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Espace social, matérialité et expansion capitaliste dans le Nord du Chili : les camps miniers du soufre, Ollagüe, XXe siècle
Abstract
Au Chili, le processus de modernisation qui, au début du XXe siècle, s'est traduit par l'expansion du capitalisme et de l'industrialisation a eu des répercussions économiques et sociales profondes. La culture matérielle associée aux industries minières modernes et leur influence sur les sociétés autochtones ont cependant fait l’objet de très peu d’études archéologiques. Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’exploitation du soufre dans la communauté autochtone quechua d’Ollagüe, située dans la région d’Antofagasta, au Nord du Chili. À partir de la fin du XIXe siècle, après la guerre chilienne contre le Pérou et la Bolivie (1879-1883), la région entama un long processus d'expansion capitaliste lié à diverses activités minières extractives. Les camps miniers, en tant que nouveaux centres de travail, ont fait appel à de nombreux produits, services et travailleurs, entraînant un vaste processus de migration et une augmentation de la population. Dispersées dans le paysage andin d'Ollagüe, à 4000 mètres d'altitude, les ruines de l'extraction minière du soufre témoignent des impacts de l'industrialisation et de l'expansion capitaliste dans la région. L’étude des transformations socioculturelles générées par l'exploitation minière industrielle dans la communauté locale est fondée, dans cette thèse, sur la documentation de trois camps miniers de soufre abandonnés – Buenaventura, Station Puquios et Santa Cecilia. J'explore leur histoire à travers l'étude de l'espace social et de la culture matérielle pour examiner l'identité des travailleurs miniers et de leurs familles, ainsi que leurs conditions de vie et de travail sur les hauteurs des volcans. Soulignant les spécificités de la modernisation et de l'expansion capitaliste du Chili, cette thèse aborde la culture matérielle industrielle en termes de continuités, de fragmentation et de ruptures. Elle vise à rendre visible et à valoriser la culture matérielle moderne associée aux industries minières du XXe siècle. Je soutiens que le processus de modernisation, les ruines industrielles et la culture matérielle du passé récent ont généré des espaces de mémoire qui sont aujourd’hui entrelacés avec les préoccupations contemporaines de la communauté autochtone locale.
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En este artículo se entregan antecedentes preliminares y exploratorios sobre la minería de altura argentífera, cuprífera, azufrera y boratera y su impacto en la movilidad demográfica de la población rural de la Provincia de Tarapacá entre las décadas de 1880 y 1930. Se destaca la participación indígena y boliviana, poniendo cierta atención en el mecanismo de la movilidad estacional.
Bolivian migration in borax and sulphur high-altitude mining was fundamental in sustaining industrial capitalism in northern Chile. In this paper, we quantify and characterize Bolivian migration in the border mining camps of the municipality of Ollagüe, through the analysis of 335 migratory files, dating from 1888 to 1946. We focus on the Bolivian presence in eight villages and camps involved in sulphur and borax mining. We present the entry periods of Bolivian workers, as well as their origin, trade and profession, gender, marital status, age, and literacy. Results give an account of the central role played by the Bolivian migrant labour force for the development of non-metallic and high-altitude mining industries in the region. It is concluded that the capitalist expansion in the Chilean border was sustained by an ethnic subsidiarity of an international subordinate workforce.
The Alto Cielo Archaeological Project is an interdisciplinary research project carried out between 2015 and 2019 in Ollagüe, an indigenous community located in the highlands of northern Chile. In this article, we explore the community members’ perceptions towards the recent past, assessing the temporality of industrial sites associated with sulphur mining in Ollagüe during the twentieth century. This article presents a preliminary collaborative approach based on consultation and research design, positing industrial ruins as a mechanism that could de-monopolize interpretations associated with the recent past of Ollagüe.
The systematic archaeological study of two mining sites located in the central west of Argentina allows to know the living conditions of mining peoples. Here we discuss a comparative architectural analysis of buildings that operated between the middle 19th and early 20th centuries, within mining plans with different extractive purposes (silver, gold and schist). They maintained a resident population consisting of families or groups of workers. Through constructive and syntactic analyzes of space, with very little application in the region, we propose that the architecture in the mining sites functioned as an active object and a key input in the control strategies of its inhabitants. These were configured architecturally and spatially according to the economic interests of the owners of the means of production, who had the exploitation rights and therefore designed an architectural pattern “barracks type”, since it allowed the control of the accesses and roads of the place, increasing the enclosure, isolation and the segmentation of the spaces.
