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30
The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University
Basic and Applied Sciences
008801920282607, mustafizfmrt@yahoo.com
Corresponding Author: Sheikh Mustafizur Rahman
Growth and Survival of Goldfish (
Carassius auratus
) Juveniles Fed
Tubifex
, Custard
Meal and Commercial Feeds
Roshmon Thomas Mathew 1, Sudip Debnath 2, Pankaj Kundu 2, Yousef Ahmed Alkhamis 1 3, Md. Mostafizur Rahman 4, Md. Moshiur Rahman 2, Md.
Golam Sarower 2, Sheikh Mustafizur Rahman 2
1 Fish Resources Research Center, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
2 Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna Universi ty, Khulna, Bangladesh
3 Department of Animal and Fish Production, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saud i Arabia
4 Disaster and Human Security Managements, Bangla desh University of Professionals, Dhaka, Bangladesh
ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE
01/06/2022
PUBLISHED ONLINE
12/02/2022
ACCEPTED
12/02/2022
RECEIVED
28/11/2021
LINK
https://doi.org/10.37575/b/vet/210080
ISSUE
1
VOLUME
23
YEAR
2022
NO. OF PAGES
6
NO. OF WORDS
5329
ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to investigate suitable feed for
Carassius auratus
juveniles. 30-day-old juveniles (3.31±0.14 cm and 0.84±0.3 g) were reared in
glass aquaria (50×30×30 cm3) at s tocking density of 10 juveniles/aquaria in triplicates. The juveniles were fed four different feeds,
Tubifex
, egg custard,
commercial feed, and aquarium feed, twice daily until satiation. After 28 days of trial, fish fed custard and
Tubifex
had significantly higher survival rates (91%
and 88%) than those fed aquarium feed (81%, P < 0.05) and commercial fish feed (75%, P < 0.05 ). The final length, weight, abs olute growth rate and metabolic
growth rate were significantly varied among the treatments (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were evident in weight gain and SGR (P > 0.05). The
fish fed custard and
Tubifex
were comparable in terms of growth performance (P > 0.05) while a significantly lower growth rate was found in fish fed
commercial feed (P < 0 .05). Fish fed
Tubifex
and custard had significantly higher protein content (15 .28% and 14.86%, respectively) than those fed c ommercial
fish feed (13.41%) and aquarium feed (12.21%). The overall findings sugge st that the formulated egg custard can promote growth and survival in goldfish.
KEYWORDS
Ornamental fish,
Tubifex
, egg custard, juveniles, growth performance
CITATION
Mathew, R.T., Debnath, S., Kundu, P., Alkhamis, Y.A., Rahman, M.M., Rahman, M.M., Sarower, M.G. and Rahman, S.M. (2022). Growth and survival of goldfish (
Carassius
auratus
) juveniles fed
Tubifex
, custard meal and commercial feeds.
The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences
, 23(1), 30–5.
DOI:10.37575/b/vet/210080
1. Introduction
The rising interest in rearing ornamental fish has led to an increased
international aquarium fish trade. Among the widely accepted
ornamental fish, goldfish (
Carassius auratus
) is one of the
commercially important species. It was originally popular from
China to Eastern Europe and has now spread all over the world due
to its wide range of morphological adaptation and diversity (Ota and
Abe, 2016). Nowadays, this species is mostly reared in an intensive
culture system where the growth of the fish largely depends on the
nutritional quality and quantity of the food provided (Kaiser
et al
.,
2003). Food quality as well as availability affect the fish growth in all
life stages and have a great influence on successful aquaculture. In a
production cycle, the earlier life stage is considered the most crucial
stage for most fish species (Abi-Ayad and Kestemont, 1994). The
earlier life stage of goldfish requires specific environmental
conditions including appropriate feeds to survive and grow
(Kestemont, 1995).
The larval rearing of non-salmonid fish such as goldfish and carp
largely relies on the culture of live feeds, although several efforts
have been made to find suitable alternatives (Bryant and Matty,
1980). In general, living feed organisms contain higher crude protein
(60–65%), moderate lipids (8–9%) and lower crude fiber (4–5%)
(Sharma, 2020). Different live feeds, such as
Branchionus
,
Chirononus
,
Moina, Tubifex
and
Artemia
have long been used for
rearing the larvae or juveniles of various fish species (Cruz and
James, 1989; Evangelista
et al
., 2005; Fermin and Recometa, 1988).
