at a rate of fifty percent
(50%) volume every 15 days. Siphoning of feces
was done daily and lost water during siphoning
was replaced with the filtered one thereafter. The
water parameters such as pH, ammonia, and
temperature were determined using a test kit and
thermometer.
Sampling of fish was conducted every 15 days.
Weight gain (WG), length, survival rate, feed
conversion ratio (FCR), and SGR were the
biological performance of Tilapia that were
recorded and analyzed in this experiment.
The following formulas were used in computing
the biological performance of fish in this
experiment:
Gonzales-Plasus et al.; AJFAR, 16(2): 1-7, 2022; Article no.AJFAR.81749
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2.5 Statistical Analysis
The results obtained for WG, length, FCR, SGR,
and survival rate of the fish were subjected to a
non-parametric one-way ANOVA with multiple
comparisons. Differences among means were
identified by Tukey’s test with P < 0.05.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 2 showed the biological performance of
fingerling Tilapia sp. fed with different inclusion
of fruit waste in the diet for 30 days. Results
show that weight gain was significantly affected
by the treatments but not the length of tilapia
fingerlings when fed with fruit waste incorporated
diets. Better FCR and survival rate were
observed when fingerlings were fed with 2%
banana, pineapple and citrus peel.
The WG showed a significant difference but not
the length (Table 2). The WG was highly
significant in treatment with 2% banana
(8.70±0.25). The treatment containing 10%
pineapple had significantly high FCR (1.08±0.05)
while the lowest FCR was observed in treatment
contained 2% banana (0.73±0.02). Significantly
high SGR (0.29±0.01) was found in treatment
contained 2% banana. No significant difference
was observed for the survival rate of fish.
The DO ranged from 10-15mg/l in all treatments
and no sudden fluctuation was observed in all
treatments. The temperature was at 24°C while
pH was maintained at 7.5 in all treatments
throughout the experimental trial.
Factors such as the size of fish, water quality,
and the nutrient content of the formulated feeds
affect the growth of fingerlings tilapia [12, 13]
which was also observed in the present
experiment. Although some of the parameters in
this experiment such as the proximate analysis of
feeds, and fish body, nutrient content of
feeds and another important water parameter
such as ammonia were not analyzed due
to the limitation of resources, time, and
situation.
The phytogenic are plant-derived products that
are added to the feed to improve the health and
growth performance of the animal. These are
widely tested as additives in the manufacture of
feeds for livestock, and recently; these are being
evaluated in the diets for fish and crustaceans in
aquaculture [8, 14, 15, 16]. The mode of action of
most phytogenics is still not fully elucidated [17],
but these plant-based products possess
antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic,
analgesic, insecticidal, antiparasitic properties,
growth promoters, appetite enhancement,
stimulant of bile secretion and digestive enzyme
activity [18, 19].
Different size of tilapia requires a different
amount of protein for growth. A fingerling tilapia
of 0.02 to 10 g in weight requires 35-40% protein
in their diet [20, 21]. Although protein content in
the diet was not analyzed in the current study,
the protein content of the pineapple peel ranged
from 5.11 to 8.8% [22, 23], banana peels vary
whether they are ripe or unripe and the protein
content ranged from 6.86% to 8.51% [24], and
the citrus peel (Citrus maxima) at 0.42% [25].
Hence also one of the factors why Tilapia
fingerlings in this study showed different growth
rate depending on the kind of fruit waste fed to
them.