Este artículo presenta una aproximación descriptiva al conjunto lítico del sitio Estación Puquios (21°04.48”S, 68°23’12.04”O), ubicado a 4169 msnm en la comuna de Ollagüe, región de Antofagasta, norte de Chile. Se plantea que las condiciones ambientales y naturales del sitio fueron favorables para el emplazamiento de cazadores-recolectores durante la secuencia cronológica del período Arcaico (ca. 10.500-3.500 14 C AP). Se presenta una evaluación de los aspectos tipológicos respecto del material lítico formatizado mediante la técnica de talla, registrados por medio de una “recolección superficial virtual”. Este análisis sugiere que el área fue integrada dentro de sistemas de movilidad en relación con el aprovisionamiento de materias primas de carácter local, descartando el uso de estaciones logísticas presentes en sistemas de movilidad de largo alcance.
Ceramics are one of the most visible and readily identifiable material means of examining British engagement with South and Central America during and after the Wars of Independence in the second and third decades of the nineteenth century. However, despite the significance of Chile as an important trade market for British exports, including ceramics, the archaeological signature of this trade is still poorly understood. The authors offer a preliminary overview of post-independence British ceramics from Chilean archaeological sites, placing the archaeological evidence in both regional and international context.
The divide that once existed between the past and the present and between the archaeology of distant times and that of recent ones has started to disappear. Excavations are now exploring 20th century sites or ones that are even more recent. The barriers that once compartmentalised the fields of history, archaeology and anthropology have begun to crumble, yielding a vast common space, that of the present. The resulting challenges to traditional methodologies have generated a silent revolution that is undermining the ways these disciplines dealt with the past. Will we prove capable of acknowledging this new state of the social sciences and act accordingly?
El artículo estudia la difusión del camión y la construcción de caminos en la Puna de Atacama (1930-1980) a través de la relación de continuidad o discontinuidad que se establece con la arriería mular característica del período colonial atacameño. El análisis procede en tres tiempos. Primero, la llegada del camión y la dislocación de la tríada estructurante pasto-animal-transporte; se constata el ocaso arriero, se da cuenta del arribo del motor y de cómo el camión sustrae la agricultura al transporte. Segundo, el proceso de apropiación local del camión, las huellas que utiliza, los sistemas que ensambla y el modo en el que restituye las lógicas de arriería y flete que la guerra y los ferrocarriles sus-penden desde el último tercio del siglo XIX. Tercero, por último, la aparición tardía de vialidad y las máquinas de caminos, el Estado y la frontera, junto con la clandestinización de las estructuras de arrieraje transcordillerano.
En este artículo examinamos la evolución de un nuevo ciclo técnico que significó la reinvención y continuidad del ciclo del nitrato en el área de El Toco y Tocopilla, siendo la hegemonía de Tarapacá totalmente descentrada en el mundo del salitre; estudiamos las particularidades del sistema técnico que constituyó la firma Guggenheim, ubicada, en primera instancia, en la mina de cobre de Chuquicamata y en la termoeléctrica de Tocopilla. Analizamos las derivaciones integrales de este nuevo sistema que inauguró un nuevo ciclo que tuvo fuertes impactos económicos, corporativos, tecnológicos y sociales en la provincia de Tocopilla hasta la actualidad. También exploramos la evolución de las diversas maniobras capitalistas de la mano de algunas familias que disputaron la propiedad de los recursos naturales para participar en el mercado mundial del nitrato y sus numerosos derivados.
Neste trabalho oferecemos um panorama geral sobre a história e o desenvolvimento da arqueologia histórica na América do Sul, desde suas origenas até a atualidade. Com esse objetivo, discutimos sua relação com a arqueologia história anglo-saxônica, seus marcos teóricos, problemas de investigação e desenvolvimento locais. Da mesma maneira, centramos nosso interesse no crescimento acelerado da disciplina desde a década de 1980. Especificamente, referimo-nos aos estudos mais destacados produzidos por profissionais da região durante os últimos anos.