Among the live feeds used in fish larvae culture,
Artemia
nauplii is
the most widely used food item. However, the demand for
Artemia
cysts has exceeded the supply, and prices have risen exponentially,
creating a bottleneck for the expansion of hatcheries (Lavens and
Sorgeloos, 2000; Sorgeloos
et al
., 2001) and increased problems for
developing countries in terms of affordability (Evangelista
et al
.,
2005). Thus, research leading to the use of an alternative feed or at
least optimization of cyst usage can reduce production costs.
Tubifex
is one of the potential live feed candidates because of its
substantial use as a nutritious food commodity for fish larvae.
Although it grows in waste water with health hazard issues and the
risk of spreading certain protozoan diseases in fish (Brinkhurst,
1996), the availability and appropriate size make this candidate
prominent in the aquarium business as well as the commercial fish
business. Moreover,
Tubifex
is rich in protein and essential fatty
acids such as n-3 (C18: 3n-3 and C20: 5n-3) and n-6 (C18:2n-6 and
C20:4n-6) fatty acids (Görelşahin
et al
., 2018; Yanar
et al
., 2003). It
has already been established to increase the growth performance of
different fish species such as
Chitala chitala
(Sarkar
et al
., 2007),
Clarius macrocephalus
(Santiago
et al
., 2003),
Notopterus chitala
(Sontakke
et al
., 2019), and
Sander lucioperca
(Bódis
et al
., 2007).
Furthermore, several studies reported
Tubifex
as an alternative to
Artemia
for different fish species such as catfish (Arslan
et al
., 2009;
Evangelista
et al
., 2005). Beside live feeds, studies reported that
formulated egg custards are also used for larval rearing of different
fish species and attained better results than commercially available
formulated feeds (Malla and Banik, 2015). Formulated feeds are
specially aimed to achieve optimal growth of certain fish species
with species-specific, appropriate and adequate nutritional
composition(Sultan Mohideen
et al
., 2014). Moreover, these feeds
are also being targeted to attain lower conversion ratio to minimize
the feed cost.
Hitherto, there is no study comparing the effect of live feed and egg
custard on goldfish. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to
investigate the effects of live feed (
Tubifex
), homemade egg custard
and two commercial feeds (fish feed and aquarium feed) on growth,
survivability, and body protein content of the goldfish (
C. auratus
).
31
Mathew, R.T., Debnath, S., Kundu, P., Alkhamis, Y.A., Rahman, M.M., Rahman, M.M., Sarower, M.G. and Rahman, S.M. (2022). Growth and survival of goldfish (
Carassius auratus
) juveniles fed
Tubifex
, custard meal and commercial
feeds.
The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University :Basic and Applied Sciences
, 23(1), 30–5. DOI: 10.37575/b/vet/210080
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Feeds:
Four experimental feeds, namely
Tubifex
, homemade egg custard,
commercial fish feed (Quality Feeds Limited, Bangladesh) and
aquarium feed (Sky Fish, China), were used in this study.
Commercial fish feed was collected from the local feed market. Live
Tubifex
and aquarium feed commonly used for goldfish were
collected from local aquarium shops.
Tubifex
was chopped into
small pieces using a disinfected blade and scissors, and preserved in
a refrigerator (-18oC) in the form of a small cube until use. The egg
custard was prepared using several ingredients, as presented in
Table 1. The ingredients were blended, and the mixture was boiled
in an autoclave for 30 min. at 110–118oC. After cooling, it was cut
into small pieces, individually wrapped with polyethylene film, and
stored at -18oC until used. Moisture and protein contents of the
experimental feeds are presented in Table 2.
Table 1: Ingredients (g/kg) used for preparing egg custard (Nik Sin and Shapawi, 2017).
Ingredients
Unit
Cornflower
50 g
Agar powder
20 g
Milk powder
500 g
Egg
325 g
Cod liver oil
5 g
Prawn meat
100 g
Table 2: Moisture (%) and protein (%, dry weight basis) of four different die tary treatments.
