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Distributive Politics and Crime

January 2022

DOI:10.1561/113.00000045

Authors:

Masataka Harada

Fukuoka University

Daniel M. Smith

Columbia University

Content uploaded by Masataka Harada

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   

 

  

  



           

          

           

             

           

          

           

          

            

             

           

          

        

      



       

              

              

           

            

            

         

    

            

              



             

           

           

           

              

             

             

             

           

              

          

             

           

            

            

          

          

   

              

           

            

            

            

               

             

            

             

              

           



            

          

            

          

            

                

              

            

 

              

            

            

            

         

              

             

      

            

              

           

               

             

             

          

             

              

   



            

              

           

         

          

             

            

             

             

                 

          

               

             

          

              

          

         

          

            

              

           

            

         

           

                 

             

   

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          

           

             

            

     

           

             

               

            

             

             

             

              

             

          

          

           

           

          

           

             

            

           

             

           

           



          

             

            

           

             

           

              

            

             

      

        

              

          

            

              

             

              

           

    

             

            

            

               



            

             

             

               

             

               

           

            

           

          

   

             

                

            

           

           

            

            

              

         

            

        

                 

      

             

           

            

               

       

          

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              

          

              

          

              

          

               

            

             

            

              

             

             

               

             

             

         

        

          

             

               

          

           

            

               

                 

     



             

             

             

              

        

             

          

              

           

             

               

            

              

          

               

             

     

         

 

         

              

                 

            

              



   

              

             

            

              

             

              

              

           

            

           

          

           

      

    

            

             

            

           

           

           

            

                

   

             

    



         

            

           

             

              

           

           

             

             

          

             

           

           

        

           

           

               

          

           

             

              

           

             

            

  0.5·Σ|si−pi|  si     pi     

            



               

          

            

          

              

           

           

           

            

           

               

             

              

              

           

            

             

         

             

        

  

             

           

              





               

         

               

     

              

              

                

              

            

           

              

              



            

              

         

           

                  

              

             

              

            

                

                

 

               

                  

                

                   

          

             



              

             

              

              

              

            

           

           

     

  

    ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗

 

    



    



    



   ! ! !

   ! ! !

   

      

     

            

      

             

            

          

               

             

                

            

     



                

            

            

               

           

           

             

            

          

             

              

 

            

          

             

              

              

           

          

            

  

               

         

               

                

           



    

              

 i  tit        it

          it   

  Xkit        T1tT2t  

  α1iα2i             

         "1it "2it    

               

               

           

it =πit +Σβ1kXkit +T1t+α1i+"1it 

it =τ

it +Σβ2kXkit +T2t+α2i+"2it 

             

            

           

               

             

         

            

              

            

           

             

            



    

            

      

 

   

 

  !

   ! !

  

     

      

     

    

            

            



              

            

           

           

             

           

              

             

             

          

   

             

              

             

   



              

              

 

 

            

                 

             

             

             

            

          

             

                

              

    

             

             

             

               

 "        "    

            

        "      

     

           H0:τ=0 E( ·"2it )=0

               

  "  $1 = "110



  ≈2,353 ×0.249           

          "   

               

            

             

            

              

        

     

 

   

         

   

  ! !

   ! ! ! !

     

       

      

             α%

            

             

               

 

 

              

               

            

              

            



          

            

        

               

              

            

             

             

    



    







  



    









              

            

             

    

           

               

             

                 

                 

           



            

              

            

             

             

           

           

               

            

              

               

      τ=.061,s.e.

τ=.090

              

               

               

          

             

            

           

              

                 

      

              

               

               

                

               

             

                 

                

             

                  

   



              

               

             

     

   

 





 

 







   

  

        

  

   ! ! !

      

       

       

       

      

     

           

           α%    

            

            

                  

        ×     

            



            

          

              

            



              

            

            

           

             

             

               

            

            

              

          

            

             

          

             t+1

        t         

   t                

 

               

                

              

                

                 



                 

              

             

                



             

             

                

           

                

             

         

           

             

           

            

             

              

           

            

             

               

            

              

            



            

           

              

           

               



               

              

          

             

            

            

              

      

   

           

               

               

            

              

             

          

           

            

        

            

            

                 

            

           

            



              

                

 

              

           

             

              

               

           "  

         =4.31 ×0.00067 

              

        "   

              

              

              

            

               

            

            

            

                

                

                    

                

             

                 

         

               

             

                  

    



           

              

        

        

     

   

         

   

   ! ! ! !

       

        

       

       

      

        

     

   

         

   

   ! ! ! !

       

        

       

       

      

               

          



          

               

             

              

  

          

             

            

           

              

              

            

         

           

                

                 

               

            

           

       

             

         

             

            

            

                

                  



            

            

        

           

            

               

                

            

             

            

              

              

  

             

               

              

           

            

            

              

               

             

     





            

            

            

            

            

             

           

           

                  

          

              

            

             

            

         

          

            

           

          

              

       

           

           

               



          

            

              

            

              

             

               

          

           

             

             

             

           



         

   

          

    

             

           

 

             

         



          

    



           

         

   

             

    

           

  

           

       

             

       

         

            

   

          

      

          

    

             

        

         

 

            

            



           

         

         

          

       

              

   



           

           

 

             

          



          

      

           

  

         

        

          

        



              

        

  

           

    

           

      

              

           

 

           

   

            

          

   

            

   

          

         

 



         

       

        

      

           

 

           

     

          

        

    

         

           



           

          

   

         



            

       

          

      

  

            

  

          

         

           



           

         

          



              

       

          

      

           

          

  

           

  

           

           

   

          

            

   

              

          

  

            

       

          

         



           

   

           

      

  

             

  

 

           





           

       

            

       

            

   

 

      

           

         



           

        

             



         

         

  

          

       

          

       



          

     

          

           

    

         

      

            

          

 



          

          



             

      

         

     

 

 

           

            

  

            

    

             

          

           

   

            

           



           

  

             

    

           

           

    

             

 

          

   



Harada-Smith-JPIPE-Online_appendix.pdf

Data

April 2022

Masataka Harada · Daniel M. Smith

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