This paper presents an analysis of archaeological materials found at the mining sites Minas Paramillos Sur and Mina La Atala, located in the Paramillos de Uspallata and Divisadero Largo’s reserve. The goals of this research are to document consumption patterns of the mining proletariat and to make comparative intra- and inter-site comparisons of artifact trends. Within the framework of historical archaeology, we analyze these artifacts in the successive stages of occupation and within sociocultural contexts marked by peripheral industrial capitalism. In order to do this, we take into account three central elements: the environment, sociocultural practices (diets, techniques, and production technologies, personal care, spatial distribution, etc.), and the political-economic context. The results show that the mining populations of northwestern Mendoza in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries worked in precarious conditions and were socially marginalized by a hegemonic discourse of greater economic development in the province.
A micro spatial analysis is proposed to evaluate the circulation of resources between endorheic valleys settlements and coastal desert enclaves, through the caravan intermodal traffic in the Atacama Desert during the Late Intermediate Period. Within a harmonious social context, road circulation associated with geo-symbolic rites characterized these "island" settlements. While occupying permanent home bases, these groups also practiced longterm halts along these roads. The Pica-Tarapacá Complex's territoriality incorporated productive nodes in the Pacific through circuits associated with domestic sites and inter settlements rituals. We describe mobility indicators: materialities, camps, diets, funerary contexts, and rock art rites. These indicators establish connections between the oasis cemeteries of Pica, the intermediary camps of Pintados, Soronal and the coastal cemeteries of Patillos and Bajo Molle. We conclude that a segment of the Pica oasis population intensified their use of interfluvial sterile passages, where they occupied temporary halts in coexistence with local communities, and transported terrestrial and maritime food surplus. The complexity of these operations suggests the presence of a local socio-political leadership, which was later controlled and expanded during the Inca regime.
The main concepts and research topics that characterize the "South Andean Internodal Archaeology", highlighting some of its contributions and suggesting possibilities for its future development. These points are illustrated through the papers assembled in this volume and others published during the past few decades. Considering the advances that have been made thus far, it is concluded that Internodal Archaeology has grown to become a research program with its own premises, methods, and goals.
Since the 1970s, the closure of mines, mills, and factories has marked a rupture in working-class lives. The Deindustrialized World interrogates the process of industrial ruination, from the first impact of layoffs in metropolitan cities, suburban areas, and single-industry towns to the shock waves that rippled outward, affecting entire regions, countries, and beyond.
Seeking to hear the “roar ... on the other side of the silence,” scholars from France, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States share their own stories of ruin and ruination and ask others what it means to be working class in a postindustrial world. In Part 1, they explore the ruination of former workplaces and the damaged health and injured bodies of industrial workers. Part 2 brings to light disparities of experiences between rural resource towns and cities, where hipster revitalization often overshadows industrial loss. Part 3 reveals the ongoing impact of deindustrialization on working people and their place in the new global economy.
Together, the chapters open a window on the lived experiences of people living at ground zero of deindustrialization, revealing its layered impacts and examining how workers, environmentalists, activists, and the state have responded to its challenges.
This volume will appeal to historians, geographers, and social science scholars as well as anyone interested in the issues surrounding capitalist development, urban revitalization, and poverty, class, and community.
Latin America has experienced a significant transformation in recent years. Despite some of the countries had major economic and social crisis at the end of the twentieth century, between 2003 and 2008 the region has experienced its most remarkable expansionary period since the 1970s. One of the new features registered during the period was the increase in the manufacturing sector where industrial policy combined traditional instruments to promote investment with other tools directed towards fostering innovation and technological modernization. At the same time, still using instruments and horizontal programs, in many countries there was a greater emphasis on the implementation of targeted and selective policies and to articulate the various instruments into a more general framework of productive development planning. The aim of this paper is to analyse the evolution of recent industrial policies (IPs) and their outcomes in four Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico. To do this, we will focus on the objectives and tools of IPs since 2003, their differences vis-à-vis those followed in the 1990s, and their changes throughout the period 2003-2015. We will also study the similarities and differences in national approaches depending on the macroeconomic cycles and the dynamic of the balance of payments, the specialization profiles and the strategies of development.