Dietary treatments
Moisture (%)
Protein (%)
Tubifex
82.28±0.32
55.64±3.3
Custard
70.23±0.41
43.08±2.54
Commercial fish feed
11.45±0.27
29.17±0.54
Aquarium feed
11.26±0.19
18.80±0.73
2.2. Fish Rearing:
Thirty-day-old goldfish juveniles were collected from the local fish
breeders of Khulna city, Bangladesh and transported in oxygenated
polythene bags to the Fish Physiology Laboratory of the Fisheries
and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University,
Khulna, Bangladesh. Fish were randomly stocked in 12 rectangular
glass tanks (50×30×30 cm3) each containing 15 liters of water. All
tanks were adorned with an air stone to ensure sufficient dissolved
oxygen (DO). Key water quality parameters (temperature, pH, and
DO) were checked regularly to maintain the water quality in
optimum ranges (Table 3).
2.3. Experimental Procedures:
The experiment was conducted for 28 days. The four experimental
feeds were randomly assigned in 12 tanks, resulting in 3 replications
per treatment. In total, 10 fish with a mean initial length of
3.31±0.14 cm and weight of 0.84±0.3 g were randomly assigned to
each of the 12 tanks from the common batch. About three-fourths of
the water was changed twice a day before feeding (morning and
afternoon). Adhered dirt inside the tank walls and small pieces of
hose pipe used as fish shelters were cleaned twice a week.
The fish were hand-fed at their satiation level twice per day (8:00 am
and 5:00 pm) and before every feeding, uneaten feed and feces were
removed by siphoning. Before feeding, each
Tubifex
cube was
thawed and given to the fish. Likewise, egg custard was thawed and
crushed to make smaller pieces and sieved by a net with a 1 mm
mesh size before feeding the fish.
2.4. Analytical Procedures and Calculations:
2.4.1. Fish Performance
At the end of the study, growth performances of individual fish were
assayed by determining their weight and length gain, specific growth
rate (SGR), and absolute and metabolic growth as described in Maas
et al
. (2021). Weight gain (g) was calculated as Wf- Wi, where Wf is
the final weight of the fish, and Wi is the initial weight of the fish.
Likewise, length gain (cm) was calculated as Lf- Li, where Lf is the
final length of the fish and Li is the initial length of the fish. Absolute
growth rate (GRabs, g d-1) was calculated as Wf- Wi/t, where t is the
duration of the experiment. Specific growth rate (SGR, % d-1) was
calculated as 100 × (LnWf- LnWi)/t. Geometric mean body weight
(Wg, g) and mean metabolic body weight (MBWg, kg0.8) were
calculated as √(Wf- Wi) and (Wg/1000)0.8, respectively. Growth rate
on metabolic weight (GRmbw, g kg-0.8 d-1) was calculated as (Wf-
Wi)/(MBWg × t). Survival rate (%) was calculated as Nf/Ni × 100,
where Nf is the number of fish at the end of the experiment and Ni is
the number of fish at the beginning of the experiment.
2.4.2. Determination of Moisture and Protein
At the end of the growth trial, three fish from each tank were
randomly sampled to determine their protein and moisture
contents. Fish samples were stored at -20oC until further analysis.
Fish and feed samples were analyzed using the same methods. The
pellet feed samples were analyzed as whole pellets. Frozen fish
samples were ground and homogenized, and then fresh ground fish
samples were taken to determine moisture and crude protein.
Moisture was determined by oven drying at 105oC for 24 hours until
achieving constant weight. Crude protein (N×6.25) was determined
according to the Kjeldahl method (AOAC, 1995).
2.5. Statistical Analysis:
Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM Statistical Package
for the Social Science (SPSS) program (version 26.0; NY, USA) (IBM,
2019). Normality was checked using the Shapiro–Wilk test. To
check homogeneity of variance, Levene's test was performed. To
determine group differences in growth performance, survival, and
body protein, data were subjected to one-way ANOVA. The Tukey
post hoc test was performed for comparison of the mean among
different groups. Significance was considered at
P
< 0.05.
3. Results
3.1. Water Quality Parameters:
The ranges of temperature, pH, and DO are shown in Table 3. The
results show that water quality parameters did not show any
significant (
P
> 0.05) differences among the dietary treatments and
were in the optimal ranges for goldfish juveniles.