Table 2. Biological performance of Tilapia fingerlings in treatments fed with different inclusion
of fruit waste in the diet for 30 days (n=3)
Treatment
Initial
WG (g)
Length
(inch)
FCR
SGR
Survival
(%)
Control 1
2.13±0.19
5.99±0.27a
1.87±0.36
1.06±0.05a
0.20±0.01a
90±0.33
Pineapple
2%
1.46±0.12
7.02±0.57a
2.37±0.2 0
0.91±0.07a
0.24±0.02a
100±0.00
5%
1.70±0.12
6.24±0.38a
2.27±0.2 4
1.02±0.06a
0.23±0.01a
100±0.00
10%
1.48±0.10
5.78±0.28a
2.17±0.19
1.08±0.05ab
0.21±0.00a
90±0.33
Citrus
2%
1.65±0.10
7.10±0.53a
1.60±0.2 0
0.89±0.07a
0.25±0.01a
100±0.00
5%
1.77±0.18
7.01±0.54ab
1.73±0.32
0.92±0.07a
0.26±0.01a
100±0.00
10%
1.81±0.12
6.80±0.35a
1.80±0.3 6
0.94±0.05a
0.24±0.00a
100±0.00
Banana
2%
1.87±0.2 4
8.70±0.25a
2.07±0.33
0.73±0.02a
0.29±0.01b
90±0.33
5%
1.37±0.0 9
7.06±0.35ac
1.87±0.12
0.89±0.05a
0.25±0.00a
100±0.00
10%
1.68±0.0 9
7.40±0.57ac
2.27±0.43
0.86±0.07a
0.26±0.01a
100±0.00
Gonzales-Plasus et al.; AJFAR, 16(2): 1-7, 2022; Article no.AJFAR.81749
5
As mentioned above, fruit waste contain anti-
nutritional factor. In pineapple peel, the level of
anti-nutritional factors such as oxalates,
hydrogen cyanides, alkaloids, and phytates, and
total phenolics contents were 129.06 mg %,
71.50 mg %, 16.19 mg %, 1.99 mg %, and 1.42
mg %, respectively [22]. Citrus peel has a high
amount of Alkaloids (3498.37 mg/100g) and has
also a high amount of antinutritional factor in the
form of phytic acid (444.11 mg/100g) [25]. In
general, the oxalates level of banana peel is
280.88 mg %, 116.26 mg % of hydrogen
cyanides, 6.88 mg % alkaloids, 6.02 mg % of
phytates, and total phenolics of 7.40 mg % [22].
The presence of antinutritional factors in fish
feeds results in poor palatability, poor food
intake, interference with feed utilization,
alteration of gut morphology, high FCR, and slow
growth of fish [26,27,28].
The unripe banana peel has a higher content of
anti-nutritional factors present than the ripe
banana peel [24, 29]. An increased in the
incorporation of banana peel from 5-15% in the
diet decreased the weight gain of Tilapia [29]
which was similar to the result of this study.
Banana peel has a high fiber load, and when fed
to fish could accumulate to increase cell wall
materials and non-soluble polysaccharides which
limit the digestion and absorption of nutrients
resulting to a decline in the growth of fish [24,
30].
The water parameters including salinity, DO,
temperature, pH, and ammonia can affect the
growth and survival of Tilapia [13, 31, 32]. The
poor quality of water especially the higher nitrite
concentration can affect the growth of tilapia, and
it was observed that the wide range tolerance of
tilapia in high acidity did not affect the growth and
survival rate [33, 34], hence water quality both
physical and chemical property, should be kept
within the optimum level as well as the biological
properties to ensure good growth in Tilapia [35].
The optimal range temperature of the water is
25°-30°C for growth of juvenile tilapia and 21°-
28°C for food conversion [36], however
according to Ibañez et al. [37], fish can still live
for two weeks at 35°-40°C. Pandit et al. stated
that temperatures above 32°C may significantly
decrease the survival and growth rate of tilapia
and reduced growth performance that could be
attributed to the low food intake and high rate of
gastric evacuation [38]. Dissolved oxygen level of
5mg/l support optimum growth of Tilapia but DO
level as high as 40mg/l and as low as 3mg/l
inhibit growth of Tilapia [39]. As for the pH level,
optimum growth of Tilapia is attained at pH level
of 7.0- 7.5 [34].
4. CONCLUSION
The weight gain was significantly affected when
fed with fruit waste, but this is not true for Tilapia
length. Better FCR and survival rate was
observed when fingerlings were fed with 2%
banana peel but had no significant difference
with 2% citrus or pineapple. Water parameters
were at a normal level (temperature, DO, and
pH) and did not significantly affect the
treatments. Conduct a similar study and longer
period (3-4 months) of culture using a 0.15 g of
tilapia is recommended. Trials on how to Improve
the quality of fruit waste to be used as feed
additives by lowering the amount of anti-
nutritional factor present in the fruit wastes
should also be conducted. Further, the possible
effect on the flesh and carcass when fish were
fed with fruit waste should also be examined.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing
interests exist.
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Available: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41240-
017-0075-7.
© 2022 Gonzales-Plasus et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Peer-review history:
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https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/81749