Se analiza el caso de la Compañía Huanchaca de Bolivia como prototipo de un proceso de instauración de una economía capitalista de enclave industrial en el sudoeste de Bolivia, centrando el análisis en la transición artesanal a la industrial y sus efectos tecnológicos, mecánicos y urbanos que resultaron gravitantes para procesos migratorios. Del mismo modo, se caracteriza este proceso de industrialización que trae aparejado enlaces asimétricos con los saberes tradicionales, estableciendo nuevas formas de control por parte del Estado y capitalistas mineros hacia los indígenas, estableciendo, de esta forma, nuevas relaciones sociales.
Imagining Modernity in the Andes is an interdisciplinary work that deals with the intersection of projects of modernity with constructions of race and ethnicity in the Andes. This book focuses initially on Indigenismo, attempting to recuperate the intellectual energy of writers and artists from the twenties who rewrote political and cultural discourse in an irreversible manner, and concludes with a consideration of the new configurations of indigeneity that are emerging today not only in the Andes but across the globe. The multidisciplinary work of José Marìa Arguedas occupies a privileged place in this study and his anthropological work is analyzed in the context of an ideological climate. In addition to considering sociological and anthropological accounts, Archibald examines representations of urbanization and social informality by four Peruvian novelists, pointing to the prevalence of the troupe of the grotesque as a metaphor for the unmanageability associated with cities of the South. Finally, Imagining Modernity in the Andes analyzes the implications of the emergence of new visual media in a culture context long defined by the oral-textual divide, and considers the continued relevance of the concept of transculturation in a transnational and post-literary context.
Landscape has long had a submerged presence within anthropology, both as a framing device which informs the way the anthropologist brings his or her study into “view”, and as the meaning imputed by local people to their cultural and physical surroundings. A principal aim of this volume follows from these interconnected ways of considering landscape: the conventional, Western notion of “landscape” may be used as a productive point of departure from which to explore analogous ideas; local ideas can in turn reflexively be used to interrogate the Western construct. The Introduction argues that landscape should be conceptualized as a cultural process: a process located between place and space, foreground actuality and background potentiality, image and representation. In the chapters that follow, nine noted anthropologists and an art historian exemplify this approach, drawing on a diverse set of case studies. These range from an analysis of Indian calendar art to an account of Israeli nature tourism, and from the creation of a metropolitan “gaze” in nineteenth-century Paris to the soundscapes particular to the Papua New Guinean rainforests. The anthropological perspectives developed here are of cross-disciplinary relevance; geographers, art historians, and archaeologists will be no less interested than anthropologists in this re-envisaging of the notion of landscape.
Out of War is an ethnographic engagement with the nature of intercommunal violence and the material returns of history during and after the 1991–2002 Sierra Leone civil war. The questions raised concern the nature and reckoning of time and reality, fact and fiction; the experience of violence and trauma; the reversibility of perpetrator and victim, friend and enemy; and past, present, and future in the colony and postcolony. The book is a reflection on West African epistemologies and ontologies that contribute to questions in counterpoint with those of international humanitarianism, struggling with the possibilities of truth and quandaries of justice. In the context of massive population displacements and humanitarian interventions, the ethnography traces strategies of psychological, political, and cultural survival and material dwelling in liminal spaces in the midst of the destruction of the social fabric engendered by war. It also examines the juridical creation of new figures of crimes against humanity at the Special Court for Sierra Leone. The Sierra Leone scene, in the aftermath of war, is visualized as a landscape of chronotopes, neologisms that summon the uncertainty of war: the sobel (“soldier by day, rebel by night”), pointing to the instability of distinctions between enemy and friend, or of opposing parties in the war (the rebels of the Revolutionary United Front [RUF] and soldiers in the national army), and the rebel cross, pointing to the possibility that the purported neutrality of the Red Cross masked partisan interests alongside the RUF. Chronotopes also testify to the difficulty of discerning between facts and rumors in war, and they freeze in time collective anxieties about wartime events. Finally, beyond the traumas of war, the book explores the returns of material traces in counterpoint to the more “monumental” presence of Chinese investments in Africa today, and it explores the forgotten sensory history of another China (Taiwan versus the People’s Republic of China) and another Africa inscribed in ordinary agrarian practices on rural landscapes, and in the fabric of domestic life, particularly since the non-aligned movement emerged from the Bandung conference in 1955.