Table 3: Water quality parameters (Mean±SEM) measured during the experim ent over 28 days.
Parameters
Tubifex
Custard
Fish feed
Aquarium feed
Temperature (oC)
26.05±0.08a
26.35±0.22a
27.21±0.61a
26.26±0.14a
pH
8.29±0.23a
7.96±0.34a
8.29±0.16a
7.89±0.45a
DO (mg/l)
7.85±0.26a
7.59±0.21a
6.89±0.27a
7.33±0.33a
The same superscripts in a row indicate no significant differences (
P
> 0.05)
3.2. Growth Performance:
The influences of four dietary treatments on growth performance
parameters are presented in Table 4, and Figs. 1 and 2. Initial length
and weight of goldfish juveniles did not vary significantly among the
dietary treatments (
P
> 0.1). All fish significantly increased in length
and weight during the experiment (
P
< 0.05; Figs. 1 and 2). After the
28-day feeding trial, significant differences were observed in final
total length (cm), final weight (g), length gain (cm), weight gain (g),
absolute growth rate (g d-1), and metabolic growth rate (g kg-0.8 d-1)
(
P
< 0.05). There were no significant differences in growth
performance parameters among fish fed custard and
Tubifex
except
length gain. Fish fed custard had the numerically highest absolute
growth rate (0.06 g d-1) followed by those fed
Tubifex
(0.05 g d-1)
and aquarium feed (0.04 g d-1). The lowest growth rate (0.03 g d-1)
was observed in fish fed commercial fish feed (
P
< 0.05). Similar
patterns were also observed in metabolic growth rate (g kg-0.8 d-
1)and SGR (% d-1).
32
Mathew, R.T., Debnath, S., Kundu, P., Alkhamis, Y.A., Rahman, M.M., Rahman, M.M., Sarower, M.G. and Rahman, S.M . (2022). Growth and survival of goldfish (
Carassius auratus
) juveniles fed
Tubifex
, custard meal and commercial
feeds.
The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University :Basic and Applied Sciences
, 23(1), 30–5. DOI: 10.37575/b/vet/210080
Figure 1: Mean length (±SEM) of goldfish fed different dietary treatm ents over 28 days.
Figure 2: Mean weight (±SEM) of goldfish fed different dietary treatmen ts over 28 days.
Table 4: Growth performance parameters (Mean ± SEM) of goldfish fed different dietary treatments.
Tubifex
Custard
Fish feed
Aquarium feed
P
value
Length gain (cm)
1.54±0.12a
1.00±0.08bc
1.08±0.11bc
0.62±0.04d
0.001
Weight gain (g)
1.50±0.05ab
1.61±0.07b
0.82±0.09c
1.18±0.08a
<0.001
Weight gain (%)
183.59±4.03a
199.56±33.53a
104.84±28.55a
135.35±21.58a
0.087
SGR (% d-1)
3.69±0.05a
3.85±0.40a
2.48±0.47a
3.03±0.34a
0.081
GRabs (g d-1)
0.05±0.00ab
0.06±0.00b
0.03±0.00c
0.04±0.00a
<0.001
GRmbw (g kg-0.8 d-1)
10.35±0.18a
10.91±1.09a
6.56±1.20b
8.33±0.90a
0.037
SGR = Specific growth rate; GRabs = Absolute growth rate; GRmbw = Metabolic growth rate
Different superscripts in the same row indicate significant differenc es (
P
> 0.05)
3.3. Survival:
The percentage of survival is shown in Fig. 3. The highest survival
rate was recorded in fish fed custard (91%), which was higher in
percentage than those fed
Tubifex
(88%), but significantly higher
than those fed aquarium feed (81%) and commercial fish feed
(75%). The lowest survival rate was found in fish fed commercial
fish feed. Aquarium fed fish had significantly higher survival than
those fed commercial fish feed (
P
< 0.05).
Figure 3: Survival of goldfish fed different dietary treatments. Differ ent superscripts indicate
significant differences among treatments (
P
< 0.05).
3.4. Protein Content in Fish Body:
Whole-body protein (%, wet weight) is presented in Fig. 4. Like
survival, there was no significant difference in body protein among
fish fed
Tubifex
and custard (
P
> 0.05). However, fish fed
Tubifex
contained numerically higher body protein (15.28%) than those fed
custard (14.86%). The lowest body protein (12.71%) was found in
fish fed aquarium feed (
P
< 0.05).
Figure 4: Body protein (%, wet weight) of goldfish fed different feeds. Differe nt superscripts indicate
significant differences among treatments (P < 0.0 5)
4. Discussion
Feeds and feeding are crucial elements in the culture of aquatic
animals. Among the various life stages, the juvenile stage is
considered one of the most sensitive phases during their life cycle.
Juveniles of goldfish collected from the local market were reared for
28 days in this experiment to explore the effects of live and artificial
feeds on growth performance and survival.
The results of the present study revealed that goldfish juveniles fed
proteinaceous feed,
Tubifex
and custard, exhibited higher growth
performance than those fed fish feed and aquarium feed. The higher
growth achieved in juveniles fed
Tubifex
is similar to the findings of
Mohanta and Subramanian (2002) and Mellisa
et al
. (2018) who
found that goldfish fed
Tubifex
exhibited better growth
performance. It has already been proved in different studies that
Tubifex
is one of the potential live feed candidates for larvae of
different aquarium fish species such as zebrafish (
Brachydanio rerio
)
(Bouguenec, 1992), guppy (
Poecilia reticulata
) (Görelşahin
et al
.,
2018), knifefish
(
Chitala chitala
)
(Sarkar
et al
., 2006), Siamese
fighting fish (
Betta splendens
) (Mandal
et al
., 2010), and sailfin
molly (
Poecilia latipinna
) (Mohideen
et al
., 2014). Moreover,
Tubifex
also exhibited better performance in other fish species.
South American catfish, surubim (
Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum
)
juveniles fed
Tubifex
, for example, exhibited higher growth
performance than those fed other formulated feeds (Arslan
et al
.,
2009). Likewise, higher growth performance by
Tubifex
was
reported in two Asian catfish,
Pangasius bocourti
(Hung
et al
., 2002)
and
Clarias macrocephalus
(Evangelista
et al
., 2005).
The differences in growth performance in the present study could be
attributed to the nutrient composition in terms of protein content
and the acceptability of the feeds, although many factors are related
to making differences in growth performances. The adult goldfish
can grow with vegetables matters, while juveniles of goldfish require
a higher protein content in their feeds for better growth
(Bandyopadhyay
et al
., 2005). It has been reported that 40% protein
is sufficient for optimal growth of goldfish (Mohanta and
Subramanian, 2002). In the present study, the crude protein
contents of the experimental feeds were 55.64, 43.08, 29.17, and
18.80% in
Tubifex
, custard, fish feed, and aquarium feed,
respectively. Therefore, higher growth in
Tubifex-
and custard-fed
y = 0.05x + 0.73; R² = 0.95, P = 0.001
y = 0.06x + 0.81; R² = 0.98, P = 0.005
y = 0.03x + 0.93; R² = 0.95, P = 0.004
y = 0.04x + 0.84; R² = 0.97, P = 0.002
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 7 14 21 28 35
Weight (gm)
Days
Tubifex
Custard
Fish feed
Aquarium feed
a
a
b
c
a
a
b
c
33
Mathew, R.T., Debnath, S., Kundu, P., Alkhamis, Y.A., Rahman, M.M., Rahman, M.M., Sarower, M.G. and Rahman, S.M. (2022). Growth and survival of goldfish (
Carassius auratus
) juveniles fed
Tubifex
, custard meal and commercial
feeds.
The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University :Basic and Applied Sciences
, 23(1), 30–5. DOI: 10.37575/b/vet/210080
juveniles might be due to the presence of higher protein content in
Tubifex
and custard. The specific amino acids composition may play
a great role in the growth performance of fish.
Tubifex
is rich in
lysine (Yanar
et al
., 2003), which acts as a growth promoter in
juvenile goldfish, and it is reported that goldfish juveniles require
feeds with high lysine content (Gatlin, 1987). Therefore,
Tubifex
could be a potential live feed candidate for goldfish juveniles.
However,
Tubifex
is related to health hazard issues as it grows in
waste water and also acts as a host of a myxozoan parasite,
Myxobolus cerebralis
(Brinkhurst, 1996). Although custard had
lower protein content than
Tubifex
, fish fed custard showed
numerically higher growth performance than those fed
Tubifex
. This
may be due to the softness, palatability, and nutritional composition,
as well as high consumption, which provided energy for fish growth.