This paper debates how Andean mountains become persons with political ontology, a post-humanist orientation that has recently highlighted this phenomenon. Mountains’ physical bodies synthesize various life processes and precipitate as metapersons when people engage them socially as willful agents, hoping to regulate mountains’ extra-human powers morally. This socialization remains incomplete, however. Aloof to human vulnerability, mountains frequently appear as q’alas, Andean people’s barely human racial persecutors and class enemies. By taking this form, mountains suggest that people’s relation with the land is similarly troubled, not the benign matter of kinship that political ontology proposes.
L’architecture monumentale de l’Amérique précolombienne présente un défi intéressant en matière d’utilisation et de parcours des espaces construits, car elle n’est pas documentée par les textes ou d’autres données que celles de l’archéologie et des vestiges eux-mêmes. Dans le cadre de cette étude, le défi est relevé en faisant appel aux concepts et méthodes d’analyse des systèmes de circulation interne développés pour l’architecture contemporaine par Hillier et Hanson ( The Social Logic of Space , 1984). L’analyse des accès, en particulier, est appliquée au palais inca de Puruchuco, à Lima. Les résultats sont complémentés par les données tirées des fouilles et de l’iconographie vernaculaire, et ensuite comparés à ceux de l’analyse des palais et résidences d’élite de la région avant son incorporation à l’Empire inca. Il en ressort que les Incas se sont servis des génotypes locaux dans la conception de leurs propres structures administratives et de gestion, ce afin de mieux asseoir leur autorité via les habitus traditionnels.
'Imagined Communities' examines the creation & function of the 'imagined communities' of nationality & the way these communities were in part created by the growth of the nation-state, the interaction between capitalism & printing & the birth of vernacular languages in early modern Europe.
Transporting readers from derelict homesteads to imperiled harbors, postindustrial ruins to Cold War test sites, Curated Decay presents an unparalleled provocation to conventional thinking on the conservation of cultural heritage. Caitlin DeSilvey proposes rethinking the care of certain vulnerable sites in terms of ecology and entropy, and explains how we must adopt an ethical stance that allows us to collaborate with-rather than defend against-natural processes. Curated Decay chronicles DeSilvey's travels to places where experiments in curated ruination and creative collapse are under way, or under consideration. It uses case studies from the United States, Europe, and elsewhere to explore how objects and structures produce meaning not only in their preservation and persistence, but also in their decay and disintegration. Through accessible and engaging discussion of specific places and their stories, it traces how cultural memory is generated in encounters with ephemeral artifacts and architectures. An interdisciplinary reframing of the concept of the ruin that combines historical and philosophical depth with attentive storytelling, Curated Decay represents the first attempt to apply new theories of materiality and ecology to the concerns of critical heritage studies. © 2017 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
This new edition of Historical Archaeologies of Capitalism shows where the study of capitalism leads archaeologists, scholars and activists. Essays cover a range of geographic, colonial, and racist contexts around the Atlantic basin: Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, the North Atlantic, Europe, and Africa. Here historical archaeologists use current capitalist theory to show the results of creating social classes, employing racism, and beginning and expanding the global processes of resource exploitation. Scholars in this volume also do not avoid the present condition of people, discussing the lasting effects of capitalism’s methods, resistance to them, their archaeology, and their point to us now.
Chapters interpret capitalism in the past, the processes that make capitalist expansion possible, and the worldwide sale and reduction of people. Authors discuss how to record and interpret these. This book continues a global historical archaeology, one that is engaged with other disciplines, peoples, and suppressed political and economic histories. Authors in this volume describe how new identities are created, reshaped, and made to appear natural.
Chapters in this second edition also continue to address why historical archaeologists study capitalism and the relevance of this work, expanding on one of the important contributions of historical archaeologies of capitalism: critical archaeology.