Therefore, homemade custard could be a promising alternative to
Tubifex
for ornamental fish species because the preparation of
custard is easy for households. Moreover, the development of
custard feed could reduce the dependency on live feeds as well as
operational costs.
The poor growth rate observed in fish fed the pelleted feed suggests
that the pellets used in this study were not suitable for optimal
growth of goldfish juveniles. Formulated feeds can only be used for
larval rearing of many finfish species if the level of acceptance is
adequate and the particle intake per unit time per liter of water is
high enough to prevent rapid disintegration of the feed (Pillay,
1993). In the present study, commercial fish pellet was used to
compare the palatability with other feeds. The growth rate of fish
with appropriate quality and adequate quantity of feed mostly
depends on voluntary feed intake and assimilation of nutrients
(Diana
et al
., 1988; Sarkar
et al
., 2007). It has been reported that
feed acceptability is influenced by chemical stimuli created by the
feed (Mackie and Adron, 1978). Moreover, feed intake largely
depends on certain crucial factors, such as feed size, type, physical
appearance, and attractiveness (Sarkar
et al
., 2007). Although fish
feed contained higher protein (29.17%) than aquarium feed
(18.18%), the results showed that goldfish juveniles fed fish feed
had significantly lower growth (
P
< 0.05). The crude protein present
in the fish feed might have higher indigestible protein for goldfish,
which, therefore, affected the feed utilization. Furthermore, it can be
speculated that more energy was spent in processing the fish feed
after ingestion resulted in poor growth.
Higher survival determines the success of any aquaculture
operation. The survival rates were comparable between fish that
consumed
Tubifex
and custard (
P
> 0.05) but significantly higher
than those fed aquarium and fish feed (
P
< 0.05). In accordance with
the present study, Mellisa
et al
. (2018) and Mohanta and
Subramanian (2002) also recorded comparatively higher survival
rates in goldfish juveniles fed
Tubifex
. The improvement in survival
by
Tubifex
was also observed in
Pangasius bocourti
(Hung
et al
.,
2002),
Betta splendens
(Mandal
et al
., 2010),
Pseudoplatystoma
fasciatum
(Arslan
et al
., 2009),
Poecilia latipinna
(Mohideen
et al
.,
2014), and
Poecilia reticulata
(Görelşahin
et al
., 2018). Lower
survival rates in goldfish juveniles fed fish feed may indicate the
inappropriateness of commercial feeds for goldfish. Kaiser
et al
.
(2003) also reported significantly lower survival rates in goldfish fed
artificial feed than those fed live feed (
Artemia
) and combination,
which is in line with the present study.
The findings of this study revealed that fish fed proteinaceous feeds
had higher body protein content than those fed feed with lower
protein levels. The highest body protein content was found in fish
fed
Tubifex
, whereas the lowest body protein content was reported
in fish fed aquarium feed. It is reported that goldfish can easily
assimilate protein in their body and thus egest less nitrogen
(Bandyopadhyay
et al
., 2005); however, it depends on feed quality.
Bandyopadhyay
et al
. (2005) found that goldfish fed commercial
feed had higher nitrogen and lipid excretion, and therefore, protein
was not assimilated in the body, which resulted in poor feed
utilization. Although
Tubifex
contained comparatively higher
protein content than custard, the present study revealed numerically
higher growth performance in fish fed custard than those fed
Tubifex
. In the present study, nitrogen balance was not investigated;
therefore, further study is needed to solve this paradox.
5. Conclusions
The present study identified suitable feed for goldfish juveniles. In
goldfish juveniles, custard meal and
Tubifex
yielded better growth
than those fed fish feed and aquarium feeds. Custard meal and
Tubifex
not only reduced mortality but also improved the protein
content in muscle. Considering the overall growth performances,
availability, price, formulation, and ecological and economic
benefits, custard meal could be a suitable feed for the juveniles of
goldfish and other ornamental species. However, digestion and
assimilation of the tested feeds in this study deserve further
investigation.
Biographies
Roshmon Thomas Mathew
Fish Resources Research Center, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia,
rmathew@kfu.edu.sa, 00966552367650
Dr. Mathew is an Indian assistant professor. He obtained his PhD in
Marine Biology from the Department of Studies in Marine Biology,
Karnataka University, India. His research interests include
multidisciplinary fields such as aquaculture, breeding of aquatic
organisms, marine ecology, fisheries resources management, etc. He
is a member of several aquaculture and marine conservation
agencies and has published several articles in peer-reviewed
journals. ORCID: 0000-0002-9292-7000
Sudip Debnath
Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna,
Bangladesh, sudip.fmrt@ku.ac.bd, 008801719636883
Mr. Debnath is a Bangladeshi teaching assistant with an MSc in
Aquaculture and Marine Resource Management from Wageningen
University, The Netherlands. His research interests include fish
biology, nutrition and various types of aquaculture systems. He has
published several articles in Scopus indexed journals. ORCID: 0000-
0003-3955-1777
Pankaj Kundu
Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna,
Bangladesh, pankajkundu02@gmail.com, 008801787623026
Mr. Pankaj is a Bangladeshi researcher and obtained his MSc in
Aquaculture from Khulna University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. He is keen
to understand the biology and production of aquatic living
organisms. He is currently working as a fisheries development
officer in the Suchana Programme of WorldFish, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Yousef Ahmed Alkhamis
College of Agriculture and Food Science, King Faisal University, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia, yalkhamis@kfu.edu.sa, 00966135898724
Dr. Alkhamis is an assistant professor from Saudi Arabia. He is a
faculty member in the College of Agriculture and Food Sciences and
serving as the director in the Fish Resources Research Center of King
Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. He has been working on
multidisciplinary fields such as aquaculture, breeding of aquatic
organisms, and marine phytoplankton. He obtained his PhD from
34
Mathew, R.T., Debnath, S., Kundu, P., Alkhamis, Y.A., Rahman, M.M., Rahman, M.M., Sarower, M.G. and Rahman, S.M . (2022). Growth and survival of goldfish (
Carassius auratus
) juveniles fed
Tubifex
, custard meal and commercial
feeds.
The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University :Basic and Applied Sciences
, 23(1), 30–5. DOI: 10.37575/b/vet/210080
the School of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Australia.
ORCID: 0000-0001-9796-2668
Md. Mostafizur Rahman
Department of Disaster and Human Security Management, Bangladesh University
of Professionals, Dhaka, Bangladesh, mostafizur@bup.edu.com,
008801769028446
Dr. Mostafizur Rahman is a Bangladeshi assistant professor. He
obtained his PhD in Coastal Engineering and Disaster Management
from the University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. He has been
working on multidisciplinary fields such as aquaculture, aquatic
environment, disaster risk reduction, public health, human behavior,
etc. ORCID: 0000-0002-0732-9437
Md. Moshiur Rahman
Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna,
Bangladesh, mrahmankufmrt@gmail.com, 008801764697000
Dr. Moshiur Rahman is a professor from Bangladesh. He completed
his PhD in fish behavioral ecology from the University of Western
Australia. Currently, he is working on different projects for culture
and conservation of endangered fish species at the University of
California, Davis. He has several publications in high quality
journals. ORCID: 0000-0001-8319-395X
Md. Golam Sarower
Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna,
Bangladesh, sarower@ku.ac.bd, 008801731443838
Dr. Sarower is a Bangladeshi professor working in the Fisheries and
Marine Resource Technology Discipline at Khulna University where
he has been a faculty member since 1997. He accomplished his PhD
in 2004 from the University of Tokyo, Japan. His research interests
lie in the area of molecular genetics, biochemistry, and microbiology,
ranging from theory to research. He has a number of publications in
renowned journals. Scopus ID: 6506794203
Sheikh Mustafizur Rahman
Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna,
Bangladesh, mustafizfmrt@yahoo.com, 0088-01920-282-607
Dr. Mustafizur Rahman is a Bangladeshi professor with a PhD in
Marine Sciences from Tokyo University of Marine Science and
Technology, Japan. He has successfully completed many funded
projects and published several articles in peer-reviewed journals. His
research interests include cryobiology, fish breeding, fish nutrition,
plankton biology, aquaculture, and germ cell transplantation.
ORCID: 0000-0001-6757-5472
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